Europe - Revision history

Admin: /* 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. */

2025-09-27T23:53:37Z

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:53, 27 September 2025
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	Europe may be divided into twelve parts, viz. 1. Spain, 2. Portugal, 3. France, 4. Italy, 5. British Isles, 6. Low-Countrys, 7. Germany, 8. Denmark, 9. Sweedland, 10. Russia, 11. Poland, and 12. Turky in Europe.</blockquote>		Europe may be divided into twelve parts, viz. 1. Spain, 2. Portugal, 3. France, 4. Italy, 5. British Isles, 6. Low-Countrys, 7. Germany, 8. Denmark, 9. Sweedland, 10. Russia, 11. Poland, and 12. Turky in Europe.</blockquote>

			=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
			<blockquote>Europe, Europa, is the least, but most celebrated of the four general parts of the World, as to Arts, Commerce, Religion, Government and War. It was the Prediction of Noah, (the second Founder of Mankind) that Japhet (the Father of the Europeans) should dwell in the Tents of Shem. And although the first Church, and the two first General Monarchies fell to the share of Shem's Posterity; yet the two last and the best and noblest state of the Church, fell to the Japhets; by which that ancient Oracle was fulfilled. At this day whilst the Posterity of Shem, (the Asiaticks) lie buried in Ignorance, Slavery and Superstition; the Posterity of Japhet is innobled: the chiefest and the best Empires, the best Religion, Learning and Arts adorn the Tents or dwelling of Japhet: whilst the Ships of Chittim afflict Eber and Asher, not only to Trade, but to Ride Sovereigns in their Seas; and afflict them more by the Envy of their Wealth and Riches, than by their Power and Martial Valor, though they have felt that too. Europe, is bounded on the East by Asia, on the North by the Frozen Sea, on the West by the Atlantick, and on the South by the Mediterranean. The only difficulty is in stating the Eastern Bounds: beginning therefore at the South, where the Bounds are plainer, it is agreed that the Archipelago, the Black Sea or Euxine, the Palus Moeotis, or Eastern Bay of Crim Tartary, (called by the French, la Mer de Zabacche,) the Tanais, now the Don, the Wolga, the Rooswa, the Tofda, and the vast River of Obb, are the truest Bounds on the Eastern side. In those vast Countries of Tartary and Russia, scarce at all known to the Ancients, though the Tanais, the Wolga, (as far as its Course is North and South) and the Obb, are the best and most visible Bounds; yet there is a great distance between the Tanais and the Wolga; and a much greater between the Wolga and the Obb; but between the Rooswa and the Tofda, very little: but in this every Man must be left at liberty. Europe is now divided into the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, Bohemia, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, or the Low Countries, Hungary, Italy, Moscovy or Russia, Poland, Portugal, Savoy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tartary, the Turkish Empire, the State of Venice, and some few considerable Islands depending upon these. In length from Cape S. Vincent in Spain, to the Mouth of the River Obb, one thousand three hundred English Miles, or nine hundred German: from Cape Matapan in the Morea, to the North Cape in Finmark, eight hundred and fifty, or five hundred and fifty German Miles, as Braudand reckons it: lying between 34. and 72. deg. of Lat. and betwixt 9. and 93. or 94. of Long. ''//Paris Meridian was used in the book''

			This Country is called by the Europeans, Europe; by the Turks, Rumeli, and Al-Franck; and by the Georgians, Franckistan.</blockquote>

	=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===		=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===

Admin: /* 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. */

2025-03-23T18:47:11Z

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

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	The Romans went to Alexandria of Egypt, ascended the Nile as far as Coptos, now Cana; and by Land went to Berenice, which is Cossir, where they had the conveniency of the Red-Sea and the Ocean. Under the Soldans of Egypt, Sues and Arden, were the Magazines of the Indian Merchandizes, which were Transported to Cairo by means of the Nile; then they had in Europe fresher Spices than they have now, the Venetians and Genoueses brought them thither by the Mediterranean-Sea.</blockquote>		The Romans went to Alexandria of Egypt, ascended the Nile as far as Coptos, now Cana; and by Land went to Berenice, which is Cossir, where they had the conveniency of the Red-Sea and the Ocean. Under the Soldans of Egypt, Sues and Arden, were the Magazines of the Indian Merchandizes, which were Transported to Cairo by means of the Nile; then they had in Europe fresher Spices than they have now, the Venetians and Genoueses brought them thither by the Mediterranean-Sea.</blockquote>

			=== 1691. A most compleat compendium of geography by Laurence Echard. ===
			<blockquote>EUROPE has on the North, the Frozen Ocean; on the West, the Ducalidonian and Western Ocean; on the South, the Mediterranian Sea; and on the East, Asia; from which seperated by the Archepelago, the Euxine Sea, and Palus Maeotis; the rest is uncertain. Situated between the 7th and 100th degr. of Lon. and between the 34th and 72 degr. of Lat. being in length, from Cape St. Vincent in Portugal, to the mouth of the River Oby in Russia, about 3300 Miles; and in breadth, from Matapan in Morea, to the North Cape in Norway, about 2200 Miles.

			It is the least part of the four, but far the more noble, being the most populous and civilized, adorned with many large and glorious Cities, inriched with the most necessary Commodities, and abounding with all the riches, pleasures and plenty, that the most voluptious man can hope or wish for.

			The Arts peculiar to Europe, and there invented, may be reckoned Painting, Printing, Statuary, and divers particulars in the Art of Navigation and War, and most especially in all learned and scholastick Sciences.

			The Religions may be reduced to five heads, viz. 1. The Reformed or Protestant. 2. The Roman Catholick. 3. That of the Greek Church. 4. The Mahomitan. And, 5. The Jewish. The Languages, divided into three parts, viz. 1. The Tutonick, divided into English, Dutch and Danish. 2. Latin, corrupted into French, Spanish and Italian. And, 3. Sclavonian, divided into Russian, Polish and Turkish. There are several others of less note which shall be named afterwards.

			It is under the Government of three Emperours, viz. Turky, Russia and Germany; Seven Kings, viz. England, France, Spain, Portugal, Denmark, Sweedland and Poland; One Pope; Six Dukes, besides Lorrain and those of the Empire; Seven Commonwealths; besides many other inferior Princes, Earls, Imperial Cities▪ and such like.

			Rivers of principal note are six, viz. 1. Danew, 2. Wolga▪ 3. Dui•a, 4. Boristhines, 5. Rhine, and 6. Loyre

			Mountains of greatest note are four, viz. 1. the Alpes, 2. Pirenean, 3. Dofrine Hills, and 4. Carpathean Mountains.

			Lakes of chiefest account are reckoned three, viz. 1. Ladoga, 2. Onega, and 3. Wener.

			Europe may be divided into twelve parts, viz. 1. Spain, 2. Portugal, 3. France, 4. Italy, 5. British Isles, 6. Low-Countrys, 7. Germany, 8. Denmark, 9. Sweedland, 10. Russia, 11. Poland, and 12. Turky in Europe.</blockquote>

	=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===		=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===

Admin at 18:14, 18 January 2025

2025-01-18T18:14:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:14, 18 January 2025
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	The Romans went to Alexandria of Egypt, ascended the Nile as far as Coptos, now Cana; and by Land went to Berenice, which is Cossir, where they had the conveniency of the Red-Sea and the Ocean. Under the Soldans of Egypt, Sues and Arden, were the Magazines of the Indian Merchandizes, which were Transported to Cairo by means of the Nile; then they had in Europe fresher Spices than they have now, the Venetians and Genoueses brought them thither by the Mediterranean-Sea.</blockquote>		The Romans went to Alexandria of Egypt, ascended the Nile as far as Coptos, now Cana; and by Land went to Berenice, which is Cossir, where they had the conveniency of the Red-Sea and the Ocean. Under the Soldans of Egypt, Sues and Arden, were the Magazines of the Indian Merchandizes, which were Transported to Cairo by means of the Nile; then they had in Europe fresher Spices than they have now, the Venetians and Genoueses brought them thither by the Mediterranean-Sea.</blockquote>

			=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===
			<blockquote>'''EUROPE'''

			OF the Name of Europe the Ancients tell many fabulous Stories, and make it deriv'd from a certain Daughter of Agenor King of Phoenicia, nam'd Europa, whom Jupiter falling in Love with, metamorphiz'd himself into a Bull, and swam with her on his Back to the Island Creet or Candy. But a little to palliate this Fable, the Poetical Part is taken away by others, and the Story told, That one Asterius a Cretan Captain, making War with the Phoenicians, carried away this charming Princess, and sail'd with her in a Ship call'd The Bull to Creet, where he married her, and had Issue Minos and Rhadamanthus, whom the Poets make two of the Judges of Hell. This Rape is by Historians judged to have happen'd about the Year of the World 2660. in the time of Gideon Judge of Israel.

			But whether this Lady, or any other particular Person, or whether the small Province of Thrace, call'd Europa, gave Name to this part of the World, we must conclude with Herodotus, is utterly unknown. But whencesoever the Name was deriv'd, it was call'd Europa by the Romans, and at this time l'Europa by the Italians and Spaniards, l'Europe by the French, and Europe by the English; but by the Turks, Rumeli or Alfrank, Frankoba by the Georgians, and Frankistan by the rest of the People of Asia.

			It is bounded on the North by the Frozen Ocean; on the South by the Mediterranean Sea, which divides it from Africa; on the East by Asia, from which it is parted by the Archipelago, the Euxine or Black Sea, and the Palus Maeotis, or Sea of Zabacha, and thence by a Line drawn from the River Tanais or Don, to the River Oby in Muscovy; and on the West it is bounded by the Atlantick Ocean.

			Europe is seated between the 34th and 72 Degree of Latitude, and between the 7th and 100th Degree of Longitude, reckoning the first Meridian to pass through the Island of Teneriffe; and contains in breadth from the North Cape to Cape Metapan in the Morea, about 2000 Miles: and in length from Cape St. Vincent in the West, to the Mouth of the River Oby in the East about 3600 Miles.

			Altho' Europe be the least of the four Parts of the World, it is however more considerable than any of them; being much to be prefer'd for the Mildness of the Air, the Fertility of the Soil throughout, the many Navigable Rivers, the great plenty of Corn, Cattel, Wine and Oyl, and all things necessary, not only for Sustenance, but even for the Luxury of Human Life; but especially for the Beauty, Strength, Courage, Ingenuity and Wisdom of its Inhabitants; the Excellency of their Governments, the Equity of their Laws, the Freedom of their Subjects, and, which surpasses all, the Sanctity of their Religion.

