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Admin: /* 1555. The decades of the newe worlde by Pietro Martire d’Anghiera. */

2025-12-13T16:14:54Z

1555. The decades of the newe worlde by Pietro Martire d’Anghiera.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:14, 13 December 2025
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	Thys prouynce of Rezan is more frutfull then any other of the prouynces of Moscouia: in so muche that in thys (as they saye) euery grayne of wheate bryngethe furthe two and sumtymes more eares: whose stalkes or strawes growe so thycke that horses can scarsely go throwgh them, or quayles flye owt of them. There is greate plenty of honnye, fysshes, foules, byrdes, and wylde beastes. The frutes also do farre exceade the frutes of Moscouia. The people are bould and warlyk men.		Thys prouynce of Rezan is more frutfull then any other of the prouynces of Moscouia: in so muche that in thys (as they saye) euery grayne of wheate bryngethe furthe two and sumtymes more eares: whose stalkes or strawes growe so thycke that horses can scarsely go throwgh them, or quayles flye owt of them. There is greate plenty of honnye, fysshes, foules, byrdes, and wylde beastes. The frutes also do farre exceade the frutes of Moscouia. The people are bould and warlyk men.

			'''Of the famous ryuer of Tanais.'''

			FRome Moscouia vnto the castell of Iaroslaw, and beyonde for the space of almoste xxiiii. leaques, runneth the ryuer of Tanais, at a place cauled Donco, where the marchauntes that trade to Asoph, Capha, and Constantynople, fraight theyr shyppes: and thys for the moste parte in autumne beynge a rayney tyme of the yeare. For Tanais here at other tymes of the yeare doth not so abounde with water as to heare shyppes of any burden.

			Thys famous ryuer of Tanais, dyuydeth Europe from Asia: and hath hys orygynal or springes almost viii. leaques from the citie of Tulla toward the south inclynyng sumwhat towarde the Easte: and not owte of the Riphean mountaynes as some haue wrytten: but owte of a great lake named Iwanowosero (that is) the lake of Iohn: being in length and breadth abowt 1500. Werstes in a wood whiche sum caule Okonitzkilies, and other name it Iepiphanowlies.

			And owt of this lake, sprynge the twoo greate ryuers of Schat and Tanais. Schat towarde the Weste receauynge into it the ryuer of Uppa, runneth into the ryuer of Occa betwene the West and the north. But Tanais at the fyrste runneth directly East: and continueth his course betwene the kyngdomes of Casan and Astrachan within syxe or seuen leaques of Uolga. And frome thense bendynge towarde the south, maketh the fennes or marysshes of Meotis.

			Furthermore, nexte vnto his sprynges, is the citie of Tulla: and vpon the banke of the ryuer almoste three leaques aboue the mouthes of the same, is the citie of Asoph, which was fyrste cauled Tanas. Foure dayes iorney aboue this, is a towne cauled Achas, situate harde by the same ryuer, whiche the Moscouites caule Don.

			I can not sufficiently prayse this ryuer for the exceadynge abundaunce of good fysshes, and fairenesse of the regions on bothe sydes and bankes, with plentie of holsoome herbes and sweete rootes, besyde dyuers and many frutefull trees growynge in suche coomly order as though they had byn set of purpose in gardens or orchardes. There is also in maner euery where suche plentie of wylde beastes, that they may easely be slaine with arrowes. In so much that suche as trauayle by those regions, shal stand in neede of none other thynge to mayntayne theyr lyfe but only fyre and salte.

			In these partes, is no obseruation of myles, but of dayes iorneys. But as farre as I coulde coniecture, from the fountaynes or sprynges of Tanais vnto the mouthes of the same iourneyinge by lande, are almost fourescore leaques. And saylynge from Donco (frome whense I sayde that Tanais was fyrste nauigable) in scarsely xx. dayes vyage, they come to the citie of Asoph tributarie to the Turkes, which is (as they say) fyue dayes iorney frome the streight of Taurica, otherwise cauled Precop.

			In this citie is a famous mart towne, vnto the which resort many marchauntes of dyuers nations, and from dyuers partes of the worlde. For that all nations may the gladlyer haue recourse thyther, free libertie of bying and sellynge is graunted vnto all: and that without the citie euery man may freely vse his owne and accustomed maner of lyuynge without punysshement.

			Of the altares of great Alexander and Iulius Cesar which many wryters make mention of in this place, or of theyr ruines, I coulde haue no certeyne knowledge of the inhabitauntes or any other that had oftentymes trauayled these places. Furthermore the souldyers which the prince of Moscouia maynteyneth there yearely to oppresse the incursion of the Tartars, beinge of me demaunded hereof, answered that they neuer sawe or harde of any such thynge.

			Neuerthelesse, they sayde that abowt the mouthes of Tanais the lesse, foure dayes iorney from Asoph nere vnto a place cauled Sewerski, by the holy mountaynes, they sawe certeyne images of stone and marble. Tanais the lesse hath his sprynges in the dukedome of Sewerski: whereof it is cauled Donetz Sewerski: and fauleth into Tanais three dayes iorney aboue Asoph.

