Swethland - Revision history

Admin: /* 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. */

2025-10-26T04:34:56Z

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:34, 26 October 2025
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	IV. The Revenues are very great, they arising first from Church Lands taken to the Crown. Secondly, from Mines. Thirdly, from the Tenths of all Increase, as Wheat, Rye, Barley, Fish, Oxen, and the like Commodities. Fourthly, from Customs imposed on Merchandises, paid in all Haven-Towns for all Commodities imported and exported. He has also Contributions, and Power of imposing Tax in time of War, as occasion may require.</blockquote>		IV. The Revenues are very great, they arising first from Church Lands taken to the Crown. Secondly, from Mines. Thirdly, from the Tenths of all Increase, as Wheat, Rye, Barley, Fish, Oxen, and the like Commodities. Fourthly, from Customs imposed on Merchandises, paid in all Haven-Towns for all Commodities imported and exported. He has also Contributions, and Power of imposing Tax in time of War, as occasion may require.</blockquote>

			=== 1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri. ===
			<blockquote>Sweden, Suecia, one of the Northern Kingdoms of Europe, is called by the Inhabitants Swerie, Swedenrick, and Sweriesryke. It is a great and populous Kingdom, and contains the greatest part of that which of old was called Scandinavia, and was for some time united to the Crown of Denmark, and has been a distinct Kingdom only since the Year 1525. It is bounded on the North by Lapland, Norway, and the Frozen Sea; on the East by Muscovy, or Great Russia; on the South by the Baltick Sea, and on the West by Denmark and Norway. It is commonly divided into six Parts, viz. 1. Gothland, 2. Sweden properly so called, 3. Swedish Lapland, 4. Finland, 5. Ingria, 6. Livonia; which are divided into 34 Counties, and they again subdivided into Haeradlis, like our Hundreds, and contains 17 Cities, the Capital whereof is Stockholm. Sweden abounds with Rivers, Lakes, Rocks and Mountains. The Air is cold, but clear and wholsome (except those Places that lye near to the Seas, Lakes and Marshes) so that frequently People have been found to live here 130 or 140 Years. It is in Length from Stockholm to the Borders of Lapland 1000 Italian Miles, in Breadth 20 Days Journey on Horseback; so that with all its Appendages it is thought 900 Miles greater than France and Italy put together. The Soil is more fertil than that of any other of the Northern Kingdoms; it abounds with all Necessaries of Life: They transport great Quantities of Malt and Barley, also Brass, Lead, Steel, Copper, Skins of Goats, Bucks, Hides of Oxen, rich Furrs, Deals and Oak for Building. They have some Silver in their Mines, and in the Woods Tarr and Honey, and vast Quantities of Sea and Freshwater Fish. The People are strong, healthy, and well-proportioned, hospitable and civil, and so industrious that a Beggar is not to be seen amongst them; and are very good Soldiers. This was the Country of the Goths, who in the fourth Century broke the Force of the Roman Empire in the West, and let in the other barbarous Nations, who still possess it. The Kingdom of Sweden was formerly Elective till the Year 1523 or 25, when Gustavus II. was chosen King, who expelled the Danes; and Charles XI. the present King of Sweden, is the ninth in this Line, who succeeded his Father Charles X. in 1660. The Swedes were converted to the Christian Faith by Ansgarus Bishop of Bremen, about the Year 816: Lotharius the Emperor procured the Settlement of Bishops in these Northern Countries. They received the Reformation under Gustavus the First in the Year 1525. They have also planted a New Sweden in America, not far from Virginia.