			Europe was Peopled after the Flood, as is generally believ'd, by the Posterity of Japhet, who came from the lesser Asia over the Hellespont into Greece. Tho' others say, that those of Shem passing by Land betwixt the Caspian Sea and the Palus Maeotis, went thro' Tartary and Scythia into Scandia, and thence afterwards into France, Germany, &c. Whether of these two Opinions be most to be credited, we know not: But be that as it will, Europe hath for many Ages been exceeding Populous, and her Inhabitants Illustrious for their Courage, Wisdom and Vertue; by which they Conquer'd the greatest part of Asia and Africa, and made those Parts subject to the two Empires of Greece and Rome. And in these latter Ages, almost one half of the Earth that was formerly unknown, hath been discover'd by Europeans, and possessed by the Colonies they have sent thither.

			The CHRISTIAN RELIGION is profest throughout all Europe, except that Part of it possessed by the Turks. But by reason of the Innovations made by the Church of Rome, the Western Church is divided; Italy, Spain, France, part of Germany, and the Netherlands, with Poland, still following the Doctrine of the Church of Rome, whereas England, Scotland, Ireland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, great part of Germany, the Ʋnited Provinces, Swisserland, &c. have embraced the Reformation, and profess the Protestant Religion. And in Muscovy, some parts of Poland, in Walachia, Moldavia, Podolia, Volhinia and Greece, the Doctrine of the Eastern or Greek Church is follow'd.

			For Learning and Arts the Europeans have been most renown'd: all the Scholastick Sciences they have brought to a much greater Perfection than either Asiaticks or Africans ever did: and the Invention and Improvement of many useful and ingenious Arts, particularly Navigation, is wholly owing to the Genius and Industry of the Inhabitants of this part of the World.

			The Languages of Europe are many, but are all deriv'd from these six Original ones, viz. The Greek, Latin, Teutonick or ••d Ge• •an, Gothick and Sclavonick; different Dialects whereof, with accidental Additions, being the Languages of all the considerable Parts of Europe, except Tartary and Turky.

			The Governments of Europe are mostly Monarchical, but exceedingly more easie and gentle than those of Asia and Africa.

			In Europe are these Sovereign Princes and States, viz.

			The Emperour of Germany.

			The Emperour or Czar of Muscovy.

			The Grand Seigneur or Emperour of the Turks.

			The King of Great Britain.

			The King of Spain.

			The King of France.

			The King of Portugal.

			The King of Sweden.

			The King of Denmark.

			The King of Poland.

			The King of Hungary.

			The Pope.

			Six Republicks, viz. 1. The State of Venice; 2. The States General of the Ʋnited Netherlands; 3. The Cantons of Swisserland; 4. The Grisons; 5. The Republick of Genoa. And 6. The Republick of Lucca.

			There are besides these, no less than 300 Subaltern Soveraign Princes in Germany, Italy, &c. who tho' they are Tributaries or Feoffees to the Emperour, or some other Superiour Prince, have Supream Authority in their own Estates: Of these there are both Spiritual and Temporal.

			Of the Spiritual the most considerable are,

			The Grand Master of Malta.

			The Grand Master of the Teutonick Order in Germany.

			The Three Spiritual Electors of the Empire, viz. The Archbishops of Mentz, Triers and Cologn.

			The Archbishop of Saltzburg, and 22 Bishops in Germany.

			The Grand Prior of Malta, who is also call'd, The Grand Prior of Germany. Several Abbots, whereof the Abbot of Fulda in Germany hath the largest Territory.

			Several Provosties of the Church, whereof the most considerable is that of Berchtelsgaden.

			Of the Temporal Princes there are

			Five Electors of the Empire; viz. The Duke of Bavaria, the Duke of Saxony, the Marquis of Brandenburg, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, and the Duke of Hanover.

			An Arch-Duke of Austria.

			A Great Duke of Tuscany.

			Many Dukes; the most considerable whereof are

			The Dukes of Savoy, Mantua, Modena, Parma, &c. in Italy.

			The Dukes of Wurtemburg, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Holstein, Lawenburg, Weimar, &c. in Germany. And

			The Duke of Curland in Poland.

			Several Marquisses, viz.

			Of Baden, Durlach, Ohnspach and Culembach in Germany.

			Several in Italy, whose Estates are of small Extent.

			The Landgraves of Hesse Darmstat.

			Several Princes, whereof the most considerable are

			The Princes of Orange, Anhalt, Dombes, Monaco, Solfarin and Castiglione.

			Divers Counts, the principal whereof are

			The Counts Nassaw, Furstenberg, East-Frizeland, Hohenzollezen, Arenberg, &c.

			Besides these, there are

			The Cham of Tartary.

			The Waiwoods of Transilvania, Walachia, Moldavia, and the Ʋkraine.

			And the small Republicks of Geneva and Ragusa.

			The Division of Europe into its different Regions is already set down in the Introduction, and will be seen more particularly in the following Description of them.</blockquote>

