Negroland

Sources from old books

1638. The merchants mappe of commerce wherein by Lewes Roberts.

Of NEGRITA, or the Land of Negroes, and the trade thereof.

THIS land of Blackamores hath on the East Ethiopia superior, on the West the Atlanticke Ocean, on the North Libya, on the South Manicongo; in this tract of ground is accounted twenty-five Kingdomes or Provinces, through which runneth the famous River of Niger or Sanega, in whose over-flowing consisteth the •…elfare of the Inhabitants; even as in Aegypt it doth by the in•…dation of Nylus, for this (as that) increaseth for fortie dayes, •…d decreaseth for fortie dayes more, during which time the Inhabitants sayle over the whole Land in Boats and Barges.

This whole Tract principally now acknowledgeth 3. Soveraignes, which is the Kingdome of Tombutu, the Kingdome of Born•…o, and the Kingdome of Goago; each Kingdome giving name to a City the principall residence of the Kings. The City of Tombutu •…yeth beyond the River of Sanega or Niger, wherein is found a •…rade driven by many French, Dutch and English Merchants; the manner thereof, and the matter wherewith I shall hereafter as well as I can particularise. Foure hundred miles from Tombut is the Citie of Goaga, wherein are found eminent Merchants 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and sumptuous merchandize of all sorts. Borneo is the third, the Inhabitants whereof are better versed in breeding of cattell, than in the art of Commerce, and better read in Mars than Mercurie. The commodities of these Countries, are corne, sugars, cattell, horse, rice, fruits, gold in sand which they terme Siga and we Tibur; and also in Ingotts without soveraigne stampe or character, and is distinguished by its finenesse and goodnesse, which the Inhabitants by way of exchange doe barter with their neighbours, and other forraine Nations, against cloths, linnen, callicoes, Basons 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, iron-worke, sword blades, hand-guns, glasses, beads, &c. such 〈◊〉 and principally against salt, which of all other commodities this country is most defective in, and in some places affords not, and therefore pays for it at an excessive deare price to strangers. The trade of all this tract such as it is now in these dayes knowne to our Nation, is comprised alongst the Sea coast, which the Portugals by reason of their former plantation here, and rich commerce, have intitled the golden coast, and wee in common appellation, terme the trade of the coast of Genin and Benin, two of the principall Provinces maritime that are found included within the circuits of these three before-mentioned Kingdomes: which trade that it may be a little the better understood, I shall more particularly survey, according to the observations made by some hands thereon.