			But suche as iourney from Moscouia to Asoph by lande, they passing ouer Tanais abowt the owlde and ruinate towne of Donco, doo sumwhat turne from the south to the Easte: in the which place, if a ryght line bee drawen from the mouthes of Tanais to the springes of the same, Moscouia shalbe found to bee in Asia and not in Europe.

	'''More directly from Moscouia. to Cathay.'''		'''More directly from Moscouia. to Cathay.'''

Admin: /* 1555. The decades of the newe worlde by Pietro Martire d’Anghiera. */

2025-12-13T16:13:29Z

1555. The decades of the newe worlde by Pietro Martire d’Anghiera.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:13, 13 December 2025
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	All that I haue hetherto rehersed, I haue translated out of the sayde iorney which was delyuered me in the Moscouites tounge. In the which perhappes sum thynges maye seeme fabulous and in maner incredible, as of the doomme men and the deade reuyuynge, the Aurea Anus also, and the monstrous shapes of men, with the fysshe of human forme: wherof althowgh I haue made dylygent inquisicion, yet could I knowe nothynge certeyne of any that had seene the same with theyr eys, neuerthelesse to gyue further occasion to other to searche the truth of these thynges, I haue thowght good to make mention hereof.		All that I haue hetherto rehersed, I haue translated out of the sayde iorney which was delyuered me in the Moscouites tounge. In the which perhappes sum thynges maye seeme fabulous and in maner incredible, as of the doomme men and the deade reuyuynge, the Aurea Anus also, and the monstrous shapes of men, with the fysshe of human forme: wherof althowgh I haue made dylygent inquisicion, yet could I knowe nothynge certeyne of any that had seene the same with theyr eys, neuerthelesse to gyue further occasion to other to searche the truth of these thynges, I haue thowght good to make mention hereof.

	Noss in the Moscouites tounge signifieth a nose: and therefore.		Noss in the Moscouites tounge signifieth a nose: and therefore they caule all capes or poyntes of lande that reache into the sea, by the same name.

			The mountaynes about the ryuer of Petzora, are cauled Semnoi Poyas, or Lingulus mundi: (that is) the gyrdle of the worlde, or of the yearth.

			Kithay is a lake of whome the greate Chan of CATHAY whom the Moscouians caule Czar Kythaiski, hath hys name. For Chan in the Tartars language signifieth a kyng.

			The places of Lucomorya nere vnto the sea, are saluage, full of wooddes, and inhabited withowt any houses. And albeit that the autour of thys iorney, sayd that many nations of Lucomorya are subiecte to the prynce of Moscouia, yet for asmuch as the kyngdome of Tumen is neare therunto, whose prince is a Tartar and named in theyr toung Tumenski Czar (that is) a kynge in Tumen, and hath of late doone great domage to the prynce of Moscouia, it is moste lyke that these nations shulde rather bee subiecte vnto hym.

			Neare vnto the ryuer Petzora (wherof mention is made in thys iorney) is the citie and castell of Papin or Papinowgorod, whose inhabytauntes are named Papini, and haue a priuate language differyng from the Moscouites. Beyond thys ryuer, are exceadynge hygh mountaynes, reachyng euen vnto the bankes: whose ridgies or toppes by reason of continuall wyndes, are in maner vtterly barrayne withowt grass or frutes.

			And although in dyuers places they haue dyuers names, yet are they commonly cauled Cingulus Mundi (that is) the worlde. In these mountaynes doo ierfalcons breede, wherof I haue spoken before. There grow also Cedar trees, amonge the which are founde the best and blackest kynde of sables. And only these mountaynes are seene in all the domynions of the prynce of Moscouia, which perhappes are the same that the owld writers caule Rhipheos or Hyperboreos, so named of the Greeke worde Hiper (that is) vnder, and Boreas (that is) the north.

			For by reason they are couered with continuall snow and froste, they can not withowt great difficultie bee trauayled, and reache so farre into the north, that they make the vnknowne land of Engroneland. The duke of Moscouia Basilius the soonne of Iohn, sent on a tyme two of hys capitaynes named Simeon Pheodorowitz Kurbski, and Knes Peter Uschatoi, to search the places beyonde these mountaynes and to subdewe the nations therabowte. Kurbiki was yet alyue at my being in Moscouia, and declared vnto me that he spent xvii. days in ascendyng the mountayn, and yet coulde not coome to the toppe therof, which in theyr tounge is cauled Stolp (that is) a pyller.

			Thys mountayne is extended into the Ocean vnto the mouthes of the ryuers of Dwina and Petzora. But nowe hauyng spoken thus muche of the sayde iorney, I wyll returne to the domynions of Moscouia with other regyons lyinge eastwarde and southe frome the same towarde the myghtye Empyre of CATHAY. But I wyll fyrst speake sumwhat brefely of the prouynce of Rezan and the famous ryuer of Tanais.