			In the Great Affairs of the Nation the King convenes the States, which consist of the Nobility, the Clergy, Merchants, and Country-men. The Nobility send the eldest of their Families, the Clergy depute two Priests out of each Community or Corporation, every City sends two Merchants, and each Territory or District sends two Countrey-men. All other Concerns are referred to seven Councils, which are the Council of Justice, of War, of the Admiralty, of the Chancery, of the Revenues or the Exchequer, and of Commerce and Mines. The five chief Officers of the Crown are called the five great Lords, and are the Kings Tutors, and govern the Kingdom during his Minority. The Government of their Church is by Bishops, Priests and Deacons, as with us here in England; but their Bishops have not such large Revenues, nor such Power over the Clergy. The Priests or Parsons that live in the Country are obliged to Hospitality, and to give Entertainment to all Passengers and Travellers that stand in need of a Lodging; so that their Houses are as so many Inns. I must not forget a very singular way they have in some Parts of this Kingdom to sow their Corn; They burn down whole Forests, and when they are consumed they sow in the remaining Ashes Seed-Corn and some Earth mix'd together; from which, without any further trouble, they reap two Years after very good Grain. Their Authors say, that they have been under Kingly Government since the Year of the World 2014, three hundred after the Deluge, their first King being nam'd Eric, but own that from A. M. 3336 to 3916 they miss the Names of their Monarchs; and betwixt the Year of Christ 455 and 800 there are fourteen of their Kings controverted. Their present King, Charles XI, makes the 99th in their Catalogue; but Hoffman says, they reckon from Magog, Noah Nephew by Japhet, to Charles XI. 150. Olaus II was the first who call'd himself King of Sweden, his Predecessors having call'd themselves Kings of Ʋpsal, their Metropolis. About 1387 Margaret of Denmark, called the Semiramis of the North, united the Kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, telling her Nephew Eric, that Sweden would feed him, Norway cloath him, and Denmark defend him. The Genealogy of the present King of Sweden is thus; The Nobility weary of the Tyranny of Christern King of Denmark, chose Gustavus Son to Ericus of Wasa in 1522. He was successful in his Wars against the Danes, with whom he at last made Peace. He had also War with the Muscovites and City of Lubeck, and died in 1560. His Son Ericus XIV. succeeded in 1561, had War with the Danes and Poles, imprisoned his Brother John, married his own Concubine a mean Woman, and caused her to be Crown'd in 1568; whereupon his Brother imprison'd them both, and the Government came to John III. his Brother by another Marriage, who made Peace with the Danes in 1570, as also with the Cities of Stetin and Lubeck, but carried on the War against the Muscovites. His Son Sigismond, by Catherine Daughter to Sigismond King of Poland, being chosen King of that Country, succeeded him also as King of Sweden in 1594, but was Abdicated in 1599 for his endeavouring to bring in Popery, and succeeded by Charles IX. third Son of Gustavus, who had a cruel War with the Poles and Danes. The Kingdom of Sweden was confirmed to him and his Children of both Sexes, exclusive of Sigismond and his Posterity for ever. He died in 1611. His first Wife was Daughter to the Elector Palatine, by whom he had Catherine married to Casimer Duke of Deux Ponts. His second Wife was Christina Daughter to the Duke of Holstein, by whom he had Mary Elizabeth married to the Duke of Finland, and Gustavus Adolphus born in 1594, crown'd in 1617. He made Peace with the Danes in 1613, with the Muscovites in 1617, made War wi•h the Poles in 1625, subdued all Livonia, and made Royal Prussia the Seat of the War. He undertook his Expedition into Germany in 1630 to assist the Protestants against the Emperor, was killed in the Battel of Lutzen in 1632, leaving Mary of Brandenburg: Christina who under Tutelage of her Mother and Conduct of her Cousin Charles Gustavus Duke of Deux, carried on the German War. She made Peace with the Danes and Imperialists in 1645, and turning Roman Catholick in 1658, demitted the Crown, and was succeeded by the forementioned Charles Gustavus Son of her Aunt Catherine, who was crowned in 1654, and by the Assistance of the Elector of Brandenburg became Master of most of Poland and Prussia and Denmark, died in 1660, leaving by his Wife, Daughter to the Duke of Sleswick, the present King Charles XI. born in 1655; by the Procurement of the French King made Peace with the Emperor, Poles, and Elector of Brandenburg; but afterwards Leaguing with France, declared War against the Danes, Elector of Brandenburg, &c. until the Peace of Nimeguen. He married a Daughter of Frederick III. of Denmark, by whom he had Charles born in 82, and a Daughter born in 1688. Schowart. Cluverius Ortelius, Mercator, Sanson & Du Val. Geograph. Saxo Grammat. Hist. Dan. Olaus Magn. Hist. Gent. Septent. Joan. Magnus Hist. Reg. Suec. Albert Crantz Chron. Dan. Suec. & Nortveg. Erpold. Lindemborg. Script. Rer. German. Discourse de l' Etat & Couronne de Suede. Paun. Voyage de Suede. Baudrand. Jovin. Voyage d' Europe, &c.</blockquote>

	=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===		=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===

Admin: /* 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. */

2025-04-06T15:11:49Z

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

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	Archbishopricks 3, Bishopricks 15, Universities 2.</blockquote>		Archbishopricks 3, Bishopricks 15, Universities 2.</blockquote>

			=== 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. ===
			<blockquote>The House of Sweden. (Book Sweden)

			ABout the beginning of the last Century, the Nobility of Sweden growing weary of the Tyranny of Christian the Second, King of Denmark, elected Gustavus, Son of Eric of Wasa à Grypsholm, first Governour, then Duke, and last of all ann. 1523, King of Sweden, Gothland, the Vandals, Nordland, Finland, &c. and from him is descended,

			Charles the Eleventh, of the House Palatine of the Deux ponts, the present King, born Dec. 24. 1655, whose Father dying while he was but five years of Age, the Government of his Person and Kingdom were committed to ihe Queen his Mother, and five great Senators of Sweden, viz. to Count de Brahe, who was Grand Bailieffe, Couut Wrangel, who was Constable, Count de Stembock, who was Admiral, Count de la Gardie, a French Man by Birth, who was Chancellor, and the Baron de Bond, who was Treasurer. He was declared Major, Dec. 24. 1673. The Contract of Marriage of this King, and of the Princess Ulrica-Eleanora-Sabina, youngest Sister to the present King of Denmark, was signed at Copenhagen, May 7. 1680: and on the sixteenth of the same Month, it was consummated at Schutturup. On the fourth of December following the Queen made her publick and solemn Entrance at Stockholm, where she was crowned Queen the next day. She was born anno 1656, and has Issue living by the King.

			* 1. Hedewig-Sophia, born Jun. 26. 1681.
			* 2. Charles, the Hereditary Prince, born Jun. 17. 1682.
			* 3. Ulrica-Eleanora, born Jan. 21. 1688.

			The present King of Sweden has one natural Brother, Count Gustavus Carlson.

			II. He bears quarterly. In the first and fourth Azure, three Crowns Or, two in Chief, and one in Base, for Sweden. In the second and third, Barry, Argent, and Azure, a Lion Or, crowned Gules, for Finland. On the whole, quarterly, in the first and fourth Sable, a Lion Or, crown'd, arm'd, and langued Gules, for the Palatinate of the Rhine. In the second and third, Fuzele in Bend, Argent and Azure of twenty one pieces, for Bavaria. The Crest is a Royal Crown, garnished with eight small Flowers, and closed by as many demy Circles, terminating in a Mond Or, which is the Crest of Sweden. The Supporters are two Lions Or, crown'd with the same. His Livery is of a blue Colour. He professes the Protestant Religion according to the Doctrine of Luther, and has many Calvinists in his Dominions. He uses the Swedish Language, which is a Dialect of the High-Dutch.

			III. Stockholm is the Capital City of Sweden, and the usual place of the King's Residence: its a noted and well traded Port, and very strong; being situate in Marshes, and built on Piles like Venice; most of the Houses are covered with Copper. The Castle of this City is conceived to be one of the strongest Holds in the World; fortified with four hundred Brass Pieces; many of which are double Cannon. The Artillery of Sweden is so great, that its said, they have above eight thousand Brass Pieces of Cannon.

