The Turkish Empire - Revision history

Admin: /* 1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri. */

2025-10-26T03:19:44Z

1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri.

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:19, 26 October 2025
Line 1,059:		Line 1,059:

	=== 1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri. ===		=== 1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri. ===
			<blockquote>Turks, People of Turkey: Authors speak differently of their Original, but it seems very probable that they are descended of the Scythians, who lived between Pont Euxin and the Caspian Sea. Ottoman began this Empire in 1292 or 1300, according to others, by taking some places from the Christians, as Natolia, Ancyra, Nice, Prussia: Hircanes his Son succeeded him, A C. 1327, and made himself Master of all the Cities in the Neighbourhood of Nice; his Son Soliman crossed the Hellespont, and added to their Acquisitions; Amurat I. subdued Adrianople and other Cities of Thrace; Bajazet I. called the Thunderbolt ran over Bosnia, Servia, overthrew Sigismund King of Hungary, and laid Siege to Constantinople, but was afterwards taken Prisoner by T•merlane. After an Interregnum Emir Soliman, or Prince Soliman, was killed by his Brother Musa Zelebi, and this by Mahomet I. Amurat II succeeded, the beginning of whose Reign was troubled by a False Mustapha. Mahomet II. reigned after him, subdued the Empire of Constantinople A. C. 1452, that of Trebesond in 1460, and in the rest of his Reign twelve Kingdoms, and above two hundred considerable Cities, but was beat from before Croy by the famous Scanderbeg, who put a great stop to the progress of his Arms. Bajazet II. took what he had left untaken of Peloponnesus. Soliman I. subdued Syria, Arabia, Aegypt, &c. Soliman II. his Successor, took Rhodes in 1521, and several places in Hungary. Selim II. took Chios. After these reigned Amurat III. Mahomet III. Achmet I. Ottoman II. strangled by the Janizaries Mustapha, Achmet his Brother, Amurat IV. Brother to Ottoman, Ibrahim who was also strangled by the Janizaries; then Mahomet IV. who took Candia from the Venetians, Newheusel from the Crown of Hungary, and Caminiec from Poland. But the Turks, discontented at the ill Success of their Arms in this present War against the Christians, deposed him November 9. 1687, and placed Soliman his Brother, the present Emperor, on the Throne, who is the Twelfth of Osman or Ottoman his Line. The Seat of their Empire at first was Brasse in Bithynia, afterwards it was at Adrianople, and is now at Constantinople. Their Religion, whereof Mahomet was Author, comprehends six General Precepts, Circumcision, Prayer, Fasting, Alms, Pilgrimage, and Abstinence from Wine. Circumcision is the chiefest of their Ceremonies, which they say has the same Effect with Baptism; and add, that it's impossible to be Saved without it; wherefore they celebrate it with great Solemnity, and keep Feasts as the Christians do at their Marriages. Their Prayers are short but frequent, for they go to them five times a day; Mahomet calls them the Pillars of Religion and the Keys of Paradise; they consist most in Prosternations and Gests, and when they come to them they turn to the East, but more often to the South towards their Prophets Tomb, and Pray with so much Application, that they would not interrupt them, did the Sultan command it, or were their Houses on Fire: Friday is their solemnest Day of the Week, which they distinguish by being a longer time at Prayers on that than other days. They never enter their Temples or Mosques until they purifie themselves by Washing their Bodies: They observe an extraordinary Fast in their ninth Month called Ramadan, this begins with the new Moon, wherefore they get a-top of their Houses, the sooner to discover this Planet, and acquaint the People therewith; and then they neither Eat nor Drink but at Nights, live very reserv'd, and leave off taking Tobacco; any Turk that neglects or breaks this Fast, is certainly put to Death: When it happens in Summer, (for their Lunar Year consisting of twelve Lunaisons, has no fix'd beginning, so that the Ramadan falls successively in all Seasons,) Labourers ready to drop down for Thirst, dare not tast a drop of Water to refresh themselves with: They frequent the Mosques Night and Day, shun Conversations and Pastime or Diversion, and have a Horrour for Blasphemies. They hold, that during this Month God opens the Gates of Heaven, and shuts those of Hell. They have Clergy called Dervis, who live a very retired and austere Life, observing always a profound Silence and Humility, go bare-foot, with a leather Girdle round their Body full of sharp Points to mortifie the Flesh, and sometimes beat and burn themselves with hot Irons. The Turks are very Charitable, and spare nothing for the Maintenance of their Poor, and keeping their Hospitals, which are generally very magnificent Structures. Their Mosques also are sumptuously built, and their Revenues so considerable, that they are thought a third of the whole Empire; besides all People are oblig'd to contribute the hundredth part of their Wealth towards the Zagat or Alms. Their Pilgrimage to Meque is perform'd with much Devotion, for they go sometimes to the number of 50000, to whom the Grand Seignior gives a Commander or Leader, who sets out with the ... changed that ancient Custom, and keep the Princes always in the Serrail under their Fathers Discipline, and from the Impressions they should be apt to take from Strangers.
⚫	~~<blockquote>~~Turky, or Empire of the Turks, comprehends many Provinces in Europe, Asia, and Africa, so that it's with Reason the Sultan is called Grand Signior; for it's observed he possesses from East to West all that lies between Belis of Gomere or the Western Extremity of the Kingdom of Algier, which is tributary to him, to Balsora, which is at the Extremity of the Persian Gulf, and is at least 800 Leagues from North to South from Caffa or Taurica Chersonesus, or rather from Tana above the Palus Meotis to Aden at the Mouth of the Red Sea or Straights of Babelmandel another Distance of 700 Leagues. In Europe he has Romelia, that comprehends Greece, Macodonia, Albania, Thrace, with the Islands of the Egean Sea, Sclavonia, where are Servia, Croatia, Bulgaria, and a part of Hungary, &c. In Asia, Natolia, Sourie or Soristan, Turcomania, Diarbech, and the three Arabies, which comprehend a great many large and fair Provinces. In Africa he has the Kingdoms of Barca and Egypt, with the States of Tunis, Alger, and Tripoli, under his Protection. The Princes of Transilvania, Moldavia, Valachia, and Commonwealth of Raguse, paid him Tribute. The Little Tartars depend on him as their Protector. Most of these Countries are fruitful, but neglected through the Laziness of the Turks and the Oppressions the Christians lye under, who chuse rather to let the Land lye un-till'd, than to cultivate it for others. It's thin of Inhabitants, an Effect of the frequent Contagion and continual Wars which consume great Numbers of Turks. These are for the most part robust and well-limb'd, their Temperance contributing much to the Strength of their Constitution; naturally more sincere and better than the Renegadoes. Though they are allowed four Wives, yet this Number is rare amongst them: It's but seldom also they repudiate their Wives. They are much accused of wicked and detestable Practices, Men with Men, and Women with their own Sex. Several have published great Lyes, in saying the Grand Signior was Proprietor of all the Land in Turky, and that Fathers cannot dispose of any in favour of their Children; for not only Turks, but the very Grecians, inherit their Parents and Relations Possessions, paying the Grand Signior only 3 per Cent. more or less upon every change of Heir. There is an Officer call'd Beit-Elmal-Emini in each Town to receive this Tribute. Their chief Merchandize is Silks, Cottons, and Oyl. They are warlike and very stout. Their Troops consist in Janizaries which are the Children of Tribute, in Spahi's which are their Horses, and in Zains and Timariots, that hold Land during Life to serve in the Army at their own Charges. The Timariots have less than the Zains, and differ as the Commanders of Maltha from the Grand Prior.

