India - Revision history

Admin: /* 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. */

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1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:10, 12 July 2026
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	* 1.123In the Gulph called the Gulph of Bengala, are likewise seated several Isles; the chief of which are the Isles of Chubedu, Chudube, and Ledoa, of Dos Alevantados, Aligada, and Durondiva, whose chief place is Siriaon; the Isles of Andemaon, which are 10 in number, two of which are indifferent large; likewise the Isles dos Cocos, dos Caboses, Tanasseri, Tavay, Alta, and Craro, which said Isles are not far distant from the Sea-shoar of the Land of Sian, two of which are each about 20 Leagues in length; and the one 10, and the other about 7 in breadth. Also in this Gulph are the Isles of Caremubar, of Raza, dos Sombreros de Palm, Siano, Sambilano, Batun, Pera, Pinaon, Canal de St. Georgo, Nicubar, and others; many of which are well known and frequented by Merchants, affording several of the Indian Commodities.</blockquote>		* 1.123In the Gulph called the Gulph of Bengala, are likewise seated several Isles; the chief of which are the Isles of Chubedu, Chudube, and Ledoa, of Dos Alevantados, Aligada, and Durondiva, whose chief place is Siriaon; the Isles of Andemaon, which are 10 in number, two of which are indifferent large; likewise the Isles dos Cocos, dos Caboses, Tanasseri, Tavay, Alta, and Craro, which said Isles are not far distant from the Sea-shoar of the Land of Sian, two of which are each about 20 Leagues in length; and the one 10, and the other about 7 in breadth. Also in this Gulph are the Isles of Caremubar, of Raza, dos Sombreros de Palm, Siano, Sambilano, Batun, Pera, Pinaon, Canal de St. Georgo, Nicubar, and others; many of which are well known and frequented by Merchants, affording several of the Indian Commodities.</blockquote>

			=== 1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri. ===
			<blockquote>India, one of the great Regions of Asia, extending from 106 Degrees to 159 Longitude, and from 10 of South to 44 North Latitude. India has its Name from the River Indus, which hems it in on the West Side. The Inhabitants call it Hind, and in some Places, especially on this Side the Ganges, Indostan; the Hebrews, Hodu; the French, Indes Orientales; the Spaniards, Indias Orientales, to distinguish it from America, which they call the West-Indies, but improperly; and those of the Low-Countries, Oost-Indien, for the same Reason. This Country was first Peopled by Jocktan. And Diodorus Siculus observes, That though India was inhabited by various Nations, yet they were all the Original Inhabitants, and had neither received nor sent out any Colonies. This great Country has to its Bounds, according to Ancient and Modern Authors: The Kingdom of Persia on the West, whence it is separated by a great Ridge of Mountains: On the East it has the Ganges, with the Damasia-Mountains, and Meander, which part it from China. It has to the South the Gulf of Bengal, and the Indian Sea, down as far as Calecut: And to the Northward, Mount Imaus, which parts it from Tartary; from whence came the Emperor whom we call The Great Mogul. The most considerable Rivers in the Indies are Indus and Ganges. The first comes from a Mountain which makes part of Caucasus, and receives into it 19 others, whereof Hydaspes and Hypasis are the most renowned. Many Modern Authors divide India into 3 Parts; which agrees with what I have already said: The first hath been the Mogul's Country for 150 Years: The other two are Peninsula's, separated by the Gulf of Bengal. That on the West Side, or this Side of Ganges, is almost divided between the two Sovereigns of Golconde and Visapor, or Idalkan. There be the Kings of Samorin, and Cochin; with many Naiques, or Tributary Princes: As also the Kingdoms of Decan, Onor, Balcelor, Ganara, with a great Number of others. To these may be added the Coast of Malabar, where are the Kingdoms of Calecut, Cochin, Coulan▪ and others, which bear all of them almost the Names of their Capital Cities. They are on the West Part of this Peninsula. Towards the East lies the Coast of Coromandel, where are Negapatan, Maliapour, St. Thomas, and the Kingdoms of Bisnagar, Narsingua, Golconda and Orixa. The Portuguese and Hollanders have divers Places upon these Coasts. The other Peninsula, which we take for the Third Part of India, lies Eastward; and this is properly India extra Gangem. They divide it commonly into 3 Parts: The first, which lies Northerly, is the greatest, and contains the Countries of the Kings of Ava, Pegu, Arracan, the ancient Country of the Brames, or Bragmanes: The Second comprehends the K. of Siam's Country: And the Third, which lies more Easterly, comprehends Cochinchina and Tunquin. Thus we find in the Indies, Ava, Arracan, Cochinchina, Martaban, Pegu, Siam, Tunquin, Camboia, &c. all lying on the other Side of the Ganges. But it must be noted, that ancient Geographers testifie how that there were formerly 9000 Sorts of People in India, and 5000 considerable Cities, the most famous whereof was Nisa, which some believe to be the Place of Bacchus's Nativity.