Admin at 06:15, 28 December 2024

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	=== 1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator. ===		=== 1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator. ===
	<blockquote>EUROPE, though it be least of all, yet with the chiefe Delineators of the terrestriall Globe, we will describe it in the first place, either for the excellencie of the soyle, or the company of the inhabitants, or in regard of their famous acts, who have hitherto possessed it. Pliny calleth it the Nurse of a People conquering all Nations, and the most beautifull part of the Earth: besides, though other parts be greater, and larger, yet they are lesse inhabited; and therefore for these and other causes wee may justly begin first with Europe, which was the most noble inheritance of ~~n 1.1~~ Iaphet (who being Noahs eldest sonne enlarged his Territories even to the Land of his brethren, Sem and Cham) so much concerning the order: in the next place we must shew the Etymologie of the name. Herodotus noteth, that the originall of this name was not knowne: some say it was called so from one Europa a ~~o 1.2~~ Tyrian, the daughter of Agenor King of the Phoenicians, of whom it is an ancient ~~p 1.3~~ fable, that Jupiter having, transformed himselfe into a Bull, and having set her on his backe, carried her from Sydon into Creete, or Cyprus. Others rejecting fables, do thinke she was carried away in a ship built in the forme of a Bull: Others say it was a ship which had the protection of Iupiter, and the image of a Bull upon it. Palephatus of Creete writeth, that it was a ship called the Bull, which brought away from the Tyrian Countrie, Europa the Kings daughter as captive, with other maids: Some do suppose that it was a militarie Legion, which among other Ensignes had one Standard with the figure of a Bull in it. Some say it was so called in regard of the beautie of this Region which may be compar'd to a Virgine, carried away for the love of her beautie. And some (not unlikely) have said, that it was called so from Europus, who, as it is left to memory, had heretofore a Kingdome in this part of the World. Becanus, beeing unwilling to be persuaded that Europe hath a Greeke name, seeing the Cimmerians did inhabit it before the Greekes, & the former had a different Language from the latter, thinketh that it was so called from the excellencie of the people. For the monasyllable VER, being pronoūced by the dipthong, signifies some great and excellent thing; and HOP, doth denote a multitude of men. The Asiaticans do generally at this day call the Europeans Frankimen: the Turkes call those of the Romish Religion Franki, and those Romei who are addicted to the Greeke Religion. The Abyssines in Africke, which divers Records do testifie, do call us Alfrangues, and the Christians Countrie Frankia. So much for the Name: the Situation and Quantitie followes: concerning which it is to be held, that Ptolomy, and other Ancient Writers did place Europe betweene the 4. & 9. Climes, between the 11. and 21. Parallels: betweene the Degrees of ~~r 1.5~~ Latitude 36. and 54. and of s 1.6 Longitude 17. and 61. but in our age, seeing the Declination of the Sunne, as it is observed, is changed, and many places are added to this our Europe, for they have now discovered to the 72. Degrees of Latitude toward the North; a further description of Climes and Parallels hath beene devised, so that Europe is situated betweene the 4<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> ~~t 1.7~~ Climats; and betweene the Parallels 11. and 36. Lastly, betweene the degrees of Latitude 36. and 72. but almost betweene the degrees of Longitude 17. & 71. If it be considered from the Promontorie of Spaine, which is called at this day Cabo S. Vincentij, even to a right line drawne from the head of the River Tanais to the Northerne Ocean: but the shortest Longitude is betweene the 17<sup>th</sup> and 58. degrees, counting it from the same Promontorie of Spaine, even to Malea a Promontorie of Peloponesus, and excluding the Islands of the Aegean Sea, which may bee reckoned as part of Europe: so that the most Southerne parts of Europe are in the 36. degree of Latitude, as the Mountaine Calpe in Spaine, one of Hercules Pillars, the Southerne Promontory of Sicilie, heretofore called Odyssia, and the head of Peloponnesus, or Morea, anciently Taenaria, and now Cabo Maini: in which places the longest day is 14. houres, and 30. minutes. But the most Northerne limits of it are in the 71 degree and a halfe, as the Promontory of Scandia, the farthest Land Northward, now called Wardhuys, where the longest day is 2. moneths, 22. dayes, and 7. houres. Moreover, we make account that a line drawne straight forward from the head of Tanais to the Northerne Ocean is the Easterne limite of Europe, following the common account. For ancient Writers doe not agree concerning the Easterne boundes of Europe. Aristotle, Plato, Herodotus, and others who are of their opinion, doe divide Europe from Asia by the River or Isthmus of Phasis, which is betweene the Euxine and Caspian Sea. Dionysius, Arrianus, Diodorus, Polybius, Iornandes, doe divide it by the River Tanais. Abraham Ortelius makes the bounds of Europe toward the East to bee the Aegean Sea, the Euxine Sea, the Maeoticke Lake, the River Tanais, and the Isthmus which lyeth straight forward from the head Springs thereof towards the North; and others make other bounds. Ptolomaeus doth part Europe from Asia, by the same River of Tanais, and a line drawne from the head thereof toward the Northerne Sea. Now (wee subscribing unto him with other most skilfull Geographers, and descending from the Line and River of Tanais towards the South) let us with others place the Easterne bounds thereof in the Maeoticke Lake, the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Euxine Sea, the Thracian Bosphorus, the Propontis, and the Aegean Sea even to the Mediterranean Sea, which parts it from Africke Southward: on the West, the great and wide Ocean beates upon it. Lastly, on the North it is encompassed with the Northerne Sea. Strabo doth attribute to it the forme of a Dragon, of which Spaine doth represent the head, France the necke, Germany the body, Italie and the Cimbrian Chersonesus the right and left winges. For the most part it enjoyes a temperate Aire, and milde Weather. Whence Europe is every where inhabited, although very incommodiously and hardly in those places which are beyond the 60<sup>th</sup> degree of Latitude, in regard of cold. And it doth not onely farre excell the other parts of the World in the wonderfull temperatenesse of the Climate, temper, pleasantnesse, and great company of the inhabitants; but also in the abundance of Fruits, Trees, Plants, all kinde of living Creatures, Mettals; and in the plentie of all other things which are necessarie to sustaine mans life. Yet it hath not vines everywhere, but where wine is wanting it supplies the defect thereof with drinke made of fruits. This (for here I cannot refraine from praising it) is the mother of the Conquerours of the World. Here Macedon did heretofore bring forth Alexander, Italie the Romanes: who in a certaine succession (God in his Eternall Providence so decreeing) did conquer the whole World, so farre as it was knowne: and Germany doth at this day bring forth Princes of great Prowes. Have not here beene borne many noble Heroes, which have added to their Empire America unknowne (as the most do suppose) to the Ancients, and the better and stronger parts of Asia, and Africke? Is it not the onely mother of many Kings and Princes fighting in Christs cause? This our Europe, besides the Romane Empire, hath above eight and twentie Kingdomes instructed in Christian Religion, if we adde the foureteene, which Damianus à Goes reckons to be in Spaine, whence wee may estimate the dignitie of this Countrie: what shall I speake of the populousnesse, and renowne of the cities thereof. Heretofore Africa hath beene proud of her Carthage, Asia hath beene puffed up with her three Cities, Babilon, Ninivie and Hierusalem. America doth glory at this day in Cusco, and new Spaine in Mexico: but who seeth not in these times the like and greater, almost in every Countrie of Europe? Let any one in his minde onely walke over Italy (for this doth afford an example of all the rest) the sumptuous magnificence of Rome, the Royall wealth of Venice, the honourable Nobilitie of Naples, the continuall commerce and traffique of Genoa, the happie and fertile pleasantnesse of Millaine, and the famous wonders, and commodities of other places. So that the other parts of the World may be silent, for none are equall to Europe. The Countries in it (as they are now called) are Spaine, France, Germanie, Italie, Hungarie, [[Transylvania\|Transilvania]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Greece]], [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Russia\|Moscovie]], [[Russia]], [[Denmark\|Denmarke]], [[Swethland]], [[Norway]]: besides the Isles in the Northerne Ocean, which are, [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Ireland]], [[Iceland\|Island]], [[Frisland]], and others in other places; and those in the Mediterranean Sea, as the Baleares, which are two Isles in the Spanish Sea called [[Majorca\|Majorica]] and Minorica, also [[Corsica]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicilie\|Sicilia]], with the Isles of [[Maltha\|Malta]], Corfu, [[Candia\|Creete]], and many others. And as for the Lakes, standing Pooles, Rivers, and Waters having diverse vertues in them, which (beside their fish, whereof they yeeld an incredible company) are as it were a wall unto Countries, who can number them? What should I mention the Seas? it would be tedious in this place to reckon up their commodities, profits, and delights, these things shall therfore be unfolded in their proper places. Europe doth not want Mountaines, among which the Pirenean hills, and the Alpes, are alwaies white with continuall snow, and it hath many woods and forrests, which afford pasturage for cattell, and have few harmefull beasts in them. What should I speake of the private or publique workes, both sacred and profane that are in this part of the World? Here are innumerable magnificent Temples, innumerable Abbies, many famous Pallaces of Kings, innumerable faire and magnificent houses belonging to Noble-men and Princes: and many rare buildings, both publique and private. We have here Justice and Lawes: we have the dignitie of Christian Religion, we have all the delights of mankinde, we have the strength of Armes, innumerable Senators, Men venerable both for Wisedome and Learning: and if you please to compare famous men together, there was never so great a company of Heroes, and Noble men in other parts of the World, as in any one part of Europe. Besides, this part of the World is so studious of Arts and Sciences, that for the invention and preservation of many things, it may worthily be called, the Mother and Nurse of Wisedome. In this are many excellent and flourishing Universities, but in other Countries there is nothing but meere Barbarisme. It would be too much to reckon up the vertues of the Inhabitants; but as for the vices (as who is without some?) they are noted in some short sayings, which I will here adde: The people of Franconia are foolish, rude, and vehement. The Bavarians are prodigall, gluttons, and railers. The Grisons are light, talkative, and braggers. The Turingi are distrustfull and contentious. The Saxons dissemblers, craftie, selfe-willed. The Low-country-men are horsemen, delicate, and tender. The Italians proud, desirous of revenge, and wittie. The Spaniards haughtie, wise, covetous. The French eloquent, intemperate, and rash. The People of Denmarke and Holsteine, are great of stature, seditious, and dreadfull. The Sarmatians great eaters, proud, and stealers. The Bohemians inhumane, new-fangled and robbers. The Illyrians unconstant, envious, seditious. The Pannonians cruell, and superstitious. The Greekes miserable. And there is another saying no lesse pleasant. A Bridge in Poland, a Monke of Bohemia, a Knight of the South, a Nunne of Suevia, the Devotion of Italie, the Religion of Prutenicks, the Fasts of Germans, and the Constancie of Frenchmen are nothing worth.</blockquote>		<blockquote>EUROPE, though it be least of all, yet with the chiefe Delineators of the terrestriall Globe, we will describe it in the first place, either for the excellencie of the soyle, or the company of the inhabitants, or in regard of their famous acts, who have hitherto possessed it. Pliny calleth it the Nurse of a People conquering all Nations, and the most beautifull part of the Earth: besides, though other parts be greater, and larger, yet they are lesse inhabited; and therefore for these and other causes wee may justly begin first with Europe, which was the most noble inheritance of Iaphet (who being Noahs eldest sonne enlarged his Territories even to the Land of his brethren, Sem and Cham) so much concerning the order: in the next place we must shew the Etymologie of the name. Herodotus noteth, that the originall of this name was not knowne: some say it was called so from one Europa a Tyrian, the daughter of Agenor King of the Phoenicians, of whom it is an ancient fable, that Jupiter having, transformed himselfe into a Bull, and having set her on his backe, carried her from Sydon into Creete, or Cyprus. Others rejecting fables, do thinke she was carried away in a ship built in the forme of a Bull: Others say it was a ship which had the protection of Iupiter, and the image of a Bull upon it. Palephatus of Creete writeth, that it was a ship called the Bull, which brought away from the Tyrian Countrie, Europa the Kings daughter as captive, with other maids: Some do suppose that it was a militarie Legion, which among other Ensignes had one Standard with the figure of a Bull in it. Some say it was so called in regard of the beautie of this Region which may be compar'd to a Virgine, carried away for the love of her beautie. And some (not unlikely) have said, that it was called so from Europus, who, as it is left to memory, had heretofore a Kingdome in this part of the World. Becanus, beeing unwilling to be persuaded that Europe hath a Greeke name, seeing the Cimmerians did inhabit it before the Greekes, & the former had a different Language from the latter, thinketh that it was so called from the excellencie of the people. For the monasyllable VER, being pronoūced by the dipthong, signifies some great and excellent thing; and HOP, doth denote a multitude of men. The Asiaticans do generally at this day call the Europeans Frankimen: the Turkes call those of the Romish Religion Franki, and those Romei who are addicted to the Greeke Religion. The Abyssines in Africke, which divers Records do testifie, do call us Alfrangues, and the Christians Countrie Frankia. So much for the Name: the Situation and Quantitie followes: concerning which it is to be held, that Ptolomy, and other Ancient Writers did place Europe betweene the 4. & 9. Climes, between the 11. and 21. Parallels: betweene the Degrees of Latitude 36. and 54. and of s 1.6 Longitude 17. and 61. but in our age, seeing the Declination of the Sunne, as it is observed, is changed, and many places are added to this our Europe, for they have now discovered to the 72. Degrees of Latitude toward the North; a further description of Climes and Parallels hath beene devised, so that Europe is situated betweene the 4<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> Climats; and betweene the Parallels 11. and 36. Lastly, betweene the degrees of Latitude 36. and 72. but almost betweene the degrees of Longitude 17. & 71. If it be considered from the Promontorie of Spaine, which is called at this day Cabo S. Vincentij, even to a right line drawne from the head of the River Tanais to the Northerne Ocean: but the shortest Longitude is betweene the 17<sup>th</sup> and 58. degrees, counting it from the same Promontorie of Spaine, even to Malea a Promontorie of Peloponesus, and excluding the Islands of the Aegean Sea, which may bee reckoned as part of Europe: so that the most Southerne parts of Europe are in the 36. degree of Latitude, as the Mountaine Calpe in Spaine, one of Hercules Pillars, the Southerne Promontory of Sicilie, heretofore called Odyssia, and the head of Peloponnesus, or Morea, anciently Taenaria, and now Cabo Maini: in which places the longest day is 14. houres, and 30. minutes. But the most Northerne limits of it are in the 71 degree and a halfe, as the Promontory of Scandia, the farthest Land Northward, now called Wardhuys, where the longest day is 2. moneths, 22. dayes, and 7. houres. Moreover, we make account that a line drawne straight forward from the head of Tanais to the Northerne Ocean is the Easterne limite of Europe, following the common account. For ancient Writers doe not agree concerning the Easterne boundes of Europe. Aristotle, Plato, Herodotus, and others who are of their opinion, doe divide Europe from Asia by the River or Isthmus of Phasis, which is betweene the Euxine and Caspian Sea. Dionysius, Arrianus, Diodorus, Polybius, Iornandes, doe divide it by the River Tanais. Abraham Ortelius makes the bounds of Europe toward the East to bee the Aegean Sea, the Euxine Sea, the Maeoticke Lake, the River Tanais, and the Isthmus which lyeth straight forward from the head Springs thereof towards the North; and others make other bounds. Ptolomaeus doth part Europe from Asia, by the same River of Tanais, and a line drawne from the head thereof toward the Northerne Sea. Now (wee subscribing unto him with other most skilfull Geographers, and descending from the Line and River of Tanais towards the South) let us with others place the Easterne bounds thereof in the Maeoticke Lake, the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Euxine Sea, the Thracian Bosphorus, the Propontis, and the Aegean Sea even to the Mediterranean Sea, which parts it from Africke Southward: on the West, the great and wide Ocean beates upon it. Lastly, on the North it is encompassed with the Northerne Sea. Strabo doth attribute to it the forme of a Dragon, of which Spaine doth represent the head, France the necke, Germany the body, Italie and the Cimbrian Chersonesus the right and left winges. For the most part it enjoyes a temperate Aire, and milde Weather. Whence Europe is every where inhabited, although very incommodiously and hardly in those places which are beyond the 60<sup>th</sup> degree of Latitude, in regard of cold. And it doth not onely farre excell the other parts of the World in the wonderfull temperatenesse of the Climate, temper, pleasantnesse, and great company of the inhabitants; but also in the abundance of Fruits, Trees, Plants, all kinde of living Creatures, Mettals; and in the plentie of all other things which are necessarie to sustaine mans life. Yet it hath not vines everywhere, but where wine is wanting it supplies the defect thereof with drinke made of fruits. This (for here I cannot refraine from praising it) is the mother of the Conquerours of the World. Here Macedon did heretofore bring forth Alexander, Italie the Romanes: who in a certaine succession (God in his Eternall Providence so decreeing) did conquer the whole World, so farre as it was knowne: and Germany doth at this day bring forth Princes of great Prowes. Have not here beene borne many noble Heroes, which have added to their Empire America unknowne (as the most do suppose) to the Ancients, and the better and stronger parts of Asia, and Africke? Is it not the onely mother of many Kings and Princes fighting in Christs cause? This our Europe, besides the Romane Empire, hath above eight and twentie Kingdomes instructed in Christian Religion, if we adde the foureteene, which Damianus à Goes reckons to be in Spaine, whence wee may estimate the dignitie of this Countrie: what shall I speake of the populousnesse, and renowne of the cities thereof. Heretofore Africa hath beene proud of her Carthage, Asia hath beene puffed up with her three Cities, Babilon, Ninivie and Hierusalem. America doth glory at this day in Cusco, and new Spaine in Mexico: but who seeth not in these times the like and greater, almost in every Countrie of Europe? Let any one in his minde onely walke over Italy (for this doth afford an example of all the rest) the sumptuous magnificence of Rome, the Royall wealth of Venice, the honourable Nobilitie of Naples, the continuall commerce and traffique of Genoa, the happie and fertile pleasantnesse of Millaine, and the famous wonders, and commodities of other places. So that the other parts of the World may be silent, for none are equall to Europe. The Countries in it (as they are now called) are Spaine, France, Germanie, Italie, Hungarie, [[Transylvania\|Transilvania]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Greece]], [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Russia\|Moscovie]], [[Russia]], [[Denmark\|Denmarke]], [[Swethland]], [[Norway]]: besides the Isles in the Northerne Ocean, which are, [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Ireland]], [[Iceland\|Island]], [[Frisland]], and others in other places; and those in the Mediterranean Sea, as the Baleares, which are two Isles in the Spanish Sea called [[Majorca\|Majorica]] and Minorica, also [[Corsica]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicilie\|Sicilia]], with the Isles of [[Maltha\|Malta]], Corfu, [[Candia\|Creete]], and many others. And as for the Lakes, standing Pooles, Rivers, and Waters having diverse vertues in them, which (beside their fish, whereof they yeeld an incredible company) are as it were a wall unto Countries, who can number them? What should I mention the Seas? it would be tedious in this place to reckon up their commodities, profits, and delights, these things shall therfore be unfolded in their proper places. Europe doth not want Mountaines, among which the Pirenean hills, and the Alpes, are alwaies white with continuall snow, and it hath many woods and forrests, which afford pasturage for cattell, and have few harmefull beasts in them. What should I speake of the private or publique workes, both sacred and profane that are in this part of the World? Here are innumerable magnificent Temples, innumerable Abbies, many famous Pallaces of Kings, innumerable faire and magnificent houses belonging to Noble-men and Princes: and many rare buildings, both publique and private. We have here Justice and Lawes: we have the dignitie of Christian Religion, we have all the delights of mankinde, we have the strength of Armes, innumerable Senators, Men venerable both for Wisedome and Learning: and if you please to compare famous men together, there was never so great a company of Heroes, and Noble men in other parts of the World, as in any one part of Europe. Besides, this part of the World is so studious of Arts and Sciences, that for the invention and preservation of many things, it may worthily be called, the Mother and Nurse of Wisedome. In this are many excellent and flourishing Universities, but in other Countries there is nothing but meere Barbarisme. It would be too much to reckon up the vertues of the Inhabitants; but as for the vices (as who is without some?) they are noted in some short sayings, which I will here adde: The people of Franconia are foolish, rude, and vehement. The Bavarians are prodigall, gluttons, and railers. The Grisons are light, talkative, and braggers. The Turingi are distrustfull and contentious. The Saxons dissemblers, craftie, selfe-willed. The Low-country-men are horsemen, delicate, and tender. The Italians proud, desirous of revenge, and wittie. The Spaniards haughtie, wise, covetous. The French eloquent, intemperate, and rash. The People of Denmarke and Holsteine, are great of stature, seditious, and dreadfull. The Sarmatians great eaters, proud, and stealers. The Bohemians inhumane, new-fangled and robbers. The Illyrians unconstant, envious, seditious. The Pannonians cruell, and superstitious. The Greekes miserable. And there is another saying no lesse pleasant. A Bridge in Poland, a Monke of Bohemia, a Knight of the South, a Nunne of Suevia, the Devotion of Italie, the Religion of Prutenicks, the Fasts of Germans, and the Constancie of Frenchmen are nothing worth.</blockquote>