			Of the Grand Signior.The Sultan gets up betimes, and generally eats four times a day. He sits upon Pillows, and has his Meat serv'd upon a kind of Stool a little from the Ground: He holds his Napkin upon his Arm, has another Cloth upon his Knee, with his Legs a-cross, the Turkish way. He keeps no Taster, as our Christian Princes do, and seldom drinks more than once. Selim and Amurat IV. who were not very zealous Observers of their Law, drank much Wine; and the last used to call the Vigne the Tree of Life. The Grand Signior has his Buffoons and Mutes about him who act a dumb Comedy, and make extravagant Gestures whilst he is at Dinner. When he designs any of his Agalares a considerable Honour, he throws him a piece of Bread, which the other takes up with profound respect, breaks it small, and distributes it to the other that are present, as if it were some precious Relick. After the Meat is taken away the Prince quits his Gravity, and plays with his Mutes and Buffoons, to whom he gives Mony that they may suffer what he does to them with the more Patience. When he takes the Air in his magnificent Saiques, the Agalares and chief Officers of the Serrail that accompany him stand, but the Bostangi Bassi, who is behind and steers, has the Privilege to sit, and discourses with him. When the Sultan goes a Hunting, or to the Mosque on Fridays, which are their Holydays, he rides out of the Serrail, accompanied with the Bassaes and other principal Officers, which altogether form a great Squadron. Some Officers walk behind to receive the Petitions the People present as he goes by; the meaner sort, that never go to Court, nor dare approach their Sovereign, burn Straw upon their Head whilst they hold out their Petitions: this is done for two Reasons, the first, that the Sultan might take notice of them, and order their Memoirs to be taken; the second, to put him in mind that his Soul would burn so in Hell if he refused to listen to the just Complaints of his Subjects: this keeps Officers in awe, and hinders their abusing the People. The Sultan has a thousand choice Horses in his Stables, which the Gentlemen of the Horse helps those to that accompany him when he rides abroad: The Number of his Mules is very great too; for when he marches in Person to the Field there are twelve thousand that attend him. He appears in publick on the Feast of Bairan, in all his Magnificence, seated upon a rich Carpet of Persian Tapestry, gives the Bassaes leave to kiss his Hand, and receives his Subjects Homage. The Vizir, that stands by, names some, and acquaints him when they that make profession of the Law, or the great Men of the Port come, that he may receive them with some Distinction. This Ceremony ended, he marches in State to St. Sophia, and then returns to his Apartment, where he treats those that accompany him, and presents the Sultaness and Great Vizir with Jewels, Vests, &c. At Night they light Torches, represent the Taking of Towns, with several other Diversions, which last three Days, during which, Persons of Quality of both Sexes strive for the Favour of their Prince by the great Presents they make him. Whilst all Constantinople is thus in Mirth the Christians are forced to keep within their Houses, from the Insolence of the Turks and Insultings of Soldiers and drunken Men, that ask Mony and affront them a thousand ways.

			The Old Seraglio.This Serrail, environ'd with very high Walls, is considerable for its Buildings, Fountains, and Baths. The Grand Signior has an Apartment all furnish'd in it, whither he comes when he visits any Sultan's Queen that retires thither after the Death of her Sultan. This Serrail is about a Mile round, and was built by Mahomet II. in one of the finest parts of the Town. It has but one Gate or Door to it, and that kept by Eunuchs: No Men enter but they who carry Provisions, and they make no stay neither, nor see any Women. The Women that are out of date in the other, that are repudiated, grow old, or have forfeited their Prince s Favour by some considerable Crime, are sent hither under an old Matron that governs them with much rigour. The Sultan Queen and other Sultanesses have their Apartments, and keep no Communication with the meaner Women; these last are so ill provided for, that they sometimes want Necessaries, wherefore nothing afflicts them more than when they are threatned to be sent hither: All their Comfort is, that they are suffer'd to Marry: The Eunuchs are their Agents, and take care to provide them Husbands. Their Portion is no more than what they sav'd and hoarded up during their Prosperity, which they use to hide lest it should be taken from them.

			Of the Turks Marriage.There is no other Ceremony used in this but a Contract made in Presence of the Cadi President of the Law, which mentions the Portion and Consent of Parties. Sometimes there are Witnesses call'd; but there are so many false ones at Constantinople, that this Formality is but of little use. The very Descendants of Mahomet, distinguish'd by their Green Cloaths, are easily corrupted for Mony. The Turks are allowed four Wives, and as many Slaves as they can or will maintain. Their Children inherit equally, and amongst People of the highest Rank, especially if allied to their Sovereign, the Slaves Children fare best, Jealousie, or some Reason of State, hindring them to advance the other lest their Birth should give them occasion to foment Troubles. And this is the Reason why in that Country a Free-born is subject to a Slave. Husbands may repudiate their Wives upon many Subjects mentioned in the Alcoran, especially when the little sympathy of Humour breeds and foments Discord in the Family. They that are thus repudiated take their Portion with them; and if in their second Marriage they have still the same Misfortune, they have the Liberty to return to their former Husbands. The Slaves that bear them Children cannot be sold, but are look'd upon as incorporated in the Family, which is therefore obliged to maintain them; but if they are barren they may sell them at Market. The Turks can have Wives or Slaves of all Religions, and may do what they please with them except taking away their Lives. Christians and Jews are not allowed to buy Mahometans, but only Women of their own Religion. There is no Punishment inflicted on those that debauch Slaves, but they are severely dealt with that have to do with any other that is Free. The Traffick made of Slaves in Turkey differs in nothing from that of Cattel amongst Christians; they are examin'd, their Age and Disposition of their Bodies consider'd, and a Price set according to the Strength and Quality of the Person: Children with or without the Mother: Young Girls are the dearest Commodity; these are examin'd by Matrons, and if they discover any Cheat the Seller is obliged to return the Price agreed upon and mark'd in his Journal, which is as faithfully kept, and as formal, as for any other Merchandize whatsoever.