In the beginning and discovery of this Maritime coast, (for thereto I intend to apply the trade of this Countrey) the Portugals were the first that ranged this shore, and had some small knowledge of their commodities and of the manner of trading with them, who partly by faire meanes, and partly by constraint got footing in this Sea coast, building Forts in some, and •…risons and Factories in others, which then was found 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and beneficiall to that Countrey, that it is conceived th•… onely thing (as what will not gold attract) drew them to search 〈◊〉 the Maritime coast of this tract all along to Cape bona esperansa, •…d so consequently thereby into the East Indies: faire quarter and courteous usage being then perceived in these Forts and Townes thus subjected to the Portugalls, drew the Inhabitants and Countreymen to a faire and ordinary commutation and exchanging of commodities with them, which according to the then custome of that Kingdome was maintained by Factors appointed for the Kings private account in every Port and Towne, as if he intended to make the profits of Merchandizing to defraie the charges of his Conquest and Garison, furnishing them with salt, iron, tinne, copper, basons, knives, cloth, linen, and other European commodities; receiving in exchange partly the commodities proper for their nourishment, such as was cattle, corne, rice, and the like; and principally commodities beneficiall, as gold it selfe in great aboundance, both 〈◊〉 sand and ingots melted, which gave a quickning and life to the •…rther discoveries of those Countries and continuance of the •…de, which is found there maintained to this day, though in farre •…ser manner. The English and other nations afterwards defi•…s to share in this rich trade, sayled within a short time likewise •…ther; and because they had not such places and Forts for their •…arehouses, and the protection of their persons and goods, there•…re would not, or else might not with safety land their commodi•…es without danger of the falshood of the Portugalls or treache•…e of the Inhabitants: therefore at first sailing hither were com•…eld to anchor along the coast neerest to the best Townes, and of •…reatest concourse, and signifie to the Inhabitants the commodi•…es they had brought to utter, drew at length by their faire de•…eanour and courteous usage the Moores to come aboard their •…hips, and bring their gold with them; the manner of which trade •…as being different from any other Countrey) I shall briefly set •…wne. In the morning betimes, having for the most part then •…e wind of off the shoare, and calme weather, the Moores come a•…oord in their Conoes and Scuts to traffique, some for themselves •…nd some which they call Tolkens or factors for others, who carry •…t their girdles a purse, wherein small clo•…ts or papers containing •…ometimes 10. severall mens gold are wrapped and laid up; which •…hough it should be of one and the same weight and goodnes, they •…otwithstanding readily distinguish, and having made their bar•…ers for cloth, linens or the like, at noone return with the Sea-turne, •…r as they call it the brise againe to the shore; and besides their •…argaines covenanted, these factors have some small thing for •…hemselves as the reward of their paines by way of brokidge or •…ctoridge, which they called by the name of Dachio. But in pro•…esse of time the Netherlanders frequenting this coast, and well ac•…uainted with the manner of this English traffique; and coming in•…o the same parts where the English traded and were known, were •…e first that spoyled this golden trade, partly by their sinister dea•…ng, and partly by their undermining and fraudulent trickes; for •…ey coming to an achor together with the English to sell their •…mmodities, and finding that the English vented more wares, and •…ad a larger traffique by the concourse of the native Merchants •…om ashoare, with these Tolkens above mentioned, then they had, •…ired these pilots, boatmen and Tolkens (that were thus imployed, •…o carry their passengers and Merchants aboard,) underhand to carry them aboard of their Dutch ships, and not aboard the English, and so to trade with them onely; which the English at last perceiving and smelling out their craft, were by the same craft compelled to prevent the same; so that by this meanes the one out vying the other, these fellowes for their good will and brokeidge have by this meanes drawne the duetie, or rather courtefie of Datchio to 6. in 7. per cent. to the prejudice of all traders upon this coast: but this rested not here, for this dealing drew on a greater inconvenience in their trade, for when the Flemmings had first bin the authors of this ill custome or courtesie of Dachio to these Boatmen and Tolkens, which necessarily were by all succeeding European Merchants to be imitated, or their voyage lost, and their commodities remaine unsold: It was found that many Merchants Moores inland men coming to the Sea side to buy wares of them, bringing great store of gold with them for traffique, and having divers slaves, some 20. some 30. and some more according to their meanes and trade, to carry back those wares that they thus bought on shipboard, and these Moorish Merchants taking their lodgings in the houses of these Tolkens and using to acquaint them with their full commissions and intents, and then receiving of them their gold repaired aboard the Ships to trade and barter; and if the Moorish Merchant were not skild in the Portugall tongue; these Tolkens would presently tell the Flemmings and desire them not to speake Morisco to them, because their Merchants were such as dwell farre within the land; thereby giving them to understand that they meant by this watchword to deceive him, and afterward to share those so ill gotten purchases amongst them: and it did nor doth not seldome fall out, but that the Merchant Moore, not accustomed to the Sea, lies Sea-sick aboard all the whilest the knavish Tolken makes his bargaine for him with the crafty Dutch, conniving at the Flemmings great inhansed prizes of his commodities, to draw the greater gaine and more gold from the Moore; whom somtimes he cozens by stealing some of his gold, and putting it into his mouth, eares or otherwise; which the Moore finding by the scale and weight to want, addes some more knavery thereto by blowing into the Christians scale and ballance to make it weight; and when all these his intended bargaines are finished, and the Moore againe landed, the Tolkens and Boatsmen returne againe aboard to divide the cozened profit and ill gotten gaine betweene them, wherein it may be imagined that the Flemming for his part of the knavery and connivance must have a share of the gaines, which hath proved such a hinderance and detriment to the English and other Christians that trade upon this coast, that unlesse they also connive at the Tolkens villany and deceit as the Dutch doe, their voyage will be lost and their commodities to their prejudice remain unsold; this is in briefe the manner of their trade, the meanes now follow.

