Source:Bohun2 - Revision history

Admin at 01:13, 23 October 2025

2025-10-23T01:13:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:13, 23 October 2025
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	La Baye Francoise, a Name given by the French to a Gulph of Guinea in Africa; and to another in their New France in the North America. § New France, see Canada.		La Baye Francoise, a Name given by the French to a Gulph of Guinea in Africa; and to another in their New France in the North America. § New France, see Canada.

	The Is•e of France, Insula Franciae. One of the first Provinces the French possessed themselves of in Gaul: now bounded on the East with Champagne; on the North with Normandy and Picardy; on the West and on the South with la Beausse and Orleance. A Country not great, when compared with the other Provinces; but yet it has given Name to all the rest, which is not unusual. It is generally so fruitful and delightful, that the Hills are here better than the Valleys in most places of Europe. The Vale of Montmorency, in which Parts stands, has scarce its equal in all the World. This was anciently a part of Belgica Secunda. The principal City of this Province is Paris; and there are in it nine other very considerable.

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	Franché Comte, Burgundiae Comitatus, called by the French, Le Comte de Bourgogne, and sometime the Franche Comte; by the Italians, La Franc Comtea; by the Germans, Das Over Burgund, that is, the Higher Burgundy; is now a Province of France, and a part of the Eastern Burgundy, taken more largely. Bounded on the East by Switzerland, and the Diocese of Basil; on the North by Lorrain, and part of Campagne; on the West by the Dukedom of Bourgogne, or Burgundy; and on the South by La Bresse, and Beugey. The Capital of it is Dole; and after it came into the hands of the Spaniards, Besanson. The Country, where it is Mountainous, affords excellent Wines; and as to the rest, is full of pleasant and fruitful Valleys, with great plenty of fresh Streams, and delightful Rivolets. This Country by Rodolph the last King of Burgundy, was given to Conrade II. Emperour of Germany, and ever after esteemed a part of the Empire. In 1101. it was given to Otho of Flanders, Son to a Sister of the Emperour Conrade; and by the Family of Burgundy, came together with the other Territories belonging to that Family, to the Crown of Spain: in which House it continued, till in 1674. the present King of France got the Possession of it, which was confirmed by the Treaty of Nimmeguen.		Franché Comte, Burgundiae Comitatus, called by the French, Le Comte de Bourgogne, and sometime the Franche Comte; by the Italians, La Franc Comtea; by the Germans, Das Over Burgund, that is, the Higher Burgundy; is now a Province of France, and a part of the Eastern Burgundy, taken more largely. Bounded on the East by Switzerland, and the Diocese of Basil; on the North by Lorrain, and part of Campagne; on the West by the Dukedom of Bourgogne, or Burgundy; and on the South by La Bresse, and Beugey. The Capital of it is Dole; and after it came into the hands of the Spaniards, Besanson. The Country, where it is Mountainous, affords excellent Wines; and as to the rest, is full of pleasant and fruitful Valleys, with great plenty of fresh Streams, and delightful Rivolets. This Country by Rodolph the last King of Burgundy, was given to Conrade II. Emperour of Germany, and ever after esteemed a part of the Empire. In 1101. it was given to Otho of Flanders, Son to a Sister of the Emperour Conrade; and by the Family of Burgundy, came together with the other Territories belonging to that Family, to the Crown of Spain: in which House it continued, till in 1674. the present King of France got the Possession of it, which was confirmed by the Treaty of Nimmeguen.

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	Francolin, Tulcis, a small River of Catalonia, which falls into the Iberian Sea, near Tarragona.		Francolin, Tulcis, a small River of Catalonia, which falls into the Iberian Sea, near Tarragona.

	Franconia, by the Germans das Francken, and Franckeudland, is a large Province in Germany, which in the Writers of the middle Age, is called Francia Orientalis, though it be but a small part of it. This is now the first Circle in the Empire, upon the River Mayn; between Misnia and Thuringia to the North; Nortgow, or the Ʋpper Palatinate to the East; Bavaria, the Circle of Schwaben, the Bishopricks of Wurtsburg, Bamberg and Aichstad to the South; and Mentz to the West. Wurtsburg is the Capital City of this Circle: the other Cities are Bamberg, Nuremberg, Rotenberg, Schweinfurt, Weisemberg and Weinsheim. This Country, anciently inhabited by the Sicambri, in the times of Valentinian the Emperour, having subdued the Alani, took the Name of Franckenland, that is, Freedland. But in after times being perpetually exagitated with the Incursions of the Goths, they resolved to seek a new Habitation; and under Marcomir their King or Duke, settled about 433. in Friseland, Guelderland, and the adjoining Countries: before which (faith my Author) the Name of Franks was scarce known. This Country is partly Level, and partly Mountainous: yet the Mountains in it are not high, nor is the Soil overfruitful, it being Sandy for the most part; yet the Hills produce grateful Wine, especially about Wurtsburg. Of the Dukes of Franconia, these obtained the Empire; Conradus I. in 912. Conradus II. in 1026. Henry III. in 1039. Henry IV. in 1056. Henry V. in 1108. Besides the Cities before named, Hoffman reckons Coburg, Culembach, Franckfort, Mentz, Anspack.

	Franco-ville, a Village in the District of Paris, in the Isle of France.		Franco-ville, a Village in the District of Paris, in the Isle of France.
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	Gaetulia, a large Region of Africa, according to the ancient Divisions thereof; now thrown into a part of Bileduigerid and a part of Zaara. See Gesula. The Roman Arms reached as far in Africa, as to this distant Province.		Gaetulia, a large Region of Africa, according to the ancient Divisions thereof; now thrown into a part of Bileduigerid and a part of Zaara. See Gesula. The Roman Arms reached as far in Africa, as to this distant Province.

	Gago, Gagum, a Kingdom in Nigritia, in Africa, which has a City of the same Name, upon a River falling into the Niger below Tocrut. Great, but thinly inhabited. This Kingdom lies between the Niger to the North, and Guinea to the South; rich in Mines of Gold, according to some Relations; possessed also by a Prince, who is Sovereign of the Kingdom of Tombuti.

	Gajazzo, Calathia, Galathia, a City of Compania in Italy, mentioned by Cicero, as a Colony; it belongs now to the Kingdom of Naples, and is in the Terra di Lavoro, seated on an Hill near the River Volturno (Vulturnus,) almost over against Caserta, at the Distance of four Miles to the North, and eight from Capua to the East: And although a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Capua, yet it is in a declining Condition, and very mean.		Gajazzo, Calathia, Galathia, a City of Compania in Italy, mentioned by Cicero, as a Colony; it belongs now to the Kingdom of Naples, and is in the Terra di Lavoro, seated on an Hill near the River Volturno (Vulturnus,) almost over against Caserta, at the Distance of four Miles to the North, and eight from Capua to the East: And although a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Capua, yet it is in a declining Condition, and very mean.
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	Garde, a City of Greenland, deserted and ruined two hundred years ago. It had been a Bishop's See under the Archbishop of Drontheim in Norway, and stood to the Ocean.		Garde, a City of Greenland, deserted and ruined two hundred years ago. It had been a Bishop's See under the Archbishop of Drontheim in Norway, and stood to the Ocean.

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	Gardeleben, a small Town in the old Marquisate of Brandenburg, upon the River Meld, seven Miles from Magdeburg to the North.		Gardeleben, a small Town in the old Marquisate of Brandenburg, upon the River Meld, seven Miles from Magdeburg to the North.

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	Garza, Mela, a River in the Territory of Brescia, in the Dominion of the States of Venice, in Italy; which washeth the Walls of Brescia on the West, and then falls into the Oglio at Ʋstiano; which conveys it to the Po at Borgo forte, not much above Mantoua.		Garza, Mela, a River in the Territory of Brescia, in the Dominion of the States of Venice, in Italy; which washeth the Walls of Brescia on the West, and then falls into the Oglio at Ʋstiano; which conveys it to the Po at Borgo forte, not much above Mantoua.