	=== 1638. The merchants mappe of commerce wherein by Lewes Roberts. ===		=== 1638. The merchants mappe of commerce wherein by Lewes Roberts. ===

Admin at 06:14, 28 December 2024

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← Older revision		Revision as of 06:14, 28 December 2024
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	=== 1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator. ===		=== 1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator. ===
	<blockquote>EUROPE, though it be least of all, yet with the chiefe Delineators of the terrestriall Globe, we will describe it in the first place, either for the excellencie of the soyle, or the company of the inhabitants, or in regard of their famous acts, who have hitherto possessed it. Pliny calleth it the Nurse of a People conquering all Nations, and the most beautifull part of the Earth: besides, though other parts be greater, and larger, yet they are lesse inhabited; and therefore for these and other causes wee may justly begin first with Europe, which was the most noble inheritance of n 1.1 Iaphet (who being Noahs eldest sonne enlarged his Territories even to the Land of his brethren, Sem and Cham) so much concerning the order: in the next place we must shew the Etymologie of the name. Herodotus noteth, that the originall of this name was not knowne: some say it was called so from one Europa a o 1.2 Tyrian, the daughter of Agenor King of the Phoenicians, of whom it is an ancient p 1.3 fable, that Jupiter having, transformed himselfe into a Bull, and having set her on his backe, carried her from Sydon into Creete, or Cyprus. Others rejecting fables, do thinke she was carried away in a ship built in the forme of a Bull: Others say it was a ship which had the protection of Iupiter, and the image of a Bull upon it. Palephatus of Creete writeth, that it was a ship called the Bull, which brought away from the Tyrian Countrie, Europa the Kings daughter as captive, with other maids: Some do suppose that it was a militarie Legion, which among other Ensignes had one Standard with the figure of a Bull in it. Some say it was so called in regard of the beautie of this Region which may be compar'd to a Virgine, carried away for the love of her beautie. And some (not unlikely) have said, that it was called so from Europus, who, as it is left to memory, had heretofore a Kingdome in this part of the World. Becanus, beeing unwilling to be persuaded that Europe hath a Greeke name, seeing the Cimmerians did inhabit it before the Greekes, & the former had a different Language from the latter, thinketh that it was so called from the excellencie of the people. For the monasyllable ~~q 1.4~~ VER, being pronoūced by the dipthong, signifies some great and excellent thing; and HOP, doth denote a multitude of men. The Asiaticans do generally at this day call the Europeans Frankimen: the Turkes call those of the Romish Religion Franki, and those Romei who are addicted to the Greeke Religion. The Abyssines in Africke, which divers Records do testifie, do call us Alfrangues, and the Christians Countrie Frankia. So much for the Name: the Situation and Quantitie followes: concerning which it is to be held, that Ptolomy, and other Ancient Writers did place Europe betweene the 4. & 9. Climes, between the 11. and 21. Parallels: betweene the Degrees of r 1.5 Latitude 36. and 54. and of s 1.6 Longitude 17. and 61. but in our age, seeing the Declination of the Sunne, as it is observed, is changed, and many places are added to this our Europe, for they have now discovered to the 72. Degrees of Latitude toward the North; a further description of Climes and Parallels hath beene devised, so that Europe is situated betweene the 4<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> t 1.7 Climats; and betweene the Parallels 11. and 36. Lastly, betweene the degrees of Latitude 36. and 72. but almost betweene the degrees of Longitude 17. & 71. If it be considered from the Promontorie of Spaine, which is called at this day Cabo S. Vincentij, even to a right line drawne from the head of the River Tanais to the Northerne Ocean: but the shortest Longitude is betweene the 17<sup>th</sup> and 58. degrees, counting it from the same Promontorie of Spaine, even to Malea a Promontorie of Peloponesus, and excluding the Islands of the Aegean Sea, which may bee reckoned as part of Europe: so that the most Southerne parts of Europe are in the 36. degree of Latitude, as the Mountaine Calpe in Spaine, one of Hercules Pillars, the Southerne Promontory of Sicilie, heretofore called Odyssia, and the head of Peloponnesus, or Morea, anciently Taenaria, and now Cabo Maini: in which places the longest day is 14. houres, and 30. minutes. But the most Northerne limits of it are in the 71 degree and a halfe, as the Promontory of Scandia, the farthest Land Northward, now called Wardhuys, where the longest day is 2. moneths, 22. dayes, and 7. houres. Moreover, we make account that a line drawne straight forward from the head of Tanais to the Northerne Ocean is the Easterne limite of Europe, following the common account. For ancient Writers doe not agree concerning the Easterne boundes of Europe. Aristotle, Plato, Herodotus, and others who are of their opinion, doe divide Europe from Asia by the River or Isthmus of Phasis, which is betweene the Euxine and Caspian Sea. Dionysius, Arrianus, Diodorus, Polybius, Iornandes, doe divide it by the River Tanais. Abraham ~~u 1.8~~ Ortelius makes the bounds of Europe toward the East to bee the Aegean Sea, the Euxine Sea, the Maeoticke Lake, the River Tanais, and the Isthmus which lyeth straight forward from the head Springs thereof towards the North; and others make other bounds. Ptolomaeus doth part Europe from Asia, by the same River of Tanais, and a line drawne from the head thereof toward the Northerne Sea. Now (wee subscribing unto him with other most skilfull Geographers, and descending from the Line and River of Tanais towards the South) let us with others place the Easterne bounds thereof in the Maeoticke Lake, the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Euxine Sea, the Thracian Bosphorus, the Propontis, and the Aegean Sea even to the Mediterranean Sea, which parts it from Africke Southward: on the West, the great and wide Ocean beates upon it. Lastly, on the North it is encompassed with the Northerne Sea. Strabo doth attribute to it the forme of a Dragon, of which Spaine doth represent the head, France the necke, Germany the body, Italie and the Cimbrian Chersonesus the right and left winges.* 1.9 For the most part it enjoyes a temperate Aire, and milde Weather. Whence Europe is every where inhabited, although very incommodiously and hardly in those places which are beyond the 60<sup>th</sup> degree of Latitude, in regard of cold. And it doth not onely farre excell the other parts of the World in the wonderfull temperatenesse of the Climate, temper, pleasantnesse, and great company of the inhabitants;* 1.10 but also in the abundance of Fruits, Trees, Plants, all kinde of living Creatures, Mettals; and in the plentie of all other things which are necessarie to sustaine mans life. Yet it hath not vines everywhere, but where wine is wanting it supplies the defect thereof with drinke made of fruits. This (for here I cannot refraine from praising it) is the mother of the Conquerours of the World.* 1.11 Here Macedon did heretofore bring forth Alexander, Italie the Romanes: who in a certaine succession (God in his Eternall Providence so decreeing) did conquer the whole World, so farre as it was knowne: and Germany doth at this day bring forth Princes of great Prowes. Have not here beene borne many noble Heroes, which have added to their Empire America unknowne (as the most do suppose) to the Ancients, and the better and stronger parts of Asia, and Africke? Is it not the onely mother of many Kings and Princes fighting in Christs cause? This our ~~w 1.12~~ Europe, besides the Romane Empire, hath above eight and twentie Kingdomes instructed in Christian Religion, if we adde the foureteene, which Damianus à Goes reckons to be in Spaine, whence wee may estimate the dignitie of this Countrie: what shall I speake of the populousnesse, and renowne of the cities thereof. Heretofore Africa hath beene proud of her Carthage, Asia hath beene puffed up with her three Cities, Babilon, Ninivie and Hierusalem. America doth glory at this day in Cusco, and new Spaine in Mexico: but who seeth not in these times the like and greater, almost in every Countrie of Europe? Let any one in his minde onely walke over Italy (for this doth afford an example of all the rest) the sumptuous magnificence of Rome, the Royall wealth of Venice, the honourable Nobilitie of Naples, the continuall commerce and traffique of Genoa, the happie and fertile pleasantnesse of Millaine, and the famous wonders, and commodities of other places. So that the other parts of the World may be silent, for none are equall to Europe. The Countries in it (as they are now called) are Spaine, France, Germanie, Italie, Hungarie, Transilvania, Dalmatia, Greece, Poland, Lithuania, Moscovie, Russia, Denmarke, Swethland, Norway: besides the Isles in the Northerne Ocean, which are, England, Scotland, Ireland, Island, Frisland, and others in other places; and those in the Mediterranean Sea, as the Baleares, which are two Isles in the Spanish Sea called Majorica and Minorica, also Corsica, Sardinia, Sicilia, with the Isles of Malta, Corfu, Creete, and many others. And as for the Lakes,* 1.13 standing Pooles, Rivers, and Waters having diverse vertues in them, which (beside their fish, whereof they yeeld an incredible company) are as it were a wall unto Countries, who can number them? What should I mention the Seas?* 1.14 it would be tedious in this place to reckon up their commodities, profits, and delights, these things shall therfore be unfolded in their proper places. Europe doth not want Mountaines, among which the Pirenean hills, and the Alpes, are alwaies white with continuall snow, and it hath many woods and forrests, which afford pasturage for cattell,* 1.15 and have few harmefull beasts in them. What should I speake of the private or publique workes, both sacred and profane that are in this part of the World? Here are innumerable magnificent Temples, innumerable Abbies, many famous Pallaces of Kings, innumerable faire and magnificent houses belonging to Noble-men and Princes: and many rare buildings, both publique and private. We have here Justice and Lawes: we have the dignitie ~~ofx 1.16~~ Christian Religion, we have all the delights of mankinde,* 1.17 we have the strength of Armes, innumerable Senators, Men venerable both for Wisedome and Learning: and if you please to compare famous men together, there was never so great a company of Heroes, and Noble men in other parts of the World, as in any one part of Europe. Besides, this part of the World is so studious of Arts and Sciences, that for the invention and preservation of many things, it may worthily be called,* 1.18 the Mother and Nurse of Wisedome. In this are many excellent and flourishing ~~y 1.19~~ Universities, but in other Countries there is nothing but meere Barbarisme. It would be too much to reckon up the vertues of the Inhabitants; but as for the vices (as who is without some?) they are noted in some short sayings, which I will here adde: The people of Franconia are foolish, rude, and vehement. The Bavarians are prodigall, gluttons, and railers. The Grisons are light, talkative, and braggers.* 1.20 The Turingi are distrustfull and contentious. The Saxons dissemblers, craftie, selfe-willed. The Low-country-men are horsemen, delicate, and tender. The Italians proud, desirous of revenge, and wittie. The Spaniards haughtie, wise, covetous. The French eloquent, intemperate, and rash. The People of Denmarke and Holsteine, are great of stature, seditious, and dreadfull. The Sarmatians great eaters, proud, and stealers. The Bohemians inhumane, new-fangled and robbers. The Illyrians unconstant, envious, seditious. The Pannonians cruell, and superstitious. The Greekes miserable. And there is another saying no lesse pleasant. A Bridge in Poland, a Monke of Bohemia, a Knight of the South, a Nunne of Suevia, the Devotion of Italie, the Religion of Prutenicks, the Fasts of Germans, and the Constancie of Frenchmen are nothing worth.</blockquote>		<blockquote>EUROPE, though it be least of all, yet with the chiefe Delineators of the terrestriall Globe, we will describe it in the first place, either for the excellencie of the soyle, or the company of the inhabitants, or in regard of their famous acts, who have hitherto possessed it. Pliny calleth it the Nurse of a People conquering all Nations, and the most beautifull part of the Earth: besides, though other parts be greater, and larger, yet they are lesse inhabited; and therefore for these and other causes wee may justly begin first with Europe, which was the most noble inheritance of n 1.1 Iaphet (who being Noahs eldest sonne enlarged his Territories even to the Land of his brethren, Sem and Cham) so much concerning the order: in the next place we must shew the Etymologie of the name. Herodotus noteth, that the originall of this name was not knowne: some say it was called so from one Europa a o 1.2 Tyrian, the daughter of Agenor King of the Phoenicians, of whom it is an ancient p 1.3 fable, that Jupiter having, transformed himselfe into a Bull, and having set her on his backe, carried her from Sydon into Creete, or Cyprus. Others rejecting fables, do thinke she was carried away in a ship built in the forme of a Bull: Others say it was a ship which had the protection of Iupiter, and the image of a Bull upon it. Palephatus of Creete writeth, that it was a ship called the Bull, which brought away from the Tyrian Countrie, Europa the Kings daughter as captive, with other maids: Some do suppose that it was a militarie Legion, which among other Ensignes had one Standard with the figure of a Bull in it. Some say it was so called in regard of the beautie of this Region which may be compar'd to a Virgine, carried away for the love of her beautie. And some (not unlikely) have said, that it was called so from Europus, who, as it is left to memory, had heretofore a Kingdome in this part of the World. Becanus, beeing unwilling to be persuaded that Europe hath a Greeke name, seeing the Cimmerians did inhabit it before the Greekes, & the former had a different Language from the latter, thinketh that it was so called from the excellencie of the people. For the monasyllable VER, being pronoūced by the dipthong, signifies some great and excellent thing; and HOP, doth denote a multitude of men. The Asiaticans do generally at this day call the Europeans Frankimen: the Turkes call those of the Romish Religion Franki, and those Romei who are addicted to the Greeke Religion. The Abyssines in Africke, which divers Records do testifie, do call us Alfrangues, and the Christians Countrie Frankia. So much for the Name: the Situation and Quantitie followes: concerning which it is to be held, that Ptolomy, and other Ancient Writers did place Europe betweene the 4. & 9. Climes, between the 11. and 21. Parallels: betweene the Degrees of r 1.5 Latitude 36. and 54. and of s 1.6 Longitude 17. and 61. but in our age, seeing the Declination of the Sunne, as it is observed, is changed, and many places are added to this our Europe, for they have now discovered to the 72. Degrees of Latitude toward the North; a further description of Climes and Parallels hath beene devised, so that Europe is situated betweene the 4<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> t 1.7 Climats; and betweene the Parallels 11. and 36. Lastly, betweene the degrees of Latitude 36. and 72. but almost betweene the degrees of Longitude 17. & 71. If it be considered from the Promontorie of Spaine, which is called at this day Cabo S. Vincentij, even to a right line drawne from the head of the River Tanais to the Northerne Ocean: but the shortest Longitude is betweene the 17<sup>th</sup> and 58. degrees, counting it from the same Promontorie of Spaine, even to Malea a Promontorie of Peloponesus, and excluding the Islands of the Aegean Sea, which may bee reckoned as part of Europe: so that the most Southerne parts of Europe are in the 36. degree of Latitude, as the Mountaine Calpe in Spaine, one of Hercules Pillars, the Southerne Promontory of Sicilie, heretofore called Odyssia, and the head of Peloponnesus, or Morea, anciently Taenaria, and now Cabo Maini: in which places the longest day is 14. houres, and 30. minutes. But the most Northerne limits of it are in the 71 degree and a halfe, as the Promontory of Scandia, the farthest Land Northward, now called Wardhuys, where the longest day is 2. moneths, 22. dayes, and 7. houres. Moreover, we make account that a line drawne straight forward from the head of Tanais to the Northerne Ocean is the Easterne limite of Europe, following the common account. For ancient Writers doe not agree concerning the Easterne boundes of Europe. Aristotle, Plato, Herodotus, and others who are of their opinion, doe divide Europe from Asia by the River or Isthmus of Phasis, which is betweene the Euxine and Caspian Sea. Dionysius, Arrianus, Diodorus, Polybius, Iornandes, doe divide it by the River Tanais. Abraham Ortelius makes the bounds of Europe toward the East to bee the Aegean Sea, the Euxine Sea, the Maeoticke Lake, the River Tanais, and the Isthmus which lyeth straight forward from the head Springs thereof towards the North; and others make other bounds. Ptolomaeus doth part Europe from Asia, by the same River of Tanais, and a line drawne from the head thereof toward the Northerne Sea. Now (wee subscribing unto him with other most skilfull Geographers, and descending from the Line and River of Tanais towards the South) let us with others place the Easterne bounds thereof in the Maeoticke Lake, the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Euxine Sea, the Thracian Bosphorus, the Propontis, and the Aegean Sea even to the Mediterranean Sea, which parts it from Africke Southward: on the West, the great and wide Ocean beates upon it. Lastly, on the North it is encompassed with the Northerne Sea. Strabo doth attribute to it the forme of a Dragon, of which Spaine doth represent the head, France the necke, Germany the body, Italie and the Cimbrian Chersonesus the right and left winges. For the most part it enjoyes a temperate Aire, and milde Weather. Whence Europe is every where inhabited, although very incommodiously and hardly in those places which are beyond the 60<sup>th</sup> degree of Latitude, in regard of cold. And it doth not onely farre excell the other parts of the World in the wonderfull temperatenesse of the Climate, temper, pleasantnesse, and great company of the inhabitants; but also in the abundance of Fruits, Trees, Plants, all kinde of living Creatures, Mettals; and in the plentie of all other things which are necessarie to sustaine mans life. Yet it hath not vines everywhere, but where wine is wanting it supplies the defect thereof with drinke made of fruits. This (for here I cannot refraine from praising it) is the mother of the Conquerours of the World. Here Macedon did heretofore bring forth Alexander, Italie the Romanes: who in a certaine succession (God in his Eternall Providence so decreeing) did conquer the whole World, so farre as it was knowne: and Germany doth at this day bring forth Princes of great Prowes. Have not here beene borne many noble Heroes, which have added to their Empire America unknowne (as the most do suppose) to the Ancients, and the better and stronger parts of Asia, and Africke? Is it not the onely mother of many Kings and Princes fighting in Christs cause? This our Europe, besides the Romane Empire, hath above eight and twentie Kingdomes instructed in Christian Religion, if we adde the foureteene, which Damianus à Goes reckons to be in Spaine, whence wee may estimate the dignitie of this Countrie: what shall I speake of the populousnesse, and renowne of the cities thereof. Heretofore Africa hath beene proud of her Carthage, Asia hath beene puffed up with her three Cities, Babilon, Ninivie and Hierusalem. America doth glory at this day in Cusco, and new Spaine in Mexico: but who seeth not in these times the like and greater, almost in every Countrie of Europe? Let any one in his minde onely walke over Italy (for this doth afford an example of all the rest) the sumptuous magnificence of Rome, the Royall wealth of Venice, the honourable Nobilitie of Naples, the continuall commerce and traffique of Genoa, the happie and fertile pleasantnesse of Millaine, and the famous wonders, and commodities of other places. So that the other parts of the World may be silent, for none are equall to Europe. The Countries in it (as they are now called) are Spaine, France, Germanie, Italie, Hungarie, [[Transylvania\|Transilvania]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Greece]], [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Russia\|Moscovie]], [[Russia]], [[Denmark\|Denmarke]], [[Swethland]], [[Norway]]: besides the Isles in the Northerne Ocean, which are, [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Ireland]], [[Iceland\|Island]], [[Frisland]], and others in other places; and those in the Mediterranean Sea, as the Baleares, which are two Isles in the Spanish Sea called [[Majorca\|Majorica]] and Minorica, also [[Corsica]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicilie\|Sicilia]], with the Isles of [[Maltha\|Malta]], Corfu, [[Candia\|Creete]], and many others. And as for the Lakes, standing Pooles, Rivers, and Waters having diverse vertues in them, which (beside their fish, whereof they yeeld an incredible company) are as it were a wall unto Countries, who can number them? What should I mention the Seas? it would be tedious in this place to reckon up their commodities, profits, and delights, these things shall therfore be unfolded in their proper places. Europe doth not want Mountaines, among which the Pirenean hills, and the Alpes, are alwaies white with continuall snow, and it hath many woods and forrests, which afford pasturage for cattell, and have few harmefull beasts in them. What should I speake of the private or publique workes, both sacred and profane that are in this part of the World? Here are innumerable magnificent Temples, innumerable Abbies, many famous Pallaces of Kings, innumerable faire and magnificent houses belonging to Noble-men and Princes: and many rare buildings, both publique and private. We have here Justice and Lawes: we have the dignitie of Christian Religion, we have all the delights of mankinde, we have the strength of Armes, innumerable Senators, Men venerable both for Wisedome and Learning: and if you please to compare famous men together, there was never so great a company of Heroes, and Noble men in other parts of the World, as in any one part of Europe. Besides, this part of the World is so studious of Arts and Sciences, that for the invention and preservation of many things, it may worthily be called, the Mother and Nurse of Wisedome. In this are many excellent and flourishing Universities, but in other Countries there is nothing but meere Barbarisme. It would be too much to reckon up the vertues of the Inhabitants; but as for the vices (as who is without some?) they are noted in some short sayings, which I will here adde: The people of Franconia are foolish, rude, and vehement. The Bavarians are prodigall, gluttons, and railers. The Grisons are light, talkative, and braggers. The Turingi are distrustfull and contentious. The Saxons dissemblers, craftie, selfe-willed. The Low-country-men are horsemen, delicate, and tender. The Italians proud, desirous of revenge, and wittie. The Spaniards haughtie, wise, covetous. The French eloquent, intemperate, and rash. The People of Denmarke and Holsteine, are great of stature, seditious, and dreadfull. The Sarmatians great eaters, proud, and stealers. The Bohemians inhumane, new-fangled and robbers. The Illyrians unconstant, envious, seditious. The Pannonians cruell, and superstitious. The Greekes miserable. And there is another saying no lesse pleasant. A Bridge in Poland, a Monke of Bohemia, a Knight of the South, a Nunne of Suevia, the Devotion of Italie, the Religion of Prutenicks, the Fasts of Germans, and the Constancie of Frenchmen are nothing worth.</blockquote>