As for their customes due to the Kings and Soveraignes upon this coast, it is found to vary in divers Ports and Havens, and onely paid by inhabitant in case the Christian bring not his goods ashore to sell, every Haven having a peculiar Officer, and every Merchant that cometh with an intent to buy wares at a Port Towne, payeth a tole or small custome for his person, though he buy nothing; and that no deceit may be used in the collector, there is •…er a sonne or some neere kinsman of that Prince, joyned in au•…ority with the said collector or customer; and if the Merchant •…y any commodities aboard a Ship for lesse then two ounces of •…ld at a time, then he must compound with the customer for the •…stome as he can at his pleasure, as that which is the customers own •…ofit, fee and wages: but if he buy above two ounces of gold which •…hey call a Benda, then the custome is an Angel of gold for every Bne•…a, as I am given to understand.

I have shewd that coines acknowledging any Soveraignetie by •…ampis not here in use, but gold passeable either in Sands or Ingots •…ccording to the finesse and goodnesse is the currant coine passeable, •…hich our Merchants very well distinguish by 24. artificiall needles •…ade by allay of mettalls, from the lowest sort of gold to the finest •…f 24. Carrets fine, having exact rules for the valuation thereof, •…ccordingly as the same is found either in finesse or coursenesse: •…either use they any money, or any kind of minted coine wherewith •…o pay each other; but when any commodity is bought, the payment thereof is made with gold, and that likewise by weight; and it must be a very small parcell that hath not some kind of weight to distinguish and weigh it withall, and they pay each other with foure square pieces of gold, weighing some a graine, and some halfe a graine; and about Mina a castle of the Portugalls, they pay each other with Kacorawns, which is gold drawn out into wier, and cut afterward into small pieces for all triviall commodities; and in other places with little pieces of iron of a finger in length, with some Character stamped thereon; and in some places they have not the art of melting their gold, but sell it or rather pay it one to another in sand by weight, according as they shall agree both in the value and in the quantity.

The weights are made of copper of divers sorts, and have little round copper scales, like a hollow Orange pill for gold.

A Benda is the greatest weight, which weighs 2. ounces.

A Benda-offa is halfe a Benda, and is an ounce.

Asseva is two pesos and a halfe.

Egebba is two pesos, and accounted halfe an ounce or the fourth part of a Benda.

Seron is accounted for one peso and a halfe.

Eusanno is accounted a peso.

Quienta is three quarters of a peso.

Each Peso is held a loote.

Media taba is a quarter of a peso.

Agiraque is halfe a peso, so that by those that have made the triall of their weights with ours, they have found them to be in every pound Troy a peso and halfe in every pound hevier then our Troy pound used in England, and this weight is the rule for their gold in passing for commodities: where note that all Countries have not in this and other these large coast moneys currant of mettle as wee have in Christendome, for in some parts of Ethiopia their money is pepper, in Tombotu, and about the river Niger their money is cockles or shell-fish, in Azanah their money is porcellette, in Bengala porceletta and mettle together, as in China they use porcolette for money, and in some other places of India, paper stamped with the Kings seale passeth currant for money, and in some places the barkes of certaine trees called Gelsamora, and in Congo and many places of these Countries Lumach, and in Angela, beads of glasse, and such like in many other places.