			The prouynce of Rezan situate betwene the ryuers of Occa and Tanais, hath a citie buylded of woodd not farre from the banke of Occa. There was in it a castell named Iaroslaw, wherof there nowe remayneth nothynge but tokens of the olwd ruine. Not farre from that citie, the ryuer Occa maketh an Ilande named Strub which was sumtym a great dukedome, whose prince was subiect to none other.

			Thys prouynce of Rezan is more frutfull then any other of the prouynces of Moscouia: in so muche that in thys (as they saye) euery grayne of wheate bryngethe furthe two and sumtymes more eares: whose stalkes or strawes growe so thycke that horses can scarsely go throwgh them, or quayles flye owt of them. There is greate plenty of honnye, fysshes, foules, byrdes, and wylde beastes. The frutes also do farre exceade the frutes of Moscouia. The people are bould and warlyk men.

Admin: /* 1555. The decades of the newe worlde by Pietro Martire d’Anghiera. */

2025-12-13T16:11:33Z

1555. The decades of the newe worlde by Pietro Martire d’Anghiera.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:11, 13 December 2025
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	=== 1555. The decades of the newe worlde by Pietro Martire d’Anghiera. ===		=== 1555. The decades of the newe worlde by Pietro Martire d’Anghiera. ===
			<blockquote>'''The description of the regions, people, and ryuers, lyinge North and Easte from Moscouia: As the way from Moscouia to the ryuer Petzora, and the prouince of Iugaria, or Iuhra: And frome thense to the ryuer Obi. Lykewyse the discription of other countreys and regions, euen vnto Thempire of the greate Cham of Cathay.'''
⚫	~~<blockquote>~~'''More directly from Moscouia. to Cathay.'''

			THe dominion of the Prince of Moscouia reacheth farre towarde the Easte and north vnto the places which we wyll nowe descrybe. As concernynge whiche thynge, I translated a booke that was presented vnto me in the Moscouites tounge, and haue heare made a bryefe rehearsall of the same. I wyll fyrst therfore describe the iorney from Moscouia to Petzora, and so to Iugaria and Obi.

			From Moscouia to the citie of Uuolochda, are numbered fyftie Werstes, one Werst conteynynge almoste the space of an Italyan myle. From Uuolochda to Ustiug towarde the right hande descendinge with the course of the ryuer of Uuolochda and Suchana with whom it ioyneth, are coumpted fyue hundreth Werstes: where within two Werstes of the towne cauled Strelze and hard by the citie of Ustiug Suchana ioyneth Iug which runneth from the south: from whose mouth vnto the sprynges of the same, are numbered fyue hundrethe Werstles.

			Note that wheras here before the autour numbereth but fyftie werstes from Moscouia to Uuolochda, it semeth that the place is corrupted by the Printers mystakynge one worde for an other, as Quinquaginta, which is fyftie, for Quingenta, whiche is fyue hundreth. For the distance is no lesse from Moscouia to Uuolochda, then is from Uuolochda to Ustiug, which is fyue hundreth werstes.

			But Suchana and Iug after they ioyne togyther, lose theyr fyrst names and make bothe one ryuer named Dwina, by the whiche the passage to the citie of Colmogor conteyneth fyue hundreth Werstes: from whense in the space of syxe dayes iorney, Dwina entereth into the north Ocean at vi. mouthes. And the greateste parte of this iorney consysteth by nauigation. For by lande, from Uuolochda vnto Colmogor, passing ouer the ryuer Uuaga, are a thousande Werstes. Not farre from Colmogor, the ryuer Pienega runnynge from the Easte on the ryght hande for the space of seuen hundreth Werstes, fauleth into Dwina. From Dwina by the ryuer Pienega by the space of two hundredth Werstes, they coome to a place cauled Nicolsi: from whense within halfe a werst, shyppes haue passage into the ryuer Kuluio, which hath his original from a lake of the same name towarde the north, from whose sprynges is viii. dayes vyage to the mouth of the same where it entereth into the Ocean.

			Saylynge by the coastes of the ryght hande the sea, they passe by the regions of Stanuwische, Calunczscho, and Apnu. And saylynge abowt the promontorie or cape of Chorogoski Nosz, Stanuwische, Camenckh, and Tolstickh, they come at the length into the ryuer Mezen, and frome thense in the space of syxe dayes to a vyllage of the same name, standyng in the mouth of the ryuer Pieza: by the which ageine ascendyng towarde the lefte hande and soommer East, they come to the ryuer Piescoya. From whense saylynge for the space of fyue Werstes, they coomme into two lakes in the whiche are seene two wayes: wherof one on the ryght syde, goeth to the ryuer Rubicho, by the which they passe to the ryuer Czircho. Other by an other and shorter way, brynge theyr shyppes from the lake directly into Czircho: from whense, except they be hyndered by tempest, they coomme in the space of three weekes to the ryuer and mouth of Czilma, flowynge into the great ryuer Petzora, which in that place is two Werstes in breadthe. Saylyng from hense, they coomme in the space of syxe dayes to the towne and castell of Pustoosero, neare vnto the which, Petzora entereth into the north Ocean at syxe mouthes. The inhabitauntes of this place, are men of simple wytte. They receaued the fayth of Chryste, and were baptised in the yeare M.D.xviii.