	=== 1638. The merchants mappe of commerce wherein by Lewes Roberts. ===		=== 1638. The merchants mappe of commerce wherein by Lewes Roberts. ===

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 ==Notable People==
 ==Sources from old books==
 === 1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator. ===

Admin: /* 1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval. */

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1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval.

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	The Religions are the Protestant, which hath spread it self where the Teutonick Tongue is spoken; the Roman Catholick is almost every where with the Latin; Schism, alone and every where amongst the People speaking Sclavonian and Greek; the Mahumetan Religion is among the Natural Turks of Europe. But to proceed to its Parts.</blockquote>		The Religions are the Protestant, which hath spread it self where the Teutonick Tongue is spoken; the Roman Catholick is almost every where with the Latin; Schism, alone and every where amongst the People speaking Sclavonian and Greek; the Mahumetan Religion is among the Natural Turks of Europe. But to proceed to its Parts.</blockquote>

	=== ~~'''~~1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval.~~'''~~ ===		=== 1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval. ===
	<blockquote>EƲROPE, one of the four great Parts of the World, is also one of the most considerable, if we respect either the Potency of its States, the great Number, Beauty, and excellent Polity of its Cities; its great Commerce, the goodness of its Air, and its prodigious Fertility. 'Twas Europe, that gave Alexanders and Caesars to the Universe; that has had within its Boundaries, the principal part of the Roman and Grecian Monarchies, and which at this day does send Colonies into other parts of the World. For this reason, it seems to be represented with a Crown on its Head, when it is shewn under the form of a Woman. It lies in the North-West of our Continent, all in the Northern temperate Zone: This exempts it from the insupportable heats, which reign in Africk, and which the most Southern parts of Asia undergo. Its Air is equally mild, unless it be in its most Northern Countreys. The Ground affords all manner of Grains and Fruits. Its length, to take it from the Cape St. Vincent, towards the West of Spain, unto the Parts of Muscovy, bordering upon the Mouths of the River Obi, exceeds twelve hundred Leagues, or is about 3800 Miles. Its Breadth, that is to say, its Extent from the South to the North, from Cape Mapatan, in Morea, to the most Northern Promontory of Norway, is full eight hundred.		<blockquote>EƲROPE, one of the four great Parts of the World, is also one of the most considerable, if we respect either the Potency of its States, the great Number, Beauty, and excellent Polity of its Cities; its great Commerce, the goodness of its Air, and its prodigious Fertility. 'Twas Europe, that gave Alexanders and Caesars to the Universe; that has had within its Boundaries, the principal part of the Roman and Grecian Monarchies, and which at this day does send Colonies into other parts of the World. For this reason, it seems to be represented with a Crown on its Head, when it is shewn under the form of a Woman. It lies in the North-West of our Continent, all in the Northern temperate Zone: This exempts it from the insupportable heats, which reign in Africk, and which the most Southern parts of Asia undergo. Its Air is equally mild, unless it be in its most Northern Countreys. The Ground affords all manner of Grains and Fruits. Its length, to take it from the Cape St. Vincent, towards the West of Spain, unto the Parts of Muscovy, bordering upon the Mouths of the River Obi, exceeds twelve hundred Leagues, or is about 3800 Miles. Its Breadth, that is to say, its Extent from the South to the North, from Cape Mapatan, in Morea, to the most Northern Promontory of Norway, is full eight hundred.

Admin at 19:34, 24 December 2024

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Admin at 02:32, 22 December 2024