Their Measure for length in cloth or other commodities, is a Iactam, which is accounted with us 12 foot or two fadome which they cut the one from the other, and in that sort sell their linnen the one to the other; and those two fathome by triall of the Dutch make a storke and three quarters, but in woollen they never measure above pieces of one handfull broad, which they so cut off and use for girdles which they weare about their middles, and sell it among themselves in this manner in these pieces abovesaid, and use no other kind of measure save one which they call a Paw, which is ¾ 1. d. English.

The Inhabitants of this coast at the first trading heere of the Portugals, were very rude and ignorant, and were easily beguiled in all the commodities which they sold them; and not only tooke in good part the badnesse of the ware they received, but were also deceived in their measure; the Portugals by these meanes putting off their rotten linnens, rusty knives, broken and patched basons, pieced kettles, and such like, and these at what measure, value, weight and quantity they pleased for their gold: but the times are now altered, and they by their usuall sufferings in this kind by the Portugals, made the more warie, provident and circumspect in their traffique with the English, French and Dutch: so that in those commodities which they buy or barter, either for their owne use, or for Merchandise, they are found to have as good judgement in them as the sellers themselves.

Their ignorance in trade may be judged by their ignorance in accompting and reckoning, for when they have past the number of Ten they rehearse so many words one after another for one number, that they are so puzzled and combred therwith, that they cannot tell how to get out, and so sit buzzing so long, till at last they have lost their tale, and forgot their number, and so are forced to begin to tell againe: but since they began to trade with the English, and were to reckon above the number of Ten, for they use no more amongst them, they reckon on till they come to Ten, and then take one of their fingers into their hands, and then tell to Ten againe; and then take another finger into their hand, and so proceed till they have both their hands full, which in all maketh one •…undred; then they marke that up, and then begin againe to tell •…s at the first, and use the same order as before.

To conclude this traffique, and to leave this coast, I heare not •…hatin these daies the English frequenting that coast, or that the French or Dutch make any great benefit thereby: for the present •…ubtilty of the inhabitants, perceiving how their gold is sought •…eagerly after by them and all Nations, can now a dayes set such 〈◊〉 rate thereon by this their manner of Exchange and barter, and •…hat by being so often beguiled by others, they are now growne •…more wary and circumspect in their bargainings, and are as ready •…o beguile the beguilers as to bee beguiled themselves; for they •…ooke now narrowly both to their measure and the goodnesse of •…heir commoditie; and though at first they knew no distinction of Christians, but tooke the Portugals and all white men to be of one Nation; yet since they know each Nation, and are acquainted with their particular manners and manner of dealing, having e•…er hitherto from the beginning found the fairest and squarest Trade with the English, therefore when they come, they are the best welcome to them, and speed best of any other Nations whatsoever with them.

I willingly omit heere to speake of the Sugar-trade, and of the plenty of Sugar-canes growing upon this Coast; the King of Portugall heere in certaine places farming the sole Trade thereof to certaine his owne Subjects with a strict proviso, that the same bee sold to none other but to his owne subjects, and that provision to be sent onely for Lixborne to gaine a great Custome thereby •…mposed thereon, therefore the Portugall being heere the onely •…uyer and ingrosser, the inhabitants must and are inforced to •…ll onely to them, and at what reasonable rate they best can agree upon; and this restraint of this commoditie hath drawne the Dutch to build and fortifie in some places upon this Coast, as now of late they have done at Mina opposite to the Spaniard, where they are at continuall variance, the river onely parting them.

1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval.