	Gascoigne, Vasconia, Novempopulonia, a Province in Aquitaine in France. The Inhabitants write Guascoigne; the Italians, Gascogna; the Spanish, Gascona; the English, Gascony. It lies extended between the British Sea to the West, the Garonne to the North and East, and Spain to the South; and was the ancient Aquitania, and afterwards Novempopulonia; that is, the third part properly of the antient Aquitania, in the division of the Emperour Augustus, corrected by Adrian. See Aquitaine. It had this Name from the Gascoignes or Vascones, a Spanish People which setled here, and were Conquered by Theodebert and Theodorick, Kings of France; at last totally subdued by Dagobert, another King of that Nation, (but ascribed by the Chronologers to Aribert a Contemporary King) in 634. This Name is sometimes taken for all Gascony, or the Generalité de Guienne, or de Bourdeaux: divided at present into eleven Parts, Bourdelois, Bazadois, Condomois, Armagnac, Bearn, Gascogne, Basques, Bigorre, Comminges, Baionne, and Albret. This Country for a long time belonged to the Crown of England, as Dukes of Aquitaine. It came in 1152. to Henry II. King of England, in the Right of Eleanor his Wife. Though King John was adjudged to have forfeited this and all his other Dominions in France, by the pretended Murther of Arthur; (whereupon the French entered, and in 1203. and 1204. Conquered Main, Angiers, and Normandy, King John's Subjects not well agreeing with him;) yet in 1206. he made one Expedition to Rochel, and took Mount Alban, whereby he preserved Gascony. And though his Son lost Rochel to the French in 1224. yet in 1225. by his Brother Richard Earl of Cornwal, he reduced the Rebellious Gascoignes to Obedience; and in 1242. attempted to recover Poictou, but with no good success. In 1259. for a Sum of Money given him by Lewis IX. he resigned Normandy, Main, and Anjou; reserving to himself Gascony, Limosin, and Aquitain; in consideration whereof, he was to have fifty thousands Crowns, and from henceforward they were stiled Dukes of Guienne: in the Possession of this the Kings of England continued, till the twenty ninth Year of the Reign of Henry VI. which was the Year of our Lord 1452. when the Weakness of that Prince, and the good Fortune of Charles VII. deprived the English of all their Possessions in France: ever since		Gascoigne, Vasconia, Novempopulonia, a Province in Aquitaine in France. The Inhabitants write Guascoigne; the Italians, Gascogna; the Spanish, Gascona; the English, Gascony. It lies extended between the British Sea to the West, the Garonne to the North and East, and Spain to the South; and was the ancient Aquitania, and afterwards Novempopulonia; that is, the third part properly of the antient Aquitania, in the division of the Emperour Augustus, corrected by Adrian. See Aquitaine. It had this Name from the Gascoignes or Vascones, a Spanish People which setled here, and were Conquered by Theodebert and Theodorick, Kings of France; at last totally subdued by Dagobert, another King of that Nation, (but ascribed by the Chronologers to Aribert a Contemporary King) in 634. This Name is sometimes taken for all Gascony, or the Generalité de Guienne, or de Bourdeaux: divided at present into eleven Parts, Bourdelois, Bazadois, Condomois, Armagnac, Bearn, Gascogne, Basques, Bigorre, Comminges, Baionne, and Albret. This Country for a long time belonged to the Crown of England, as Dukes of Aquitaine. It came in 1152. to Henry II. King of England, in the Right of Eleanor his Wife. Though King John was adjudged to have forfeited this and all his other Dominions in France, by the pretended Murther of Arthur; (whereupon the French entered, and in 1203. and 1204. Conquered Main, Angiers, and Normandy, King John's Subjects not well agreeing with him;) yet in 1206. he made one Expedition to Rochel, and took Mount Alban, whereby he preserved Gascony. And though his Son lost Rochel to the French in 1224. yet in 1225. by his Brother Richard Earl of Cornwal, he reduced the Rebellious Gascoignes to Obedience; and in 1242. attempted to recover Poictou, but with no good success. In 1259. for a Sum of Money given him by Lewis IX. he resigned Normandy, Main, and Anjou; reserving to himself Gascony, Limosin, and Aquitain; in consideration whereof, he was to have fifty thousands Crowns, and from henceforward they were stiled Dukes of Guienne: in the Possession of this the Kings of England continued, till the twenty ninth Year of the Reign of Henry VI. which was the Year of our Lord 1452. when the Weakness of that Prince, and the good Fortune of Charles VII. deprived the English of all their Possessions in France: ever since which time Gascony has been in the hands of the French. It is observed, as the French change the Letters V and W into G, in the words Galles for Wales and Gascoigne for Vasconia; so particularly the Gascoigners interchange the Letters V and B with one another, in giving the same pronunciation to both. Therefore says Joseph Scaliger of them, Foelices populi, quibus bibere est vivere.

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	which time Gascony has been in the hands of the French. It is observed, as the French change the Letters V and W into G, in the words Galles for Wales and Gascoigne for Vasconia; so particularly the Gascoigners interchange the Letters V and B with one another, in giving the same pronunciation to both. Therefore says Joseph Scaliger of them, Foelices populi, quibus bibere est vivere.

	Gastinois, Vostinum, a Territory in the Isle of France, towards la Beauce; between the Rivers of Estampes, and Vernison to the West; the River Yonne, (which separates it from Senonois on the East,) and the Territory of Puysaie, and Auxerrois to the South. The principal Town is Montargis, thirteen Miles South of Paris.		Gastinois, Vostinum, a Territory in the Isle of France, towards la Beauce; between the Rivers of Estampes, and Vernison to the West; the River Yonne, (which separates it from Senonois on the East,) and the Territory of Puysaie, and Auxerrois to the South. The principal Town is Montargis, thirteen Miles South of Paris.
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	Gedrosia. See Formipt.		Gedrosia. See Formipt.

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	Geetruydenberg, Gertrudenberga, and S. Gertruchii Mons, a City in Holland; small, but well fortified; called by the Inhabitants, Guytrenberg, or Geetruydenberg: it stands in South Holland, two Leagues from Breda to the North, and three from Dort to the South-East, upon the River Dunge. This City takes its name from St. Gertrude, who was a Daughter of Pepin, King of France; and for her great Sanctity in much honor in these Countries. It is (saith Guicciardin) a considerable Place; seated on the South Bank of the Mereuwe, at the equal distance of three Leagues from Dort, Heusden, and Breda: the Possession of it is now in the Prince of Orange; but the Brabantines and Hollanders do both equally pretend to the Right of it. The Hollanders surprized it in 1573; and divers times since it has been taken and retaken.		Geetruydenberg, Gertrudenberga, and S. Gertruchii Mons, a City in Holland; small, but well fortified; called by the Inhabitants, Guytrenberg, or Geetruydenberg: it stands in South Holland, two Leagues from Breda to the North, and three from Dort to the South-East, upon the River Dunge. This City takes its name from St. Gertrude, who was a Daughter of Pepin, King of France; and for her great Sanctity in much honor in these Countries. It is (saith Guicciardin) a considerable Place; seated on the South Bank of the Mereuwe, at the equal distance of three Leagues from Dort, Heusden, and Breda: the Possession of it is now in the Prince of Orange; but the Brabantines and Hollanders do both equally pretend to the Right of it. The Hollanders surprized it in 1573; and divers times since it has been taken and retaken.

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	Petigliano, Petilianum, a fortified strong Town, in the Borders of the Ecclesiastical State, and the Dukedom of Florence: five Miles from Savona to the East, and thirty from Orbitello. This is the Capital of a Sovereign County or Earldom; belonging heretofore to the Family of Sforza, but lately purchased by the Great Duke of Tuscany in whose Territories it lay.		Petigliano, Petilianum, a fortified strong Town, in the Borders of the Ecclesiastical State, and the Dukedom of Florence: five Miles from Savona to the East, and thirty from Orbitello. This is the Capital of a Sovereign County or Earldom; belonging heretofore to the Family of Sforza, but lately purchased by the Great Duke of Tuscany in whose Territories it lay.