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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:32, 22 December 2024
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	=== 1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator. ===		=== 1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator. ===
	<blockquote>EUROPE, though it be least of all, yet with the chiefe Delineators of the terrestriall Globe, we will describe it in the first place, either for the excellencie of the soyle, or the company of the inhabitants, or in regard of their famous acts, who have hitherto possessed it. Pliny calleth it the Nurse of a People conquering all Nations, and the most beautifull part of the Earth: besides, though other parts be greater, and larger, yet they are lesse inhabited; and therefore for these and other causes wee may justly begin first with Europe, which was the most noble inheritance of n 1.1 Iaphet (who being Noahs eldest sonne enlarged his Territories even to the Land of his brethren, Sem and Cham) so much concerning the order: in the next place we must shew the Etymologie of the name. Herodotus noteth, that the originall of this name was not knowne: some say it was called so from one Europa a o 1.2 Tyrian, the daughter of Agenor King of the Phoenicians, of whom it is an ancient p 1.3 fable, that Jupiter having, transformed himselfe into a Bull, and having set her on his backe, carried her from Sydon into Creete, or Cyprus. Others rejecting fables, do thinke she was carried away in a ship built in the forme of a Bull: Others say it was a ship which had the protection of Iupiter, and the image of a Bull upon it. Palephatus of Creete writeth, that it was a ship called the Bull, which brought away from the Tyrian Countrie, Europa the Kings daughter as captive, with other maids: Some do suppose that it was a militarie Legion, which among other Ensignes had one Standard with the figure of a Bull in it. Some say it was so called in regard of the beau∣tie of this Region which may be compar'd to a Virgine, carried away for the love of her beautie. And some (not unlikely) have said, that it was called so from Europus, who, as it is left to memory, had heretofore a Kingdome in this part of the World. Becanus, beeing unwilling to be per∣suaded that Europe hath a Greeke name, seeing the Cimmerians did inha∣bit it before the Greekes, & the former had a different Language from the latter, thinketh that it was so called from the excellencie of the people. For the monasyllable q 1.4 VER, being pronoūced by the dipthong, signifies some great and excellent thing; and HOP, doth denote a multitude of men. The Asiaticans do generally at this day call the Europeans Franki∣men: the Turkes call those of the Romish Religion Franki, and those Romei who are addicted to the Greeke Religion. The Abyssines in Africke, which divers Records do testifie, do call us Alfrangues, and the Christi∣ans Countrie Frankia. So much for the Name: the Situation and Quan∣titie followes: concerning which it is to be held, that Ptolomy, and other Ancient Writers did place Europe betweene the 4. & 9. Climes, between the 11. and 21. Parallels: betweene the Degrees of r 1.5 Latitude 36. and 54. and of s 1.6 Longitude 17. and 61. but in our age, seeing the Declination of the Sunne, as it is observed, is changed, and many places are added to this our Europe, for they have now discovered to the 72. Degrees of La∣titude toward the North; a further description of Climes and Parallels hath beene devised, so that Europe is situated betweene the 4<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> t 1.7 Climats; and betweene the Parallels 11. and 36. Lastly, betweene the degrees of Latitude 36. and 72. but almost betweene the degrees of Longitude 17. & 71. If it be considered from the Promontorie of Spaine, which is called at this day Cabo S. Vincentij, even to a right line drawne from the head of the River Tanais to the Northerne Ocean: but the shortest Longitude is betweene the 17<sup>th</sup> and 58. degrees, counting it from the same Promontorie of Spaine, even to Malea a Promontorie of Pelo∣ponesus, and excluding the Islands of the Aegean Sea, which may bee reckoned as part of Europe: so that the most Southerne parts of Europe are in the 36. degree of Latitude, as the Mountaine Calpe in Spaine, one of Hercules Pillars, the Southerne Promontory of Sicilie, heretofore cal∣led Odyssia, and the head of Peloponnesus, or Morea, anciently Taenaria, and now Cabo Maini: in which places the longest day is 14. houres, and 30. minutes. But the most Northerne limits of it are in the 71 de∣gree and a halfe, as the Promontory of Scandia, the farthest Land North∣ward, now called Wardhuys, where the longest day is 2. moneths, 22. dayes, and 7. houres. Moreover, we make account that a line drawne straight forward from the head of Tanais to the Northerne Ocean is the Easterne limite of Europe, following the common account. For anci∣ent Writers doe not agree concerning the Easterne boundes of Europe. Aristotle, Plato, Herodotus, and others who are of their opinion, doe divide Europe from Asia by the River or Isthmus of Phasis, which is be∣tweene the Euxine and Caspian Sea. Dionysius, Arrianus, Diodorus, Poly∣bius, Iornandes, doe divide it by the River Tanais. Abraham u 1.8 Ortelius makes the bounds of Europe toward the East to bee the Aegean Sea, the Euxine Sea, the Maeoticke Lake, the River Tanais, and the Isthmus which lyeth straight forward from the head Springs thereof towards the North; and others make other bounds. Ptolomaeus doth part Europe from Asia, by the same River of Tanais, and a line drawne from the head thereof toward the Northerne Sea. Now (wee subscribing unto him with other most skilfull Geographers, and descending from the Line and River of Tanais towards the South) let us with others place the Easterne bounds thereof in the Maeoticke Lake, the Cimmerian Bospho∣rus, the Euxine Sea, the Thracian Bosphorus, the Propontis, and the Aegean Sea even to the Mediterranean Sea, which parts it from Africke South∣ward: on the West, the great and wide Ocean beates upon it. Lastly, on the North it is encompassed with the Northerne Sea. Strabo doth attribute to it the forme of a Dragon, of which Spaine doth represent the head, France the necke, Germany the body, Italie and the Cimbrian Chersonesus the right and left winges.* 1.9 For the most part it enjoyes a temperate Aire, and milde Weather. Whence Europe is every where inhabited, although very incommodiously and hardly in those places which are beyond the 60<sup>th</sup> degree of Latitude, in regard of cold. And it doth not onely farre excell the other parts of the World in the won∣derfull temperatenesse of the Climate, temper, pleasantnesse, and great company of the inhabitants;* 1.10 but also in the abundance of Fruits, Trees, Plants, all kinde of living Creatures, Mettals; and in the plentie of all other things which are necessarie to sustaine mans life. Yet it hath not vines everywhere, but where wine is wanting it supplies the defect thereof with drinke made of fruits. This (for here I cannot refraine from praising it) is the mother of the Conquerours of the World.* 1.11 Here Ma∣cedon did heretofore bring forth Alexander, Italie the Romanes: who in a certaine succession (God in his Eternall Providence so decreeing) did conquer the whole World, so farre as it was knowne: and Germany doth at this day bring forth Princes of great Prowes. Have not here beene borne many noble Heroes, which have added to their Empire America unknowne (as the most do suppose) to the Ancients, and the better and stronger parts of Asia, and Africke? Is it not the onely mother of many Kings and Princes fighting in Christs cause? This our w 1.12 Europe, besides the Romane Empire, hath above eight and twentie Kingdomes instructed in Christian Religion, if we adde the foureteene, which Damianus à Goes reckons to be in Spaine, whence wee may estimate the dignitie of this Countrie: what shall I speake of the populousnesse, and renowne of the cities thereof. Heretofore Africa hath beene proud of her Carthage, Asia hath beene puffed up with her three Cities, Babilon, Ninivie and Hieru∣salem. America doth glory at this day in Cusco, and new Spaine in Mexi∣co: but who seeth not in these times the like and greater, almost in eve∣ry Countrie of Europe? Let any one in his minde onely walke over Italy (for this doth afford an example of all the rest) the sumptuous magnifi∣cence of Rome, the Royall wealth of Venice, the honourable Nobilitie of Naples, the continuall commerce and traffique of Genoa, the happie and fertile pleasantnesse of Millaine, and the famous wonders, and com∣modities of other places. So that the other parts of the World may be silent, for none are equall to Europe. The Countries in it (as they are now called) are Spaine, France, Germanie, Italie, Hungarie, Transilvania, Dalma∣tia, Greece, Poland, Lithuania, Moscovie, Russia, Denmarke, Swethland, Norway: besides the Isles in the Northerne Ocean, which are, England, Scotland, Ireland, Island, Frisland, and others in other places; and those in the Me∣diterranean Sea, as the Baleares, which are two Isles in the Spanish Sea cal∣led Majorica and Minorica, also Corsica, Sardinia, Sicilia, with the Isles of Malta, Corfu, Creete, and many others. And as for the Lakes,* 1.13 standing Pooles, Rivers, and Waters having diverse vertues in them, which (be∣side their fish, whereof they yeeld an incredible company) are as it were a wall unto Countries, who can number them? What should I mention the Seas?* 1.14 it would be tedious in this place to reckon up their commodi∣ties, profits, and delights, these things shall therfore be unfolded in their proper places. Europe doth not want Mountaines, among which the Pi∣renean hills, and the Alpes, are alwaies white with continuall snow, and it hath many woods and forrests, which afford pasturage for cattell,* 1.15 and have few harmefull beasts in them. What should I speake of the private or publique workes, both sacred and profane that are in this part of the World? Here are innumerable magnificent Temples, innumerable Abbies, many famous Pallaces of Kings, innumerable faire and magni∣ficent houses belonging to Noble-men and Princes: and many rare buildings, both publique and private. We have here Justice and Lawes: we have the dignitie ofx 1.16 Christian Religion, we have all the delights of mankinde,* 1.17 we have the strength of Armes, innumerable Senators, Men venerable both for Wisedome and Learning: and if you please to com∣pare famous men together, there was never so great a company of He∣roes, and Noble men in other parts of the World, as in any one part of Europe. Besides, this part of the World is so studious of Arts and Sci∣ences, that for the invention and preservation of many things, it may worthily be called,* 1.18 the Mother and Nurse of Wisedome. In this are ma∣ny excellent and flourishing y 1.19 Universities, but in other Countries there is nothing but meere Barbarisme. It would be too much to reckon up the vertues of the Inhabitants; but as for the vices (as who is without some?) they are noted in some short sayings, which I will here adde: The people of Franconia are foolish, rude, and vehement. The Bavarians are prodigall, gluttons, and railers. The Grisons are light, talkative, and braggers.* 1.20 The Turingi are distrustfull and contentious. The Saxons dis∣semblers, craftie, selfe-willed. The Low-country-men are horsemen, de∣licate, and tender. The Italians proud, desirous of revenge, and wittie. The Spaniards haughtie, wise, covetous. The French eloquent, intempe∣rate, and rash. The People of Denmarke and Holsteine, are great of stature, seditious, and dreadfull. The Sarmatians great eaters, proud, and stealers. The Bohemians inhumane, new-fangled and robbers. The Illyrians un∣constant, envious, seditious. The Pannonians cruell, and superstitious. The Greekes miserable. And there is another saying no lesse pleasant. A Bridge in Poland, a Monke of Bohemia, a Knight of the South, a Nunne of Suevia, the Devotion of Italie, the Religion of Prutenicks, the Fasts of Germans, and the Constancie of Frenchmen are nothing worth.