The World in 17th Century - Recent changes [en]

Source:MoreriKLM

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	Mummol, a Patrician, reputed Earl of Auxerre, famous for his Victories, was General to Gontran, King of Orleans and Burgundy, Son of Clotaire. He was killed in 585, in Comminges They say that his Wife was forced in the middle of Torments to declare that he had a considerable Treasure in Avignon. Greg. Turon. l. 5, 6, & 7. Aimoin. l. 3.		Mummol, a Patrician, reputed Earl of Auxerre, famous for his Victories, was General to Gontran, King of Orleans and Burgundy, Son of Clotaire. He was killed in 585, in Comminges They say that his Wife was forced in the middle of Torments to declare that he had a considerable Treasure in Avignon. Greg. Turon. l. 5, 6, & 7. Aimoin. l. 3.

	Mummies of Egypt, are Dead Bodies embalmed and wrapped in certain linen Cloths that prevent Corruption. They may be seen in Egypt, not far from Cairo, near the Village Sakara. The ground where they are found is like a vast Burying place, adorned in divers places with many Pyramids. There are under the ground many vaulted rooms cut in Quarries of white Stones, with a hole to go down into them, like a Well. Those Wells are square, built with good Stones, and filled with Sand, to close the Grotto, which Sand is taken out when people will go in. Then by the help of a Rope under their Arms they are gently let down to the bottom, where the door is. The rooms built under ground are commonly square, and contain many by-places, where Mummies are found, some in stone Tombs, others in Chests or Coffins made of Sycamore with many Ornaments. The Dead Bodies are wrapped up with Fillets of Linen Cloth dipped in a Composition sit to preserve from Corruption; and those Fillets are so often wound about, that sometimes there are above a thousand Ells. The Fillet going in length from head to foot, is often adorned with many Hieroglyphicks painted in Gold, which shew the Quality and brave Actions of the deceased. Some Mummies also have a golden Leaf delicately set on the Face. Others have a kind of an Head-piece made of Cloth and prepared with Mortar, on which the Face of the person is represented in Gold. In unwrapping them small metal Idols are sometimes found wonderfully well wrought; and some have a little piece of Gold under their Tongue. Some Mummies are shut up in Chests made up of many Cloths pasted together, which are as strong as wooden ones, and never rot. The Balm that preserves those Bodies is black, hard and shining like Pitch, and smells pleasantly. It is called Mummy, because composed of Amomum, Cinnamon, Myrrhe and Wax. The Dead Bodies were also powdered with Nitre or Sea-sand. The Amomum of the Ancients is supposed to be the little Tree, the inner Bark whereof is called Cinnamon. They took the small Branches full of knots in the shape of Grape kernels, and a kind of sweet Gum that came out of its Root, to make that Composition with other Plants and aromatical Liquours, which keep Bodies from Corruption. From the word Amomum came Amomia, which we pronounce Mummy. Some derive it from the Persian word Mum signifying Wax, used chiefly by the Persians and Scythians to preserve Corpses. M. Thevenot. Voyage du Levant.

	Munasichites, a Sect of Mahometans following Pythagoras's Opinion, believe the Metempsychosis, or Transmigration of Souls from one Body into another. Munasachat in Arabick signifies Metempsychosis. They are also named Altenasochites, from Altenasoch, that is, Metempsychosis. Ricaut of the Ottoman Empire.		Munasichites, a Sect of Mahometans following Pythagoras's Opinion, believe the Metempsychosis, or Transmigration of Souls from one Body into another. Munasachat in Arabick signifies Metempsychosis. They are also named Altenasochites, from Altenasoch, that is, Metempsychosis. Ricaut of the Ottoman Empire.

Egypt

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	Sues, which has not much above two hundred Houses, with a sorry Port, is nevertheless the Arsenal of the Turks, upon the Red Sea. The Governour keeps two small Galleys, and some Ships, to make himself considerable upon the Red Sea. The Merchandizes of the East-Indies, bound for Europe, came thither formerly; for which reason the Turks have, not without regret, seen the Establishment of the Europeans in those Indies. But they still bring Spices, to truck with the Inhabitants for Corral. Cossir, formerly Berenice, was the Resort of the Commodities which the Romans fetch'd from the East-Indies, and which from thence were carried to the nearest part of the Nile, in the City of Coptos, now called Cana. Buge, in the most Southern part of Egypt, is a Kingdom tributary to the Abyssins, according to the Relations of 1657.</blockquote>		Sues, which has not much above two hundred Houses, with a sorry Port, is nevertheless the Arsenal of the Turks, upon the Red Sea. The Governour keeps two small Galleys, and some Ships, to make himself considerable upon the Red Sea. The Merchandizes of the East-Indies, bound for Europe, came thither formerly; for which reason the Turks have, not without regret, seen the Establishment of the Europeans in those Indies. But they still bring Spices, to truck with the Inhabitants for Corral. Cossir, formerly Berenice, was the Resort of the Commodities which the Romans fetch'd from the East-Indies, and which from thence were carried to the nearest part of the Nile, in the City of Coptos, now called Cana. Buge, in the most Southern part of Egypt, is a Kingdom tributary to the Abyssins, according to the Relations of 1657.</blockquote>

			=== 1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri. ===
			<blockquote>Mummies of Egypt, are Dead Bodies embalmed and wrapped in certain linen Cloths that prevent Corruption. They may be seen in Egypt, not far from Cairo, near the Village Sakara. The ground where they are found is like a vast Burying place, adorned in divers places with many Pyramids. There are under the ground many vaulted rooms cut in Quarries of white Stones, with a hole to go down into them, like a Well. Those Wells are square, built with good Stones, and filled with Sand, to close the Grotto, which Sand is taken out when people will go in. Then by the help of a Rope under their Arms they are gently let down to the bottom, where the door is. The rooms built under ground are commonly square, and contain many by-places, where Mummies are found, some in stone Tombs, others in Chests or Coffins made of Sycamore with many Ornaments. The Dead Bodies are wrapped up with Fillets of Linen Cloth dipped in a Composition sit to preserve from Corruption; and those Fillets are so often wound about, that sometimes there are above a thousand Ells. The Fillet going in length from head to foot, is often adorned with many Hieroglyphicks painted in Gold, which shew the Quality and brave Actions of the deceased. Some Mummies also have a golden Leaf delicately set on the Face. Others have a kind of an Head-piece made of Cloth and prepared with Mortar, on which the Face of the person is represented in Gold. In unwrapping them small metal Idols are sometimes found wonderfully well wrought; and some have a little piece of Gold under their Tongue. Some Mummies are shut up in Chests made up of many Cloths pasted together, which are as strong as wooden ones, and never rot. The Balm that preserves those Bodies is black, hard and shining like Pitch, and smells pleasantly. It is called Mummy, because composed of Amomum, Cinnamon, Myrrhe and Wax. The Dead Bodies were also powdered with Nitre or Sea-sand. The Amomum of the Ancients is supposed to be the little Tree, the inner Bark whereof is called Cinnamon. They took the small Branches full of knots in the shape of Grape kernels, and a kind of sweet Gum that came out of its Root, to make that Composition with other Plants and aromatical Liquours, which keep Bodies from Corruption. From the word Amomum came Amomia, which we pronounce Mummy. Some derive it from the Persian word Mum signifying Wax, used chiefly by the Persians and Scythians to preserve Corpses. M. Thevenot. Voyage du Levant.</blockquote>

	=== 1695. A New Body of Geography by A. Sewall & T. Child. ===		=== 1695. A New Body of Geography by A. Sewall & T. Child. ===