			From the mouth of Czilma vnto the mouthe of the ryuer Ussa, goinge by Petzora, is one monethes vyage. Ussa hath his sprynges in the mountayne Poyas Semnoi, being on the lefte hande towarde the soommer East, and springeth owte of a great stone of the same mountayne, cauled Camen Bolschoi. From the sprynges of Ussa to the mouthes of the same, are numbered more then a thousande Werstes. Furthermore Petzora runneth from this south wynter parte, from whense ascendynge from the mouthes of Ussa vnto the mouthes of the ryuer Stzuchogora, is three weekes vyage. They that described this vyage, sayde that they rested betwene the mouthes of the ryuers of Stzuchogora and Potzscheriema: and lefte theyr vyttayles there whiche they browght with theym from Russia.

			Beyonde the ryuers of Petzora and Stzuchogora towarde the mountayne Camenipoias and the sea with the Ilandes there abowte and the castell of Pustoosero, are dyuers and innumerable nations whiche by one common name are cauled Samoged (that is) such as eate them selues. They haue great increase of foules, byrdes, and dyuers kyndes of beastes: as Sables, Marternes, Beuers, Otters, Hermelines, Squyrels: and in the Ocean the beaste cauled Mors: also Uess, whyte beares, woolfes, hares, Equiwoduani, great whales, and a fysshe cauled Semfi, with dyuers other. The people of these nations, come not to Moscouia. For they are wylde, and flye the company and societie of other men.

			From the mouthes of Stzuchogora saylynge vp the ryuer vnto Poiassa, Artawische, Cameni, and Poiassa the greater, is three weekes vyage. Furthermore the ascendynge to the mounte Camen, is three dayes iorney: from the whiche, descendyng, they come to the ryuer Artawischa, and from thense to the ryuer Sibut, from whence they passe to the castell of Lepin, and from Lepin to the ryuer Sossa. The people that inhabite the region by this ryuer, are cauled Uuogolici. Leauynge Sossa on the ryght hande, they come to the greate ryuer Oby, that spryngeth owt of the lake Kitaisko, the whiche with all the haste they coulde make, they coulde scarsely passe ouer in one day, the ryuer beinge of such breadth that it reacheth fourescore Werstes. The people also that dwell abowt this ryuer, are cauled Uuogolici and Ugritzschi.

			From the castell of Ohea ascendynge by the ryuer of Oby, vnto the ryuer Irtische into the which Sossa entereth, is three monethes iorney. In these places are two castels named Ierom and Lumen, kepte by certeyne lordes cauled Knesi Iuhorski, beinge tributaries to the greate duke of Moscouia as they say. Here are dyuers kyndes of beastes and furres.

			From the mouth of the ryuer Irtische to the Castell of [[Grustina]], is two monethes iorney: from whense to the [[Kitai Lake\|lake Kitai]] by the ryuer Oby (which I sayde to haue his sprynges in this lake) is more then three monethes iorney. From this lake come many blacke men, lackyng the vse of common spech. They brynge with them dyuers wares, and especially pearles and precious stones, whiche they sell to the people cauled Grustintzi and Serponowtzi. These haue theyr name of the castell Serponow, situate in the mountaynes of Lucomorya beyonde the ryuer Obi.

			They say that to the men of Lucomorya, chaunceth a marueylous thynge and incredible. For they affirme, that they dye yearely at the xxvii. daye of Nouember, beinge the feast of saynt George amonge the Moscouytes: and that at the nexte sprynge abowte the xxiiii. daye of Apryll, they reuyue ageyne as doo frogges.

			With these also, the people of Grustintzi and Serponowtzi, exercise a newe and straunge kynde of trade. For when the accustomed tyme of theyr dyinge, or rather of sleapynge, aprocheth, they leaue theyr wares in certeyne places appoynted, which the Grustintzi and Serponowtzi carye away leauynge other wares of equall valewe in theyr places: whiche if the deade men at the tyme of theyr reuyuyne perceaue to bee of vnequall pryce, they requyre theyr owne ageyne: by reason wherof muche stryfe and fighting is betwene them.

			From the ryuer of Obi descending toward the left hand, are the people cauled Calami, which came thether from Obiowa and Pogosa. Beneth Obi, abowt Aurea Anus (that is the golden owlde wyfe) are the ryuers Sossa, Beres, Uua, and Danadim, all which sprynge owt of the montayne Camen, Bolschega, Poiassa, and the rockes ioynynge to the same.

			All the nations that inhabite from these ryuers of Aurea Anus, are subiecte to the prynce of Moscouia.

			Aurea Anus cauled in the Moscouites tounge Slata Baba, is an Idole at the mouthes of Obi in the prouince of Obdora, standynge on the furthest banke towarde the sea. Alonge by the bankes of Obi and the ryuers neare there about, are here and there many castells and fortresses, all the lordes wherof are subiecte to the prince of Moscouia, as they say.