</blockquote>		<blockquote>EUROPE, though it be least of all, yet with the chiefe Delineators of the terrestriall Globe, we will describe it in the first place, either for the excellencie of the soyle, or the company of the inhabitants, or in regard of their famous acts, who have hitherto possessed it. Pliny calleth it the Nurse of a People conquering all Nations, and the most beautifull part of the Earth: besides, though other parts be greater, and larger, yet they are lesse inhabited; and therefore for these and other causes wee may justly begin first with Europe, which was the most noble inheritance of n 1.1 Iaphet (who being Noahs eldest sonne enlarged his Territories even to the Land of his brethren, Sem and Cham) so much concerning the order: in the next place we must shew the Etymologie of the name. Herodotus noteth, that the originall of this name was not knowne: some say it was called so from one Europa a o 1.2 Tyrian, the daughter of Agenor King of the Phoenicians, of whom it is an ancient p 1.3 fable, that Jupiter having, transformed himselfe into a Bull, and having set her on his backe, carried her from Sydon into Creete, or Cyprus. Others rejecting fables, do thinke she was carried away in a ship built in the forme of a Bull: Others say it was a ship which had the protection of Iupiter, and the image of a Bull upon it. Palephatus of Creete writeth, that it was a ship called the Bull, which brought away from the Tyrian Countrie, Europa the Kings daughter as captive, with other maids: Some do suppose that it was a militarie Legion, which among other Ensignes had one Standard with the figure of a Bull in it. Some say it was so called in regard of the beau∣tie of this Region which may be compar'd to a Virgine, carried away for the love of her beautie. And some (not unlikely) have said, that it was called so from Europus, who, as it is left to memory, had heretofore a Kingdome in this part of the World. Becanus, beeing unwilling to be per∣suaded that Europe hath a Greeke name, seeing the Cimmerians did inha∣bit it before the Greekes, & the former had a different Language from the latter, thinketh that it was so called from the excellencie of the people. For the monasyllable q 1.4 VER, being pronoūced by the dipthong, signifies some great and excellent thing; and HOP, doth denote a multitude of men. The Asiaticans do generally at this day call the Europeans Franki∣men: the Turkes call those of the Romish Religion Franki, and those Romei who are addicted to the Greeke Religion. The Abyssines in Africke, which divers Records do testifie, do call us Alfrangues, and the Christi∣ans Countrie Frankia. So much for the Name: the Situation and Quan∣titie followes: concerning which it is to be held, that Ptolomy, and other Ancient Writers did place Europe betweene the 4. & 9. Climes, between the 11. and 21. Parallels: betweene the Degrees of r 1.5 Latitude 36. and 54. and of s 1.6 Longitude 17. and 61. but in our age, seeing the Declination of the Sunne, as it is observed, is changed, and many places are added to this our Europe, for they have now discovered to the 72. Degrees of La∣titude toward the North; a further description of Climes and Parallels hath beene devised, so that Europe is situated betweene the 4<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> t 1.7 Climats; and betweene the Parallels 11. and 36. Lastly, betweene the degrees of Latitude 36. and 72. but almost betweene the degrees of Longitude 17. & 71. If it be considered from the Promontorie of Spaine, which is called at this day Cabo S. Vincentij, even to a right line drawne from the head of the River Tanais to the Northerne Ocean: but the shortest Longitude is betweene the 17<sup>th</sup> and 58. degrees, counting it from the same Promontorie of Spaine, even to Malea a Promontorie of Pelo∣ponesus, and excluding the Islands of the Aegean Sea, which may bee reckoned as part of Europe: so that the most Southerne parts of Europe are in the 36. degree of Latitude, as the Mountaine Calpe in Spaine, one of Hercules Pillars, the Southerne Promontory of Sicilie, heretofore cal∣led Odyssia, and the head of Peloponnesus, or Morea, anciently Taenaria, and now Cabo Maini: in which places the longest day is 14. houres, and 30. minutes. But the most Northerne limits of it are in the 71 de∣gree and a halfe, as the Promontory of Scandia, the farthest Land North∣ward, now called Wardhuys, where the longest day is 2. moneths, 22. dayes, and 7. houres. Moreover, we make account that a line drawne straight forward from the head of Tanais to the Northerne Ocean is the Easterne limite of Europe, following the common account. For anci∣ent Writers doe not agree concerning the Easterne boundes of Europe. Aristotle, Plato, Herodotus, and others who are of their opinion, doe divide Europe from Asia by the River or Isthmus of Phasis, which is be∣tweene the Euxine and Caspian Sea. Dionysius, Arrianus, Diodorus, Poly∣bius, Iornandes, doe divide it by the River Tanais. Abraham u 1.8 Ortelius makes the bounds of Europe toward the East to bee the Aegean Sea, the Euxine Sea, the Maeoticke Lake, the River Tanais, and the Isthmus which lyeth straight forward from the head Springs thereof towards the North; and others make other bounds. Ptolomaeus doth part Europe from Asia, by the same River of Tanais, and a line drawne from the head thereof toward the Northerne Sea. Now (wee subscribing unto him with other most skilfull Geographers, and descending from the Line and River of Tanais towards the South) let us with others place the Easterne bounds thereof in the Maeoticke Lake, the Cimmerian Bospho∣rus, the Euxine Sea, the Thracian Bosphorus, the Propontis, and the Aegean Sea even to the Mediterranean Sea, which parts it from Africke South∣ward: on the West, the great and wide Ocean beates upon it. Lastly, on the North it is encompassed with the Northerne Sea. Strabo doth attribute to it the forme of a Dragon, of which Spaine doth represent the head, France the necke, Germany the body, Italie and the Cimbrian Chersonesus the right and left winges.* 1.9 For the most part it enjoyes a temperate Aire, and milde Weather. Whence Europe is every where inhabited, although very incommodiously and hardly in those places which are beyond the 60<sup>th</sup> degree of Latitude, in regard of cold. And it doth not onely farre excell the other parts of the World in the won∣derfull temperatenesse of the Climate, temper, pleasantnesse, and great company of the inhabitants;* 1.10 but also in the abundance of Fruits, Trees, Plants, all kinde of living Creatures, Mettals; and in the plentie of all other things which are necessarie to sustaine mans life. Yet it hath not vines everywhere, but where wine is wanting it supplies the defect thereof with drinke made of fruits. This (for here I cannot refraine from praising it) is the mother of the Conquerours of the World.* 1.11 Here Ma∣cedon did heretofore bring forth Alexander, Italie the Romanes: who in a certaine succession (God in his Eternall Providence so decreeing) did conquer the whole World, so farre as it was knowne: and Germany doth at this day bring forth Princes of great Prowes. Have not here beene borne many noble Heroes, which have added to their Empire America unknowne (as the most do suppose) to the Ancients, and the better and stronger parts of Asia, and Africke? Is it not the onely mother of many Kings and Princes fighting in Christs cause? This our w 1.12 Europe, besides the Romane Empire, hath above eight and twentie Kingdomes instructed in Christian Religion, if we adde the foureteene, which Damianus à Goes reckons to be in Spaine, whence wee may estimate the dignitie of this Countrie: what shall I speake of the populousnesse, and renowne of the cities thereof. Heretofore Africa hath beene proud of her Carthage, Asia hath beene puffed up with her three Cities, Babilon, Ninivie and Hieru∣salem. America doth glory at this day in Cusco, and new Spaine in Mexi∣co: but who seeth not in these times the like and greater, almost in eve∣ry Countrie of Europe? Let any one in his minde onely walke over Italy (for this doth afford an example of all the rest) the sumptuous magnifi∣cence of Rome, the Royall wealth of Venice, the honourable Nobilitie of Naples, the continuall commerce and traffique of Genoa, the happie and fertile pleasantnesse of Millaine, and the famous wonders, and com∣modities of other places. So that the other parts of the World may be silent, for none are equall to Europe. The Countries in it (as they are now called) are Spaine, France, Germanie, Italie, Hungarie, Transilvania, Dalma∣tia, Greece, Poland, Lithuania, Moscovie, Russia, Denmarke, Swethland, Norway: besides the Isles in the Northerne Ocean, which are, England, Scotland, Ireland, Island, Frisland, and others in other places; and those in the Me∣diterranean Sea, as the Baleares, which are two Isles in the Spanish Sea cal∣led Majorica and Minorica, also Corsica, Sardinia, Sicilia, with the Isles of Malta, Corfu, Creete, and many others. And as for the Lakes,* 1.13 standing Pooles, Rivers, and Waters having diverse vertues in them, which (be∣side their fish, whereof they yeeld an incredible company) are as it were a wall unto Countries, who can number them? What should I mention the Seas?* 1.14 it would be tedious in this place to reckon up their commodi∣ties, profits, and delights, these things shall therfore be unfolded in their proper places. Europe doth not want Mountaines, among which the Pi∣renean hills, and the Alpes, are alwaies white with continuall snow, and it hath many woods and forrests, which afford pasturage for cattell,* 1.15 and have few harmefull beasts in them. What should I speake of the private or publique workes, both sacred and profane that are in this part of the World? Here are innumerable magnificent Temples, innumerable Abbies, many famous Pallaces of Kings, innumerable faire and magni∣ficent houses belonging to Noble-men and Princes: and many rare buildings, both publique and private. We have here Justice and Lawes: we have the dignitie ofx 1.16 Christian Religion, we have all the delights of mankinde,* 1.17 we have the strength of Armes, innumerable Senators, Men venerable both for Wisedome and Learning: and if you please to com∣pare famous men together, there was never so great a company of He∣roes, and Noble men in other parts of the World, as in any one part of Europe. Besides, this part of the World is so studious of Arts and Sci∣ences, that for the invention and preservation of many things, it may worthily be called,* 1.18 the Mother and Nurse of Wisedome. In this are ma∣ny excellent and flourishing y 1.19 Universities, but in other Countries there is nothing but meere Barbarisme. It would be too much to reckon up the vertues of the Inhabitants; but as for the vices (as who is without some?) they are noted in some short sayings, which I will here adde: The people of Franconia are foolish, rude, and vehement. The Bavarians are prodigall, gluttons, and railers. The Grisons are light, talkative, and braggers.* 1.20 The Turingi are distrustfull and contentious. The Saxons dis∣semblers, craftie, selfe-willed. The Low-country-men are horsemen, de∣licate, and tender. The Italians proud, desirous of revenge, and wittie. The Spaniards haughtie, wise, covetous. The French eloquent, intempe∣rate, and rash. The People of Denmarke and Holsteine, are great of stature, seditious, and dreadfull. The Sarmatians great eaters, proud, and stealers. The Bohemians inhumane, new-fangled and robbers. The Illyrians un∣constant, envious, seditious. The Pannonians cruell, and superstitious. The Greekes miserable. And there is another saying no lesse pleasant. A Bridge in Poland, a Monke of Bohemia, a Knight of the South, a Nunne of Suevia, the Devotion of Italie, the Religion of Prutenicks, the Fasts of Germans, and the Constancie of Frenchmen are nothing worth.</blockquote>