	Petra, or Petra Deserti, Cyriacopolis, Mons Regalis, a City of the Stony Arabia; which was of old the Capital of the Kingdom of Ammon, and called Rabbah. Taken by King David, in revenge of the Injuries offered to his Embassadours. In the times of Christianity, it became an Archbishops See under the Patriarch of Jerusalem: at this day called by the Arabians, Krach and Kelaggeber. Long. 66. 45. Lat. 30. 20.

	Petras, Pelius, Pelion, a Mountain in Thessalia-Dicearchus Siculus, (one of the Scholars of Aristotle) found this Mountain to be the highest in Thessalia, by 1250 Paces, as Pliny saith.		Petras, Pelius, Pelion, a Mountain in Thessalia-Dicearchus Siculus, (one of the Scholars of Aristotle) found this Mountain to be the highest in Thessalia, by 1250 Paces, as Pliny saith.

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	Gehan-Abad, or Jehan-Abad. See Delly.		Gehan-Abad, or Jehan-Abad. See Delly.

	Geichon, Oxus, call'd by the Arabs, Ghaion, Gihon, Tihun; and now commonly Gieihun, or Gieihoun; is a River of Persia: it ariseth from the Mountains of Badachzan; and running Northward through the borders of Balch, it watereth the Cities of Termid, Zemum, and Chovarzim: Also sometimes called Balch. thus Gollius describes in part the Course of this River. Our later Maps make it to arise from the Mountains of Caibocoran, in the Eastern borders of the Kingdom of Persia; to water Candahar, and Belgis on the Eastern Bank; Meder, Thalan, and Badaschian on the Western; at which last it takes in from the East the great River Oboengir, which comes from Balch by Vervalin and Talecan; then, turning Westward, it takes in a River from the South out of the Desarts of Bigul; beneath which it watereth the City of Bigul, and so passeth to Bichend; above which it takes in a River from the East out of Zagathay; and beneath it on the same side another, from the Lake of Ʋsbeck, which passeth by Bochara; and another on the South side from Mareuwe; and at Deristan, a great River from the South, called Margab; beneath which it falls into the South-Eastern Angle of the Caspian Sea, at Zahaspan, by four Mouths saith Gollius, but our Maps take notice of but one.

	Geila, 1 River of Transylvania; called by Jornandes, Gilfil.		Geila, 1 River of Transylvania; called by Jornandes, Gilfil.
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	Georgeto, Morgontiacum, a Town of the Further Calabria.		Georgeto, Morgontiacum, a Town of the Further Calabria.

	Georgia, a great Country in Asia, call'd by the Inhabitants Gurgistan; between the Caspian Sea to the East, and the Euxine to the West; bounded on the North by Circassia, Comania, and the Dominions of the Duke of Muscovy, and on the South by Schirvan, a Province of the Kingdom of Persia: Containing under this Name a Part of Armenia the Greater, and Armenia the Lesser. This Kingdom was heretofore much greater than now; and had Monarchs for its Sovereigns, whose Royal Seat was the City of Cotatis; but lying between the Turks and the Persians, two powerful Neighbours, both of them have diminished the Extent of it. Thus the Turks dispossess'd the Georgian Kings of Erzerum, a City of Armenia; the Persians of some others; and besides, the Kings of it having divided it into several small Principalities, it is become much less able, than otherwise it would have been, to defend it self against those potent Princes that surround it: The Eastern Parts of it are accordingly Tributary to the King of Persia, the Northern to the Great Duke of Muscovy, and the Western to the Turk. The Parts of this Kingdom are Mengrelia, Guriel, and Imireta, to the West, where the ancient Colchis was: To the North, Abaca; Carthuel (now a Province of Persia,) and Gagheti, (Gaguesa) to the East, formerly called Iberia; and Samsche, [Samesa,] to the South towards Armenia. The principal Cities are Cotatis and Teflis. The Georgians are Christians by Profession, but by Practice the worst in the World; especially the Princes and great Men, who will sell their Subjects for Slaves to the Turks and Persians, or exchange them for Merchandize: Their Faith is very tolerable; they are of the Greek Church, and till of late never heard of the Church of Rome. In 1624. Pope Ʋrban VIII. sent a Mission of the Theatines thither.

	Georgia, more properly so called, borders to the East upon Circassia and Muscovy, to the West upon Armenia the Less, to the South upon Armenia the Greater, to the North upon the Euxine Sea, and that Part of Colchis, called Imireta, (which I believe (saith Sir J. Chardin) to be all that Country which the Ancients call Iberia.) It is a Country very full of Woods, and very Mountainous, which yet has in it a great Number of Pleasant Plains; only the middle of Georgia is more even and level than the rest: The River Kur, (Cyrus) runs through the middle of it. This Country is very fruitful in Corn, Herbs, and Fruits; and produces a vast quantity of excellent Wines; but their most Staple Commodity is Silk, of which they have a great quantity, but not half what is reported: The Air is very dry, cold in the Winter, and hot in the Summer.		Georgia, more properly so called, borders to the East upon Circassia and Muscovy, to the West upon Armenia the Less, to the South upon Armenia the Greater, to the North upon the Euxine Sea, and that Part of Colchis, called Imireta, (which I believe (saith Sir J. Chardin) to be all that Country which the Ancients call Iberia.) It is a Country very full of Woods, and very Mountainous, which yet has in it a great Number of Pleasant Plains; only the middle of Georgia is more even and level than the rest: The River Kur, (Cyrus) runs through the middle of it. This Country is very fruitful in Corn, Herbs, and Fruits; and produces a vast quantity of excellent Wines; but their most Staple Commodity is Silk, of which they have a great quantity, but not half what is reported: The Air is very dry, cold in the Winter, and hot in the Summer.
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	Gerania, an ancient City of Maesia Superior, (now Bulgaria,) towards Thrace and the Mountain Haemus.		Gerania, an ancient City of Maesia Superior, (now Bulgaria,) towards Thrace and the Mountain Haemus.

	Gerawer, Geravia, a Territory in the Upper Circle of the Rhine, towards the Confluence of the Mayne and Rhine; between the County of Erpach on the East, Mentz on the North and South, the Palatinate of the Rhine on the West. The principal Places are Geraw, and Darmstad; from which latter this is sometimes by Foreigners called the Land•gra•iat		Gerawer, Geravia, a Territory in the Upper Circle of the Rhine, towards the Confluence of the Mayne and Rhine; between the County of Erpach on the East, Mentz on the North and South, the Palatinate of the Rhine on the West. The principal Places are Geraw, and Darmstad; from which latter this is sometimes by Foreigners called the Land•gra•iat de Darmstad. The Town of Geraw, which gives this Territory its other Name, lies not above two German Miles from the Rhine, and Oppenheim to the East; upon the River Noir.

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	de Darmstad. The Town of Geraw, which gives this Territory its other Name, lies not above two German Miles from the Rhine, and Oppenheim to the East; upon the River Noir.

	Gerberoy, a Town in the Isle of France, towards the Borders of Picardy, in the Territory of Beauvoisis, four or five Leagues from Beauvais; at which the English and French fought a Battle in 1434.		Gerberoy, a Town in the Isle of France, towards the Borders of Picardy, in the Territory of Beauvoisis, four or five Leagues from Beauvais; at which the English and French fought a Battle in 1434.
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	Gihon, one of the four Rivers springing from the Paradise of Adam and Eve, Gen. 2. 13. Josephus makes it the same with the Nile, others with the Araxes. See Nilus.		Gihon, one of the four Rivers springing from the Paradise of Adam and Eve, Gen. 2. 13. Josephus makes it the same with the Nile, others with the Araxes. See Nilus.

	Gilan, Gelae, Gilania, a Province of Persia, upon the South side of the Caspian Sea, which from it is often called the Sea of Gilan. The chief City of this Province is Gilan, and stands upon the River Abisirni, twenty five German Miles from the Caspian Sea: in Long. 90. 13. and Lat. 40.