			They say also, or rather fable, that the Idole cauled Aurea Anus, is an Image lyke vnto an owlde wyfe hauyng a chyld in her lappe: and that there is nowe seene an other infante which they say to bee her neuie: also that there are certeyne instrumentes that make a continuall sounde lyke the noyse of trumpettes. The which if it so bee, I thynke it to bee by reason of the wynde blowynge continually into the holowe places of those instrumentes.

			The ryuer Cossin fauleth owt of the mountaynes into Lucomoria. In the mouth of thys, is a castell. Whyther from the sprynges of the great ryuer Cossin, is two monethes by age. Furthermore from the sprynges of the same ryuer, the ryuer Cassima hath hys original: which runnynge through Lucomoria, fauleth into the great ryuer Tachnin, beyonde the which (as is sayde) dwell men of prodigious shape, of whom sum are ouergrowne with heare lyke wylde beastes: other haue heades lyke dogges, and other theyr faces in theyr brestes without neckes, and with longe handes also and without feete. There is lykewyse in the ryuer Tachnin, a certeyne fysshe with headde, eys, nose, mouthe, handes, fiete, and other members vtterly of humane shape, and yet without any voyce, and pleasante to bee eaten as are other fysshes.

			All that I haue hetherto rehersed, I haue translated out of the sayde iorney which was delyuered me in the Moscouites tounge. In the which perhappes sum thynges maye seeme fabulous and in maner incredible, as of the doomme men and the deade reuyuynge, the Aurea Anus also, and the monstrous shapes of men, with the fysshe of human forme: wherof althowgh I haue made dylygent inquisicion, yet could I knowe nothynge certeyne of any that had seene the same with theyr eys, neuerthelesse to gyue further occasion to other to searche the truth of these thynges, I haue thowght good to make mention hereof.

			Noss in the Moscouites tounge signifieth a nose: and therefore.


		⚫	'''More directly from Moscouia. to Cathay.'''

	The great and large prouince of Permia is distante from Moscouia two hundreth and fyftie or (as sum say) three hundreth leaques directly betwene the East and North: and hath a citie of the same name by the ryuer Uischora which runneth ten leaques beneth Kamam. The iorney by lande can scarcely bee trauayled thyther but in wynter by reason of many ryuers, marysshes, and fennes. But in sommer, this iorney is dispatched with more facilitie in boates or smaule shippes by Uuolochda, Ustiug, and the ryuer Uitzechda which runneth into Dwina twelue leaques from Ustiug. But they that go from Permia to Ustiug, must sayle vp the ryuer Uischora ageinst the course of the streame: and passing ouer certeyne ryuers, sumtymes also conueyinge theyr boates into other ryuers by lande, they come at the length to Ustiug three hundreth leaques distant from the citie of Permia.		The great and large prouince of Permia is distante from Moscouia two hundreth and fyftie or (as sum say) three hundreth leaques directly betwene the East and North: and hath a citie of the same name by the ryuer Uischora which runneth ten leaques beneth Kamam. The iorney by lande can scarcely bee trauayled thyther but in wynter by reason of many ryuers, marysshes, and fennes. But in sommer, this iorney is dispatched with more facilitie in boates or smaule shippes by Uuolochda, Ustiug, and the ryuer Uitzechda which runneth into Dwina twelue leaques from Ustiug. But they that go from Permia to Ustiug, must sayle vp the ryuer Uischora ageinst the course of the streame: and passing ouer certeyne ryuers, sumtymes also conueyinge theyr boates into other ryuers by lande, they come at the length to Ustiug three hundreth leaques distant from the citie of Permia.

Admin at 16:04, 13 December 2025

2025-12-13T16:04:25Z

@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 ==Notable People==
 ==Sources from old books==
 === 1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator. ===

Admin at 22:27, 22 November 2025

2025-11-22T22:27:12Z

Show changes

Admin: /* 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. */

2025-10-04T22:42:52Z

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:42, 4 October 2025
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	**** ...Dobrina.		**** ...Dobrina.
	*** ...Kollas,		*** ...Kollas,
			** 7. [[Permia, Province\|Permski]].
	** 7. Perniski.
	*** ...~~Pernieveliki~~,		*** ...[[Perm, City\|Permeveliki]],
	**** ...Soilcomza.		**** ...Soilcomza.
	*** ...Ousgi,		*** ...Ousgi,
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	*** Bielka, or Bielski.		*** Bielka, or Bielski.
	** 12. Smolensko D		** 12. Smolensko D
	*** Smolensko, Cap.		*** [[Smolensko, City\|Smolensko]], Cap.
	**** ...Niewielz.		**** ...Niewielz.
	*** ...Drogobusc,		*** ...Drogobusc,
	** 13. Severia, D. or Novogorod, Sewierski.		** 13. Severia, D. or [[Novogrod Sewarski, Province\|Novogorod, Sewierski]].
	*** Novogorod-Sew, Cap.		*** [[Novogrod Sewarski, City\|Novogorod-Sew]], Cap.
	*** ...Bransko,		*** ...Bransko,
	*** ...Czerentshaw.		*** ...Czerentshaw.
	** 14. Part of the Palatinate of Kiow.		** 14. Part of the Palatinate of Kiow.
	*** Kiow, Bish.		*** [[Kiow]], Bish.
	*** ...Kaniow.		*** ...Kaniow.
	** 15. Kraina, D.		** 15. Kraina, D.
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	**** ...Keschkaga.		**** ...Keschkaga.
	*** ...[[Allatur]].		*** ...[[Allatur]].
	** 4. Siberia.		** 4. [[Siberia]].
	*** [[Tobolsk]], Arch-b. Cap.		*** [[Tobolsk]], Arch-b. Cap.
	**** ...Japharin,		**** ...Japharin,