			That Side of India which lies most under the Torrid Zone is subject to the violent Heat of the Sun, but temper'd by Rains and Winds; yet the Air there is different, according to the Diversity of Climates. In general they reckon but two Seasons, Summer and Winter. The last holds 4 Months, viz. June, July, August and September; during which Time it rains perpetually. The Summer holds for the other 8 Months. The Land is extream fertile, and yet there grows but little Wheat in it, but great Quantities of Rice and Indian-Wheat. Olives, Nuts, Pepins, and the like, are not to be had there; but, in lieu of them, there are other considerable Things, such as Palms, which bear Dares, and other excellent Fruit-Trees; not mentioning Citrons and Oranges, which abound there; Figs, Cacoa-Nuts, Pomegranates, and a great many other Things proper for Medicines, as Spiceries; &c. The Tree which bears the Cacoa-Nuts, I spoke of, is a kind of Palm, whence the Indians draw their Necessaries, and which is very singular. Its Sap furnisheth them with Drink; they make Bread and Oil of its Fruit; Vessels, Cups and Spoons of its Bark; and Thread and Stuff of the Rind which lies under the Bark: Its Trunk and Branches serve to make the Indians Houses; and the Leaves do both cover them, and serve to write upon, instead of Paper. The Drink made of the Sap of this Tree tastes almost like Wine, and turns eager in 24 Hours. To draw this Sap they slit the Bark of the Tree, and there run in a little Stick, upon which the Liquor runs, and falls down into a Vessel which the Indians place there on purpose. Besides this, India produces Sugar-Canes, and divers Sorts of rare Creatures, Pearls, and Precious Stones; and such great Quantities of Gold and Silver-Mines, that the Ancients were persuaded, that the Sand, the Stones, and the very Clods themselves were Gold. Those that inhabited these happy Countries from the Beginning of the World, never went abroad to plant Colonies; and for this Reason it is, that it ought not to be Matter of Surprize, if the Ancients have there remarked that incredible Diversity of People which I have already spoken of. Amongst those, the Brachmanes, or Gymnosophists, Philosophers of the Country, were the most considerable, as well as the Gangarides, who had a puissant King, whom Alexander the Great never durst to attack. The Indians are for the most part tawny, strong and big, but lazy, and extreamly leacherous. They eat upon Beds, or Tapestry, spread upon the Ground; and use a deal of Salleting, called Betle. Their ordinary Drink is Palm-Wine, or another sort which they make with Rice. Their Years are Lunar. They are skilful in Physick, Astrology, and a little in the Mathematicks; but very ignorant in other Sciences. The Pagans burn most of their Dead, and their Wives glory in being thrown into the Funeral-Piles, and there consumed to Ashes, which their Friends keep in Urns.

			The little Commerce which the Europeans had formerly with the Indians, has occasioned several Fables, which ancient Authors, and those the most Considerable too, deliver as unquestionable Truths: As, That Bacchus and Liber, born as they say here, subdued all the Country: And that Semiramis, the Wife of Ninus, led her victorious Troops into these Parts. The Kings of P•rsia did possess some Parts of India; and Alexander the Great, after he had defeated Darius, marched thither, An. Rom. 436. and overcame Porus their chief Monarch.