Source:MoreriBC

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:41:50 GMT

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China

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	=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===		=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
	<blockquote>China, is a vast Kingdom in the East of Asia, bounded on the North by the Kingdoms of Tangut and Niathan, (or Cambalu,) from which it is separated in part by Mountains, and in part by a Wall 500. Leagues long: on the West it has India extra Gangem, from which it is parted by the Lake of Cincujay, and a long Ridge of Mountains; on the South and East, it is surrounded by the Chinese and Indian Ocean. Since the year 1630. the Tartars have conquer'd this once most Potent Kingdom. This is a vast, populous, civil, fruitful Countrey; and for Learning and Mechanick Arts to be preferred before all the Pagan People in the World. They are very ingenious at Geometry, Arithmetick, Astronomy, and Physick; and since Confusius (the Socrates of China) brought that Faculty into repute with them, in Moral Philosophy also. Some maintain, the Arts of Printing, Gunnery, and the Magnet, were first invented here. Their Language for the most part consists of Monosyllables, written downwards in Characters expressing entire words and things, like the Egyptian Hieroglyphicks, without Letters; the Rules by which they are understood may be seen in the China illustrata of Kircher. Ptolomy calls this Kingdom Sinarum regio. It is watered by the great Rivers Kiang and Hoan. And stands divided into fifteen Provinces; six under the Division of Catay, and nine under the Division of Mangin; which are incredibly populous and rich, with Mines of Gold, Silver, and precious Stones. In every great Town there is a College for to teach the Philosophy of Confusius. And you have a perfect Catalogue of their Emperors from the year 2952. before Christ, to the present Lord of the Ʋniverse and Son of Heaven, as they call him.</blockquote>		<blockquote>China, is a vast Kingdom in the East of Asia, bounded on the North by the Kingdoms of Tangut and Niathan, (or Cambalu,) from which it is separated in part by Mountains, and in part by a Wall 500. Leagues long: on the West it has India extra Gangem, from which it is parted by the Lake of Cincujay, and a long Ridge of Mountains; on the South and East, it is surrounded by the Chinese and Indian Ocean. Since the year 1630. the Tartars have conquer'd this once most Potent Kingdom. This is a vast, populous, civil, fruitful Countrey; and for Learning and Mechanick Arts to be preferred before all the Pagan People in the World. They are very ingenious at Geometry, Arithmetick, Astronomy, and Physick; and since Confusius (the Socrates of China) brought that Faculty into repute with them, in Moral Philosophy also. Some maintain, the Arts of Printing, Gunnery, and the Magnet, were first invented here. Their Language for the most part consists of Monosyllables, written downwards in Characters expressing entire words and things, like the Egyptian Hieroglyphicks, without Letters; the Rules by which they are understood may be seen in the China illustrata of Kircher. Ptolomy calls this Kingdom Sinarum regio. It is watered by the great Rivers Kiang and Hoan. And stands divided into fifteen Provinces; six under the Division of Catay, and nine under the Division of Mangin; which are incredibly populous and rich, with Mines of Gold, Silver, and precious Stones. In every great Town there is a College for to teach the Philosophy of Confusius. And you have a perfect Catalogue of their Emperors from the year 2952. before Christ, to the present Lord of the Ʋniverse and Son of Heaven, as they call him.</blockquote>