			Heylin counts in all the Kingdom of Sweden but one thousand four hundred and seventeen Parishes, but many of them have a thousand or eight hundred Families, the People being dispersed in Forests, and other places, where they have store of Timber to build them Houses, and store of Pasturage for their Cattle, which is the reason they have not so many great Towns, nor so well inhabited, as usual in far lesser Countries.

			IV. The Revenues are very great, they arising first from Church Lands taken to the Crown. Secondly, from Mines. Thirdly, from the Tenths of all Increase, as Wheat, Rye, Barley, Fish, Oxen, and the like Commodities. Fourthly, from Customs imposed on Merchandises, paid in all Haven-Towns for all Commodities imported and exported. He has also Contributions, and Power of imposing Tax in time of War, as occasion may require.</blockquote>

	=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===		=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===

Admin: /* 1691. A most compleat compendium of geography by Laurence Echard. */

2025-03-26T00:50:04Z

1691. A most compleat compendium of geography by Laurence Echard.

Admin: /* 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. */

2025-03-26T00:49:55Z

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:49, 26 March 2025
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	In Sweden are the chief Cities of Upsal a Bishoprick, Nicopea a Sea-town of good Strength, and Copperdole, most famous for its abundance of Brass, which is here in such plenty, that there are found 400 Brass Pieces in the Castle of Stockholm; under which I will comprehend the Trade of Sweden.</blockquote>		In Sweden are the chief Cities of Upsal a Bishoprick, Nicopea a Sea-town of good Strength, and Copperdole, most famous for its abundance of Brass, which is here in such plenty, that there are found 400 Brass Pieces in the Castle of Stockholm; under which I will comprehend the Trade of Sweden.</blockquote>

			=== 1691. A most compleat compendium of geography by Laurence Echard. ===
			<blockquote>THE Kingdom of Swedeland lies on the W. of Russia, and E of Norway. Situated between the 30th and 30 min. and the 60th and 50 min. of Lon. and between the 55th and 50 min. and the 68th and 52 min. of Lat. being in length from Gottenburg in Gothland, to the E. parts of Finland about 900 miles; and in breadth from Vsted in Scania, to the N. parts of Lapland (in Swedeland) about 820 miles. Not so large as it seems, by reason of the Botner Sea, which divides it in the middle. It contains the greatest part of old Scandinavia, with part of Sarmatia. Now called by the Inhabitants, Swerie, Swedenrick and Sweriesryck; by the Germans, Schweden; by the French, Swede; and by the Poles, Szwecya and Szwed∣zka Ziemia.

			It was anciently sometimes under the Danes and sometimes under the Norwegians, but it has had its own Kings ever since Anno 800; they were sometimes Kings of Denmark also. So it is at present governed by its own hereditary Kings, who have many Dominions in Germany, Poland and other places. His Royal Seat is at Stockholm.

			The Inhabitants are Protestants, and those chiefly Lutherans; in Livonia they are both Protestants and Papists. Their Language is a corrupt Dialect of the German or High Dutch; but in Lapland and Finland they use the old Finnick; and the Estones in Livonia have a pe∣culiar Tongue. Their chief Commodities are Metals, Ox-hides, Goat-skins, Buck-skins, and costly Furs; Pine-trees, Fir, Oaks, Tallow, Tar, Honey, &c. It is divided into seven Provin∣ces, which are,

			* 1. The Coast of Schonen, or Scania, some∣times South Gothland; the most S. W. Pro∣vince, 160 m. l. & 70 br. by most Geogra∣phers set in Denmark, but now a part of Swede∣land. It is divided into three parts, viz. 1. Halland, ch. T. Helmstat and Laholm. 2. D. of Schonen, ch. T. Lunden and Malmogen: And 3. Bleking, ch. T. Christianstadt and Ahus. Ch. T. of the whole is Lunden.
			* 2. Gothland, on the N. of Schonen, 240 m. l. & 200 br. divided into two parts, 1. East Got∣land, containing two Provinces, viz. Ostrogoth, ch. T. Linkoping; and Smalland, ch. T. Cal∣mar. To this may be added two Isles in the Baltick, viz. Oeland, ch. T. Borkholm; and Gothland, ch. T. Wisby. 2. West Gothland, containing three Provinces, viz. Westrogoth, ch. T. Gottenburg; Dalia, ch. T. Daleborg; and Vermland, ch. T. Carolstadt. Ch. T. of the whole is Calmar.

			* 3. Kingdom of Sweden, on the N. of Goth∣land, 360 m. l. & 250 br. divided into ten Provinces, viz. 1. Sudermania, ch. T. Niko∣ping. 2. Nericia, ch. T. Orebro. 3. West∣mania, ch. T. Arosia. 4. Vpland, ch. T. Stock∣holm and Vpsale. 5. Gestricia, ch. T. Gevelia. 6. Dalecarle, ch. T. Hedemore. 7. Helsingia, ch. T. Hadswickwalt. 8. Medalpadia, ch. T. Selanger. 9. Iemterland, ch. T. Alsne. 10. An∣germanland, ch. T. Hernosand. Ch. T. of the whole is Stockholm.
			* 4. Lapland (that is that part which is sub∣ject to Swedeland) lies on the N. E. of Sweden, 500 m. l. & 240 br. It is divided into five Provinces, viz. 1. Vma, ch. T. Vma. 2. Pi∣tha, ch. T. Pitha. 3. Lula, ch. T. Lula. 4. Tornia, ch. T. Tornia: And, 5. Kimi, ch. T. Kimi. Tornia is reckoned the ch. T. of the whole. These four Provinces, together with Nor∣way, make up the ancient Scandia or Scandina∣via.
			* 5. Dukedom of Finland, on the S. E. of Lapland, 520 m. l. & 380 br. divided into eight Provinces, viz. 1. Cajania, or Bothnia, ch. T. Cajaneburg. 2. Kexholm, ch. T. Kex∣holm. 3. Savolaxia, ch. T. Nyslot. 4. Tava∣stia, ch. T. Tavastia or Croneborg. 5. N. Fin∣land, ch. T. Orneburg. 6. S. Finland, ch. T. Abo. 7. Nyland, ch. T. Borgo. 8. D. of ...Carelia, ch. T. Wiborg. Abo is ch. T. of the whole.
			* 6. Lordship of Ingria, on the S. of Finland, 140 m. l. & 100 br. once part of Russia, but now under Swedeland, ch. T. are Notteborg, Iuanograd and Coporio.
			* 7. Livonia, or Lifeland, on the S. W. of In∣gria, once part of Poland, 240 m. l. & 200 br. divided into two parts, viz. 1. Estland, ch. T. Narva and Revel; and, 2. Lettenland, ch. T. Riga and Walmar. To this are added two Isles, viz. Oesel, ch. T. Ausburg; and Dagho, ch. T. Dagewoort.