			Since the Time of Alexander, the Indians have carried themselves very peaceably to their Princes, and were not disturbed by Strangers, till the Portuguese, under the Conduct of Vas•o de Gama, began to settle there about the Latter End of the XVth. Century; which they did afterwards, with a very considerable Advantage to their Country. They have also in India very rich Cities, as Goa, and are very powerful there. They made great Advantage of it formerly, but the Hollanders have since improved themselves by their Negligence. The Great Mogul being Prince of one Part of India, as I have said before, is a Mahometan, and passes for the richest King of the World in Precious Stones. There are other petty Princes in the Country; but so ambitious, both of Titles and Qualities, that they often intitle themselves by the Number of their Moveables, Elephants and Jewels. The Indians are Idolaters, Mahometans, Jews, or Christians. Most of the Idolaters inhabit towards the South Part of India; where some adore a Sovereign God, others make Vows to the Devil, to avoid say they, or at least to extenuate the Pain due to them. Some worship Trees; others the Elements, Rivers, Pyramids, &c. and are very extravagant upon this Subject. Others there are too, who believe the Metempsychosis, or Transmigration of Souls, and who have a very great Respect for all Living Things, even to the Vermine, but particularly for Cows and Oxen. They have a sort of Monks, who keep themselves in an extraordinary Posture; such as holding their Arms lifted up to Heaven, &c. Before India was this last Time discovered by the Portuguese, a Nestorian Patriarch had sent them Bishops: And Maffee says, that the Body of St. Thomas was found in the Ruins of a Church formerly built to his Honour, in Maliapour; whence it was transported to Goa, and placed in a magnificent Church which the Vice-Roy built by K. Emanuel's Order. Pantaenus, who of a Stoick Philosopher, became a zealous Defender of the True Faith, being sent hither by Demetrius Bishop of Alexandria, about the End of the IIId. Century, is said to have found here the Gospel of St. Matthew, brought hither by St. Bartholomew, when he came to preach the Gospel. The Modern History of India tells us, that in the Kingdoms of Narsingua and Cranganor, and in the Neighbouring Provinces, it is a known Tradition among them, that St. Thomas did preach the Gospel there; and for this Reason, that the Indian Christians call themselves, The Christians of St. Thomas. They report very admirable Things of him, which they maintain to be contained in their Annals, and are sung by the little Children of Malabar in the ordinary Tongue.

			The Indian-Commerce is great, and there Indico is made for Dying, Salt-peter, Spiceries, Silks, and particularly Cottons, whereof the poor People make painted Callicoes, which turns to great account. But what is more considerable, they have Mines of precious Stones, and a Fishery of Pearls. There is in particular, very rich Diamond-Mines, one at Raolconda, which is 5 days Journey from Golconda; one at Gany, which is 7 days Journey thence, and another at Soumel in the Kingdom of Bengal. The pieces of Money most currant there, are Roupies, Latins, and Pagodes. The Indians love War. Ever since the Europeans commerce with them, they have accustomed themselves to Fire-arms, in lieu of Bows and Arrows, and manage them dextrously. They use Elephants in their Armies, each carrying upon his back a Castle, containing 4 or 5 People armed with Bows and Arrows. The Mogul abounds most with them, and yet some say, That he has not above 80 or 90; tho' Peruchi says, he employed 5000. and Pyrardus alledges, that he is able to send 30000 into the Field.

			The number of other Idolaters in the Indies, exceeds that of the Mahometans by far, and may be considered under 7 different Sorts of Persons; which are the Bramins, Ketris, Raspoutes, Banjans, Jogue• ••••ades, Verteas, and the Faquirs. The Bramins vaunt th•••••ves to be the Successors of the Indian Philosophers, who were •o famous under the Name of Brachmans; they are devoted to the Worship and Ministry of the Temples and Idols, an• 〈◊〉 one particular God, which they name Parabram, and acknowledge him as the Principle of all things, and for the Creator of the Universe. They say, he had 3 Sons, which made but One only Divinity; and to express this Number and Unity of Nature, each Bramin carries a Scarf divided into Three Parts. They wear Turbans upon their Heads, 2 Shirts, one reaching to the Knees, and the other a little below, and red Shooes. They study the Mathematicks much, and to that purpose, keep a famous School in a City called Benarez, but their main Study, is to Calculate the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon. The People are so prepossessed with the Merits of these Bramins, that they trust them not only with the Conduct of their Religion, but often with that of some Kingdoms too. The Raspoutes are also listed by some in the Number of Banjans, being of the Sect of Samarath, and with them believe the Metempsychosis. But in particular they assure us, That the Souls of Men pass into the bodies of Birds, which tell their Friends of the Good and Evil that is to befall them: And therefore they observe the Chirping, and Flight of Birds with much Superstition. They use Arms, and the Word Raspoute, properly signifies a War-like Man. The Ketris or Katris, eat all Sorts of living Creatures, except the Cow and the Ox, and are all Merchants. The Banjans are those, who Traffick, and that very often, as Bankers and Brokers, wherein their Industry is not inferior to that of the Jews. They live upon Rice, Butter, Milk, Fruit, Herbs, Comfeitures, and Bread. To expiate for their Sins, they bathe themselves twice a-day. The People acknowledge themselves so much inferior to the Bramins, that they never marry their Daughters, as thinking themselves unworthy of them.