	Gilboa, a Chain of Mountains in the Holy Land, extended the length of ten or twelve Leagues, from the City Jezrael to Jordan, along the Tribe of Issachar and the Ʋpper Galilee. Famous in the Jewish History for the encampment, defeat, and death, of King Saul and his three Sons here, in a Battel with the Philistines; and for David's cursing these Mountains with Barrenness for Jonathan's sake. They are almost all covered with Stones. Taking their Name, some suppose, from an ancient City Gilboa. As at this time, we are told, of a considerable Town called Gilbus, standing amongst them.		Gilboa, a Chain of Mountains in the Holy Land, extended the length of ten or twelve Leagues, from the City Jezrael to Jordan, along the Tribe of Issachar and the Ʋpper Galilee. Famous in the Jewish History for the encampment, defeat, and death, of King Saul and his three Sons here, in a Battel with the Philistines; and for David's cursing these Mountains with Barrenness for Jonathan's sake. They are almost all covered with Stones. Taking their Name, some suppose, from an ancient City Gilboa. As at this time, we are told, of a considerable Town called Gilbus, standing amongst them.
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	Hyrach, Hyrcania, a Province of the Kingdom of Persia; heretofore bounded on the North by the Hyrcanian Sea, on the East by Margiana, on the West by Media, and on the South by Parthia, properly so called: Now divided into two Provinces, called Taberistan, Mazenderan.		Hyrach, Hyrcania, a Province of the Kingdom of Persia; heretofore bounded on the North by the Hyrcanian Sea, on the East by Margiana, on the West by Media, and on the South by Parthia, properly so called: Now divided into two Provinces, called Taberistan, Mazenderan.

	The. Hyreanian Sea, Mare Hyrcanium, takes this ancient well known Name from this Province: but it is no less frequently called, both in Ancient and Modern Geographers and Historians, the Caspian Sea. This Sea is called by various Names according to the Countries which do border upon it. It was anciently called the Sea of Chosar, from the eldest Son of Th•garma, a Great Grand-child of Noah, by Japhet. Nubius, in his Geography, calls it the Sea of Tavisthan; the Arabians Baharcorsum; the Persians Kulsum; (as they do also the Persian Gulph.) The Greek and Latin Authors, Mare Hyrcanium, or Mare Caspium; the Persians call it also the Sea of Baku; the Muscovites, Gualenskoi-More. The Ancients generally thought it had a communication with the Indian Ocean; which is not true: for it has no communication with any other Sea in the World known; and therefore may most properly be called the Mediterranean Sea: this was known to Aristotle, and Herodotus of old. Its greatest extent is from North to South, (that is, from Astrachan, to Ferabath,) eight deg. of the Equator; or one hundred and twenty German Miles, or four hundred and eighty English Miles: its Breadth from the Province of Chuaresin, to the Mountains of Circassia (or Shirwan,) is six deg. or ninety German Miles, or three hundred and sixty English Miles. The Waters are in the middle as salt as those of any other Sea whatsoever; but it neither Ebbs nor Flows, as all the rest do, which have any Intercourse with the Ocean. It hath in a manner never a safe Harbor upon it: the best is Minkischlak, or Manguslave, on the side of the Grand Tartary. The Water is of the same colour with that of other Seas: it has but one Island in it, and that lies towards Persia, called Ensil, which has never an House in it. Thus far Olearius, who Travelled over it in 1636. It is generally very shallow, and flat; therefore in Tempests dangerous to those that Sail upon it: the Persians never trust to it, and rarely go out of sight of the Shoar. This Sea has on the North the Kingdom of Astrachan, and Negaia; on the East Chuaresm; on the South, the Kingdom of Persia; and on the West Georgia: it receives there above an hundred Rivers which fall into it, many of which are very great; as the Wolga, the Araxis or Cyrus, the Keisilosein, the Bustrow, the Aksay, and the Koisu: towards the North, are the Rivers of Jaika, and Jems; towards the South and East the Nios, Oxus, and the Oxentes, which Curtius calls Tanais: Olearius assures us, that in twenty days Travel between Roschot and Schamakap, he crossed above fourscore Rivers great and small.

	Hyth, a Port in the County of Kent, in Shepway Lath, which has a Castle for its Defence; upon the Streights of Calais, between Dover to the North, and Rie to the South; two Miles from the first, and five from the latter. It elects two Members of Parliament.		Hyth, a Port in the County of Kent, in Shepway Lath, which has a Castle for its Defence; upon the Streights of Calais, between Dover to the North, and Rie to the South; two Miles from the first, and five from the latter. It elects two Members of Parliament.
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	Medelpad, Medelpadia, a Province of Sweden, which is a part of Angerman; between Helsinga to the South, Angerman properly so called, Jemptland to the North, the Baltick Sea to the East, and Dale-Carle to the West.		Medelpad, Medelpadia, a Province of Sweden, which is a part of Angerman; between Helsinga to the South, Angerman properly so called, Jemptland to the North, the Baltick Sea to the East, and Dale-Carle to the West.

	=== descriptionPage 260 ===
	Medemblick, a Town in West Friesland, (one of the Ʋnited Provinces of the Low-Countries,) seated upon the Zuyder Sea, upon which it has a large and secure Haven, two Miles and an half from Hoorn, and above eight from Amsterdam to the North. It is in the Maps Medenblick.		Medemblick, a Town in West Friesland, (one of the Ʋnited Provinces of the Low-Countries,) seated upon the Zuyder Sea, upon which it has a large and secure Haven, two Miles and an half from Hoorn, and above eight from Amsterdam to the North. It is in the Maps Medenblick.

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	Oaxes and Oaxus, a River of the Island of Candia, now called Armiro. Virgil epithets it<blockquote>—rapidum veniemus Oaxem.</blockquote>Other Ancients speak of a City or Town there, of the same name.		Oaxes and Oaxus, a River of the Island of Candia, now called Armiro. Virgil epithets it<blockquote>—rapidum veniemus Oaxem.</blockquote>Other Ancients speak of a City or Town there, of the same name.
	Obb. See Oby.		Obb. See Oby.

	Obdora, a Province in the North of Moscovy, on the Frozen Sea; between the River Oby to the East, and Petzora to the West. There is never a City or Town of Note in it. The Dutch who have lately discovered its Sea Coasts, have presumed to call it Niew West Frieslandt: but they have not settled any Colonies here, and probably never will.

	Obeck, Gir, a River of Lybia in Africa.		Obeck, Gir, a River of Lybia in Africa.
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	Peristasi, Peristacium, a City of Thrace upon the Propontis; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Heraclia; sixteen Miles from Heximili to the North. In the latter Maps called Peraste.		Peristasi, Peristacium, a City of Thrace upon the Propontis; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Heraclia; sixteen Miles from Heximili to the North. In the latter Maps called Peraste.

	Permaweliky, Permia Magna, a City in the Province of Permsky in Russia; between the Dwina to the West, and the Obb to the East; seated upon the River Kama.

	Permessus, a River of Baeotia, in Greece; springing from the Mountain Helicon, and consecrated amongst the ancient Poets to Apollo and the Muses.		Permessus, a River of Baeotia, in Greece; springing from the Mountain Helicon, and consecrated amongst the ancient Poets to Apollo and the Muses.

	Permie, or Permsky, a Principality in the Empire of Moscovia; very marshy and uncultivated; inhabited by a Salvage People with some few Christians, to whom about 1550. Duke John Basilowitz granted a Bishop, since changed into an Archbishop residing at Wologda, and taking his Title from Perm or Prems, the capital City of Permsky.

	Pernambuco, Pernambucum, a City in Brasil; which is the Capital of a Province of the same name, above sixty German Miles long, upon the North Sea; and a Bishops See. Seated upon the River Bibiribe, which makes a large Haven. Long. 346. 00. Lat. 9. 15. This was made a Bishops See in 1676, after it was recovered out of the Hands of the Hollanders: who in 1629. took it from the Portuguese. Otherwise called Olinde.		Pernambuco, Pernambucum, a City in Brasil; which is the Capital of a Province of the same name, above sixty German Miles long, upon the North Sea; and a Bishops See. Seated upon the River Bibiribe, which makes a large Haven. Long. 346. 00. Lat. 9. 15. This was made a Bishops See in 1676, after it was recovered out of the Hands of the Hollanders: who in 1629. took it from the Portuguese. Otherwise called Olinde.