			These three last Provinces were anciently a part of Sarmatia Europea.

			Rivers of chiefest note are four, viz. 1. Me∣ler, 2. Dalacarle, 3. Torne, and 4. Angerma∣nia.

			Mountains of greatest note are the Dofrine∣hills, parting Sweden from Norway.

			Principal Lakes are four, viz. 1. Ladoga, 2. Wener, 3. Weter, and 4. Iende.

			Archbishopricks 3, Bishopricks 15, Univer∣sities 2.</blockquote>

	=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===		=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===

Admin at 02:07, 16 January 2025

2025-01-16T02:07:09Z

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	==Maps==		==Maps==
	<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150" showfilename="yes">		<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150" showfilename="yes">
			File:1701 A system of geography by Herman Moll - Sweden and Norway.jpg
	File:1708 Jaillot, Alexis Hubert Japan.jpg
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Admin at 02:06, 16 January 2025

2025-01-16T02:06:04Z

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	==History==		==History==
	==Geography==		==Geography==
			==Maps==
			<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150" showfilename="yes">
			File:1708 Jaillot, Alexis Hubert Japan.jpg
			</gallery>

	==Demographics==		==Demographics==
	==Economy==		==Economy==

Admin: /* 1700. The merchants map of commerce by Roberts, Lewes. CHAP. CCXVII. Of Swethland, and the Trade thereof. */

2025-01-13T02:36:04Z

1700. The merchants map of commerce by Roberts, Lewes. CHAP. CCXVII. Of Swethland, and the Trade thereof.

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:36, 13 January 2025
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	The Isle of Gotland, the greatest of the Isles of the Baltick Sea, accompanied with five or six Havens, belongs to the Crown of Sueden. Several of its Rocks have ancient Gothick Characters. Its City of Wisby still preserves Marbles and Houses which have Doors of Iron and Brass, either washt with Silver, or guilt with Gold; which speaks its ancient Grandure. This Town did formerly establish Laws for the Navigation of the Baltick Sea, and gave beginning to Sea Maps.</blockquote>		The Isle of Gotland, the greatest of the Isles of the Baltick Sea, accompanied with five or six Havens, belongs to the Crown of Sueden. Several of its Rocks have ancient Gothick Characters. Its City of Wisby still preserves Marbles and Houses which have Doors of Iron and Brass, either washt with Silver, or guilt with Gold; which speaks its ancient Grandure. This Town did formerly establish Laws for the Navigation of the Baltick Sea, and gave beginning to Sea Maps.</blockquote>

	=== ~~1700~~. The merchants ~~map~~ of commerce by ~~Roberts,~~ Lewes. ~~CHAP. CCXVII. Of Swethland, and the Trade thereof~~. ===		=== 1638. The merchants mappe of commerce wherein by Lewes Roberts. ===
	<blockquote>~~SWethland~~ is bounded on the East with [[Moscovia]], on the West with the Dosrine Hills, on the North with the Frozen Seas, and on the South with the Baltick Seas.		<blockquote>Swethland is bounded on the East with [[Moscovia]], on the West with the Dosrine Hills, on the North with the Frozen Seas, and on the South with the Baltick Seas.

	The Commodities that this Country affordeth for Merchandize, are Lead, Copper, and Silver, drawn out of their Mines, and it aboundeth also with Hides of Bucks, Goats and Oxen, Tallow, Tar, Malt, Barly, Rich Furs, and the like.		The Commodities that this Country affordeth for Merchandize, are Lead, Copper, and Silver, drawn out of their Mines, and it aboundeth also with Hides of Bucks, Goats and Oxen, Tallow, Tar, Malt, Barly, Rich Furs, and the like.

Admin at 02:34, 13 January 2025

2025-01-13T02:34:54Z

Show changes

Admin: /* 1700. The merchants map of commerce by Roberts, Lewes. CHAP. CCXVII. Of Swethland, and the Trade thereof. */

2024-12-25T01:00:38Z

1700. The merchants map of commerce by Roberts, Lewes. CHAP. CCXVII. Of Swethland, and the Trade thereof.

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:00, 25 December 2024
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	As to the deciding of Controversies, &c. every Territory hath its Viscount, every Province its Lamen, and every Parish its Lanasnan or Consul; and there lieth an Appeal from the Consul to the Viscount, and from the Viscount to the Lamen; from whom also Appeals lie to the Council, and from the Council of Estate to the King, who alone decideth the same.</blockquote>		As to the deciding of Controversies, &c. every Territory hath its Viscount, every Province its Lamen, and every Parish its Lanasnan or Consul; and there lieth an Appeal from the Consul to the Viscount, and from the Viscount to the Lamen; from whom also Appeals lie to the Council, and from the Council of Estate to the King, who alone decideth the same.</blockquote>

			=== 1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval. ===
			<blockquote>Of Sueden.