			=== 1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri. ===
			<blockquote>Chine, or the Empire of China, a great and spacious Country on the East of Asia; much fam'd for its Fruitfulness, Wealth, the Beautifulness of its Towns, and for incredible number of its Inhabitants. Ptolomy speaks of it under the name of Sinarum Regio, words which the Chinoeses are not acquainted with, nor indeed have th•y a lasting name for their Country, because that when the Empire falls to any new Family, they never fail giving it a new name too. Those of Chochinchina and Siam call it Cin, whence is form'd our China, which, according to the best Relations, has a great ridge of Mountains to the North, and where these end, there is that famous Wall, 300 miles long, to keep the Tartars out, who notwithstanding this have at several times made Incursions, and wasted great part of this Country, and at last made themselves Masters of it in this Age. To the West are other Mountains, which part it also from the same Tartars, and from part of the Indies, the main Ocean bounds it to the East and South, where is also the Kingdom of Tunquin. It's length, according to the Relation John Nieuhoff gives us of it in his Embassy, is 600 Leagues, its breadth is little less, its form square, and the whole is divided into 17 Provinces, or rather Kingdoms, if we consider the vast number of great Cities and Towns comprehended in 'em, amongst which are 160 prime and famous ones called Fu, about 240 of lesser note which they call Cheu, and near 2357 call'd Hien or small Towns, besides Fortresses, Castles, and Residences of the Kings Officers. The Chiefest of all now is Peking, about 30 Leagues from that great Wall, but Nanking was formerly the Capital. The Jesuits have a vast number of Oratories and Missions throughout the several Provinces of this Kingdom, with about 200 Churches and Priviledged Residences, and are building Colledges if ye believe F. Kirker. It cannot be expected that this vast Tract of Land should have the same temperature of Air, and indeed we hear that it's very cold towards the North of this Country, yet that the Air is so pure and serene that Men live to a great Age, without being ever visited by the Plague, but have frequent Earthquakes. Their Riches consist in Gold and Silver Mines, Pearls, Spices, Musc, which is the very best of the World, if the true Ambregrise Camfre, &c. besides Silk, whereof there is such a prodigious quantity, that the Province of Chekiang alone is able to furnish all the rest of the Universe, as all parts may furnish themselves with Cotton from China since the Europians shew'd 'em how to sow it about 500 years ago. Here are also Mines of all other Metals; They have a white kind of Brass, which is but little dearer than the common yellow Brass, and are very good at casting Bells and Pi••e• of Ordnance, which are as well wrought here as in any •••t of Europe. It's remarkable that the Emperors for•id the ••ening of Silver and Gold Mines, lest the Vapours and unwholesom Exhalations might annoy their Subjects, who have only leave to gather these Metals in the Sands of their Rivers, and make 'em up into sm•ll Pieces, which are valued but according to weight, for they have no Stamp, unless it be upon •rass Farthings that bear the Countreys Arms. Here are also Minerals of Quicksilver, Vermillion, Azur Stone, Vitriol, &c. So much for the Wealth, now as to the Inhabitants; whose number is as great as the Country is vast, so great that to see the great Roads, one could not compare 'em to any thing better than to an Army on its march, or to one of our Fairs of Europe, which so surprised some Portugueses when they went thither, that they ask'd whether the Women had not 9 or 12 Children at a time; And indeed to see their vast number of Ships, one at a distance could not imagine 'em any thing else but Towns on the Water, they lie so thick, nor would he speak very improperly that should call 'em so, since whole Families live in 'em, and breed their Hogs, Hens, Geese, &c. aboard, so that the Water, especially in the Southern Parts, is well nigh as much inhabited as the Land. But as to the number of the People Authentick Authors make it amount to 58914284 Men, without comprehending the Royal Family, the Magistrates, Eunuchs, Soldiers, Priests, or the Women and Children, so that it may not seem strange if a late Author affirmed that there were 200000000 of Souls in China, nor is this supputation hard to be made, for the Laws of the Country oblige each Head of a Family under a considerable Penalty to hang a Writing at his Door, with the number and quality of the Dwellers. This is observed in all their Cities and Towns, which differ only in Jurisdiction and Power, there being some of the latter altogether as big as the former. The Cities are generally under the Jurisdiction of the Viceroy of the Province, and have some Towns under 'em, yet there are some Towns too that are Capital of certain Territories, and form little Provinces with the others that depend on 'em. Their Forts are the same with their Cities and Towns, only that in these there are Garisons which live with the Burgesses. They all hate going up Stairs, and therefore live in their low Rooms, have no Windows to the Street, and keep their Wives in the inner Chambers from the sight and familiarity of Men, if it be not in the Province of Junnan, where they have liberty of walking in the Streets as with us. The inside of their Houses is very magnificent, all the Walls shining, being varnished with the precious Composition Cié. The Men are Civil, well Bred, Politick, and Industrious, but insupportably Covetous, and so Jealous that they lock'd their Wives in, until the Tartars, to their great grief, gave the poor Women the liberty of the open Air; They are covetous to that degree, that they will not stand to sell their very Children, or drown 'em when they think there are too many, thinking they do 'em a kindness in dislodging their Souls, which perhaps may pass into the Body of some rich Man's Child. This desire of Wealth lets 'em never be idle, and inspires them all with great aversion against Strangers. They have particular Inventions for the easier and quicker dispatch of every Work, and have a pretty Invention of Flying Chariots. Several are also of Opinion that we had Printing, Gunnery, and our Knowledge of the Loadstone from 'em, because these were never known in Europe until about the year 1278, which was the time that several Strangers, amongst others B. Oderic Italian, Ayton an Armenian, and Paul Venetian went into that Countrey, with the Tartars of the Family of Juena. The Men still go well Clad, carry a Fan in their Hand, and when they salute each other (for they are very courteous) they never put off their Hat, but with both Hands joined before their Breast incline their Body. Here is no Nobility but what depends on Science and Learning, without any regard to Birth, except in the Royal Families, not are Men raised to Honours and Dignities but according to their Parts and Deserts. For the Women they are not accounted handsom if they have not small Legs, for which reason they swaddle 'em up when Children to hinder their growth, so that one may see some whose Legs are scarce thicker than Sheep Shanks. There is another thing very particular in this Country concerning this Sex, which is, that it's the Men and not they that pay the Portion, which the Bride delivers to her Father for his trouble and care in bringing her up. Their Letters are not disposed Alphabetically as ours, for they use as many Figures as they have Words, which, according to Father Kircher, are 1600 in all, and Father Gunter says there are but 400, because one Word signifies a dozen or 15 different things, according as it is variously pronounced; as for Example, Yâ signies God, Yä a Wall, Yà Stupidity or Bluntness, Yá a Goose, so that all the energy of this Tongue consists in the diversity of Accents, Tones, Aspirations, and Inflection of the Voice. Besides this they have some compounded Figures that express 2 or 3 Words all-together, as to express Good Day Sir, they will not seek a particular Figure for Good, or Day, or Sir, but shall find one different from all 3 that shall yet express 'em; They have an infinite number of these, so that it's clear a Mans Life is too short to make a just discernment of all, yet be is not accounted a Learned Chinoise that does not know at least 800000 different Figures or Characters. They are so very ingenious in making Fire-Works, that they represent any Character or Figure in 'em for Grueber the Jesuit says he saw one descend from the set•ing of a great Hall that represented a great Vine environed with another Fire in form of the Leaves, and Raisins or Grapes, all so well colour'd that the best Pencil could hardly do 'em more to the Life. The Chin•eses make use of Litters carried between two Mules, or by Men, but the Tartars have a kind of Calasb. The Town of Nan•uin, with several others, has without its Walls two magnificent Towers six or seven Stories high, all covered with Porcelain, and generally near each Tower is a Temple filled with Idols, and another dedicated to the Genius or Preserver or Protector of the place. There are also in all Towns and Cities Triumphal Arches, built in honour of valiant Men, famous Doctors, or of those that have done their Country some considerable Service; and there are but few that have not a Colledge of Confucius, that famous Philosopher of China, where several Professors teach his Doctrine, but there are no Idols in these Schools, which is very remarkable. The Ancient and late Emperors of China before the last Invasion of the Tartars, had an absolute Power over the Lives and Goods of their Subjects, the eldest Son succeeded in the Kingdom, the others had the Title of Kings, but no Sovereign Authority, for the Emperor assigned them only a City and magnificent Palace, annexing an Appanage for their Royal Maintenance, ordering his Receivers to remit them quarterly their Revenues, so that receiving but inconsiderable Sums at a time, they should never be able to undertake any thing. These Emperors, though they seldom went out of their Palaces, yet were perfectly well informed how their Viceroys and Governors behaved themselves, for they sent a Visitor yearly with power to supervise what was done, and according to his information the Prince ordered all things with the Advice of the Philosophers, who were employed in the Government of that Kingdom for above 2000 years. Thus did they Rule happily for many Ages, and unmolested by any but the Tartars, who at last through the Cowardise and Division of the Chinoeses, made themselves sole Masters of that flourishing Kingdom under Xunchi King of Ninche about 50 years ago. The present Tartar King of China keeps an Army all of his own Nation, except his Guards, who to the number of about 40000 as well Musqueteers as Bowmen are out of Japan or Corée. He gives the Chinois the Liberty of their Religion, and of keeping their former Laws, with this alteration only, that in every Tribunal there is a Tartar that presides. As for the Politick Government, he has established 9 Jurisdictions at Pekin Capital of the Kingdom, whereof the highest composed equally of the People of both Nations, is a kind of Parliament that Judges of all Causes Appeals. The second Examines what concerns Religion, and decides between the Men of Learning. The rest are for the Army, or to judge of Criminal Processes, and other things, as amongst us. In all the other Towns there are 9 such, but all subalterns and depending on these. There is no Appeal from the Parliament of Pekin, and if any one has recourse to the King, he is to have 100 heavy blows of a Cane, but if it be found that he was wronged, it costs the Judge his Life, or at least his Place. The King has 15 Wives, but not of the same Rank, for there are 3 that are Principal, whereof the chiefest is called Cinsi, that is perfect Queen, the other two Tumsi and Sifi, that is Eastern and Western Queens, which the Chinoeses call Laterales, these have access to the Sovereign, but they always speak to her upon their Knees, the other 12 never come into her presence unless by their Mediation; As for other Wives, this Prince has as many as he pleases. There is no distinction made between these Queens Children, nor is it the eldest, but whom the Prince chuses that succeeds him. When this Prince dies, his Body is burned after the Custom of the Tartars, but the Pile is not made of Wood, but is all Paper, so that the Expences generally amounts to above 60000 Crowns, and here they burn with his Body his Guarderobe, Jewels, and in a word all that was destined for his use, besides Living Creatures; There are also 3 of his Domesticks, viz. a Counsellor, a Priest, and a Concubine, who having devoted themselves wholly to his Soul, sacrifice their Lives as soon as he ceases to live; they have the liberty to chuse what kind of death they are pleased to die, and are generally beheaded; Besides them there are others who freely sacrifice their Lives to accompany their Prince into the other World. As to their Religion, there are 3 Sects, viz. the Learned, who adore a First Being, which they call Soiax Ti: The Nobility and Common Sort who sacrifice to a good and bad Spirit; and the Bronzes, which are right Idolaters. The Tartars also have Priests who wear a Paper Mitre, but for the most part go bare Headed and bare Foot too, and there are some Convents for Tartar Women, built upon Mountains of very difficult access. The Christian Religion too is permitted here, and one may see in all the Churches the Kings Proclamation, that approves and gives both the Tartars and Chinoises full liberty to embrace it if they please. The Learned of the Country agree well enough with the Missioners, and none but the Bronzes endeavour to maintain their old superstition. The Chinoeses make no Wine, though the Country produces excellent Grapes, their ordinary Drink is The and Wine of Rice, which I suppose they distil from the Grain; This is of an Amber colour, has a very delicate taste, and there is some which is as good as any Spanish. All their Vessels are of Porcelaine, and these the Subjects have common with the King. This Prince formerly in Publick Audiences was seated upon a Magnificent Throne, but now the Tartar King on such Occasions is placed on a Carper on the Ground. The Chinoises count 22 Families of Emperors of that Monarchy, which they say is of 4635 years standing. The Voyage to it by Sea is both long and dangerous, which made Nik••sa a Muscovit, to seek a way by Land from Moskow to Pekin; and here follows the Account he gives us of his success, and the way he took. From Moskow one may go to Vologda, and thence to Perma-Velik in Permia, hence to Solkamskot in the Province of Siberia, then to Wischiturgium, a Fortress by which one must pass to shun the great Mountains and Rocks, that lie in the direct Road, thence to Toboul Capital of Siberia, thence up the River Oby for 3 weeks together to Surgut the Residence of one of the Great Dukes Vaivodes. This Country is all inhabited by an Idolatrous sort of People called Ostiaski. Hence-forward still upon the same River Oby to Klarem, the Residence of another Vaivode, all this Country is Woody, the Inhabitants Ostiaski; at Klarem you quit the River Oby for that of Kieta, upon which in 5 weeks time you come to Makouskichoroda, a Country also inhabited by Ostiaski; Here you leave your Boats, and go by Land to Jenisca, a Town situated upon a River of the same name; here is a Vaivode, the People Idolaters, but called Tongusi; After 3 days Voyage on the River Jenisca, you enter into that of Tongusi, upon which in 3 weeks time you come to Ilimsko, the Residence of a Vaivode, the People hereabouts are Tongusi and Ostiaski both; hence by the River Ilima you descend to the River Len, where the Inhabitants are called Jakuts, and are Idolaters; leaving this River you enter into another, upon which is the Town Inkustaake, the Residence of a Vaivode; hence to Bratska, where lives another Vaivode, the People hereabouts are called Bratsk, and resemble the Kalmoucs; from Bratska you mount to Irkutsk by the River Angara in 15 days; thence upon the same River still to the Lake Bakala, whence in 3 weeks you may go by the River Selega to Selenginsk, the Confines of Muscovy that divide it from Mongoul, where the People are Idolaters, and have their Kam; Hence you go through Wood to Jaravana, then to Talembi, and to Na•oninske, the Residence of a Vaivode sent from Moskow; Hence in 9 days by the Rivers Schilka and Amor you come to the Town of Albasin, where the Country begins to be a little hottor; This Albasin is the last Town of Muscovy, where crossing the River Amor you come to the Country of the Bogdoisk; hence in a months time, crossing the Mongoul, you come to Pekin, Capital of China. This way has appeared so better than going by the long Sea, that some Jesuits have of late gone to Moskow to take that way to China.</blockquote>