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	Iaroslaw, a pleasant Town in Red Russia, belonging to the Poles, upon the River Sane, with a Castle; forty five Polish Miles from Warsaw to the South, thirty five from Cassovia to the North-East, and twenty from Lemburg to the North-West: near this place the Swedes gave the Poles a fatal overthrow, in 1656. In 1625. it suffered much by Fire.		Iaroslaw, a pleasant Town in Red Russia, belonging to the Poles, upon the River Sane, with a Castle; forty five Polish Miles from Warsaw to the South, thirty five from Cassovia to the North-East, and twenty from Lemburg to the North-West: near this place the Swedes gave the Poles a fatal overthrow, in 1656. In 1625. it suffered much by Fire.

	Iaroslaw, a great City in Muscovy, which is the Capital of a Dukedom of the same Name, and has in it a Timber Castle; it is seated upon the Wolga, thirty German Miles South of Wolgda, thirty seven North of Moscho. The Dukedom of Jaroslaw is very great; and lies between that of Wologda to the North, Rostow to the South, and the River Wolga to the East. Governed by a Prince of its own, till John Basilovits, Duke of Russia, Conquered it, and annexed it to his own Dominions. Since that, it has been given to the eldest Son of the Duke of Muscovy, as his Title and Residence.

	Iarrow, a Town in the Bishoprick of Durham, in Chester Ward; deserving a remark, for being the Birth place of the Venerable Bede.		Iarrow, a Town in the Bishoprick of Durham, in Chester Ward; deserving a remark, for being the Birth place of the Venerable Bede.
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	Livenza, Liquentia, a River in the State of Venice, which ariseth in the borders of Bellunese; and flowing South, separates the Marquisate of Treviso from Friuli; then falls into the Venetian Gulph, twenty Miles from Venice to the South East.		Livenza, Liquentia, a River in the State of Venice, which ariseth in the borders of Bellunese; and flowing South, separates the Marquisate of Treviso from Friuli; then falls into the Venetian Gulph, twenty Miles from Venice to the South East.

	Livonia, called by the Inhabitants Lie•land; by the Poles, Inflanty; by the French, Livonie; is a great and cultivated Province of the Kingdom of Poland, ever since it was taken from the Knights of the Teutonick Order: but the greatest part of it has since been taken from them by the Swedes. It is bounded on the North by the Bay of Finland; on the West with the Bay of Riga, (both parts of the Baltick Sea;) on the South with Samogithia, and Lituania; and on the East with Ingria and Pleskow, two Provinces belonging to the Russ. It is divided into four Counties; Esten (Esthonia,) Curland, Semigallen, and Letten. Esten is under the Swede, and also Letten; except a little part towards the East, which the Russ have. Curland and Semigallen, are subject to a Duke, who is a Feudatary of the Crown of Poland: there belong to it also Oesel, and Dagho, (two Islands in the Baltick Sea,) which were possessed by the Dane; till in 1645. by a Treaty at Bromsbro, they were yielded to the Swede. The chief Towns in it are Narva, Parnaw, Revel, Riga (the Capital,) Derpt and Wolmer. Its length from Narva to Memmel is ninety German Miles: its breadth from the Sea to Dodina, sixty. It produceth Wheat in abundance; which the Dwina and Narva, bring down to Riga and Narva, for Exportation. Its Forests abound with wild Boars, Bears, &c. which come over the Narva, out of Russia. This People being then Barbarous, began to imbrace the Christian Faith about 1161. Meinradus became their first Bishop in 1190. The way of Instruction being thought too slow by his Successors, Albertus, (one of them) instituted an Order of Knights to Bang them into Christianity, which were called the Livonian Order; but in time united with the Teutonick in 1237. About 1525. these two Orders were again parted by Albert Duke of Brandenburgh; and Sigismond, King of Poland, put an end to them in 1587. In 1617. the Swedes became Masters of this Country. In 1634. the Muscovites ceded all their right to it to Ladislaus K. of Poland; who by the treaty of Stumsdorf, confirmed the Swedes in the possession of as much as they held on the North of the Dwina, for twenty six years: All which was entirely yielded to them in 1660. by the peace of Oliva.

	Livorno. See Ligorne.		Livorno. See Ligorne.
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	Morbiban, Morbibanum, a large Haven on the North side of the Lesser Bretagne in France; seven Leagues from Port Lovis to the East, and near Vannes. Above thirty small Islands lye in the Gulph of this harbour.		Morbiban, Morbibanum, a large Haven on the North side of the Lesser Bretagne in France; seven Leagues from Port Lovis to the East, and near Vannes. Above thirty small Islands lye in the Gulph of this harbour.

	The Morduates, a Province in the North-Eastern Parts of the Empire of Russia, towards the River Rha; between the Czeremisses to the East, and Wolodimera to the West. It is a Country of great Extent; and made terrible by its vast unpassable Woods and Forests.

	More or Moore, an Episcopal City in the County of Mayo, in Connaught in Ireland.		More or Moore, an Episcopal City in the County of Mayo, in Connaught in Ireland.
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	Novogrod, Novogroda, sirnamed Litawiski, is a City of Lithuania, under the Crown of Poland; the Capital of a Palatinate of the same name; in which the Diet of Lithuania ought by turns with Minsko to be holden. It stands scarce four Polish Miles from the River Niemen or Memel, and twenty from Vilna to the South.		Novogrod, Novogroda, sirnamed Litawiski, is a City of Lithuania, under the Crown of Poland; the Capital of a Palatinate of the same name; in which the Diet of Lithuania ought by turns with Minsko to be holden. It stands scarce four Polish Miles from the River Niemen or Memel, and twenty from Vilna to the South.

	Novogrodeck Seviersky, a strong City of Russia; which has been attributed to Lithuania, when under the Poles; but now it is under the Russ again. It stands upon the River Dezna; seventeen Polish Miles from Czernichou to the North-East, forty six from Kiovia to the same, and the same distance from Smolensko to the South. This is also the Capital of a Palatinate.

	Noyon, Novomag•s, Noviodunum, a City in the Isle of France; near the Borders of Picardy (of which it was a part) upon the River Vorse, which two Miles lower falls into the Oise; eight Leagues from Soisons to the South-West, fifteen from Amiens, six from Reims to the West, and twenty two from Paris to the North. It is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Reims: the Bishop of it is one of the three Earls, and a Peer of France; the Diocese which belongs to it, is called Le Noyonois.		Noyon, Novomag•s, Noviodunum, a City in the Isle of France; near the Borders of Picardy (of which it was a part) upon the River Vorse, which two Miles lower falls into the Oise; eight Leagues from Soisons to the South-West, fifteen from Amiens, six from Reims to the West, and twenty two from Paris to the North. It is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Reims: the Bishop of it is one of the three Earls, and a Peer of France; the Diocese which belongs to it, is called Le Noyonois.