			THe Monarchy of Sueden is the most ancient of Europe, if it be true that it has had above a hundred and fifty Kings; and that the first of 'em was the Son of Japhet, one of the Sons of Noah. Upon this foundation perhaps it was, that in the Council of Basle, a Bishop of Sueden demanded of the Presidents of the Assembly, the Precedence for his King over other Christian Princes. The most authentick Historians begin the enumeration of the Kings of Sueden at Biorno, who was Crowned towards the year eight hundred; and shew, that the Kingdome was Elective til the Reign of Gustavus de Vaga, who rendred it Hereditary in his Family in the year 1544. and who at the same time abolished there the Roman Catholick Religion to follow the Sect of Luther. This pretext of Religion did likewise very much serve his Son Charles the 9th. called of Sudermania, when he deprived his Nephew Sigismond of the Crown, who had been Elected King of Poland the third of that name; and whose Successors unto Casimir the third, did keep the Title of Sueden. The King of Sueden stiles himself King of the Suedes, of the Goths and Vandals, Great Prince of Finland, Duke of Schonen, Estonia, Livonia, Carelia, Bremen, Verden, Stein, Pomerania, Gassubia, Vandalia, Prince, and Lord of Ingria. He bears in his Arms three Crowns, which sometimes have been Contested with him by the Kings of Denmark; the present King is Charles the 11th. of the Palatine, House of Deux Ponts, or Twee-brugge. The Goths and Vandales are noted in History for their Conquests; the modern Suedes for the Valour of their late Kings, and for their acquisitions over their Neighbours, which render 'em very Potent on the Baltick Sea; where they have more Coasts than all the Princes together who confine upon it.

			The Peace of Bromsbroo in the year 1645. obliges the King of Denmark to restore Jempterland and Herendal to Sueden; to yield to it the Isles of Gotland and of Oeland to perpetuity, with the Province of Halland for thirty years.

			The Peace of Rotschil in the year 1658. does entirely cede to Sueden, Halland, Schonen, wherein Landscroon is become a very considerable Town, Bleking, wherein is the new Port of Carlscroon, the Isle of Bornholme, which is since returned to Denmark by the exchange of other Lands, the Fortress of Bahus, and the Bayliwick of Dronthem.

			That of Copenhagen in the year 1660. confirms the Treaty of Roschild with reserve of the Bayliwick of Drontheim, and purchases the Isle of Ween.

			The acquisitions of Sueden over the Empire by the Peace of Osnabrug are, the Dutchy of Pomerania Citerior: and in the Ulterior Stetin, Gartz, Dam, Golnau. The Isle and Principality of Rugen; the Isles and the Mouths of the Oder; the Dutchies of Bremen and of Verden; the City, the Seigniory and the Port of Wismar; Wildhusen in Westphalia; certain Customs in the Rest of Pomerania, and in the new Marquisate of Brandenbourg. The War declared in the year 1675, by the King of Denmark, and several Princes of the Empire, deprived Sueden of many of these acquisitions; which it was restored to by the Peace of Nimeguen in the year 1679.

			The Treaty of Oliva in the year 1660. was so advantageous to Sueden, that the King of Poland did there make renunciation of the Title of King of Sueden for the future, reserving only to himself the Title during his life to other Princes; and likewise consented that Lifeland should henceforward be Hereditary to the Crown of Sueden. This is to be understood of Lifeland on the North of the Duna, where the only place of Dunembourg was reserved to the Crown of Poland, conformable to the Truce made at Stumsdorf for twenty six years, in the year 1635.

			The Peace with the Muscovites procured restitution to Sueden of all the Grand Duke or Zar had taken in Lifeland.

			The King of Sueden has lately very much augmented his Revenue, by the re-union to his Demesne of several Lands which had been Alienated from it. He pretends to the Succession of Gleves, and of Juliers, by the means of his great Grandfather John, Duke of Deux-Ponts, who married Magdelain the third Sister of the Duke of John William.

			In the States of the Kingdom the Peasants make a Body, as well as the other Orders.

			Sueden possesses part of Scandinavia, which is the best of it, as being towards the East. The Cold is somewhat long in this Country, often very sharp; to provide themselves against it, the Inhabitants do not make use of Furres as they do in Germany: they have only Night-Caps, Gloves of Wool, Waist-Coats, and make great Fires of the Fewel they have plenty of. They have so few sick People in their Countrey, that the Physitians and Apothecaries have hardly practice among 'em, whereas Barbers are there in great request. The Ministers and Officers of Justice do there keep Inns. The Inhabitants of this Province are all equally rich; their greatest Revenues consist in Mines of Copper, from whence most of the Europeans are furnish'd wherewith to make money, their Canons, and their Bells. The City of Stockholme alone has in its Castle above a hundred pieces of great Artillery; and there are held to be above eight Thousand in the Kingdom. In the review of the Militia which was made in the year 1661. there were reckoned above Fourscore Thousand Men in Arms.

			This Countrey, being full of Woods and Mountains, affords very little Corn; in time of scarcity, the Poor eat often very bad Bread. It furnishes Butter, Suet, Hides, Skins, Pitch, Rosin, Masts, Posts and Planks. The Towns are subject to Fire, the Houses being only built of Wood. The Lakes and Gulphs are there more considerable than the Rivers. Trade being only drove upon the Coasts; neither dare the Ships venture upon that without a Pylot, by reason of the number of Rockswith which it is beset. The Ice is here so strong and firm in Winter, that when it is but two Inches thick, it is said to be able to bear a Man on Foot: Waggons go on it with safety when it is half a foot thick. The Snow does there afford the means of travelling in Sledges. The Horses in this Countrey are proper for War; they are very easily reared and rarely sick; they see as well almost by night as by day, they carry their man swimming, with ease they leap great Ditches; they have so much courage and agility, that they attack with their Feet and Teeth the Enemies of those who mount them.