	=== 1695. A New Body of Geography by A. Sewall & T. Child. ===		=== 1695. A New Body of Geography by A. Sewall & T. Child. ===

Phrygia Minor

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:34:20 GMT

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	# strong Scamandria.		# strong Scamandria.
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			=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
			<blockquote>Phrygia, a Country of the Lesser Asia, divided in ancient times into Phrygia Magna or Major, and Phrygia Minor. Phrygia Major lay betwixt Bithynia, Galatia, Pamphylia, Lydia, and Mysia. Its principal Cities were Synnada and Hierapolis. Sometime called Pacatiana; Now, as it is under the Turks, Germian. The other was famous for the Rivers Xanthus and Simois, and the City Troy standing in it: the ancient Troas being in this Phrygia contained by the general accounts. This Phrygia had the name also of Hellespontiaca, from its situation upon the Aegean Sea, towards the Hellespont.</blockquote>

Phrygia Major

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:33:53 GMT

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	# Gordion, where the knot which Alexander cut with his sword was.		# Gordion, where the knot which Alexander cut with his sword was.
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

			=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
			<blockquote>Phrygia, a Country of the Lesser Asia, divided in ancient times into Phrygia Magna or Major, and Phrygia Minor. Phrygia Major lay betwixt Bithynia, Galatia, Pamphylia, Lydia, and Mysia. Its principal Cities were Synnada and Hierapolis. Sometime called Pacatiana; Now, as it is under the Turks, Germian. The other was famous for the Rivers Xanthus and Simois, and the City Troy standing in it: the ancient Troas being in this Phrygia contained by the general accounts. This Phrygia had the name also of Hellespontiaca, from its situation upon the Aegean Sea, towards the Hellespont.</blockquote>

Piacenza, City

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:33:01 GMT

Created page with "=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. === <blockquote>Piacenza, Placentia, a City of Lombardy, of great Antiquity; called by the French Plaisance. It is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Bologna; and the Capital of a Dukedom of the same name, which ever since 1557. has been in the Hands of the Dukes of Parma. It is a neat, populous City; said to have twenty five thousand Citizens within its Walls, and to be f..."

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=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
<blockquote>Piacenza, Placentia, a City of Lombardy, of great Antiquity; called by the French Plaisance. It is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Bologna; and the Capital of a Dukedom of the same name, which ever since 1557. has been in the Hands of the Dukes of Parma. It is a neat, populous City; said to have twenty five thousand Citizens within its Walls, and to be five Miles in Circuit: full of fine Buildings; and blessed with an ingenuous Race of Men, fit either for Arts or War. One Mile from the Po, forty from Milan to the East, and thirty five from Parma to the North-East; in a pleasant place, surrounded with fruitful fields, Meadows, and Pastures; having many Channels cut for the watering their Ground, and the bringing in Merchandizes. It has several Salt-Springs, Mines of Iron; plenty of Wine, Oil, Corn; and Fruits of all sorts: the best Cheese in the whole World is made here in great quantity. Nor does it want Woods and Forests for Hunting; so that all things considered, it is one of the pleasantest situated Cities in the World: and thought to have taken its name from thence. It was one of the first Colonies the Romans setled in Gallia Cisalpina against the Gauls. They fortified it so well, that though the Insubres and Boii out of discontent Revolted and joined with Hannibal, (who made the Siege of this place one of his first Attempts) yet he was not able to take it. Nor had Asdrubal who followed him any better success: so that Livy informs us, this was one of the twelve Colonies which in the second Punick War saved Rome. In the Year of Rome 553. Amilcar a third Punick General, took this City with the help of the Gauls; and in a great degree ruined it by Fire and Sword. Caelius, a Thuscan General, not being able to defend it against the Siege of Cinna and Marius, rather than he would be taken, desired his friend Petronius to give him his sword in his heart; who did so, and afterwards executed the same to himself. Spurina, a Commander under Vitellius, defended this City with great Gallantry against Cecina, (one of Otho's Generals;) who yet at last took and burnt it, Anno Christi 69. In 269. M. Aurelianus received a great overthrow from the Marcomanni near it. In 542. Totilas King of the Goths, took it by a Siege: which reduced them to the necessity of eating Mans Flesh. About 1335. it fell first into the Hands of the Viscounts of Milan. About 1447. they called in the Venetians, and endeavoured to shake off the Dominion of the Milanese: which had like to have ended in their Ruin; the City being taken and sacked, and a most cruel Slaughter made of the Inhabitants. It continued after this under the Dukes of Milan; till together with Milan, it fell into the Hands of Lewis XII. King of France, in 1499. Pope Julius in 1512, got the Possession of it. In 1545. Pope Paul III. Created Lewis (his Natural Son) Duke of this City: who was slain for his Cruelty and wickedness by some Gentlemen hereof; and the place put into the Hands of Charles V. in 1547. Philip II. his Son, ten years after this, granted it to the Duke of Parma; whose Posterity of the House of Farnese enjoy it now. This was the Country of Pope Gregory X. Pope Ʋrban II in 1094, or 95. celebrated a Council here, in which the divorced Empress, Wife to Henry III. presented her Complaints. There have been other small Councils held here. The Territory, il Piacentino or il ducato di Piacenza, has some considerable Towns and Springs in it, with Mines of Iron and Brass.</blockquote>

Source:Bohun

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:30:54 GMT

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	Angote, a City and Kingdom in the Upper Aethiopia.		Angote, a City and Kingdom in the Upper Aethiopia.

	=== descriptionPage 17 ===
	Angoulesme, Engolisma, is an Episcopal City in Aquitaine in France, under the Archbishop of Bourdeaux; it stands upon the River Charme, which falls into the Ocean right over against the Island of Orleron. There is belonging to it also a Dukedom which is bounded upon the North with Poictou, upon the East with Limosin, upon the South with Pericort, and upon the West with Xantogn. This Dukedom is call'd by the name of Angoumois.		Angoulesme, Engolisma, is an Episcopal City in Aquitaine in France, under the Archbishop of Bourdeaux; it stands upon the River Charme, which falls into the Ocean right over against the Island of Orleron. There is belonging to it also a Dukedom which is bounded upon the North with Poictou, upon the East with Limosin, upon the South with Pericort, and upon the West with Xantogn. This Dukedom is call'd by the name of Angoumois.