			The Jogues or Joguis, are as it were, Pilgrims or Religious Vagabonds, who wander from one Kingdom to another, chusing always hot Countries and solitary Places. They live upon Alms, and are reputed very Holy, because they spend a great many days in very austere Fasts. Some live Years together at the Temple doors, naked, and exposed to the rigour of the Sun and Rain, and never quit that Post, without it be to comply with Natural necessities. With all these Mortifications, the greatest part of them are great Impostors, and distinguish themselves so much from others, by this counterfeited-piety, through the assistance of a certain Herb and some Stones, of which they learn the Virtues in their Voyages, and make use of them to amuse the People. They acknowledge one sort of Superior, whom they chuse Yearly in a General Assembly. The Charades or Soudras are a People who follow Soldiery, as well as the Raspoutes; with this difference, That they keep always to the Infantry, and the Raspoutes to the Cavalry. The Verteas live in Community as the Monks, and confine themselves so much to Poverty, that they eat nothing but the Fragments which come from other People's Tables. They are so affraid of receiving Nourishment from any animated thing, that they always drink boiled-Water, because they imagine that Water has life, and that they should not drink it, if the fire hath not exhaled it. In this manner, they always carry a little Broom in their hands upon their March, and sweep the way they are to pass through, for fear of killing even a little Worm as they go along. They are clad in White, and uncovered. They shave the Chin, or rather pull out the Hair, and they swear Chastity. The Faquirs, are a sort of Monks, who during their whole Lives, submit themselves to very austere Motifications. They scarcely ever rest, otherwise than upon a thick Rope, which hangs so that they may ride a-stride upon it. There are of them, who hold their Arms lifted always upwards to Heaven; and others, who neither Eat nor Drink for several days together. The Mahometans there distinguish themselves into Sounis and Chiais, whereof the one follows the Sect of Abubeker, and the others, that of Ali. The Great Mogul, and the greatest of hi• Court, incline to that of the Sounis, which is the same with the Turks. But there are a great many particular Persons in his Country, and amongst his Ahias or Princes, who are Tributary to him, that make Profession of that of Chiais. The Roman Religion is not professed here, but by some Merchants of Europe, and some Missionaries who go to Siam, and other places of the Indies. Pyrard Voyages. Davity of Asia. Tavernier's Voyage to the Indies. In the Peninsula's, both on this and 'tother side of the Gulph of Bengal, they Adore an infinite number of Statues under different Forms, and most of them very ridiculously shaped. There are of them so Superstitious, that they think themselves defiled, if touched by any body, but in War, and to purify themselves, they abstain from Eating, till dipt 3 times in Water. Others there be, who will not eat, but what s dress'd by themselves, or their Bramins, who are their Priests. They hold Cows in particular Veneration, and those who admit the Metempsychosis, say, That none but the Souls of Upright Persons, can have the Privilege of passing into the Body of a Cow. But the Condition of the Women is lamentable in divers places there, when after the death of their Husbands, they must either throw themselves into the fire, and have their Carkasses consumed to ashes, or be reputed infamous for ever. Those that have Children, may be dispensed with as to this, by protesting that they will never re-marry. They say, That this Law was occasioned by the Women's poisoning their Husbands to marry others; so that one of their Kings ordered, That they should never survive them, which stopt that course of Poisoning; which, being once Established as a politick thing, continued as a Point of Religion and Honour.