			Six great Regions are principally known under the name of Sueden; Gotia, Sueden, Lapland, Finland, Ingria, Lifeland; the three former towards the West, the three other towards the East, the Gulph of Finland between both, and besides these the modern acquisitions before specified.

			Gotia is divided into Ostro-Gotia and Westro-Gotia, this last towards the Ocean, the former upon the Baltick Sea. According to the like division, the Goths who subdued Italy, were called Ostro-Goths, and those who rendred themselves Masters of Spain, Visi-Goths. Calmar is a strong Town, and the place where the Suedes until now, did embark for Germany. Its Cittadel was esteemed in the Northern Countreys as much as that of Milan in Italy; Norkoping has works and forges of Copper which afford the Europeans the conveniency of coming to load Cannon there. Lindkoping the Countrey of the Historian Olaus-Magnus is remarkable for the Victory of Charles of Sudermania, since King of Sueden. There be several Cities in these parts whose names be thus terminated in Koping, which signifies the places where the market is kept. Gottembourg a new Town, and has its Sea-Port upon the Ocean.

			Sueden properly taken communicates its name to the other Provinces of this State. Stockholme is the Capital City of all the Kingdom, accompanied with a Royal Castle and a Sea-Port at the disgorging of the Lake of Meler, whereof was formerly the conjunction proposed with that of Wener, for the communicating the Ocean and Baltick Seas, and thus be exempted from the passage of the Sound. This Town is now better built, and much richer than it was before the War of the Suedes in Germany. In the year 1641. they began to make the Streets in Right Lines, and to build their Houses of one and the same Structure. It is a safe Harbour for Ships, which may ride there in security without Anchor. There be three Channels which lead thither between several Isles and Rocks. The Kings Ships remain at Elsnappen. The Country round about is beautify'd with several fine Houses, which the Soveraigns and most of the Senators have caus'd to be built. Upsal, accompanied with a great Castle, is the Metropolitan, and formerly the place of the Coronation of their Kings, whose abode it formerly was. When in Sueden were several Kingdoms, that of Upsal was ever the most considerable of 'em This City has an University, and the most renowned Fairs of all those parts. Its principall Church was a stately Building and is said to have been embelish'd and wainscoted with Gold, now it is covered with Copper.

			Lapland has no Towns, only some Habitations divided into five Countries, which bear the name of their Rivers. The Laplanders are very low of Stature, the tallest among them not exceeding four Foot in height. They have no other Cloaths than of Skins; and when they are young, they are so hardned to the cold, that they afterwards undergo it with ease, when without habilliments. They have neither Wool, nor Flax, nor Hemp; they have blades of Copper which they call Cipons, which they exchange for what they stand in need of: they have neither Bread, nor Corn, nor Fruits, nor Herbs, nor Wines, nor Beer, nor Cattle, nor Eggs, nor Milk, nor any other Commodity; but they do not want Water: and they have Rain-Deers; which are a kind of a Stag extraordinary swift, whose flesh is their Food: and whom they also make use of in their Travels. The great and swift Journies they go by their means, having given occasion to the believing them Witches. But to proceed, there is one part of Lapland belonging to the Crown of Denmark, and another to the Muscovite. Mount Enarby has three Lodges for the Deputies of the three Nations, and there the Suedes administer Instice.

			Finland is a Dutchy which some Kings of Sueden have given for Appanage for their Brothers. The principal Towns are Abbo and Nibourg. There is in this Province a place near Ratzebourg, where Needles toucht with the Loadstone are said to turn continually.

			Ingria was taken from the Muscovites by a Treaty in the Year 1617. It is small, but considerable for the hunting of Elks and for the Scituation of the Fortress of Notebourg in the midst of a great River, and at the disgorging of the Lake Ladoga. This Fortress was taken miraculously by the Suede, all the Muscovite Garrison, except two Persons, having been swept away by a Disease which took them in the Mouth, and hindred them from eating.

			Lifeland was ceded entirely by Poland, as we have said, except Dunembourg. It was formerly the order of the Knights Sword-Bearers; but under Pope Gregory the 9th this Order was united to that of the Teutons, or Cross-Bearers. The Polanders and Muscovites had it afterwards in possession. The Dutchy of Courland, has its Duke of the Family of Ketler, who does Homage to Poland. It is a remnant of the great Mastership of the above mentioned order. Riga is the Capital Town of Lifeland. The Germans, English and Hollanders, trade much to that Town in Summer-time, while the Sea is navigable. In the Winter its Inhabitants traffick into Muscovy by means of their t•aineaux. It is in a Plain upon the River de Dune, which in that place is a quarter of a League in breadth: Its Fortifications consist in six regular Bastions, in several half Moons freezed, and in Counterscarps pallisadoed. The Dune has so rapid a Stream and often whirles along so much Ice, that it sometimes changes its course from Riga as far as Dunemund. In the Year 1656. I saw an Army of an hundred thousand Muscovites wast and moulder away before that Town, which gloriously repulsed their efforts. Revel has the Direction of the Commerce from Lifeland unto Muscovy. Nerva is a strong place which bestows its Name upon a neighbouring River, wherein the brave Pontus de la Gardie was drowned, after Sueden was obliged to him for many of its best Conquests. By the late Treaties between the Crowns of Sueden and of Poland, the exercise of both the Catholique and Protestant Religion is allowed of in Lifeland, as well as in Curland and Prussia.