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	Gallia, one of the greatest and best known Regions of Europe to the Ancients. I have considered its present State under the Word France; and here I am to say a little of its ancient Bounds and People, before the Francks or French entered into it. These Nations were at first called Celtae, after that Galli, and by the Grecians Galatae. They possessed all that vast Tract of Land between Ancona in Italy, and the Mouth of the Rhine; from the Western Ocean of Aquitain, to the Adriatick: Which was divided into Gallia Transalpina, and Gallia Cisalpina. 1. Gallia Transalpina was divided by Julius Caesar (who first conquered the greatest part of it,) into four Parts; Provincia Romana, Aquitania, Celtae or Gallia properly so called, and Belgium: All which he saith had different Tongues, Laws, Manners and Governments. 1. Provincia Romana was then bounded on the North with the Mountains of Gebenna and the River Rhodanus, on the East with the Alpes, on the South with the Mediterranean Sea and the Pyrenean Hills, which divided it from Spain, and on the West with the Garumna; the Rhodanus cutting this Province almost in the middle, after it turned to the South, and ceased to be a Boundary. This River is now called the Rhosne. 2. Aquitania, had on the North and East, the Garumna, now Garonne; on the West the Ocean, on the South Spain and the Pyrenean Hills; and was the least of all the four Parts. 3. Gallia Celtica, was likewise the greatest; bounded on the North with the River Sequana, now Seyne; Matrona, now Marne; and the Mountain Vogesus, now Mont de Vauge, which parted it from Gallia Belgica; on the East it had also the Marne, the Rhine, and Alpes; on the South Provincia Romana, and Aquitania; and on the West the British and Aquitain Ocean. 4. Gallia Belgica, which was the fourth Part, on the North and East had the Rhine, on the South Gallia Celtica, and on the West the British Ocean from the Mouth of the Seyne, to the South of the Rhine. This vast Tract was divided into various Nations or Tribes, which had sent their Colonies into the British Islands, and peopled all these Tracts. Yet such was the Increase, or Restlessness of this People, that at times they broke over all those Bounds which Nature had set about them, and invaded the neighbour Nations. Thus they conquer'd that part of Italy, from them call'd Gallia Cisalpina; being invited over the Alpes by the sweet Wines from thence, about the times of Tarquinius Priscus, in the year of Rome 162. 588 years before Christ; Bellovesus, Son of Ambigatus, King of the Celtae, being their Leader, General, or Prince. Gallia Cisalpina was the Northern Part of Italy, extending from Arsia, now L'Arsa, a River of Istria, to the Alpes; which bounded the Provincia Romana, in the Gallia Transalpina; and its borders on the North and West were the Alpes, on the South the River Rubicon, or as others say, Aesis, or as Pliny assures us Ancona, and on the East they had the Adriatick Sea. These People were divided into four Potent Nations, viz. 1. The Insubres, which dwelt from the Alpes to the River Arnus, now Arno, which passeth through Florence. 2. The Cenomani, which lay next the Insubres to the East, and possessed the greatest part of Trevigiana. 3. The Boii, which took up the rest of Trevigiana, and the Dukedom of Ferrara, and so much of Romandiola as lies on the North-West side of the Rubicon. 4. The Senones, who passing the Rubicon, inhabited all the rest of Romandiola, and the Dukedom of Ʋrbino, to Ancona, according to Pliny. Of all these Italian Galls, the last were the most considerable: These were the Men who under Brennus, took and sacked the City of Rome, in the year of Rome, 364. But in the year 470. of Rome, they were finally conquered and extirpated by the Romans. The Boii were conquered by Flaminius, about the year of Rome 529. and being impatient of Servitude, passed over the Alpes into Germany, and possessed themselves of Bavaria. Upon which the Insubres, and Cenomani yielded in 431. and became subject to the Romans. The Provincia Romana, was conquered in part by Fulvius Flaccus, in 627. The Remainder in 631. by Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus; and the three other Provinces by Julius Caesar, between 694. and 697. fifty three years before the Birth of our Saviour. A part of these Galls under Brennus, about 474. made their way through Greece, and settled in Gallo-Graecia, or Galacia, in the Lesser Asia; though it is much more probable this Expedition was immediately after the taking of Rome. But now to give an exact Account of all the several People contained under this Name, their Laws, Rites, Customs, Governments, and Bounds, would too much exceed the Limits set me in this Work.		Gallia, one of the greatest and best known Regions of Europe to the Ancients. I have considered its present State under the Word France; and here I am to say a little of its ancient Bounds and People, before the Francks or French entered into it. These Nations were at first called Celtae, after that Galli, and by the Grecians Galatae. They possessed all that vast Tract of Land between Ancona in Italy, and the Mouth of the Rhine; from the Western Ocean of Aquitain, to the Adriatick: Which was divided into Gallia Transalpina, and Gallia Cisalpina. 1. Gallia Transalpina was divided by Julius Caesar (who first conquered the greatest part of it,) into four Parts; Provincia Romana, Aquitania, Celtae or Gallia properly so called, and Belgium: All which he saith had different Tongues, Laws, Manners and Governments. 1. Provincia Romana was then bounded on the North with the Mountains of Gebenna and the River Rhodanus, on the East with the Alpes, on the South with the Mediterranean Sea and the Pyrenean Hills, which divided it from Spain, and on the West with the Garumna; the Rhodanus cutting this Province almost in the middle, after it turned to the South, and ceased to be a Boundary. This River is now called the Rhosne. 2. Aquitania, had on the North and East, the Garumna, now Garonne; on the West the Ocean, on the South Spain and the Pyrenean Hills; and was the least of all the four Parts. 3. Gallia Celtica, was likewise the greatest; bounded on the North with the River Sequana, now Seyne; Matrona, now Marne; and the Mountain Vogesus, now Mont de Vauge, which parted it from Gallia Belgica; on the East it had also the Marne, the Rhine, and Alpes; on the South Provincia Romana, and Aquitania; and on the West the British and Aquitain Ocean. 4. Gallia Belgica, which was the fourth Part, on the North and East had the Rhine, on the South Gallia Celtica, and on the West the British Ocean from the Mouth of the Seyne, to the South of the Rhine. This vast Tract was divided into various Nations or Tribes, which had sent their Colonies into the British Islands, and peopled all these Tracts. Yet such was the Increase, or Restlessness of this People, that at times they broke over all those Bounds which Nature had set about them, and invaded the neighbour Nations. Thus they conquer'd that part of Italy, from them call'd Gallia Cisalpina; being invited over the Alpes by the sweet Wines from thence, about the times of Tarquinius Priscus, in the year of Rome 162. 588 years before Christ; Bellovesus, Son of Ambigatus, King of the Celtae, being their Leader, General, or Prince. Gallia Cisalpina was the Northern Part of Italy, extending from Arsia, now L'Arsa, a River of Istria, to the Alpes; which bounded the Provincia Romana, in the Gallia Transalpina; and its borders on the North and West were the Alpes, on the South the River Rubicon, or as others say, Aesis, or as Pliny assures us Ancona, and on the East they had the Adriatick Sea. These People were divided into four Potent Nations, viz. 1. The Insubres, which dwelt from the Alpes to the River Arnus, now Arno, which passeth through Florence. 2. The Cenomani, which lay next the Insubres to the East, and possessed the greatest part of Trevigiana. 3. The Boii, which took up the rest of Trevigiana, and the Dukedom of Ferrara, and so much of Romandiola as lies on the North-West side of the Rubicon. 4. The Senones, who passing the Rubicon, inhabited all the rest of Romandiola, and the Dukedom of Ʋrbino, to Ancona, according to Pliny. Of all these Italian Galls, the last were the most considerable: These were the Men who under Brennus, took and sacked the City of Rome, in the year of Rome, 364. But in the year 470. of Rome, they were finally conquered and extirpated by the Romans. The Boii were conquered by Flaminius, about the year of Rome 529. and being impatient of Servitude, passed over the Alpes into Germany, and possessed themselves of Bavaria. Upon which the Insubres, and Cenomani yielded in 431. and became subject to the Romans. The Provincia Romana, was conquered in part by Fulvius Flaccus, in 627. The Remainder in 631. by Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus; and the three other Provinces by Julius Caesar, between 694. and 697. fifty three years before the Birth of our Saviour. A part of these Galls under Brennus, about 474. made their way through Greece, and settled in Gallo-Graecia, or Galacia, in the Lesser Asia; though it is much more probable this Expedition was immediately after the taking of Rome. But now to give an exact Account of all the several People contained under this Name, their Laws, Rites, Customs, Governments, and Bounds, would too much exceed the Limits set me in this Work.