			=== 1682. Cosmography and geography in two parts by Richard Blome. ===
			<blockquote>EƲROPE is one of the three parts of our Continent, of which Asia makes the most Eastern, Africa the most Southern, and Europe in regard of them is be∣tween North and West.

			It is for the most part bounded by the Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea; that which we call the Septentrional, or Frozen Ocean, on the North; and the Occidental, or Atlantick Ocean, on the West: The Mediterranean Sea (which is but an Arm of the Ocean) lies on its South, and separates it from Africa; but from Asia, it is separated towards the East by divers Seas, which fall into the Mediterranean; by several Streights between these Seas, to wit, the Archipelago, the Sea of Marmara, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Zabaque. Between the Archipelago and the Marmara, is the Streight of Gallipoli, or the Dardanelles of old Hellespontus: between the Marmara and the Black Sea, is the Streight of Constantinople, or the Channel of the Black Sea; and between the Black Sea and the Sea of Zabaque, is the Streight of Caffa, or Vospero. Then the Rivers of Don, Wolga, and Oby, compleat the division of Europe from Asia, by drawing a line from the one to the other.

			The scituation of Europe is between the 35 and 72 degrees of Latitude; and between the 10 and 100 of Longitude, though it fill not all this space; and it is almost all in the Temperate Zone, no part in the Torrid; but some under or near the Frozen Zone.

			But the Ocean, together with the divers Seas which encompass and divide the parts of Europe, have given so great an advantage to its People, that they are long since become the most expert in the World in Navigation, all Arts and Sciences, and in Arms and Military Discipline.

			We will consider Europe in Nine (or three times three) principal parts: And of these, the first three shall be Spain, Italy, and the Estates of Turkey in Europe; and these possess the Southern part of Europe: the second three parts shall be France, Germany and Poland, and these take up the middle part of Europe; and the third shall be Scandinavia, where are the Estates of Den∣mark and Sweden, Russia Alba, or Muscovia, and the Isles of Great Britain and Ireland; and these are most Northward. As to the several small Isles, I shall com∣prehend them under one and the other of these 3 parts, and that according to their scituation or vicinity unto them.

			Besides these 9 parts, there will remain some Estates and Lands between France, Germany, and Italy; likewise between Germany, Poland, Turkey and Moscovia; and some in Turkey, which shall be described as occasion presents.

			But before we proceed to the Parts, let us consider that there are 3 principal Tongues, and as many principal Religions in Europe, viz. the Latin, which ex∣tends it self into Italy, France, and Spain, though in divers Idioms: the Teuto∣nick into Germany, the British Isles, and Scandinavia: the Sclavenian into Po∣land, Moscovy, in good part of Turkey, Bohemia, &c. though still in several Idioms and Dialects. The other Tongues are much less general, as the Greek, Albanian, Hungarian, and the Tartaresque in the Eastern parts; and lastly, the Basque, Welsh, Irish and Laplandish, in the most Western and Northern parts.

			The Religions are the Protestant, which hath spread it self where the Teuto∣nick Tongue is spoken; the Roman Catholick is almost every where with the Latin; Schism, alone and every where amongst the People speaking Sclavonian and Greek; the Mahumetan Religion is among the Natural Turks of Europe. But to proceed to its Parts.</blockquote>