			The Isle of Gotland, the greatest of the Isles of the Baltick Sea, accompanied with five or six Havens, belongs to the Crown of Sueden. Several of its Rocks have ancient Gothick Characters. Its City of Wisby still preserves Marbles and Houses which have Doors of Iron and Brass, either washt with Silver, or guilt with Gold; which speaks its ancient Grandure. This Town did formerly establish Laws for the Navigation of the Baltick Sea, and gave beginning to Sea Maps.</blockquote>

	=== 1700. The merchants map of commerce by Roberts, Lewes. CHAP. CCXVII. Of Swethland, and the Trade thereof. ===		=== 1700. The merchants map of commerce by Roberts, Lewes. CHAP. CCXVII. Of Swethland, and the Trade thereof. ===

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	=== 1691. A most compleat compendium of geography by Laurence Echard. ===		=== 1691. A most compleat compendium of geography by Laurence Echard. ===
	<blockquote>THE Kingdom of Swedeland lies on the W. of Russia, and E of Norway. Situated between the 30th and 30 min. and the 60th and 50 min. of Lon. and between the 55th and 50 min. and the 68th and 52 min. of Lat. being in length from Gottenburg in Gothland, to the E. parts of Finland about 900 miles; and in breadth from Vsted in Scania, to the N. parts of Lapland (in Swedeland) about 820 miles. Not so large as it seems, by reason of the Botner Sea, which divides it in the middle. It contains the greatest part of old Scandinavia, with part of Sarmatia. Now called by the Inhabitants, Swerie, Swedenrick and Sweriesryck; by the Germans, Schweden; by the French, Swede; and by the Poles, Szwecya and ~~Szwed∣zka~~ Ziemia.		<blockquote>THE Kingdom of Swedeland lies on the W. of Russia, and E of Norway. Situated between the 30th and 30 min. and the 60th and 50 min. of Lon. and between the 55th and 50 min. and the 68th and 52 min. of Lat. being in length from Gottenburg in Gothland, to the E. parts of Finland about 900 miles; and in breadth from Vsted in Scania, to the N. parts of Lapland (in Swedeland) about 820 miles. Not so large as it seems, by reason of the Botner Sea, which divides it in the middle. It contains the greatest part of old Scandinavia, with part of Sarmatia. Now called by the Inhabitants, Swerie, Swedenrick and Sweriesryck; by the Germans, Schweden; by the French, Swede; and by the Poles, Szwecya and Szwedzka Ziemia.

	It was anciently sometimes under the Danes and sometimes under the Norwegians, but it has had its own Kings ever since Anno 800; they were sometimes Kings of Denmark also. So it is at present governed by its own hereditary Kings, who have many Dominions in Germany, Poland and other places. His Royal Seat is at Stockholm.		It was anciently sometimes under the Danes and sometimes under the Norwegians, but it has had its own Kings ever since Anno 800; they were sometimes Kings of Denmark also. So it is at present governed by its own hereditary Kings, who have many Dominions in Germany, Poland and other places. His Royal Seat is at Stockholm.

	The Inhabitants are Protestants, and those chiefly Lutherans; in Livonia they are both Protestants and Papists. Their Language is a corrupt Dialect of the German or High Dutch; but in Lapland and Finland they use the old Finnick; and the Estones in Livonia have a ~~pe∣culiar~~ Tongue. Their chief Commodities are Metals, Ox-hides, Goat-skins, Buck-skins, and costly Furs; Pine-trees, Fir, Oaks, Tallow, Tar, Honey, &c. It is divided into seven ~~Provin∣ces~~, which are,		The Inhabitants are Protestants, and those chiefly Lutherans; in Livonia they are both Protestants and Papists. Their Language is a corrupt Dialect of the German or High Dutch; but in Lapland and Finland they use the old Finnick; and the Estones in Livonia have a peculiar Tongue. Their chief Commodities are Metals, Ox-hides, Goat-skins, Buck-skins, and costly Furs; Pine-trees, Fir, Oaks, Tallow, Tar, Honey, &c. It is divided into seven Provinces, which are,

	* 1. The Coast of Schonen, or Scania, ~~some∣times~~ South Gothland; the most S. W. ~~Pro∣vince~~, 160 m. l. & 70 br. by most ~~Geogra∣phers~~ set in Denmark, but now a part of ~~Swede∣land~~. It is divided into three parts, viz. 1. Halland, ch. T. Helmstat and Laholm. 2. D. of Schonen, ch. T. Lunden and Malmogen: And 3. Bleking, ch. T. Christianstadt and Ahus. Ch. T. of the whole is Lunden.		* 1. The Coast of Schonen, or Scania, sometimes South Gothland; the most S. W. Province, 160 m. l. & 70 br. by most Geographers set in Denmark, but now a part of Swedeland. It is divided into three parts, viz. 1. Halland, ch. T. Helmstat and Laholm. 2. D. of Schonen, ch. T. Lunden and Malmogen: And 3. Bleking, ch. T. Christianstadt and Ahus. Ch. T. of the whole is Lunden.
	* 2. Gothland, on the N. of Schonen, 240 m. l. & 200 br. divided into two parts, 1. East ~~Got∣land~~, containing two Provinces, viz. Ostrogoth, ch. T. Linkoping; and Smalland, ch. T. ~~Cal∣mar~~. To this may be added two Isles in the Baltick, viz. Oeland, ch. T. Borkholm; and Gothland, ch. T. Wisby. 2. West Gothland, containing three Provinces, viz. Westrogoth, ch. T. Gottenburg; Dalia, ch. T. Daleborg; and Vermland, ch. T. Carolstadt. Ch. T. of the whole is Calmar.		* 2. Gothland, on the N. of Schonen, 240 m. l. & 200 br. divided into two parts, 1. East Gotland, containing two Provinces, viz. Ostrogoth, ch. T. Linkoping; and Smalland, ch. T. Calmar. To this may be added two Isles in the Baltick, viz. Oeland, ch. T. Borkholm; and Gothland, ch. T. Wisby. 2. West Gothland, containing three Provinces, viz. Westrogoth, ch. T. Gottenburg; Dalia, ch. T. Daleborg; and Vermland, ch. T. Carolstadt. Ch. T. of the whole is Calmar.