Admin: /* 1691. A most compleat compendium of geography by Laurence Echard. */

2025-10-04T21:44:54Z

1691. A most compleat compendium of geography by Laurence Echard.

Admin: /* 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. */

2025-10-04T21:17:49Z

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:17, 4 October 2025
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	**** ...Malmisch,		**** ...Malmisch,
	**** ...Keschkaga.		**** ...Keschkaga.
	*** ...Allatur.		*** ...[[Allatur]].
	** 4. Siberia.		** 4. Siberia.
	*** [[Tobolsk]], Arch-b. Cap.		*** [[Tobolsk]], Arch-b. Cap.

Admin: /* 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. */

2025-10-04T20:43:40Z

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:43, 4 October 2025
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	*** ...Balagna.		*** ...Balagna.
	** 6. Jaroslaw D.		** 6. Jaroslaw D.
	*** Jaroslaw, Cap.		*** [[Jaroslaw, City in Russia\|Jaroslaw]], Cap.
	**** ...Nova-Roma.		**** ...Nova-Roma.
	*** ...Ribiena,		*** ...Ribiena,

Admin: /* 1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator. */

2025-09-27T22:36:38Z

1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator.

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:36, 27 September 2025
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	*** Jaroslau, — Jaroslau.		*** Jaroslau, — Jaroslau.
	*** Rostow,		*** Rostow,
	**** Rostow,		**** [[Rostow]],
	**** Uglitz,		**** Uglitz,
	**** Calopigorod,		**** Calopigorod,
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	Here is one Patriarch, viz. Moscow, 4 Archbishopricks, 18 Bishopricks, and no University.</blockquote>		Here is one Patriarch, viz. Moscow, 4 Archbishopricks, 18 Bishopricks, and no University.</blockquote>

			=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
			<blockquote>Russia, a vast Country in the North-East part of Europe; called by the Inhabitants Rusz; by the Germans Russandt; by the English Russia and Muscovy; by the Poles Moskwa and Russenlandt; by the Turks Russ; to the Ancients, known by no other name than that of Sarmatia Europaea: It is bounded on the North by the frozen Ocean; on the East it is separated from the Asiatick Tartars, by the Rivers of Obb and Jaickz; on the South it is divided from the Crim Tartars by the Tanais Minor, or the Donetz, as it is now called; on the West the Nieper and Narva divide it from Poland. Its length from North to South is three hundred and eighty German Miles; its breadth from East to West three hundred of the same. So that it is by far the greatest Kingdom in Christendom; if it were equally Civiliz'd, Fertil, and Peopled, as it is not. For the dispatch of Business and the Management of Affairs, it is divided into forty Provinces; the names of which, (and of about thirty three Cities, that are to be found in it) would take more room than this small Work will allow. This Nation in 861. made an Invasion into Greece; and besieged Michael the Emperor in Constantinople, but could not take it. The Captives they carried home with them, and made them partakers of a greater blessing by teaching them the Christian Religion; which was after this in 866. promoted by Basilius the Emperor. In 944. they made a second attempt upon Constantinople, which miscarried also. In 980. Ʋiodomir Duke of Russia, (Marrying Anna Daughter to Basilius Emperor of Greece,) embraced the Christian Religion, and settled it intirely in this Country: from whence it comes to pass, that they embrace the Tenets, Rites, and Ceremonies of the Greek Church; and have the utmost Aversion for the Latin Church and Service. About 1058. Boleslaus King of Poland Conquered Russia; which was reduced to obedience after a Revolt by another Boleslaus in 1123. In aftertimes they had frequent Wars with the Poles; who prevailed so far as about 1342 they intirely Conquered the red Russia; the Nobility of which, (in 1434) were received into the same state with the Nobility of Poland; allowing them at the same time the Exercise of the Greek Religion, which they from their first Conversion to this day follow. They are as well by Interest as Conquest united to that Crown; and never to be separated from it, but by another Conquest. About 1205. the black Russia (now called Muscovy) was Invaded by Batton Son of Ghangius King of the Tartars, who lived to the North-East of this Country: they oppressed this Nation for many Ages, and so harrassed them, that no account can be given of the times, when the Reigns of their Princes began or ended. John XI. was the first who began to enfranchise these Countries from the Servitude of the Tartars, which they had so long groaned under. John Basilovitz the 4th. of this Race (who began his Reign very young) in 1540. ended it by the Conquest of the Tartars and all the petty Princes, which had till then reigned in several parts of this Empire. This was the cruellest Tyrant that any Age has produced; and died as wretchedly as he lived, in 1584. Foedor Juanovits his Son succeeded him at the Age of twenty two years; he was a perfect natural Fool. There was another Brother called Demetrius of nine years of Age, which had more sense. But Boris (who managed all this under Foedor) caused Demetrius to be Murthered. In 1597. Foedor dying suddenly without Children, Boris was Elected; and soon after Deposed, in favour of a Counterfeit Demetrius brought in by the Poles: after which followed nothing but Calamities and Confusions; till in 1615. (or as others say in 1612) one Michael Fedrovizt, Son of Foedor Nikitis (a Kinsman far removed, of John Basilovitz) was chosen by the Body of this Nation Emperor of Muscovy. This Prince settled this vast Empire; governed it with more Justice, Clemency, Prudence and Piety than all his Predecessors had used; and at last died in great Honor July 12. 1645. To him Succeeded Alexius his Son. The two Princes, which some few years since ascended the Throne together, are of the same Race.</blockquote>