			The Customs and Ways of the Turks are very different from ours. The Left is their Post of Honour. They Bury in the dark. When they Walk they move their Head forward before they stir a Foot. Christians keep good Tables, they but very ordinary, yet are very magnificent in the Equipage of their Horses. Christians retrench themselves in their Camps, but they not until of late. We have strait Swords, their Sabres are crooked. They neither make use of Pikes or Armour. Our Battalions are close and deep, theirs are large and take up much ground. Though it's generally thought they set no Value upon Learning, yet there are Professors at Cairo and at Constantinople that teach Astrology, Astronomy, Geometry, &c. the Arabe (which is the Language of the Learned as Latin amongst us) and the Persian. They suffer no printed Books, but have a great many Manuscripts. The Grand Signior has a very curious Library, in which it was believ'd there was a perfect Copy of Titus Livius, for which the Librarist was proffer'd considerable Sums, but he always answer'd, He could not find it. There is a Bazar or Market of Manuscript Books upon different Subjects in the Turkish, Arabian, and Persian Tongues at Constantinople; but Christians are not permitted thither, because the Turks would believe their Books profaned if sold to them. There are Historians now at this present hir'd to write the Annals of this Empire, which are already in eight great Volumes that cost 200 Crowns. M. Batz a Scotchman, who travelled four or five Years in this Country, says he bought a great many curious Books, as that of Chek Bouny an Egyptian, of the Efficacy of Divine and Humane Words, with a great number of Lines and Figures, by which this Author pretends to shew fine things; another that teaches the Speculation of this Cabalistique Science, a Turkish and Arabe Dictionary, Turkish and Persian Grammars, Alphabets of all Tongues, and Ephemerides of the Increase and Decrease of the Nile, a Treatise of Chiromancy, more curious than those of John Baptisto Porta, in which the Author pretends that the Lines of the Hands are Letters, whereof he shews the Alphabet; with several other. The same Mr. Batz assures that he saw a very ancient Astronomy-Book at Constantinople, that supposed the Use of the Needle, but did not apply it to Navigation but to other Astronomick Uses; all which shew that the Turks are not ignorant. But they apply themselves most to useful Sciences, without troubling their Heads with such as amuse the Understanding and content a vain Curiosity. J. Spon. Voyage of Italy, &c. in 1575.

		⚫	Turky, or Empire of the Turks, comprehends many Provinces in Europe, Asia, and Africa, so that it's with Reason the Sultan is called Grand Signior; for it's observed he possesses from East to West all that lies between Belis of Gomere or the Western Extremity of the Kingdom of Algier, which is tributary to him, to Balsora, which is at the Extremity of the Persian Gulf, and is at least 800 Leagues from North to South from Caffa or Taurica Chersonesus, or rather from Tana above the Palus Meotis to Aden at the Mouth of the Red Sea or Straights of Babelmandel another Distance of 700 Leagues. In Europe he has Romelia, that comprehends Greece, Macodonia, Albania, Thrace, with the Islands of the Egean Sea, Sclavonia, where are Servia, Croatia, Bulgaria, and a part of Hungary, &c. In Asia, Natolia, Sourie or Soristan, Turcomania, Diarbech, and the three Arabies, which comprehend a great many large and fair Provinces. In Africa he has the Kingdoms of Barca and Egypt, with the States of Tunis, Alger, and Tripoli, under his Protection. The Princes of Transilvania, Moldavia, Valachia, and Commonwealth of Raguse, paid him Tribute. The Little Tartars depend on him as their Protector. Most of these Countries are fruitful, but neglected through the Laziness of the Turks and the Oppressions the Christians lye under, who chuse rather to let the Land lye un-till'd, than to cultivate it for others. It's thin of Inhabitants, an Effect of the frequent Contagion and continual Wars which consume great Numbers of Turks. These are for the most part robust and well-limb'd, their Temperance contributing much to the Strength of their Constitution; naturally more sincere and better than the Renegadoes. Though they are allowed four Wives, yet this Number is rare amongst them: It's but seldom also they repudiate their Wives. They are much accused of wicked and detestable Practices, Men with Men, and Women with their own Sex. Several have published great Lyes, in saying the Grand Signior was Proprietor of all the Land in Turky, and that Fathers cannot dispose of any in favour of their Children; for not only Turks, but the very Grecians, inherit their Parents and Relations Possessions, paying the Grand Signior only 3 per Cent. more or less upon every change of Heir. There is an Officer call'd Beit-Elmal-Emini in each Town to receive this Tribute. Their chief Merchandize is Silks, Cottons, and Oyl. They are warlike and very stout. Their Troops consist in Janizaries which are the Children of Tribute, in Spahi's which are their Horses, and in Zains and Timariots, that hold Land during Life to serve in the Army at their own Charges. The Timariots have less than the Zains, and differ as the Commanders of Maltha from the Grand Prior.

	Northern Turky in Europe, though it lies in the middle of the Temperate Zone, yet the Air is not pure and wholsom in all its parts, especially Hungary, which does not agree at all, or but very little, with Strangers; the Land is Hilly, and full of Mountains to the North, and Plains to the South; the Mountains have several good Mines, especially of Quicksilver, and the tops are cover'd with Forests full of wild Beasts: the Wine is delicious, especially that of Tokai in Upper Hungary: the Plains of Lower Hungary and Transilvania bear the best Wheat in Europe, and their Rivers abound so in Fish that the Country People attribute their Inundations to the great quantity of 'em. The Transilvanians and Hungarians are not so tall as the Moldavians and Valachians, but have a frightful Eye, and Fury always painted in their Faces, and are of an unreconcilable Humour, bold and barbarous: the desire of Liberty is so natural to them, that their dayly Study is how to defend themselves against the Turks. The Women are handsom enough, but generally ill clad, and Sluts. Continual Wars have rendred the Country very poor, and destroyed most of those that used to work in the Mines. They have been always Warlike, sufficiently known by what they have done under Attila, and by their putting so long a stop to the Turks Encroachments in these later Ages; and were it not for the Divisions and unhappy Quarrels of some of the chief amongst them, the Infidels had found it a very difficult matter to come into their Country. In the Imperial Hungary Popery is the swaying Religion, and the Endeavours of suppressing Calvinism, by taking away their Churches, has occasion'd the Bloody War that is still on foot. In the Mahometan Hungary, there are Turks, Greeks, Jews, Catholicks, and some few Calvinists. This Kingdom in its flourishing Days was Elective, but since Tekeli's Rebellion, and that the Emperor obtained from the States in 1687 that it should be hereditary, he has almost reconquer'd Hungary, and had push'd his Conquests as far as Belgrade, but lost this last Place in 1690.</blockquote>		Northern Turky in Europe, though it lies in the middle of the Temperate Zone, yet the Air is not pure and wholsom in all its parts, especially Hungary, which does not agree at all, or but very little, with Strangers; the Land is Hilly, and full of Mountains to the North, and Plains to the South; the Mountains have several good Mines, especially of Quicksilver, and the tops are cover'd with Forests full of wild Beasts: the Wine is delicious, especially that of Tokai in Upper Hungary: the Plains of Lower Hungary and Transilvania bear the best Wheat in Europe, and their Rivers abound so in Fish that the Country People attribute their Inundations to the great quantity of 'em. The Transilvanians and Hungarians are not so tall as the Moldavians and Valachians, but have a frightful Eye, and Fury always painted in their Faces, and are of an unreconcilable Humour, bold and barbarous: the desire of Liberty is so natural to them, that their dayly Study is how to defend themselves against the Turks. The Women are handsom enough, but generally ill clad, and Sluts. Continual Wars have rendred the Country very poor, and destroyed most of those that used to work in the Mines. They have been always Warlike, sufficiently known by what they have done under Attila, and by their putting so long a stop to the Turks Encroachments in these later Ages; and were it not for the Divisions and unhappy Quarrels of some of the chief amongst them, the Infidels had found it a very difficult matter to come into their Country. In the Imperial Hungary Popery is the swaying Religion, and the Endeavours of suppressing Calvinism, by taking away their Churches, has occasion'd the Bloody War that is still on foot. In the Mahometan Hungary, there are Turks, Greeks, Jews, Catholicks, and some few Calvinists. This Kingdom in its flourishing Days was Elective, but since Tekeli's Rebellion, and that the Emperor obtained from the States in 1687 that it should be hereditary, he has almost reconquer'd Hungary, and had push'd his Conquests as far as Belgrade, but lost this last Place in 1690.</blockquote>

Admin: /* 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. */

2025-10-26T03:18:22Z

1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont.