			All this great Country, to begin from the Gulph of Cambaya, towards Bengal near Jaganate, and on t'other side to Cape Comori, was about 200 Years ago, under the Dominion of one King only, who was a powerful Soveraign. But at present, it is divided amongst divers Princes, who got possession of it. The cause of this Division was, that Raja, or King Ramras, the last of those who possessed these States wholly, very inconsiderately raised 3 Gurgian Slaves he had, to be 3 Governors. The First, to that of Decan; the Second, to a Province, since called the Kingdom of Visapor; and the Third was made Governor of all that, now called the Kingdom of Golconda. These Governors revolted all 3 unanimously, killed Ramras their Soveraign, and in the end, took upon them the Title of Cha or King. The Posterity of Ramras, not finding themselves strong enough to hinder this Usurpation, retrenched themselves in the Country, commonly called Karnateck, and which Geographers call Bisnagar, where they are Raja's to this day. All the rest of that Country was divided at the same time, by all these Raja's and Naiques now there. The Kings of Golconda have maintained themselves well enough. That of Visapor is always in War with the Grand Mogul, who got Decan within these few Years, having taken Prisoner King Nejam-Cha VIth. of the Governor s Family, who Usurped this Kingdom. Bernier's History of the Great Mogul. Tom. II. * Some think, India to be that which the Scriptures call Havilah. It hath all sorts of Metals, but Copper and Lead; all sorts of Cattle but Horses; and all sorts of Corn but Wheat, which, together with Wine, are the only things they need from other Nations. The first discovery of these Countries, was in the latter Times during the Holy War. The Venetians found whilst they possess'd Ptolemais, that there was a Trade to be driven by Caravans through Persia and Tartary with the Indies, but then all Goods were brought to Alexandria, or some of the Asian Ports, and so, by the Venetians, diffused over Europe; which Trade, was the Foundation of their Wealth and Greatness, and the true Cause of all the Wars with the Pisans and Genoese; in which the Venetians at last prevailed, and possessed this Trade, till the Portuguese put an end to it, by the Discovery of the Passage about Africa, in 1497, by Vasco de Gama, who was the first European that went that Way into the East-Indies. The Dutch East-India-Company was first Established there, in 1597, which, in a short time, so far prevailed against the Portuguese, that they were like to have been beaten out of the whole Trade, and they are now much stronger in those Places than the Portuguese. The English have also considerable Plantations here, which will be found in their proper places.</blockquote>

	=== 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. ===		=== 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. ===

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 After his death Eumenes raised some part of his forces hence. But the Macedonians being plunged in a Civil war, one Androcottus stirred up the Indians to recover their freedomes; making himself at first their Captain, but at last their King. Possessed of all that had been conquered by the Greeks, he was encountred by Seleucus, who had then got the command of Asia: against whom he brought an Army of 600000 fighting men. Frighted wherewith, Seleucus made peace with him, and contracted a solemn League betwixt them; continued with the interchange of friendly Offices amongst their posterity; and more confirmed by an interview betwixt Antiochus the Great, and Saphagasenus, one of the Successors of Andracottus; by whom Antiochus was presented with 150 Elephants, and the promise of some treasure to be sent after him. By the Posterity of Andracottus was the Kingdome held till the prosperity and full height of the ROMAN Empire. The power whereof though they rather knew by report, than trial, yet was it not amiss to entertain a potent, though remote State, in terms of amity. Therefore they sent Embassadours unto Augustus, who presented him with a number of Tigers, (which beasts (saith Dion) till then, the Roman people had never seen) and which was the most pleasing, a little boy born without arms, who with his feet could bend a bow, shoot, and play on wind instruments, as exactly as others with their hands. Tra•an the Emperor had a great desire to see this Countrey, but was diverted from that purpose by matters of more necessary importance to the State of his Empire. Moved with the same of Antoninus, the Roman Emperor, they sent a solemn Ambassie to him; making him Umpire in some Controversies which they had with the Bactrians: from which Ambassadors it is probable that Ptolomy the Geographer who then lived, might receive his informations of the estate of this Countrey. The like they did to Julian the Apostate also, then setting forwards on his expedition against the Persian; desiring his friendship and alliance. How it was with them in the time of Constantine and Justinian, hath been shewn already. After these times by little and little, histories have been in a manner silent concerning the affairs hereof; but for some conquests made on the parts next Persia, by the Chaliphs of Bagdet. For no•withstanding that there was continual traffick from the Red Sea hither; and between the Persians, Turkish, and Indian Merchants for spices, and the other commodities of this Region; yet were not these Merchants acquainted with the state of the Countrey; because they entered not into it, but were met by the Indian Merchants at Sarmachand, being as it were the common Emporie. Neither did the Aegyptians at all enter into India, but were met by the Indians at Ormus, or some other Iland: even as now the Chinois, make some of the Philippinae, the staple of their trade with the Spaniards; whom they licence not to come into the Continent among them. But our modern navigators have withdrawn this mask of obscurity, and shew us her lively portraiture in as lively colours. One of the first which brake the ice, and gave us any certainty of their affairs, was Sir John Mandeville, accompted at his comming back for the greatest Fabler in the world: so incredible seemed his reports of the magnificence of those Kings, and the wealth of their Countreys, and the many rarities which he found amongst them. But better thought of by our neighbours, he obtained a Monument in a Convent at Leige, the Friers of which keep some things of his, Comme pour honorable memorie de son excellent, for an honorable memorial of his Excellencies. Many of his Relations since confirmed by the Portugals, who under the conduct of Vasquez de Gama first discovered this Countrey, by the new way of the Cape of good hope, Anno 1497. By whom and some later observations, we have been informed, that in this part of India were no fewer than 47 Kingdomes, whereof some few have still their own natural Kings; the rest all subject to the power of the Great Mogul. Contracted into a lesser number by joining many lesser territories into one Division, we shall look on it as distributed into 15 Provinces. Some have reduced them unto five, but give us neither the bounds nor extent of any of them. And others in the description of their travels, ramble up and down with such uncertainties, (most of them being men of trades and ignorance) that though they tell us where they lodged, and what entertainments they did meet with; yet we shall hardly know by them (for I think they did not know themselves) in what Province they were; or to what part the severall Towns thorow which they passed, did of right belong. So that our passage thorow these Countries (having such blind guides to follow) will be full of difficultie, and not so satisfactory to the Reader as he might expect. Howsoever, I desire him to bear me company, whilest I take the best survey I can of these 15 Provinces, to which the whole may be most handsomely reduced: that is to say, 1. Dulsinda, 2. Pengab, 3. Ma•dao, 4. Delly, 5. Agra, 6. Sanga, 7. Cambaia, 8. Decan, 9. Canara, 10. Malabar, 11. Narsinga, 12. Oristan, 13. Botanter, 14. Patenaw, and 15. Bengala.
-. [[Dulsinda, Province|DVLSINDA]].
+. [[Dulsinda, Region|DVLSINDA]].
-===== 2. [[Pengab, Region|PENGAB]]. =====
+. [[Pengab, Region|PENGAB]].
-===== 10. [[Malabar, Region|MALABAR]]. =====
+. [[Mandao, Region|MANDAO]].
-===== 11. [[Narsinga, Region|NARSINGA]]. =====
+. [[Delly, Region|DELLY]].
-===== 13. [[Botanter, Region|BOTANTER]]. =====
+. [[Agra, Region|AGRA]].
 ===== 2 INDIA EXTRA GANGEM. =====