	=== 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. ===		=== 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. ===
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	II. The Great Seal of Moscovy is, an Eagle displaied Sable, in a Field Or, bearing on its Brest a Shield, the Field being Gules, charg'd with a S. George Argent, holding a Launce, with which he kills a Dragon. Betwixt the Heads of the Eagle are three Crowns plac'd one over the other, which are said to signifie Moscovy, and the two Kingdoms of Cassan and Astracan. They say it was the Tyrant Iwann Basileewich, who first made use of these Arms, to raise a belief that he was descended from the Ancient Roman Emperours, the word Czar, signifying Caesar. Heylin makes the Arms of Moscovy, Sable, a Portal Open of two Leaves, and as many degrees Or. His Livery is of a Yellow Colour. He is of the Greek Church, and the Moscovites have a Bible translated from the Greek, and printed in their own Tongue, which is the Sclavonian, in the Moscovite Characters.		II. The Great Seal of Moscovy is, an Eagle displaied Sable, in a Field Or, bearing on its Brest a Shield, the Field being Gules, charg'd with a S. George Argent, holding a Launce, with which he kills a Dragon. Betwixt the Heads of the Eagle are three Crowns plac'd one over the other, which are said to signifie Moscovy, and the two Kingdoms of Cassan and Astracan. They say it was the Tyrant Iwann Basileewich, who first made use of these Arms, to raise a belief that he was descended from the Ancient Roman Emperours, the word Czar, signifying Caesar. Heylin makes the Arms of Moscovy, Sable, a Portal Open of two Leaves, and as many degrees Or. His Livery is of a Yellow Colour. He is of the Greek Church, and the Moscovites have a Bible translated from the Greek, and printed in their own Tongue, which is the Sclavonian, in the Moscovite Characters.

	III. Moscow, seated on the River of the same name, is the Capital City, and Imperial Seat. Few Cities in the World have suffer'd so much by Fire. An. 1571. the Tartars burnt it, and in it 80000 persons, it being then 12 Miles in Compass, and containing 41500 Families and Houses; and above 1500 Convents, Churches and Chapels. It keeps its Compass still, but the number of Houses is not restor'd, they not extending above five Miles. An. 1611. the Polanders burnt it: and An. 1676. the Fire hapning by accident, held on for three weeks, and burnt, as its said, 5000 Houses. This Town is apt to Fires, because the Houses of the Common People are generally built of Wood, with Mortar, mixt with Straw, and done over with Lime, brought from Smolensko, and are cover'd with Boards and Barks of Trees, having sometimes Turffs laid on them: and Fires would happen oftner there, but that Soldiers and Guards are appointed to take care of it. The Churches and Houses of the Persons of Quality are built with Stone or Brick, and some of the chief Churches are cover'd with gilt Copper, or Tin, and have many Globes of the same Metal on them, so that the Prospect of Moscow is very beautiful. There is a Bell rais'd on a Tower of Moscow, which weighs above one hundred seventy six Tuns. Two hundred Tuns of Metal were allow'd for making it. Its twenty four Foot in hight, the Clapper is twenty one Foot in length, and weighs above seven Tuns.		III. [[Moscow]], seated on the River of the same name, is the Capital City, and Imperial Seat. Few Cities in the World have suffer'd so much by Fire. An. 1571. the Tartars burnt it, and in it 80000 persons, it being then 12 Miles in Compass, and containing 41500 Families and Houses; and above 1500 Convents, Churches and Chapels. It keeps its Compass still, but the number of Houses is not restor'd, they not extending above five Miles. An. 1611. the Polanders burnt it: and An. 1676. the Fire hapning by accident, held on for three weeks, and burnt, as its said, 5000 Houses. This Town is apt to Fires, because the Houses of the Common People are generally built of Wood, with Mortar, mixt with Straw, and done over with Lime, brought from Smolensko, and are cover'd with Boards and Barks of Trees, having sometimes Turffs laid on them: and Fires would happen oftner there, but that Soldiers and Guards are appointed to take care of it. The Churches and Houses of the Persons of Quality are built with Stone or Brick, and some of the chief Churches are cover'd with gilt Copper, or Tin, and have many Globes of the same Metal on them, so that the Prospect of Moscow is very beautiful. There is a Bell rais'd on a Tower of Moscow, which weighs above one hundred seventy six Tuns. Two hundred Tuns of Metal were allow'd for making it. Its twenty four Foot in hight, the Clapper is twenty one Foot in length, and weighs above seven Tuns.