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:18, 26 October 2025
Line 1,057:		Line 1,057:
	=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===		=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
	<blockquote>The Empire of the Turks, containeth from East to West, accounting from the Western Borders of the Kingdom of Algiers to the City Balsara upon the Persian Gulph, the space of at least eight hundred Leagues. From North to South, that is, from Caffa in the Taurica Chersonesus, or rather from the City Tanais near the Lake of Moeotis to Aden on the Mouth of the Red Sea and the Streights of Babelmandel, 7 hundred other Leagues: which together make an Empire of the greatest Extent of any Seignior or Sovereign in these parts of the World; and therefore the Emperor thereof bears the Title of the Grand Seignior. He hath in Asia, Natolia, Syria, Turcomannia, Diarbech, and the three Arabia's. In Africa, he hath the Kingdoms of Barca and Egypt; and the States of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli are under his Protection. In Europe, his Dominion extends over Romelia, Macedonia, Albania, Thrace, most of the Islands of the Archipelago, Sclavonia, Servia, Croatia, Bulgaria, and part of Hungary; except what this present War hath dismembred from them; when the Princes of Transylvania, Moldavia, and Walachia paid him also Tribute: as the Republick of Ragusa also did: and even the Crim Tartars recognize his Protection. In the whole, before the present War there were twenty five Governments in this Empire. To wit, Cairo in Egypt, for Africa. Aleppo, Caramit, Natolia, Cogni, Chars, Damascus, Van, Mosul, Suvas, Bagdet, Erzerum, Trebizonde, Tripoli, &c. in Asia. In Europe, Caffa, Candia, Cyprus, Romelia, Bosnia, Temeswaer, and Buda. The beginning of this Empire was laid in the Greater Armenia, about the year 1037. In 1290. the Ottoman Line took its rise: (See Turcomania:) whose Power over the Subject is come to be completely Absolute, Arbitrary, Despotical, Tyrannical. They pray by the Alcoran, and govern by the Sword.</blockquote>		<blockquote>The Empire of the Turks, containeth from East to West, accounting from the Western Borders of the Kingdom of Algiers to the City Balsara upon the Persian Gulph, the space of at least eight hundred Leagues. From North to South, that is, from Caffa in the Taurica Chersonesus, or rather from the City Tanais near the Lake of Moeotis to Aden on the Mouth of the Red Sea and the Streights of Babelmandel, 7 hundred other Leagues: which together make an Empire of the greatest Extent of any Seignior or Sovereign in these parts of the World; and therefore the Emperor thereof bears the Title of the Grand Seignior. He hath in Asia, Natolia, Syria, Turcomannia, Diarbech, and the three Arabia's. In Africa, he hath the Kingdoms of Barca and Egypt; and the States of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli are under his Protection. In Europe, his Dominion extends over Romelia, Macedonia, Albania, Thrace, most of the Islands of the Archipelago, Sclavonia, Servia, Croatia, Bulgaria, and part of Hungary; except what this present War hath dismembred from them; when the Princes of Transylvania, Moldavia, and Walachia paid him also Tribute: as the Republick of Ragusa also did: and even the Crim Tartars recognize his Protection. In the whole, before the present War there were twenty five Governments in this Empire. To wit, Cairo in Egypt, for Africa. Aleppo, Caramit, Natolia, Cogni, Chars, Damascus, Van, Mosul, Suvas, Bagdet, Erzerum, Trebizonde, Tripoli, &c. in Asia. In Europe, Caffa, Candia, Cyprus, Romelia, Bosnia, Temeswaer, and Buda. The beginning of this Empire was laid in the Greater Armenia, about the year 1037. In 1290. the Ottoman Line took its rise: (See Turcomania:) whose Power over the Subject is come to be completely Absolute, Arbitrary, Despotical, Tyrannical. They pray by the Alcoran, and govern by the Sword.</blockquote>

			=== 1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri. ===
			<blockquote>Turky, or Empire of the Turks, comprehends many Provinces in Europe, Asia, and Africa, so that it's with Reason the Sultan is called Grand Signior; for it's observed he possesses from East to West all that lies between Belis of Gomere or the Western Extremity of the Kingdom of Algier, which is tributary to him, to Balsora, which is at the Extremity of the Persian Gulf, and is at least 800 Leagues from North to South from Caffa or Taurica Chersonesus, or rather from Tana above the Palus Meotis to Aden at the Mouth of the Red Sea or Straights of Babelmandel another Distance of 700 Leagues. In Europe he has Romelia, that comprehends Greece, Macodonia, Albania, Thrace, with the Islands of the Egean Sea, Sclavonia, where are Servia, Croatia, Bulgaria, and a part of Hungary, &c. In Asia, Natolia, Sourie or Soristan, Turcomania, Diarbech, and the three Arabies, which comprehend a great many large and fair Provinces. In Africa he has the Kingdoms of Barca and Egypt, with the States of Tunis, Alger, and Tripoli, under his Protection. The Princes of Transilvania, Moldavia, Valachia, and Commonwealth of Raguse, paid him Tribute. The Little Tartars depend on him as their Protector. Most of these Countries are fruitful, but neglected through the Laziness of the Turks and the Oppressions the Christians lye under, who chuse rather to let the Land lye un-till'd, than to cultivate it for others. It's thin of Inhabitants, an Effect of the frequent Contagion and continual Wars which consume great Numbers of Turks. These are for the most part robust and well-limb'd, their Temperance contributing much to the Strength of their Constitution; naturally more sincere and better than the Renegadoes. Though they are allowed four Wives, yet this Number is rare amongst them: It's but seldom also they repudiate their Wives. They are much accused of wicked and detestable Practices, Men with Men, and Women with their own Sex. Several have published great Lyes, in saying the Grand Signior was Proprietor of all the Land in Turky, and that Fathers cannot dispose of any in favour of their Children; for not only Turks, but the very Grecians, inherit their Parents and Relations Possessions, paying the Grand Signior only 3 per Cent. more or less upon every change of Heir. There is an Officer call'd Beit-Elmal-Emini in each Town to receive this Tribute. Their chief Merchandize is Silks, Cottons, and Oyl. They are warlike and very stout. Their Troops consist in Janizaries which are the Children of Tribute, in Spahi's which are their Horses, and in Zains and Timariots, that hold Land during Life to serve in the Army at their own Charges. The Timariots have less than the Zains, and differ as the Commanders of Maltha from the Grand Prior.