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	Antessa, Antissa, an antient City in the Island of Lesbos, which was heretofore a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Mitylene. Ovid speaks of it, as also the antient Geographers, under the notion of its being it self an Island in their times: whence some believe, that the Canal betwixt Lesbos and it, has, by degrees, filled up and united with the Island of Lesbos.		Antessa, Antissa, an antient City in the Island of Lesbos, which was heretofore a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Mitylene. Ovid speaks of it, as also the antient Geographers, under the notion of its being it self an Island in their times: whence some believe, that the Canal betwixt Lesbos and it, has, by degrees, filled up and united with the Island of Lesbos.

	Antibes, a Town and Port in Provence in France, which was heretofore a Bishops See under the Archbishop		Antibes, a Town and Port in Provence in France, which was heretofore a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Ambrun; but the See is since transferred to la Grace. There is a Castle to it.

	=== descriptionPage 18 ===
	of Ambrun; but the See is since transferred to la Grace. There is a Castle to it.

	Anticyra, an Island of Thessalia, famous for its Hellebore.		Anticyra, an Island of Thessalia, famous for its Hellebore.
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	Antros, a small Island at the Mouth of the Garonne, on the Coast of Guienne in France, where stands the celebrated Tour de Cordovan, to light the Vessels that go to Bordeaux.		Antros, a small Island at the Mouth of the Garonne, on the Coast of Guienne in France, where stands the celebrated Tour de Cordovan, to light the Vessels that go to Bordeaux.

	Antwerp, Anversa, called by the French, Anvers; by the Germans, Antorf, is a City of the Low Countries in the Dukedom of Brabant, upon the River Scheld. It is a large and beautiful City, and was about 100 years since, the most populous and best traded City in all those Provinces; and in 1559. was made a Bishops See, by Paul IV. In 1569. the Duke de Alva built here a strong Castle. In 1576. the Hollanders plundred it. In 1585. the Duke of Parma reduc'd it under the Dominion of the Spaniard again, in whose hands it now is: but all these Mutations, and the building of Forts upon the River by the Hollanders, has reduced much of its antient Glory, and it is now decaying. Abraham Ortelius, a learned Geographer, who was born here, has described this City at large, as also Lewis Guicciardin, in his Description of the Low Countries. It stands 10 Miles from Ghant, and as many from Brussels.

	Anzerma, or S. Anna d' Anzerma, a small City in the Kingdom of Popayan in America.		Anzerma, or S. Anna d' Anzerma, a small City in the Kingdom of Popayan in America.
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	Aorna, Aornus, a City of Bactria and a very strong rocky Castle in the Indies, both taken heretofore by Alexander the Great. § Also a River of Arcadia, and a certain contagious Lake of Epirus, and a Lake in Italy, mention'd by Virgil.		Aorna, Aornus, a City of Bactria and a very strong rocky Castle in the Indies, both taken heretofore by Alexander the Great. § Also a River of Arcadia, and a certain contagious Lake of Epirus, and a Lake in Italy, mention'd by Virgil.

	=== descriptionPage 19 ===
	Aouste, Augusta praetoria, a City and Dukedom of Piedinont: It is an Episcopal See under the Archbishop of Tarantaise, and a part of the Dominions of the Duke of Savoy: it stands in a mountainous, but fruitful Soil; at the foot of the Grecian Alpes, upon the River Doria, where it receives the River Bauteggio, which do both fall into the Po. This City was a Roman Colony, call'd by Pliny, Italiae Limes, the Frontier of Italy. It is 50 Miles from Turin, East. S. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, was born here.		Aouste, Augusta praetoria, a City and Dukedom of Piedinont: It is an Episcopal See under the Archbishop of Tarantaise, and a part of the Dominions of the Duke of Savoy: it stands in a mountainous, but fruitful Soil; at the foot of the Grecian Alpes, upon the River Doria, where it receives the River Bauteggio, which do both fall into the Po. This City was a Roman Colony, call'd by Pliny, Italiae Limes, the Frontier of Italy. It is 50 Miles from Turin, East. S. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, was born here.

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	Aqutaine, Aquatania, a third Part of the antient Gaul, supposed to be so call'd from the abundance of its Waters. The Emperour Augustus divided it into Prima and Secunda, including within both, Bordeaux, Agne, Angoulesme, Xaintes, Poitiers, Perigueux, Bourges, Clermont, Rodes, Albi, Cahors, Limoges, Mende, and Puy. Whereunto the Emperour Adrian added a third Province, by the Name of Novempopulonia. See Gascoigne. This Country continued in Obedience to the Roman Empire, till Honorius about the Year 412. yielded part thereof▪ to Athaulfe, King of the Goths, whose Successours took occasion thereupon to Usurp the whole. About the Year 630. it came into the Possession of the Crown of France entirely: The Gascoigners soon revoulted, giving to Eudos their Leader, the Title of Duke of Aquitain; which brought on a War that was not ended till the powerful Reign of Charles the Great. In 778. Charles the Great erected Aquitaine into a Kingdom, in the Person of Lewis the Debonnaire his Son. It continued a Kingdom about 100 Years, and then broke into particular Fiefs and Hereditaments. In 1152. it came to the Crown of England, as Dukes of Aquitaine, in the right of Eleanor Wife to Henry II. For its fortunes since, see Gascoigne.		Aqutaine, Aquatania, a third Part of the antient Gaul, supposed to be so call'd from the abundance of its Waters. The Emperour Augustus divided it into Prima and Secunda, including within both, Bordeaux, Agne, Angoulesme, Xaintes, Poitiers, Perigueux, Bourges, Clermont, Rodes, Albi, Cahors, Limoges, Mende, and Puy. Whereunto the Emperour Adrian added a third Province, by the Name of Novempopulonia. See Gascoigne. This Country continued in Obedience to the Roman Empire, till Honorius about the Year 412. yielded part thereof▪ to Athaulfe, King of the Goths, whose Successours took occasion thereupon to Usurp the whole. About the Year 630. it came into the Possession of the Crown of France entirely: The Gascoigners soon revoulted, giving to Eudos their Leader, the Title of Duke of Aquitain; which brought on a War that was not ended till the powerful Reign of Charles the Great. In 778. Charles the Great erected Aquitaine into a Kingdom, in the Person of Lewis the Debonnaire his Son. It continued a Kingdom about 100 Years, and then broke into particular Fiefs and Hereditaments. In 1152. it came to the Crown of England, as Dukes of Aquitaine, in the right of Eleanor Wife to Henry II. For its fortunes since, see Gascoigne.

	Arabia, is a very large Country in Asia: having on the North Syria and Diarbechia; upon the East the Persian Gulph, and the Streights of Basor, by which it is separated from Persia; on the South it has the Arabian Sea, and on the West the Red Sea, which cuts it off in great part from Africa. The Southern and Eastern parts, which are the greatest, are well cultivated; but the Northern is for the most part barren and sandy, having but few Inhabitants or Cities, by reason of the vast Desarts, barren Mountains, and want of Water. It is all under Princes of its own, except a small part of Arabia Petraea, in which the Turks have some few Forts. This vast Country is divided into three Parts, viz. The Desart, The Happy, and The Stony.

	Arabia Deserta, (the Desart) is the least part of all the three, and lies most North: call'd by the Asiaticks Berii Arabistan; bounded on the South by the Mountains of Arabia the Happy, on the East by the Province of Iraca, heretofore Chaldea; upon the North by Diarvechia, from which it is separated by the River Euphrates; upon the West by Syria, the Holy Land, and Arabia the Stony.

	Arabia Foelix, (the Happy) is the greatest of all the three parts, and lies extended to the South and East: it is call'd by the Inhabitants Jemen, and is encompass'd on all sides by the Sea, except towards the North, where it bounds upon the other two Arabia's. There are in this part many Kingdoms and great Cities, the Soil being fruitful, and the Country not easie to be invaded by the neighbour Nations, by reason of its Situation.