	IV. Its said that this Duke has more Lands than all the Dukes of Europe beside: and his Government being Tyrannical, so that he has the free and absolute disposal of his Subjects Lives and Fortunes, he makes his Revenues what he pleases. But beside the extraordinary ways of oppressing his Subjects, which he often makes use of, he has many ordinary ways for amassing Treasures, viz. By Forestalling Homebred Commodities, and Engrossing the Foreign, selling them at what price he lists, and hindring others from▪ Trade till all his are sold. By provision of Rent, Corn, and Victuals, rais'd, in some years to 20000 Marks Sterling. Customs on Merchandize to 800000. Poll-mony to 400000. Rent, Wood, and Hey to 30000, &c.</blockquote>		IV. Its said that this Duke has more Lands than all the Dukes of Europe beside: and his Government being Tyrannical, so that he has the free and absolute disposal of his Subjects Lives and Fortunes, he makes his Revenues what he pleases. But beside the extraordinary ways of oppressing his Subjects, which he often makes use of, he has many ordinary ways for amassing Treasures, viz. By Forestalling Homebred Commodities, and Engrossing the Foreign, selling them at what price he lists, and hindring others from▪ Trade till all his are sold. By provision of Rent, Corn, and Victuals, rais'd, in some years to 20000 Marks Sterling. Customs on Merchandize to 800000. Poll-mony to 400000. Rent, Wood, and Hey to 30000, &c.</blockquote>

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:44, 4 October 2025
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	* 1. Republick of Lapland, the most N. W. Province, 440 m. l. & 240 br. divided into Tenskoy, Mouramanskoy, and Bellamores; ch. T. are Kola, Warsiga, and Kandolax.		* 1. Republick of Lapland, the most N. W. Province, 440 m. l. & 240 br. divided into Tenskoy, Mouramanskoy, and Bellamores; ch. T. are Kola, Warsiga, and Kandolax.
	* 2. Province of Kargapol, on the S. E. of Lapland, 320 m. l. & 210 br. ch. T. is Kargapol.		* 2. Province of Kargapol, on the S. E. of Lapland, 320 m. l. & 210 br. ch. T. is Kargapol.
	* 3. Province of Divina, on the N. E. of Kargapol, 370 m. l. & 220 br. ch. T. are Archangel and Divina.		* 3. [[Dwina, Province\|Province of Divina]], on the N. E. of Kargapol, 370 m. l. & 220 br. ch. T. are [[Archangel, City\|Archangel]] and Divina.
	* 4. Dukedom of Cordora, on the E. of Divina, 280 m. l. & 260. br. ch. T. is Wirchatouria.		* 4. Dukedom of Cordora, on the E. of Divina, 280 m. l. & 260. br. ch. T. is Wirchatouria.
	* 5. Dukedom of Inhorski, on the N. of Condora; ch. T. —		* 5. Dukedom of Inhorski, on the N. of Condora; ch. T. —
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	* 7. Republick of Samoedes, on the N. E. of Petzora; ch. T. —		* 7. Republick of Samoedes, on the N. E. of Petzora; ch. T. —
	* 8. Dukedom of Obdora, on the E. of Samoedes; ch. T. is Berezow.		* 8. [[Obdora, Province\|Dukedom of Obdora]], on the E. of Samoedes; ch. T. is Berezow.
	* 9. Kingdom of [[Siberia]], on the S. of Obdora and Petzora; ch. T. is Tobalska.		* 9. Kingdom of [[Siberia]], on the S. of Obdora and Petzora; ch. T. is Tobalska.
	* 10. Dukedom of Wiathka, on the W. of Siberia, 420 m. l. & 310 br. ch. T. is Oorloff.		* 10. Dukedom of Wiathka, on the W. of Siberia, 420 m. l. & 310 br. ch. T. is Oorloff.
	* 11. Dukedom of Permski, on the N. W. of Wiathka, 280 m. l. & 190 br. ch. T. is Permaveleck.		* 11. [[Permia, Province\|Dukedom of Permski]], on the N. W. of Wiathka, 280 m. l. & 190 br. ch. T. is Permaveleck.
	* 12. Province of Vstinga, on the W. of Permski, 330 m. l. & 240 br. ch. T. is Vstinga.		* 12. Province of Vstinga, on the W. of Permski, 330 m. l. & 240 br. ch. T. is Vstinga.
	* 13. Dukedom of Wologda, on the S. W. of Vstringa, 300 m. l. & 190 br. ch. T. is Wologda.		* 13. Dukedom of Wologda, on the S. W. of Vstringa, 300 m. l. & 190 br. ch. T. is Wologda.