			Northern Turky in Europe, though it lies in the middle of the Temperate Zone, yet the Air is not pure and wholsom in all its parts, especially Hungary, which does not agree at all, or but very little, with Strangers; the Land is Hilly, and full of Mountains to the North, and Plains to the South; the Mountains have several good Mines, especially of Quicksilver, and the tops are cover'd with Forests full of wild Beasts: the Wine is delicious, especially that of Tokai in Upper Hungary: the Plains of Lower Hungary and Transilvania bear the best Wheat in Europe, and their Rivers abound so in Fish that the Country People attribute their Inundations to the great quantity of 'em. The Transilvanians and Hungarians are not so tall as the Moldavians and Valachians, but have a frightful Eye, and Fury always painted in their Faces, and are of an unreconcilable Humour, bold and barbarous: the desire of Liberty is so natural to them, that their dayly Study is how to defend themselves against the Turks. The Women are handsom enough, but generally ill clad, and Sluts. Continual Wars have rendred the Country very poor, and destroyed most of those that used to work in the Mines. They have been always Warlike, sufficiently known by what they have done under Attila, and by their putting so long a stop to the Turks Encroachments in these later Ages; and were it not for the Divisions and unhappy Quarrels of some of the chief amongst them, the Infidels had found it a very difficult matter to come into their Country. In the Imperial Hungary Popery is the swaying Religion, and the Endeavours of suppressing Calvinism, by taking away their Churches, has occasion'd the Bloody War that is still on foot. In the Mahometan Hungary, there are Turks, Greeks, Jews, Catholicks, and some few Calvinists. This Kingdom in its flourishing Days was Elective, but since Tekeli's Rebellion, and that the Emperor obtained from the States in 1687 that it should be hereditary, he has almost reconquer'd Hungary, and had push'd his Conquests as far as Belgrade, but lost this last Place in 1690.</blockquote>

	=== 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. ===		=== 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. ===

Admin: /* 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. */

2025-09-27T22:53:30Z

1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont.

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:53, 27 September 2025
Line 1,054:		Line 1,054:

	Thus much for EVROPE.</blockquote>		Thus much for EVROPE.</blockquote>

			=== 1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun. ===
			<blockquote>The Empire of the Turks, containeth from East to West, accounting from the Western Borders of the Kingdom of Algiers to the City Balsara upon the Persian Gulph, the space of at least eight hundred Leagues. From North to South, that is, from Caffa in the Taurica Chersonesus, or rather from the City Tanais near the Lake of Moeotis to Aden on the Mouth of the Red Sea and the Streights of Babelmandel, 7 hundred other Leagues: which together make an Empire of the greatest Extent of any Seignior or Sovereign in these parts of the World; and therefore the Emperor thereof bears the Title of the Grand Seignior. He hath in Asia, Natolia, Syria, Turcomannia, Diarbech, and the three Arabia's. In Africa, he hath the Kingdoms of Barca and Egypt; and the States of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli are under his Protection. In Europe, his Dominion extends over Romelia, Macedonia, Albania, Thrace, most of the Islands of the Archipelago, Sclavonia, Servia, Croatia, Bulgaria, and part of Hungary; except what this present War hath dismembred from them; when the Princes of Transylvania, Moldavia, and Walachia paid him also Tribute: as the Republick of Ragusa also did: and even the Crim Tartars recognize his Protection. In the whole, before the present War there were twenty five Governments in this Empire. To wit, Cairo in Egypt, for Africa. Aleppo, Caramit, Natolia, Cogni, Chars, Damascus, Van, Mosul, Suvas, Bagdet, Erzerum, Trebizonde, Tripoli, &c. in Asia. In Europe, Caffa, Candia, Cyprus, Romelia, Bosnia, Temeswaer, and Buda. The beginning of this Empire was laid in the Greater Armenia, about the year 1037. In 1290. the Ottoman Line took its rise: (See Turcomania:) whose Power over the Subject is come to be completely Absolute, Arbitrary, Despotical, Tyrannical. They pray by the Alcoran, and govern by the Sword.</blockquote>

	=== 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. ===		=== 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. ===

Admin: /* 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. */

2025-04-06T14:38:37Z

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 6 April 2025
Line 1,054:		Line 1,054:

	Thus much for EVROPE.</blockquote>		Thus much for EVROPE.</blockquote>

			=== 1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont. ===
			<blockquote>TURKY. (Book Turkey)

			I. THE Turks, who anciently inhabited about the Fens of Maeotis, liv'd a poor and contemptible Nation, till Mahomet, the Sultan of Persian, Rebelling against his Lord and Master, the Caliph of Babylon, call'd these Turks to his aid, and by their help obtain'd a signal Victory: after which they desired their Wages, and a fair dismission, which he refusing, they thereupon, under the Conduct of Tangrolipix, their chief Leader, assaulted the Persians; and in their second Fight, overthrew and slew the Sultan himself; and Tangrolipix was by both Armies proclaim'd Sultan, or King of Persia, about the year 1030.

			There were at that time among the Turks, two noted Tribes, the Selzuccian, and the Oguzian, of the former Tribe the foremention'd Tangrolipix was the Head; but this Line being at length all worn out, one Ottoman, chief of the Oguzian Tribe, from small beginnings, warring against the Christians possest himself at length of the City of Nice, not long before, the Imperial Seat of the Greek Emperours. And An. 1300. took on him the Title of Sultan; and from this Ottoman inclusively, seven Sultans of the same Race Reign'd; still increasing their Dominions, to the year 1450. when Mahomet the Second, surnam'd the Great, and first Emperour of the Turks, Conquer'd the two Empires, of Constantinople, and Trapezund, twelve Kingdoms, and two hundred Cities: from whom the present Emperour of the Turks, being the fifteenth inclusively of the same Race, is descended. His Name is Achmet, proclaim'd Emperour June 22. 1691. upon the death of his Brother Solyman.

			II. He bears, Verte, a Crescent Argent, crested with a Turbant, charg'd with three black Plumes of Herons Quils, with this Motto, Donec totum Impleat Orbem. His Standards have the name of God, and sometimes that of Mahomet, written on them, in Arabick Characters: beside these there is a Great Standard of the Empire, and the Took, or the Horse-Tail.

			The Great Standard of the Empire is like a sort of Ensign, or Colours of a Company: its carefully kept in the Seraglio, because they say, the Legislator Mahomet has made the Impression of his Hand on it.

			The Took, or Horse-Tail is carried on an half Pike, in memory of a Bacha, who, when those under his Command had lost their Great Standard, cut off an Horse-Tail with his Semiter, and fastn'd it to an half Pike, held it up, and Rallied his Men, and defeated the Enemy.

			I know not whether this Horse-Tail may not relate to the Horse-Tail of the famous Captain Sertorius; who to teach his Men that the stress of War lay in unity, shew'd them an Horse-Tail, from which it was easie for any Man to draw out the Hairs one by one, but that no Man could draw them out when joyn'd together.

			The Grand Signior carries in his Turbant three Plumes made of Herons Feathers; but if he sends the Grand Visier to the Army, he takes out one, and puts it in the Visiers Turbant, for a mark of the Authority he gives him.

			The Mahometans go by a Lunar Calculation in their Calendars, and this is the reason why those Worshippers cause the Crescent, or Figure of the New Moon to be set on the spires of their Moschs, or Megids, as we the Cock or Vane, &c. on ours. They set it also upon their Ships instead of the Heathens Castor and Pollux. Indeed its the general Cognizance of the Grand Signiory, and its common to the Persian with the Turk.

			The ancient Arms of the Eastern Empire were, Mars, a Cross Sol betwixt four Greek Beta's, of the second. The four Beta's signifying, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is to say, Rex Regum, Regnans Regibus.