	Arabia Petraea, (the Stony) lies more West, and is call'd by the Turks Dase-lik Arabistan, or as others say, Baraab Arabistan by the Natives: it is bounded on the North by the Holy Land, and part of Syria; on the East by Arabia Deserta in part, and by Arabia Foelix in part, as also on the South; and on the West it has the Red Sea and Egypt. Two things have made these Countries known to all the World, The wandering of the Children of Israel 40 Years, in the first; and the Birth of that great Deceiver Mahomet, in the latter of these three Parts.

	Aracu•es, a People of Chili, which are the most Warlike of all the Americans.		Aracu•es, a People of Chili, which are the most Warlike of all the Americans.

Arabia

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	=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===		=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
	<blockquote>Arabia, is a very large Country in Asia: having on the North Syria and Diarbechia; upon the East the Persian Gulph, and the Streights of Basor, by which it is separated from [[Persia]]; on the South it has the Arabian Sea, and on the West the Red Sea, which cuts it off in great part from Africa. The Southern and Eastern parts, which are the greatest, are well cultivated; but the Northern is for the most part barren and sandy, having but few Inhabitants or Cities, by reason of the vast Desarts, barren Mountains, and want of Water. It is all under Princes of its own, except a small part of Arabia Petraea, in which the Turks have some few Forts. This vast Country is divided into three Parts, viz. The Desart, The Happy, and The Stony.~~</blockquote>~~		<blockquote>Arabia, is a very large Country in Asia: having on the North Syria and Diarbechia; upon the East the Persian Gulph, and the Streights of Basor, by which it is separated from [[Persia]]; on the South it has the Arabian Sea, and on the West the Red Sea, which cuts it off in great part from Africa. The Southern and Eastern parts, which are the greatest, are well cultivated; but the Northern is for the most part barren and sandy, having but few Inhabitants or Cities, by reason of the vast Desarts, barren Mountains, and want of Water. It is all under Princes of its own, except a small part of Arabia Petraea, in which the Turks have some few Forts. This vast Country is divided into three Parts, viz. The Desart, The Happy, and The Stony.

			Arabia Deserta, (the Desart) is the least part of all the three, and lies most North: call'd by the Asiaticks Berii Arabistan; bounded on the South by the Mountains of Arabia the Happy, on the East by the Province of Iraca, heretofore Chaldea; upon the North by Diarvechia, from which it is separated by the River Euphrates; upon the West by Syria, the Holy Land, and Arabia the Stony.

			Arabia Foelix, (the Happy) is the greatest of all the three parts, and lies extended to the South and East: it is call'd by the Inhabitants Jemen, and is encompass'd on all sides by the Sea, except towards the North, where it bounds upon the other two Arabia's. There are in this part many Kingdoms and great Cities, the Soil being fruitful, and the Country not easie to be invaded by the neighbour Nations, by reason of its Situation.

			Arabia Petraea, (the Stony) lies more West, and is call'd by the Turks Dase-lik Arabistan, or as others say, Baraab Arabistan by the Natives: it is bounded on the North by the Holy Land, and part of Syria; on the East by Arabia Deserta in part, and by Arabia Foelix in part, as also on the South; and on the West it has the Red Sea and Egypt. Two things have made these Countries known to all the World, The wandering of the Children of Israel 40 Years, in the first; and the Birth of that great Deceiver Mahomet, in the latter of these three Parts.</blockquote>

	=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===		=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===

Antwerp, City

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:27:52 GMT

Created page with "=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. === <blockquote>Antwerp, Anversa, called by the French, Anvers; by the Germans, Antorf, is a City of the Low Countries in the Dukedom of Brabant, upon the River Scheld. It is a large and beautiful City, and was about 100 years since, the most populous and best traded City in all those Provinces; and in 1559. was made a Bishops See, by Paul IV. In 1569. the Duke de Alva..."

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=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
<blockquote>Antwerp, Anversa, called by the French, Anvers; by the Germans, Antorf, is a City of the [[Low Countries]] in the Dukedom of [[Brabant]], upon the River Scheld. It is a large and beautiful City, and was about 100 years since, the most populous and best traded City in all those Provinces; and in 1559. was made a Bishops See, by Paul IV. In 1569. the Duke de Alva built here a strong Castle. In 1576. the Hollanders plundred it. In 1585. the Duke of Parma reduc'd it under the Dominion of the Spaniard again, in whose hands it now is: but all these Mutations, and the building of Forts upon the River by the Hollanders, has reduced much of its antient Glory, and it is now decaying. Abraham Ortelius, a learned Geographer, who was born here, has described this City at large, as also Lewis Guicciardin, in his Description of the Low Countries. It stands 10 Miles from Ghant, and as many from Brussels.</blockquote>

Source:Bohun3

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:25:20 GMT

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Warsaw

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:24:54 GMT

Created page with "=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. === <blockquote>Warsaw, VVarsovia, the Capital City of the Kingdom of Poland: called by the Poles VVarswa, by the Germans Warschaw, by the French Varsovie. It is the chief City of Mazovia; upon the Vistula. Twenty four Miles from Lenczycze, or Lanschet, thirty three from Gnesna, and fifty from Lemburg. Taken by the Swedes in the year 1665. after a great Victory; the year follo..."

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=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
<blockquote>Warsaw, VVarsovia, the Capital City of the Kingdom of Poland: called by the Poles VVarswa, by the Germans Warschaw, by the French Varsovie. It is the chief City of Mazovia; upon the Vistula. Twenty four Miles from Lenczycze, or Lanschet, thirty three from Gnesna, and fifty from Lemburg. Taken by the Swedes in the year 1665. after a great Victory; the year following the Poles retook it; and it is now under its own Prince. A great and populous City, being as it were near the Centre of that Kingdom; has enjoyed the Residence of their Kings and the Courts of Justice, ever since the Reign of Sigismond III. who built here a Royal Palace for his Successors. There has also been added a great pile of Buildings, now called the New City. Long. 43. 20. Lat. 52. 25.</blockquote>

Walachia

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:24:06 GMT

Sources from old books

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	===1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval.===		===1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval.===
	<blockquote>Walachia, which offers it self on the North East of [[Transylvania\|Transilvania]], along and on the North of the Danube, was called petty and Transalpina, for the distinguishing it from [[Moldavia]]. It is watred with a great number of Rivers; some of its Mountains have great Mines of Gold; its Horses are by many accounted the best in [[Europe]]. Its Prince called Hospodar, sometimes Vaivode, that is to say, Head of the Troops, resides at Tergowis, and pays the [[The Turkish Empire\|Grand Seignior]] a hundred and twenty thousand Livers of annual Tribute.</blockquote>		<blockquote>Walachia, which offers it self on the North East of [[Transylvania\|Transilvania]], along and on the North of the Danube, was called petty and Transalpina, for the distinguishing it from [[Moldavia]]. It is watred with a great number of Rivers; some of its Mountains have great Mines of Gold; its Horses are by many accounted the best in [[Europe]]. Its Prince called Hospodar, sometimes Vaivode, that is to say, Head of the Troops, resides at Tergowis, and pays the [[The Turkish Empire\|Grand Seignior]] a hundred and twenty thousand Livers of annual Tribute.</blockquote>