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 ===== 9. [[Canara, Region|CANARA]]. =====
-===== 10. MALABAR. =====
+===== 10. [[Malabar, Region|MALABAR]]. =====
 ===== 8. NARSINGA. =====

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Admin: /* 1682. Cosmography and geography in two parts by Richard Blome. */

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1682. Cosmography and geography in two parts by Richard Blome.

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	** Lahor, — Lahor.		** Lahor, — Lahor.
	** Jenupar, — Jenupar.		** Jenupar, — Jenupar.
	** Jesselmere, — Gislemere.		** Jesselmere, — [[Gislemere]].
	** Bando, — Bando.		** Bando, — Bando.
	** Delly, — Delly.		** Delly, — Delly.

Admin: /* 1695. A New Body of Geography by A. Sewall & T. Child. */

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1695. A New Body of Geography by A. Sewall & T. Child.

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	* 1.123In the Gulph called the Gulph of Bengala, are likewise seated several Isles; the chief of which are the Isles of Chubedu, Chudube, and Ledoa, of Dos Alevantados, Aligada, and Durondiva, whose chief place is Siriaon; the Isles of Andemaon, which are 10 in number, two of which are indifferent large; likewise the Isles dos Cocos, dos Caboses, Tanasseri, Tavay, Alta, and Craro, which said Isles are not far distant from the Sea-shoar of the Land of Sian, two of which are each about 20 Leagues in length; and the one 10, and the other about 7 in breadth. Also in this Gulph are the Isles of Caremubar, of Raza, dos Sombreros de Palm, Siano, Sambilano, Batun, Pera, Pinaon, Canal de St. Georgo, Nicubar, and others; many of which are well known and frequented by Merchants, affording several of the Indian Commodities.</blockquote>		* 1.123In the Gulph called the Gulph of Bengala, are likewise seated several Isles; the chief of which are the Isles of Chubedu, Chudube, and Ledoa, of Dos Alevantados, Aligada, and Durondiva, whose chief place is Siriaon; the Isles of Andemaon, which are 10 in number, two of which are indifferent large; likewise the Isles dos Cocos, dos Caboses, Tanasseri, Tavay, Alta, and Craro, which said Isles are not far distant from the Sea-shoar of the Land of Sian, two of which are each about 20 Leagues in length; and the one 10, and the other about 7 in breadth. Also in this Gulph are the Isles of Caremubar, of Raza, dos Sombreros de Palm, Siano, Sambilano, Batun, Pera, Pinaon, Canal de St. Georgo, Nicubar, and others; many of which are well known and frequented by Merchants, affording several of the Indian Commodities.</blockquote>