	Gallipoli, Callipolis, a City of Thrace, upon the Bosphorus, called by the Turks Geliboli; which is a Bishop's See under the Archbishop of Heraclea; and the Seat of the Turkish Admiral, or Captain Bassa of his Gallies. It is great, populous, well traded; and has an Haven, a Castle, and a good Magazine well furnished. This Town stands on the West side of the Hellespont, not over against Lampasco, but a little more North; neither walled, nor well built within, the Houses being all of Earth and Timber, and low; the Streets narrow, sometimes covered with Boards to keep off the Heat of the Sun; yet said to be six Miles in Compass, and to have four or five thousand Christian Inhabitants amongst others. There is little to be seen in it of its ancient Splendor and Elegance: It stands upon a Peninsula, having upon the North and South, two Bays for Gallies and Boats, of which the Southern seems best for Ships. This City is one hundred and ten Miles South of Constantinople, and five from the Shoars of Asia. Long. 54. 30. Lat. 42. 16. § Gallipoli, Gallipolis, Anxa, a City of the Kingdom of Naples, in the Terra di Otranto; built on a Rock, upon the Western Shoar, in the Bay of Taranto; thirty six Miles from that City, and in an Island which is only joined to the Continent by a Bridge, supported by huge massy Stones. Small, but well fortified, and populous, with a good Haven, a strong Castle, and good Walls: it is a Bishops See, but his Diocese is bounded by the Walls of the City, and he is under the Archbishop of Taranto. Long. 42. 12. Lat. 39. 58.

	Galloway, Novantae, Gallovidia. Galdia, is a large County in the South of Scotland, over against Munster in Ireland, from which it is separated by a Channel of only fifteen Scotch Miles in breadth. Bounded on the West with the Sea; on the South with Solway Fyrth, which separates it from Cumberland; on the East with Nithesdale, and on the North with Carrick and Kile: it takes its name from the Welsh, who for a long time maintained this County against the Scots and Picts, calling themselves Gaels; and in the Writers of the middle Ages, it is accordingly called Gael-Wallia: the Country is every where swelled into Hills; better for Pasture than Corn, but well supplied with Fish, both from the Sea and Fresh-water-Lakes, of which there are many at the foot of the Hills. The principal River is the Dee, called Dea, by Ptolomy. The principal Town is Withern, (Candida Casa) which is a Bishops See, and one of the first erected in this Kingdom by Nina a Britain, the Apostle of the Nation of the Picts. Upon the Coast of this County, there is a narrow Isthmus, call'd the Mule of Galloway: it is the same with the Novantum Chersonesus of the Antients, and lies in 55 d. 10 m. of North Lat. The most Southern point of all Scotland.		Galloway, Novantae, Gallovidia. Galdia, is a large County in the South of Scotland, over against Munster in Ireland, from which it is separated by a Channel of only fifteen Scotch Miles in breadth. Bounded on the West with the Sea; on the South with Solway Fyrth, which separates it from Cumberland; on the East with Nithesdale, and on the North with Carrick and Kile: it takes its name from the Welsh, who for a long time maintained this County against the Scots and Picts, calling themselves Gaels; and in the Writers of the middle Ages, it is accordingly called Gael-Wallia: the Country is every where swelled into Hills; better for Pasture than Corn, but well supplied with Fish, both from the Sea and Fresh-water-Lakes, of which there are many at the foot of the Hills. The principal River is the Dee, called Dea, by Ptolomy. The principal Town is Withern, (Candida Casa) which is a Bishops See, and one of the first erected in this Kingdom by Nina a Britain, the Apostle of the Nation of the Picts. Upon the Coast of this County, there is a narrow Isthmus, call'd the Mule of Galloway: it is the same with the Novantum Chersonesus of the Antients, and lies in 55 d. 10 m. of North Lat. The most Southern point of all Scotland.
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	Ganabara, Januarius, a vast River in Brasil, so called by the Natives: it falls into the Atlantick Ocean near St. Sebastian, where it makes a good Harbor.		Ganabara, Januarius, a vast River in Brasil, so called by the Natives: it falls into the Atlantick Ocean near St. Sebastian, where it makes a good Harbor.

	Gand, or Gant, Gandavum, Clarinea, called by the Inhabitants, Ghent; by the French, Gand; by the Germans, Gent; by the Spaniards, Gante; is the Capital of the Earldom of Flanders, upon the River Schelde, which there takes in the Lyse and Lieue: made a Bishop's See under the Archbishop of Mechlin, by Pope Paul IV. in 1559. in the Reign of Philip 2. King of Spain. This is a vast, strong City; and was once as rich and populous, as unquiet and seditious, as any in the Low Countries. Erasmus saith of it in his time, that he did not think there was any one City in Christendom, that could be compared to this for Greatness, Power, Government, and the ingenuity of the Inhabitants. But the Wars and other Calamities which have ever since lain heavy upon this Country, have exhausted both its Wealth and Inhabitants; and brought this City particularly into a very languishing condition. The Strength and Situation of it, have hitherto supported it. It has a Castle built by Charles V. in 1539, who was born here in 1500, and converted an old Abbey, which it had, into a Cathedral Church. And when he built the said Castle, spared not to put to death about thirty of the principal Burghers, proscribe others, confiscate all the publick Buildings, take away their Artillery, Arms and Privileges, and condemn them in a Fine of twelve hundred thousand Crowns, for offering to put themselves under the Protection of Francis I. King		Gand, or Gant, Gandavum, Clarinea, called by the Inhabitants, Ghent; by the French, Gand; by the Germans, Gent; by the Spaniards, Gante; is the Capital of the Earldom of Flanders, upon the River Schelde, which there takes in the Lyse and Lieue: made a Bishop's See under the Archbishop of Mechlin, by Pope Paul IV. in 1559. in the Reign of Philip 2. King of Spain. This is a vast, strong City; and was once as rich and populous, as unquiet and seditious, as any in the Low Countries. Erasmus saith of it in his time, that he did not think there was any one City in Christendom, that could be compared to this for Greatness, Power, Government, and the ingenuity of the Inhabitants. But the Wars and other Calamities which have ever since lain heavy upon this Country, have exhausted both its Wealth and Inhabitants; and brought this City particularly into a very languishing condition. The Strength and Situation of it, have hitherto supported it. It has a Castle built by Charles V. in 1539, who was born here in 1500, and converted an old Abbey, which it had, into a Cathedral Church. And when he built the said Castle, spared not to put to death about thirty of the principal Burghers, proscribe others, confiscate all the publick Buildings, take away their Artillery, Arms and Privileges, and condemn them in a Fine of twelve hundred thousand Crowns, for offering to put themselves under the Protection of Francis I. King of France, by a Revolt that year; of which Francis generously rejecting their Plot, had as generously advertised him. In the Reign of Philip II. being injuriously treated by the Spaniards, this City was one of the first that expelled the Roman Rites in 1578, and admitted the Prince of Orange in 1579. and having cast out the Garrison of Spanish Soldiers, levelled the Citadel, and fortified the City, though then three German Miles in compass. It maintained its Liberty, till in 1585. seeing the Prince of Orange murthered, and no hopes of succor from the Dutch, it submitted to the Prince of Parma, who rebuilt the Citadel; but the Inhabitants being wasted, the French took it in 1678, in six days, and after restored it to the Spaniards, who are now in possession of it. This City stands at the equal distance of four Leagues from Antiverp, Brussels, and Mechlin. The learned Hostius, Sanderus, and Jodocus Badius, were Natives of it. Its ancient Inhabitants are mentioned by Caesar under the name of Gorduni. There are a great many Religious Houses adorning it, and seven Parishes, besides the Cathedral. There is also a strong Castle called the Sas van Ghent or Castle of Gant, four Miles from hence to the North, built by the Spaniards; and taken by the Hollanders in 1644. is still in their Possession.