			The Grand Seignior's Livery is of a Green Colour. He professes the Mahometan Religion; and the better sort of Turks use the Sclavonian Language, which being originally the Tartarian, borrowed from the Persians, their Words of State; from the Arabick, their Words of Religion; from the Grecians, their Words or Terms of War; from the Italians, their Terms of Navigation.

			III. Constantinople, by the Turks called Stamboul, is the Capital City of the Ottoman Empire, and indisputably the finest Port of Europe. Its about nine (Heylin says eighteen miles) in compass, taking in the Seraglio, and has twenty two Gates, and contains, as Boterus says, seven hundred thousand Souls. The Ground it stands on consists of seven little Hills, like that of ancient Rome; thus all the Houses being of different Elevations, are advantageously seen from the Fields, and Sea, and appear very beautiful: but the inside of it does not answer the Beauty of this Prospect: for the streets are narrow, and run winding; the Houses are ordinarily built of Wood, whence there often happen Fires, and they are but of two stories high.

			Its remarkable, that this City was taken by Mahomet, the Second of the Name, and eleventh Emperor of the Turks, ann. 1453, on Tuesday, being the twenty seventh day of May, and the third day of Whitsontide, a day which is kept Festival in Honor of the Holy Ghost, whom the Greeks, from the time of their Patriarch Photius, who lived about the year 860, had denied to proceed from the Son of God, drawing all the Oriental Church to this Error, in which they have still continued. The Temple of S. Sophia, in Constantinople, now converted to a Mosque, for Beauty and the Elegancy of the Building, is thought to exceed all the Fabricks in the World; concerning which a Greek Historian thus pathetically delivers himself. The most splendid and august Temple of S. Sophia, is the Church of my God, a terrestrial Paradise; which I believe the Seraphims themselves with admiration admire; and if God vouchsafes to refide in Works, rendered as polite as possible, by the Hands of Men, certainly he resides here, or no where. This Church being divinely built, the Ornament of the whole Earth, most gloriously shines like another Sun, and celestial Giant, &c. When the Emperor Justinian, who had bestowed seventeen years in finishing it, entred it first with the Patriarch Euthymius, he gave God thanks, that by his assistance he had compleated so admirable a Work, and said: Vici te Solomo. And on a Pedestal in the midst of the Imperial Fountain, before the Church, he caused to be placed the Statue of Solomon as gazing on it, and holding his Finger on his Mouth, as owning himself far exceeded by this Structure of the new Hierusalem. But however this Temple is adorned, its but a Trifle, if compared in bigness with the ancient Temple at Hierusalem.

			There is a pleasant story in Glycas relating to this Edifice. When Justinian undertook to build it, he bought several Houses near the place where he intended the Building, which, People, willing to promote the Work, sold him at a reasonable value. But there was one Man, who by no means would part with his House, notwithstanding any Offers made him by the Emperor; whereat the Emperor was much troubled. A Magistrate of the Town understanding this, and well knowing the Genius of the Man, and that he was greatly delighted in seeing Feats of Chivalry, at a time when a Turnament was to be held, clapped this Man into custody; whereupon he cryed out that the Emperor should have what he pleased, so he might have freedom to see the sight; and parted with his House accordingly.

			The Palace of the Seraglio contains three Courts, one within another, the Buildings yielding unto those of France and Italy, for the neat contrivances, but far surpassing them for cost and curiousness.

			The Grand Seignior has many other considerable Cities; the chief is Grand Cairo in Egypt, which is eight miles in compass, and being viewed from a high place, it presents a most delightful prospect; the Mosques being built of various Colours, and very beautious, and the other Houses, tho but two stories high, having generally their Roofs raised with Turrets for Coverings, and being all surrounded with Palm Trees and Gardens.

			Alexandria also in Egypt, has been a considerable Town, belonging to the Grand Seignior: its at present full of Ruins, and but poorly inhabited; the cause is imputed to the illness of the Air, during the Months of July, August, September and October; which is thought to proceed from this, that the greatest part of the Houses are built on solid Vaults, which serve as Cisterns to keep the Waters of Nilus, whence the Air becomes corrupted and inclines to Diseases.

			He has also the City of Babylon, in Chaldea, not the ancient Babylon, but another City, going by that name, situate forty miles more North; maintained chiefly at present by the Trade of Aleppo, and being seven miles in compass.

			IV. The Turkish Empire being of so vast an extent in three parts of the World, viz. Africa, Asia, and the better part of Europe, must of necessity yield an immense Treasure: a certain Author says he has under him seventy Kingdoms, and three Empires. The Revenues consist chiefly in Tributes raised on the People, and in Customs, and these are paid for the most part in Silver. As for the Gold which is raised, it proceeds from four Sources, whereof two are foreign, and two of the Country. One of the first is the Trade of the English, French, Dutch, Italians, Moscovites, and Polanders, who bring Ducats from their Countries. The other is their annual Tribute of the Cham of the Lesser Tartary, the Princes of Transylvania, Moldavia, Valachia, the Republick of Ragusa, and a part of Mingrelia and of Russia ought to pay the Grand Seignior in Gold, which amounts to considerable Sums. One of the two Sources of the Country is the Spoils of the Bacha's, all their Monies, which for the most part is Gold, coming to the Grand Seignior at their Deaths: the other the Revenue of Egypt, which amounts yearly to twelve millions of Livres. Beside this yearly Income, the Turk has a secret Treasure, consisting of such stores of Gold, as have been laid up by the Ottoman Princes; and in this private Treasury when Ibrahim, this Emperor's _____ came to the Crown, there were four thousand Bags of Gold, each containing 15000 Ducats, of Gold, or thirty thousand Crowns, which Summ makes three hundred and sixty millions of Livres.

			Some have affirm'd the Grand Seignior to be Proprietor of all the Lands under his Dominions, and that Fathers do not leave the Succession to their Children, which is a great mistake; for the right of inheriting according to the degrees of Blood is not only granted the Turks, but likewise to the Greeks, they paying the Grand Seignior only about three per Cent. at each change of Heir.</blockquote>

	=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===		=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===

Admin: /* 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. */

2025-03-26T00:56:28Z

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:56, 26 March 2025
Line 1,007:		Line 1,007:

	Some Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, belong to the Turks, whereof that of Cyprus is the greatest; It has the Title of a Kingdom, and formerly contained nine. Nicosia is the Capital City of the Island. Famagusta the Principal Sea-Port. This Famagusta was the last place, which the Venetians defended there against the Turks, who took it at last after a Siege of seventy dayes, and above a hundred and forty thousand Shot made against the Town. The Grotto of the seven Sleepers, is near the City of Baffo. In an Abbey near Limisso, they keep Cats, brought up to the hunting of Serpents, after which they return back thither at the ringing of a Bell. The Isle of Rhodes is famous for the ancient abode of the Knights of the same Name, who were constrained to yield it to the Turk in the Year 1522: For the Colossus of the Sun, which was so prodigious, that few persons could embrace the thumb of it: Great Ships passed easily with full Sails between its Leggs: When the Sarazens caused the Copper of it to be carried into Aegypt, they found it to load above nine hundred Camels. The Isles of Chio, and Metilin, are in the Archipelago. Chio one of the most fertile and most delicious in the World, produces excellent Fruits, Malmsy Wine, and particularly Mastick. It has the High and Low Town, and in both are reckoned above twenty thousand Mortals: They are almost all Christians, Greeks, and Latins; and there is not a place under the Turk, where the Christians have more freedom. Metelin affords excellent Wines: And the Nightingales are said to sing more melodiously there, than elsewhere. Its ancient Inhabitants have had the reputation of being very expert Mariners. In the last Age, the famous Barberossa, who is said to have been a Native of this Island, rendred himself formidable to all Christendom. Patmos, or Palmosa, is known for the Exile, and the Grotto of St. John the Evangelist. The Isle of Lango, under the Name of Cos, has passed for the native Countrey of Hippocrates, and Appelles. The enviers of Hippocrates, attribute all his knowledge to Medicinal Receipts, which were brought into the Temple of Aesculapius. Apelles observ'd proportion in his Pictures, whereas Zeuxis made them greater than Nature for the giving them Majesty. The Inhabitants of Lango, are said to have found out the first use of Silk-Worms. Not far from thence, there is a little Island called Caloiero, which is almost impregnable: It is only a steep Rock, where the Monks, and those who inhabit it, draw up their Boats after them with Ropes.</blockquote>		Some Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, belong to the Turks, whereof that of Cyprus is the greatest; It has the Title of a Kingdom, and formerly contained nine. Nicosia is the Capital City of the Island. Famagusta the Principal Sea-Port. This Famagusta was the last place, which the Venetians defended there against the Turks, who took it at last after a Siege of seventy dayes, and above a hundred and forty thousand Shot made against the Town. The Grotto of the seven Sleepers, is near the City of Baffo. In an Abbey near Limisso, they keep Cats, brought up to the hunting of Serpents, after which they return back thither at the ringing of a Bell. The Isle of Rhodes is famous for the ancient abode of the Knights of the same Name, who were constrained to yield it to the Turk in the Year 1522: For the Colossus of the Sun, which was so prodigious, that few persons could embrace the thumb of it: Great Ships passed easily with full Sails between its Leggs: When the Sarazens caused the Copper of it to be carried into Aegypt, they found it to load above nine hundred Camels. The Isles of Chio, and Metilin, are in the Archipelago. Chio one of the most fertile and most delicious in the World, produces excellent Fruits, Malmsy Wine, and particularly Mastick. It has the High and Low Town, and in both are reckoned above twenty thousand Mortals: They are almost all Christians, Greeks, and Latins; and there is not a place under the Turk, where the Christians have more freedom. Metelin affords excellent Wines: And the Nightingales are said to sing more melodiously there, than elsewhere. Its ancient Inhabitants have had the reputation of being very expert Mariners. In the last Age, the famous Barberossa, who is said to have been a Native of this Island, rendred himself formidable to all Christendom. Patmos, or Palmosa, is known for the Exile, and the Grotto of St. John the Evangelist. The Isle of Lango, under the Name of Cos, has passed for the native Countrey of Hippocrates, and Appelles. The enviers of Hippocrates, attribute all his knowledge to Medicinal Receipts, which were brought into the Temple of Aesculapius. Apelles observ'd proportion in his Pictures, whereas Zeuxis made them greater than Nature for the giving them Majesty. The Inhabitants of Lango, are said to have found out the first use of Silk-Worms. Not far from thence, there is a little Island called Caloiero, which is almost impregnable: It is only a steep Rock, where the Monks, and those who inhabit it, draw up their Boats after them with Ropes.</blockquote>

			=== 1691. A most compleat compendium of geography by Laurence Echard. ===
			<blockquote>
			==== Turky in Europe. ====
			Under this Name I comprehend (for Methods sake) all those Provinces which lie between Poland, Germany, the Euxine, Archepelago and Gulf of Venice. Situated between the 36th and 56th degr. of Lon. and between the 34th and 30 min. and the 49th and 20 min. of Lat. being in length from the N. parts of Hungary to Cape Matapan in Morea about 1000 miles; and in breadth from the W. parts of Croatia to Oczacow in Bessarabia about 840 miles, comprehending the Roman Diocesses of Macedonia, Dacia, Thrace, with most of Illiricum.

			It was anciently some part of the Macedonian Empire, afterwards all under the Roman; then a great part of it was overrun by the Goths, Sclaves, Huns, and Bulgarians; about Anno 1450. the Turks, driving out the Eastern Emperours, became Masters of a great part of it. The rest is for the most part under the Emperour, as of the House of Austria and the Venetians, and some parts are free. The Imperial Seat is at Constantinople.

			The Inhabitants are both Christians and Mahomitans; the former divided into Papists, Protestants, and Greek Church. Their Language chiefly the Sclavonian, or old Sarmatian, and Turkish. Besides these are the Epirotick, Hungarian, Illirian, and Iazygian Tongues spoken in many of the less conquered places, and in several places a corrupt Greek. The chief Commodities of these parts are Metals, Sulphur, Vitriol, Wines, Oyl, Velvits, Damasks, Turky Grograms, &c. It contains eighteen Provinces, the twelve first make the Upper and the six last the Lower Turky.

			Those parts that belong absolutely to the Turks, are divided into four Governments or Beglerbegships, viz. 1. Romellia, containing Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Albania, Canina, Ianna Livadia, and (not long since) Morea. 2. Bosnia, containing all Bosnia, and part of Sclavonia, Croatia, Dalmatia, and Servia. 3. Buda (now much less than formerly) containing the rest of Servia, with part of Hungary and Sclavonia. 4. Temeswar, containing only three or four Counties in the Upper Hungary. The eighteen Provinces are,

			* 1. Kingdom of Hungary, the most N. W. Province, containing part of ancient Panonia, with some of Sarmatia and Dacia Ripensis; 330 m. l. & 200 br. mostly under the Emperour. Divided into, 1. Upper, containing thirty three Counties; ch. T. are Presburg and Cascaw, (under the Em.) Temeswar and Waraden (under the Turks). 2. Lower, containing fourteen Counties, on the S. side of the Danow, ch. T. Buda and Gran (under the Em.) Alba Regalis and Sigeth, (under the Turks). Buda is ch. of both.
			* 2. Sclavonia or Windishland, anciently Savia, on the S. of Hungary, by some reckoned a part thereof. It is 225 m. l. & 52 br. It partly belongs to the Emperour, and contains four Counties, viz. Zagrab, Posega, Valpon, and Szrem. Ch. T. of the Turks are Gradisca and Sirmium; ch. T. of the Emperour are Posega and Zagrab. Posega is ch. T. of all.
			* 3. Croatia, or Crabaten, anciently Liburnia, on the South of Sclavonia, part of the old Dalmatia; 120 m. l. & 80 br. The greatest part belongs to the Emperour. Ch. T. of the Em. are Carolstat and Esseck; ch. T. of the Turks are Wihitz and Dubits. Here is also the Province of Morlakia; ch. T. Zeng. Wihitz is ch. T. of all.
			* 4. Kingdom of Bosnia, or Bossen, on the E. of Croatia, and S. of Sclavonia, part of the old Dalmatia, 120 m. l. & 70 br. ch. T. are Iaicza and Bagmaluck. It is but part of the Turkish Government of Bosnia. 5. Dalmatia, on the S. of Bosnia, greatest part of old Illiris, part of old Dalmatia, 240 m. l. & 60 br. partly under the Venetians. Ch. T. of the Turks are Scardona and Dulcigno; ch. T. of the Venetians are Zara and Sebenico. Here is also the Commonwealth of Ragusa; ch. T. Ragusa, tributary to both Turks and Venetians. These four last named Provinces, with part of Hungary and Germany, and a little of Servia and Albania, made up the Roman Diocess of Illyricum.
			* 6. Kingdom of Servia on the E. of Dalmatia, containing the old Maesia Superior Dardania and part of old Dalmatia, 290 m. l. & 148 br. divided into, 1. Rascia, ch. T. Belgrade and Widen; and 2. Hersegovina, ch. T. Vscopia and Nissa▪ Belgrade is ch. T. of both.
			* 7. Principality of Walachia, on the N. E. of Servia, part of the old Dacia Ripensis and Alpestris, 260 m. l. & 130 br. Ruled by its own Prince, but tributary to the Turks; ch. T. Targovisco, Bucherest, and Brascow.