			=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
			<blockquote>Walachia, Valachia, a considerable Province of the Kingdom of Hungary; called by the Germans Walachey, by the Turks I••akia, and by the Poles Wolochy. It is a part of the antient Dacia; and stands now divided into the Provinces of Walachia and Moldavia: of the latter I have spoken in its proper place. The former is bounded on the North by the Kingdom of Poland and Red-Russia; on the East by Bessarabia; on the South by Bulgaria, (separated from it by the Danube) and by Moldavia; which last also bounds it to the West. It is much less than the Maps commonly make it: also commonly misplaced, and set where Moldavia should stand. The History of it is delivered in Moldavia. To which I shall only add here; that after Mahomet IV. Emperor of the Turks, was deposed, and Solyman, his Brother, set up in his stead; and that the Duke of Lorain had seized Transylvania; the Prince and States of Walachia, in 1687. and 88. rendered themselves under the Emperor's Protection, upon condition; That the Succession in the Government of that Principality shall be continued to the Heirs Male of the present Prince, and the States be preserved in the Possession of their just Rights and Privileges; paying to the Emperor the Annual Tribute of 50000 Crowns. This Country extends from East to West 90 French Leagues: from North to South 50; in form Triangular. The Plains would be very fruitful, if they were well cultivated; but being little peopled, much ravaged by the Turks and Tartars, and lying in common, they are over-run with Weeds; for here is little or no Wood. The Mountains have rich Mines, but they are as much neglected: their Religion is that of the Greek Church. The present Valvode is Matthis George Gista; set up in 1658. by the late Sultan of the Turks.</blockquote>

Utrecht, City

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:22:54 GMT

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	=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===		=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
	<blockquote>Utrecht, Antonia, Trajectum Inferius, Ʋtricesium, Ʋltrajectum, Antonina Civitas, Civitas Ʋtricensium, a great, strong, populous City in the Ʋnited Netherlands; the Capital of one of their seven States. It stands upon the North Branch of the Rhine; at the distance of about 5 English Miles to the North; but united to it by a Navigable Channel. Twenty three Leagues from Cologne, 5 German Miles from Amsterdam to the South, and 6 from Roterdam to the East. The Original of it is unknown: but it is supposed to be a Roman Work, and built in or before the times of Nero about 186. Being ruined by the Barbarous Nations, Dagobert, King of France, rebuilt and refortified it, about 642. So that the second Pile became much more famous than the former, Willibrodus (the Apostle of the Frisons) being sent by Pope Sergius in 696. with the Title of an Archbishop; and Pepin, King of France, having, in 692, taken Ʋtrecht from Radbold the Pagan Duke of Frizeland; he assigned this City to Willibrode: and gave him the Territories, thus reckoned up by Antonius Mattheus, in his Books de Nobi itate. The Lekk, the Uechten, all the Lands which lay upon their Banks, and the Territory of Teistervant; which included a great part of Guelders, Bommel, Tiel, the Betouw, Culemborch, Viane, Asperen, Bure, Heusden, Neuctom, the Veluwe, and Ysestein. In 700. Radbold attempting in vain the recovering this City, submitted: So Willibrode, and Boniface his Successor, peaceably enjoyed this vast Diocese: which was confirmed to them, and their Privileges enlarged by Charles the Great. In after times it became a Free Imperial City of Germany. Several of the Emperors resided, and some died here: amongst whom are reckoned Conrad II. in 1039. and Henricus V. in 1122. So jealous they were of their Privileges, that they would not suffer any of their Bishops Officers to have any share in the Government of the City: nor would they suffer the Bishop to enter the Town with more Men than they allowed him, or to stay in it above five or eight days. They maintained this Liberty, (though it was sorely envied and laid at by John Count of Holland, in 1297. and by William Count of Holland in 1324.) till in 1527. the Bishop of Ʋtrecht passed over his Right to Charles V. who being a Potent Prince, easily reduc'd this City under his Obedience, built it a Castle, and in 1546. kept in it a Chapter of the Order of the Golden Fleece. It had then 4 Collegiate Churches, divers Abbeys and Ecclesiastical Houses. But in 1577. they, with the rest of Holland, revolted from the Spaniards. In 1559. it had been advanced to an Archbishoprick by Pope Paul IV. and nine Suffragan Bishops assigned to this See, which was one of the occasions of the Revolt. In 1636. it was made an University: and in 1672. it fell for a short time into the hands of the French, but is since returned to its former liberty; the Learned Dr. Brown has given a short account of the present State of this City in his Travels, Pag. 101. Long. 26. 26. Lat. 52. 10.</blockquote>		<blockquote>Utrecht, Antonia, Trajectum Inferius, Ʋtricesium, Ʋltrajectum, Antonina Civitas, Civitas Ʋtricensium, a great, strong, populous City in the [[Low Countries\|Ʋnited Netherlands]]; the Capital of one of their seven States. It stands upon the North Branch of the Rhine; at the distance of about 5 English Miles to the North; but united to it by a Navigable Channel. Twenty three Leagues from Cologne, 5 German Miles from Amsterdam to the South, and 6 from Roterdam to the East. The Original of it is unknown: but it is supposed to be a Roman Work, and built in or before the times of Nero about 186. Being ruined by the Barbarous Nations, Dagobert, King of France, rebuilt and refortified it, about 642. So that the second Pile became much more famous than the former, Willibrodus (the Apostle of the Frisons) being sent by Pope Sergius in 696. with the Title of an Archbishop; and Pepin, King of France, having, in 692, taken Ʋtrecht from Radbold the Pagan Duke of Frizeland; he assigned this City to Willibrode: and gave him the Territories, thus reckoned up by Antonius Mattheus, in his Books de Nobi itate. The Lekk, the Uechten, all the Lands which lay upon their Banks, and the Territory of Teistervant; which included a great part of Guelders, Bommel, Tiel, the Betouw, Culemborch, Viane, Asperen, Bure, Heusden, Neuctom, the Veluwe, and Ysestein. In 700. Radbold attempting in vain the recovering this City, submitted: So Willibrode, and Boniface his Successor, peaceably enjoyed this vast Diocese: which was confirmed to them, and their Privileges enlarged by Charles the Great. In after times it became a Free Imperial City of Germany. Several of the Emperors resided, and some died here: amongst whom are reckoned Conrad II. in 1039. and Henricus V. in 1122. So jealous they were of their Privileges, that they would not suffer any of their Bishops Officers to have any share in the Government of the City: nor would they suffer the Bishop to enter the Town with more Men than they allowed him, or to stay in it above five or eight days. They maintained this Liberty, (though it was sorely envied and laid at by John Count of Holland, in 1297. and by William Count of Holland in 1324.) till in 1527. the Bishop of Ʋtrecht passed over his Right to Charles V. who being a Potent Prince, easily reduc'd this City under his Obedience, built it a Castle, and in 1546. kept in it a Chapter of the Order of the Golden Fleece. It had then 4 Collegiate Churches, divers Abbeys and Ecclesiastical Houses. But in 1577. they, with the rest of Holland, revolted from the Spaniards. In 1559. it had been advanced to an Archbishoprick by Pope Paul IV. and nine Suffragan Bishops assigned to this See, which was one of the occasions of the Revolt. In 1636. it was made an University: and in 1672. it fell for a short time into the hands of the [[France\|French]], but is since returned to its former liberty; the Learned Dr. Brown has given a short account of the present State of this City in his Travels, Pag. 101. Long. 26. 26. Lat. 52. 10.</blockquote>

Utrecht, City

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:22:01 GMT

Created page with "=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. === <blockquote>Utrecht, Antonia, Trajectum Inferius, Ʋtricesium, Ʋltrajectum, Antonina Civitas, Civitas Ʋtricensium, a great, strong, populous City in the Ʋnited Netherlands; the Capital of one of their seven States. It stands upon the North Branch of the Rhine; at the distance of about 5 English Miles to the North; but united to it by a Navigable Channel. Twenty three Le..."