			=== 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. ===
			<blockquote>INDIA. (Book India)

			I. THE Emperour of India, call'd the Great Mogul, or King of Indostan, is nam'd Aureng-Zebe, which in the Indian Language signifies The Ornament of the Throne. He is call'd the Mogul, by reason of his descent from the Mongul Tartars, one of the five great Tribes, or Nations mention'd in the foregoing Head, into which that people was divided, deriv'd Originally from the Great Tamerlane. The present Emperour began to Reign An. 1660, after the cruel Deaths which he made his own Father and Brothers to suffer, he being the third, of four Sons of that Prince. He has many Children, and his eldest Son is call'd Sultan Mahmond.

			II. The Armorial Shield of India is, Argent, semè with Besants, Or, his Livery is of a _____ colour. He professes the Mahometan Religion, which has been long Embrac'd by the Tartars, from whom they were originally descended: and he uses the Scythian or Tartarian Language, from which the Turks (a Scythian people) differ but in Dialect, and a sprinkling of the Persian intermixt with it.

			III. The City where he keeps his Court is call'd Agra. He formerly resided at Lahor. Agra is esteem'd twice as great as Hispaan. The Houses of the Persons of Quality are Magnificent tho they are but of one Story, or two at most, and are environ'd with very high Walls, to keep their Wives from being seen.

			IV. This King has an infinite Treasure in Gold and pretious Stones. His yearly Revenue is said to be fifty Millions of Crowns; and he is Heir to every Mans Estate, that is worth an having; the Persons and Purses of his Subjects being at his sole disposal, so that he may amass what Treasures, and raise what Forces for War he pleases.

			==== Decan and Cambaia. ====
			I. THE name of the King of Decan and Cambaia is Idalcansi, or Idalschaa.

			II. He bears Verte, encompast with a Collar of large precious Stones. His Livery is of a _____ colour. He professes the Mahometan Religion, and uses the _____ Language.

			III. His chief Cities are Decan and Visapore, tho he resides ordinarily at Danoger. There is much talk of a great Canon, he has in his Artillery. He has in his Country an Hill, encompast with an high Wall, and kept by a strong Garrison, because of the great store of Diamonds, and other Precious Stones, which are dug out of it. An. 150•, the Portugueses took from a Prince of Decan the Island and Town of Goa, which they have since made the Capital of their East India Conquests.

			==== Golchonda and Orixa. ====
			I. THE King of Golchonda and Orixa is call'd Cha John.

			II. He professes the Mahometan Religion.

			III. His Capital City is Golchonda, which is very fair and strong. All the Merchants Lodge in the Suburbs, and the Kings Officers, and persons of Quality, in the Town.

			IV. This Prince has in his Estates, a very rich Mine of Diamonds.

			==== CALICUT. (Book Calicut) ====
			I. THE name of the King of Calicut, is, Zamorin.

			II. He professes the Mahometan Religion.

			III. His Capital City, and the ordinary place of his Residence is Calicut: It is in length extended upon the Sea shore three Miles, and a Mile in breadth, containing about six thousand Houses, but mean and low built, few of them exceeding the height of a Man on Horseback, the Soil being so hollow and full of water, that it is not capable of a Foundation for an heavier building, and for that cause unwall'd; so that Merchants Houses are here valued but at twenty Crowns, those of the Common sort, no more than ten: yet it is of great Trading. The Portuguese forc'd a Foundation on the shore there for a strong Castle, but were so put to it by the King of Calicut, that they were fain to demolish it, and to quit their Posts. The Priests or Bramans there were yellow clothing, because they think this colour Consecrated to God, by reason of its resemblance to the Sun and to Gold.</blockquote>

	=== 1695. A New Body of Geography by A. Sewall & T. Child. ===		=== 1695. A New Body of Geography by A. Sewall & T. Child. ===

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1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval.

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