	* 3. Kingdom of Sweden, on the N. of ~~Goth∣land~~, 360 m. l. & 250 br. divided into ten Provinces, viz. 1. Sudermania, ch. T. ~~Niko∣ping~~. 2. Nericia, ch. T. Orebro. 3. ~~West∣mania~~, ch. T. Arosia. 4. Vpland, ch. T. ~~Stock∣holm~~ and Vpsale. 5. Gestricia, ch. T. Gevelia. 6. Dalecarle, ch. T. Hedemore. 7. Helsingia, ch. T. Hadswickwalt. 8. Medalpadia, ch. T. Selanger. 9. Iemterland, ch. T. Alsne. 10. ~~An∣germanland~~, ch. T. Hernosand. Ch. T. of the whole is Stockholm.		* 3. Kingdom of Sweden, on the N. of Gothland, 360 m. l. & 250 br. divided into ten Provinces, viz. 1. Sudermania, ch. T. Nikoping. 2. Nericia, ch. T. Orebro. 3. Westmania, ch. T. Arosia. 4. Vpland, ch. T. Stockholm and Vpsale. 5. Gestricia, ch. T. Gevelia. 6. Dalecarle, ch. T. Hedemore. 7. Helsingia, ch. T. Hadswickwalt. 8. Medalpadia, ch. T. Selanger. 9. Iemterland, ch. T. Alsne. 10. Angermanland, ch. T. Hernosand. Ch. T. of the whole is Stockholm.
	* 4. Lapland (that is that part which is ~~sub∣ject~~ to Swedeland) lies on the N. E. of Sweden, 500 m. l. & 240 br. It is divided into five Provinces, viz. 1. Vma, ch. T. Vma. 2. ~~Pi∣tha~~, ch. T. Pitha. 3. Lula, ch. T. Lula. 4. Tornia, ch. T. Tornia: And, 5. Kimi, ch. T. Kimi. Tornia is reckoned the ch. T. of the whole. These four Provinces, together with ~~Nor∣way~~, make up the ancient Scandia or ~~Scandina∣via~~.		* 4. Lapland (that is that part which is subject to Swedeland) lies on the N. E. of Sweden, 500 m. l. & 240 br. It is divided into five Provinces, viz. 1. Vma, ch. T. Vma. 2. Pitha, ch. T. Pitha. 3. Lula, ch. T. Lula. 4. Tornia, ch. T. Tornia: And, 5. Kimi, ch. T. Kimi. Tornia is reckoned the ch. T. of the whole. These four Provinces, together with Norway, make up the ancient Scandia or Scandinavia.
	* 5. Dukedom of Finland, on the S. E. of Lapland, 520 m. l. & 380 br. divided into eight Provinces, viz. 1. Cajania, or Bothnia, ch. T. Cajaneburg. 2. Kexholm, ch. T. ~~Kex∣holm~~. 3. Savolaxia, ch. T. Nyslot. 4. ~~Tava∣stia~~, ch. T. Tavastia or Croneborg. 5. N. ~~Fin∣land~~, ch. T. Orneburg. 6. S. Finland, ch. T. Abo. 7. Nyland, ch. T. Borgo. 8. D. of ...Carelia, ch. T. Wiborg. Abo is ch. T. of the whole.		* 5. Dukedom of Finland, on the S. E. of Lapland, 520 m. l. & 380 br. divided into eight Provinces, viz. 1. Cajania, or Bothnia, ch. T. Cajaneburg. 2. Kexholm, ch. T. Kexholm. 3. Savolaxia, ch. T. Nyslot. 4. Tavastia, ch. T. Tavastia or Croneborg. 5. N. Finland, ch. T. Orneburg. 6. S. Finland, ch. T. Abo. 7. Nyland, ch. T. Borgo. 8. D. of ...Carelia, ch. T. Wiborg. Abo is ch. T. of the whole.
	* 6. Lordship of Ingria, on the S. of Finland, 140 m. l. & 100 br. once part of Russia, but now under Swedeland, ch. T. are Notteborg, Iuanograd and Coporio.		* 6. Lordship of Ingria, on the S. of Finland, 140 m. l. & 100 br. once part of Russia, but now under Swedeland, ch. T. are Notteborg, Iuanograd and Coporio.
	* 7. Livonia, or Lifeland, on the S. W. of ~~In∣gria~~, once part of Poland, 240 m. l. & 200 br. divided into two parts, viz. 1. Estland, ch. T. Narva and Revel; and, 2. Lettenland, ch. T. Riga and Walmar. To this are added two Isles, viz. Oesel, ch. T. Ausburg; and Dagho, ch. T. Dagewoort.		* 7. Livonia, or Lifeland, on the S. W. of Ingria, once part of Poland, 240 m. l. & 200 br. divided into two parts, viz. 1. Estland, ch. T. Narva and Revel; and, 2. Lettenland, ch. T. Riga and Walmar. To this are added two Isles, viz. Oesel, ch. T. Ausburg; and Dagho, ch. T. Dagewoort.

	These three last Provinces were anciently a part of Sarmatia Europea.		These three last Provinces were anciently a part of Sarmatia Europea.

	Rivers of chiefest note are four, viz. 1. ~~Me∣ler~~, 2. Dalacarle, 3. Torne, and 4. ~~Angerma∣nia~~.		Rivers of chiefest note are four, viz. 1. Meler, 2. Dalacarle, 3. Torne, and 4. Angermania.

	Mountains of greatest note are the ~~Dofrine∣hills~~, parting Sweden from Norway.		Mountains of greatest note are the Dofrinehills, parting Sweden from Norway.

	Principal Lakes are four, viz. 1. Ladoga, 2. Wener, 3. Weter, and 4. Iende.		Principal Lakes are four, viz. 1. Ladoga, 2. Wener, 3. Weter, and 4. Iende.

	Archbishopricks 3, Bishopricks 15, ~~Univer∣sities~~ 2.</blockquote>		Archbishopricks 3, Bishopricks 15, Universities 2.</blockquote>

	=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===		=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===