			* 8. Principality of Transilvania, on the N. W. of Walachia, anciently called Dacia Mediterranea, 180 m. l. & 165 br. partly tributary to the Turks; ch. T. are Hermanstat, Wiessemburg, and Clausemburg. Here are a People called Zecklers there; ch. T. is Newmark.
			* 9. Principality of Moldavia, on the E. of Transilvania and Walachia, part of old Dacia Alpestris and Sarmatia: 260 m. l. & 168 br. Ruled by it's own Prince. Tributary to the Turks. Ch. T. are Iazy, Soczow and Targorod.
			* 10. Bessarabia, on the E. of Moldavia, 200 m. l. & 100 br. reckoned part of Moldavia; inhabited much by Tartars. Divided into, 1. Oczacow, ch. T. Oczacow: And, 2. Budziack, ch. T. Bialogrod. Ch. T. of both.
			* 11. Bulgaria, anciently called Maesia Inferior, on the S. of Bessarabia, Moldavia and Walachia, and E. of Servia; 340 m. l. & 144 br. Ch. T. are Sophia, Silistra, and Nigepoli. These five last named Provinces, with the greatest part of Servia and some of Hungary, made the Roman Diocess of Dacia.
			* 12. Romania, anciently called Thrace, now by the Turks, Romeli. It lies on the S. E. of Bulgaria, 290 m. l. & 116 br. Ch. T. are Constantinople or Stamboul, Andrianople and Gallipoli. This was a Roman Diocess.
			* 13. Macedonia, but a part of the old Macedonia, on the S. W. of Romania, 240 m. l. & 140 br. Divided into three Parts, viz. 1. Iamboli, (an. Migdonia) ch. T. Salonichi; 2. Proper Macedon, ch. T. Emboli; 3. Comenolitari, ch. T. Vodena. Ch. T. of the whole is Salonichi.
			* 14. Kingdom of Albania, the rest of the old Macedonia with part of Illiris; on the W. of Macedonia; 190 m. l. & 100 br. a little of it is under the Venetians. Ch. T. of the Turks are Scutari and Croia; ch. T. of the Venetians is Va•ona.
			* 15. Canina, anciently called Epirus, now sometimes the Lower Albania. It lies on the S. of Albania; 160 m. l. & 68 br. partly under the Venetians. Ch. T. of the Turks are Larta and Bastia; ch. T. of the Venetians are Prevesa and Butrino. Ch. T. of all is Prevesa.
			* 16. Ianna, anciently called Thessaly, on the E. of Canina, and S. of Macidonia, of which it has sometimes been reckoned a part; 168 m. l. & 100 br. Ch. T. are Armiro and Larissa.
			* 17. Livadia, on the S. of Ianna and Canina; 235 m. l. & 56 br. anciently called Achaia; then divided into Attica, Megaris, Bo•otia, Phocis, Locris, Doris, and Aetolia; now a little under the Venetians. Ch. T. of the Turks are Setines (an. Athens) and Livadia; ch. T. of the Venetians is Lepanto.

			* 18. Morea, anciently called Peloponessus, on the S. of Livadia, a Peninsula; 195 m. l. & 190 br. wholly under the Venetians. Divided into four Provinces, viz. 1. D. of Clarentia, (an. Achaia Propria and Syconia) ch. T. Patras. 2. Sacconia, (an. Corinthia and Argos) ch. T. Napoli. 3. Tzaconia, (an. Arcadia and Laconia) ch. T. Misisthra. 4. Belvidera, (an. Elis and Messenia) ch. T. Coron. Misistthra is ch. T. of the whole.

			These six last Provinces anciently made up that famous and renowned Country of Greece, sometimes the Roman Diocess of Macedonia, and now the greatest part of the Government of Romellia.

			To these are added the Islands. The Principal are, 1. Candia, (an. Crete) 140 m. l. & 60 br. containing four Provinces, viz. Setia, Retimo, Canea, and Candia; ch. T. the same. 2. Negropont, 120 m. l. & 28 br. ch. T. Negropont. 3. Stalamine. 4. Nicsia. These, with a great many others of less note, are subject to the Turks. The Venetians have, 1. Cefelonia, 2. Corfu, 3. Zant, 4. Cerigo, &c. Ch. T. are the same.

			Under the Name of Turky in Europe, I also comprehend Crim Tartary, sometimes Taurica Chersonessus part of old Sarmatia. Now ruled by its own Prince, called the Great Cham, but tributary to the Turks. It lies on the S. of Russia, being about 600 m. l. & 300 br. Ch. T. in the Peninsula are Kaffa and Baccassarium; in the Midlands are Azoph and Nigropoli.

			Rivers of chiefest note are five, viz. 1. Danow. 2. Niester. 3. Drave. 4. Save: And, 5. Tyssa.

			Principal Lakes are, 1. Balaton; and, 2. Newfidlersee, both in Hungary.

			Chief Mountains are, 1. Haemus, now Balkan; 2. Athos, now Holy Mount; and, 3. Olympus, now Lacha.

			Here is one Patriarch, viz. Constantinople; and I find the Names of 38 Archbishopricks, and 57 Bishopricks.

			Thus much for EVROPE.</blockquote>

	=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===		=== 1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child. ===

Admin at 01:28, 21 January 2025

2025-01-21T01:28:26Z

Show changes

Admin at 01:25, 21 January 2025

2025-01-21T01:25:17Z

Show changes

Admin at 02:17, 16 January 2025

2025-01-16T02:17:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:17, 16 January 2025
Line 3:		Line 3:
	==History==		==History==
	==Geography==		==Geography==
			==Maps==
			<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150" showfilename="yes">
			File:1701 A system of geography by Herman Moll - Turky in Asia.jpg
			File:1701 A system of geography by Herman Moll - Turky in Europe.jpg
			</gallery>
	==Demographics==		==Demographics==
	==Economy==		==Economy==

Admin at 02:08, 13 January 2025

2025-01-13T02:08:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:08, 13 January 2025
Line 1,276:		Line 1,276:
	*** ...Dembronitza.		*** ...Dembronitza.

	=== descriptionPage 376 ===

	* ...
	** 4. In Ragusa are,		** 4. In Ragusa are,
	*** Ragusa, Archb. Cap.		*** Ragusa, Archb. Cap.

Admin at 02:08, 13 January 2025

2025-01-13T02:08:30Z

Show changes