	=== descriptionPage 158 ===
	of France, by a Revolt that year; of which Francis generously rejecting their Plot, had as generously advertised him. In the Reign of Philip II. being injuriously treated by the Spaniards, this City was one of the first that expelled the Roman Rites in 1578, and admitted the Prince of Orange in 1579. and having cast out the Garrison of Spanish Soldiers, levelled the Citadel, and fortified the City, though then three German Miles in compass. It maintained its Liberty, till in 1585. seeing the Prince of Orange murthered, and no hopes of succor from the Dutch, it submitted to the Prince of Parma, who rebuilt the Citadel; but the Inhabitants being wasted, the French took it in 1678, in six days, and after restored it to the Spaniards, who are now in possession of it. This City stands at the equal distance of four Leagues from Antiverp, Brussels, and Mechlin. The learned Hostius, Sanderus, and Jodocus Badius, were Natives of it. Its ancient Inhabitants are mentioned by Caesar under the name of Gorduni. There are a great many Religious Houses adorning it, and seven Parishes, besides the Cathedral. There is also a strong Castle called the Sas van Ghent or Castle of Gant, four Miles from hence to the North, built by the Spaniards; and taken by the Hollanders in 1644. is still in their Possession.

	Gandia, a small Town in the Kingdom of Valentia, upon the Coast of the Mediterranean Sea, upon the Bay of Valentia, eight Leagues from Xativa, (Setabis) to the East. It is honoured with the Title of a Dukedom, which belongs to the ancient Family of Borgia; and has also a College, which bears the name of an University, of the Foundation of Francis Borgia, a General of the Jesuits, who was lately Canonized, and born here, and was Duke of it.		Gandia, a small Town in the Kingdom of Valentia, upon the Coast of the Mediterranean Sea, upon the Bay of Valentia, eight Leagues from Xativa, (Setabis) to the East. It is honoured with the Title of a Dukedom, which belongs to the ancient Family of Borgia; and has also a College, which bears the name of an University, of the Foundation of Francis Borgia, a General of the Jesuits, who was lately Canonized, and born here, and was Duke of it.
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	Horn, heretofore Heurn, Horna, a small Town in the Bishoprick of Leige, which has a beautiful Castle: about one League from the Maes and Roermond to the West; six from Maestricht to the North: also the Capital of the Earldom of Horn, within this Diocese; which lies between Guelderland to the East, Bosleduc to the North, and the County of Lootz to the South and West. This was heretofore under Earls of its own; but they being Extinct in the last Century, it returned to the Bishops of Leige.		Horn, heretofore Heurn, Horna, a small Town in the Bishoprick of Leige, which has a beautiful Castle: about one League from the Maes and Roermond to the West; six from Maestricht to the North: also the Capital of the Earldom of Horn, within this Diocese; which lies between Guelderland to the East, Bosleduc to the North, and the County of Lootz to the South and West. This was heretofore under Earls of its own; but they being Extinct in the last Century, it returned to the Bishops of Leige.

	=== descriptionPage 194 ===
	Horne or Cap d' Hoorn, a Cape of the Terra del Fuego in the South America, towards the Streights of Magellan: discovered in 1616 by Le Maire, a Native of Hoorne in Holland: Some Spaniards call it the Cape of S. Salvador.		Horne or Cap d' Hoorn, a Cape of the Terra del Fuego in the South America, towards the Streights of Magellan: discovered in 1616 by Le Maire, a Native of Hoorne in Holland: Some Spaniards call it the Cape of S. Salvador.

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	Montacute, a sharp-pointed Hill in the South parts of Somersetshire, which has the honour to give the title of a Viscount to the R. H. Francis Brown, descended from Anthony Brown created Viscount Montacute in the Reign of Qu. Mary in 1554: which Anthony was descended from Tho. Montacute Earl of Salisbury, created Lord Montacute and afterwards Marquess Montacute by K. Edw. IV.		Montacute, a sharp-pointed Hill in the South parts of Somersetshire, which has the honour to give the title of a Viscount to the R. H. Francis Brown, descended from Anthony Brown created Viscount Montacute in the Reign of Qu. Mary in 1554: which Anthony was descended from Tho. Montacute Earl of Salisbury, created Lord Montacute and afterwards Marquess Montacute by K. Edw. IV.

	Montagnia, a considerable City of Natolia, upon the Coast of the Sea of Marmora, and the Gulph called heretofore Cianus Sinus; five Leagues from Bursa: accounted to have five or six thousand Inhabitants,		Montagnia, a considerable City of Natolia, upon the Coast of the Sea of Marmora, and the Gulph called heretofore Cianus Sinus; five Leagues from Bursa: accounted to have five or six thousand Inhabitants, of Turks, Greeks, and Jews; and by the way of the Gulph, entertaining a good Commerce with Constantinople.

	=== descriptionPage 273 ===
	of Turks, Greeks, and Jews; and by the way of the Gulph, entertaining a good Commerce with Constantinople.

	Montaldo, a small place in Piedmont, subject to the Pope.		Montaldo, a small place in Piedmont, subject to the Pope.

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	Fuenterabia. See Fontarabia.		Fuenterabia. See Fontarabia.

	Fuld, Fulden, Fulda, a City of Germany, in Buchaw, or Buchen, a Territory in the Upper Circle of the Rhine, near Hassia; but from this City more frequently called Stift von Fuld, The Territory of the Abbey of Fuld. The City is built in a Plain: there is in it an Abbey of the Order of S. Bennet, one of the noblest in all Europe, which has the Civil Government of the City, and Territory about it. This Abbey was built by Pepin King of France, in 784. The Abbot is a Prince, and Primate of all the Abbots of the Empire. It stands twelve Miles from Coburgh to the West, ten from Cassel to the South, and eleven from Wurtsburg. The Territory of Fuld is of a great extent, and is more properly called Buchen: bounded on the North by Hassia, on the East by the County of Henneberg, on the South by Franconia, and on the West by the Ʋpper Hassia. § Fuld, Fulda, a River of Germany, which gives Name both to the City and Territory last mentioned; it ariseth in this Territory towards Franconia; and running Northward, watereth Fuld, and Hurschfeld in Hassia; then entertaining the Eder, he passeth by Cassel; and at Minden in Westphalia, being united with the Wertz and Verra, they two form the Weser, Visurgis, one of the greatest Rivers in Germany; which dividing the Dukedom of Breme from the Earldom of Oldenburgh, falls into the German Ocean at Carlestad, between Emden to the West, and Hamburgh to the North-East.

	Fuligno, Fullinium, or Fulginium, a small, but pretty City in the Dukedom of Spoleto, seated in a Valley, at the foot of the Apennine, twenty Miles from Perugia to the East, and ten from Assisio: it is divided by the River Tinna, Topino, and is under the Pope. The Inhabitants boast much of the Antiquity of it, not without good reason, it being mentioned by Strabo, Pliny, Appianus Alexandrinus, and Silius Italicus. This City was rased by those of Perugia, in 1281. for which the Inhabitants of the latter were excommunicated by the then Pope Martin II. (otherwise called the IV.): but recovering its former, or a greater beauty, it is now a Bishoprick, much enriched by its Fairs or Marts every year, and their excellent Comfeicts. The Learned Leandro is of opinion, this City is not the ancient Fulginia, but that Forum Flaminii stood in or near the place; which being ruined by the Lombards, the Todi rebuilt it, and called it by this Name; for which he cites several Authorities.		Fuligno, Fullinium, or Fulginium, a small, but pretty City in the Dukedom of Spoleto, seated in a Valley, at the foot of the Apennine, twenty Miles from Perugia to the East, and ten from Assisio: it is divided by the River Tinna, Topino, and is under the Pope. The Inhabitants boast much of the Antiquity of it, not without good reason, it being mentioned by Strabo, Pliny, Appianus Alexandrinus, and Silius Italicus. This City was rased by those of Perugia, in 1281. for which the Inhabitants of the latter were excommunicated by the then Pope Martin II. (otherwise called the IV.): but recovering its former, or a greater beauty, it is now a Bishoprick, much enriched by its Fairs or Marts every year, and their excellent Comfeicts. The Learned Leandro is of opinion, this City is not the ancient Fulginia, but that Forum Flaminii stood in or near the place; which being ruined by the Lombards, the Todi rebuilt it, and called it by this Name; for which he cites several Authorities.

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