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=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
<blockquote>Utrecht, Antonia, Trajectum Inferius, Ʋtricesium, Ʋltrajectum, Antonina Civitas, Civitas Ʋtricensium, a great, strong, populous City in the Ʋnited Netherlands; the Capital of one of their seven States. It stands upon the North Branch of the Rhine; at the distance of about 5 English Miles to the North; but united to it by a Navigable Channel. Twenty three Leagues from Cologne, 5 German Miles from Amsterdam to the South, and 6 from Roterdam to the East. The Original of it is unknown: but it is supposed to be a Roman Work, and built in or before the times of Nero about 186. Being ruined by the Barbarous Nations, Dagobert, King of France, rebuilt and refortified it, about 642. So that the second Pile became much more famous than the former, Willibrodus (the Apostle of the Frisons) being sent by Pope Sergius in 696. with the Title of an Archbishop; and Pepin, King of France, having, in 692, taken Ʋtrecht from Radbold the Pagan Duke of Frizeland; he assigned this City to Willibrode: and gave him the Territories, thus reckoned up by Antonius Mattheus, in his Books de Nobi itate. The Lekk, the Uechten, all the Lands which lay upon their Banks, and the Territory of Teistervant; which included a great part of Guelders, Bommel, Tiel, the Betouw, Culemborch, Viane, Asperen, Bure, Heusden, Neuctom, the Veluwe, and Ysestein. In 700. Radbold attempting in vain the recovering this City, submitted: So Willibrode, and Boniface his Successor, peaceably enjoyed this vast Diocese: which was confirmed to them, and their Privileges enlarged by Charles the Great. In after times it became a Free Imperial City of Germany. Several of the Emperors resided, and some died here: amongst whom are reckoned Conrad II. in 1039. and Henricus V. in 1122. So jealous they were of their Privileges, that they would not suffer any of their Bishops Officers to have any share in the Government of the City: nor would they suffer the Bishop to enter the Town with more Men than they allowed him, or to stay in it above five or eight days. They maintained this Liberty, (though it was sorely envied and laid at by John Count of Holland, in 1297. and by William Count of Holland in 1324.) till in 1527. the Bishop of Ʋtrecht passed over his Right to Charles V. who being a Potent Prince, easily reduc'd this City under his Obedience, built it a Castle, and in 1546. kept in it a Chapter of the Order of the Golden Fleece. It had then 4 Collegiate Churches, divers Abbeys and Ecclesiastical Houses. But in 1577. they, with the rest of Holland, revolted from the Spaniards. In 1559. it had been advanced to an Archbishoprick by Pope Paul IV. and nine Suffragan Bishops assigned to this See, which was one of the occasions of the Revolt. In 1636. it was made an University: and in 1672. it fell for a short time into the hands of the French, but is since returned to its former liberty; the Learned Dr. Brown has given a short account of the present State of this City in his Travels, Pag. 101. Long. 26. 26. Lat. 52. 10.</blockquote>

Scandinavia

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:19:30 GMT

Sources from old books

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	==Sources from old books==		==Sources from old books==

			=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
			<blockquote>Scandinavia, a vast Peninsula in the North of Europe; containing the Kingdoms of Sweden, Norway, and Lapland. Scandia, or South Gothland, by some Geographers is represented as the Southern part of it; and Lapland the most Northern.</blockquote>

	=== 1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri. ===		=== 1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri. ===

Rhein, River

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:18:12 GMT

Created page with "=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. === <blockquote>Rheine, Rhenus, a vast River in Germany, which is one of the greatest in Europe. Called by the Germans, das Rhyn; by the French, le Rheine; by the Poles, Rhen; and by the Spaniard, Rhin. Next the Danube, the greatest River in Germany. It springeth out of the Alpes in the Western Borders of Switzerland, and the Northern of the Grisons, (near the Fountain..."

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=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
<blockquote>Rheine, Rhenus, a vast River in [[Germany]], which is one of the greatest in [[Europe]]. Called by the Germans, das Rhyn; by the French, le Rheine; by the Poles, Rhen; and by the Spaniard, Rhin. Next the Danube, the greatest River in Germany. It springeth out of the Alpes in the Western Borders of Switzerland, and the Northern of the Grisons, (near the Fountains of the Rhosne, the Aar, and the Tesino) from two Fountains; the Northern of which is called Vorder Rhyn, the Further Rheine; the Southern, Hinder Rhyn, and lies more South. These being united into one Stream near Chur, it passeth into the Lake of Constance; and separating Schwaben from Switzerland, watereth Constance, and Schafhausen; then taking in the Aar, it passeth to Basil; and between Alsatia and Brisgow, by a Northern Course it runs to Newburgh, Brisach, and Strasbourgh: then taking in the Ill, it watereth Stolhoffen, Philipsburgh, and Spire; beneath which it admits the Necker at Manheim; and so proceeds to Wormes and Oppenheim. At Ments it is covered by a Bridge of Boats; and beneath it takes the Mayne, a great River: so by Ingelheim, hasteth to Trier; beneath which the Lohn and the Moselle come in at Coblentz, where there is another Bridge of Boats: so dividing the Dukedom of Monts from the Bishoprick of Cologne, it watereth Bonne, Cologne, and Duseldorp: at Duisdrop in the Dukedom of Cleves, the Roure; at Wesel, the Lippe comes in to augment his Stream: soon after in Guelderland, this Torrent grows too great for one Channel; and divides into two Branches, and forms the Island of Schenken. The lest or Southern Branch is called the Wael; which by Nimeguen, and Bommel goes to Worcum; above which the Maez out of Brabant comes in; at Dort it divides again, and forms the Isle of Yssel. The Northern Branch goes by Arnhem, Ʋtrecht, and Newport to Roterdam, and Vlaerding; where it unites with the Southern Branch; and both fall into the British Sea by the Briel. Above Arnhem there is another Branch, derived from the North Branch of the first Division: which by Doesburg▪ Zutphan, Deventer, Hatten and Campen, falls into the Zuyder Sea: this last Branch is called by the Dutch the Yssel. There can be nothing greater said of this River, than that it was for many Ages the Boundary of the [[The Roman Empire|Roman Empire]].</blockquote>

Rezan

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:16:31 GMT

Created page with "=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. === <blockquote>Rezan, the Capital City of a Dukedom in Moscovy; which was heretofore a Sovereign Principality of great extent. It stands thirty six Miles from Mosco to the South-East, and twelve from the Fountains of the Tanais arising within this Dukedom. It is an Episcopal City. Olearius.</blockquote>"

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=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
<blockquote>Rezan, the Capital City of a Dukedom in [[Russia|Moscovy]]; which was heretofore a Sovereign Principality of great extent. It stands thirty six Miles from [[Moscow|Mosco]] to the South-East, and twelve from the Fountains of the [[Tanais, River|Tanais]] arising within this Dukedom. It is an Episcopal City. Olearius.</blockquote>

Source:Bohun3

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:15:18 GMT

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	Los Reyos. See Lima.		Los Reyos. See Lima.

	Rezan, the Capital City of a Dukedom in Moscovy; which was heretofore a Sovereign Principality of great extent. It stands thirty six Miles from Mosco to the South-East, and twelve from the Fountains of the Tanais arising within this Dukedom. It is an Episcopal City. The Province of Rezan lies between the Don and Occa; having on the West Moscovy, which is divided from it by the River Aka. It is the most fruitful Province in this Kingdom: besides the chief City, (which lies upon the Occa) it has Corsira and Tulla, upon a River of the same Name. Olearius.		Rezan, the Capital City of a Dukedom in Moscovy; which was heretofore a Sovereign Principality of great extent. It stands thirty six Miles from Mosco to the South-East, and twelve from the Fountains of the Tanais arising within this Dukedom. It is an Episcopal City. Olearius.

Rezan, Province

Admin — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:15:14 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:15, 23 April 2026
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	===1691. A most compleat compendium of geography by Laurence Echard.===		===1691. A most compleat compendium of geography by Laurence Echard.===
	<blockquote>Dukedom of Rezan, on the W. of the Mordwitz and N. of Okraina, 300 m. l. & 95 br. ch. T. [[Rezan]].</blockquote>		<blockquote>Dukedom of Rezan, on the W. of the Mordwitz and N. of Okraina, 300 m. l. & 95 br. ch. T. [[Rezan]].</blockquote>

			=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
			<blockquote>The Province of Rezan lies between the Don and Occa; having on the West [[Russia\|Moscovy]], which is divided from it by the River Aka. It is the most fruitful Province in this Kingdom: besides the chief City, (which lies upon the Occa) it has Corsira and Tulla, upon a River of the same Name. Olearius.</blockquote>