NIgritia is so called from its ancient People, the Nigritae, who reciprocally seem to have had their Name from their black Colour, or from that of their Land, which in some places is all burnt by the excessive heat, which contributes to the blackning both the Sand and the Inhabitants. They who attribute this blackness to the Race of Cham, say, that people of other Countreys preserve their whiteness in Nigritia, and that the Asiaticks, and the Americans, who are in the same Zone with the Negroes, are not naturally black. The Niger does somewhat temper the Country, by means of its Waters, but the Rains which fall there, occasion several Diseases. As Commerce is now in high consideration amongst the European Nations, it is not improper to say somewhat of the Coast of Nigritia. Cap Blanc is a tongue of Land as hard as a Rock, ten or twelve fathom high, with a very spacious Haven, where Ships are safe against most Winds. Arguin, a Castle in a little Island, belongs to the Hollanders. The Barks may enter into the River of St. John, and treat with the Negroes for Ostridge-Feathers, Gums, Amber, and some small Gold. Senega, one of the principal Branches of the Niger, is not a League in breadth, at its disemboguing it self into the Sea. The Coast on the North of Senega is very low, and hardly to be kenn'd by those that are twelve Leagues distant at Sea. The Road of Cape-Verd, has twelve or thirteen fathom water, upon a bottom of grey Sand. The Island belonging to the Flemmings, called Gorea, has a Plat-form, flank'd by four Bastions of Earth, with a Dungeon of Bricks, which did not hinder it from being insulted in the late Wars. The entrance into it is on the West of the Island, where Ships of a hundred Tun may touch and ride. The Road is good, but no fresh water to be had. Rufisca is a retreat commodious enough. Gambia is about five Leagues broad at its influx into the Sea, but it is not Navigable for Barks above sixty Leagues. 'Tis said, that the Portugals have remounted the Niger sometimes as far as the Kingdom of Benin, in the space of above eighteen hundred Leagues; that the Danes have formerly possess'd Cantozi, towards the place where the Niger divides it self; and that this Niger forms great Lakes, upon the Banks of which there are several good Cities, from whence go Caravans as far as Tripoli of Barbary. The English, in hopes of getting some of the Gold of the Countrey, had a design to go up the Senega with several light Ships; but the excessive heats, the insults of the Negroes accompanied with some Portugueses, made them lay aside the thoughts of their Enterprize. The Negroes are commonly simple and candid, Idolaters towards the Sea, Mahometans in the inland Countrey. They have three pretty considerable Kingdoms, Tombut, Borno, and Gaoga. Most of their Cities are not to be compared with our Towns, the Houses being only built of Wood, Chalk, and Straw; and often one of these Cities makes a Kingdom. The last Kings of Tombut, whom they call Tombouctou, have had the reputation of possessing a great quantity of Gold in Bars and Ingots. They are said to have this Gold from the Kingdom of Gago; and that from the Kingdoms of Morocco and Sus, there go often several Cafiles, or Caravans, for the bringing it thence. The Kingdom of Gualata produces Milet. That of Agades has a City indifferently well built. Borno, formerly the abode of the Garamantes, is inhabited by a People who live in common; private persons there, acknowledge for their Children, those who resemble them, and the flattest nosed are the handsomest and greatest Beauties. Several Nations are between the branches of the Niger, where some Authors place the Gardens of the Hesperides. Those of Senega send abroad Slaves, Gold in dust, Hides, Gums and Civit Cats. The Negroes are very strong, and are more sought after, and bought up by the Europeans, than those of other Countreys. They of Guiney are docible, for which reason they are commonly made domestick servants. Those of Angola are employed in cultivating of Land, by reason of their strength. 'Tis a saying, That he who expects to have any service from his Negro, must give him Food enough, a great deal of Work, and many Blows. On the South of the Niger are several other small Kingdoms• that of Melli, with a City of six thousand Houses; Gago, rich in Gold, as we have said. Zegzeg, considerable for its Commerce; Zanfara, fertile in Corn. The enumeration of the other places would be here as tedious, as it is unnecessary, since they are neither strong, nor well peopled, and but a very little trade is driven by 'em. The Portugals have yielded up to the English some Fortresses, which they had towards the Mouths of the Niger, which has given our Nation the means of trafficking here, and making Enterprizes, as do also the Hollanders.

1695. A New Body of Geography by A. Sewall & T. Child.

NIGRITIA. Terra Nigritarum.

THis large Region which we call at this day, the Country of the Blacks, or Nigritia, is so called from the colour of the Inhabitants, or River Niger, which runs cross it from East to West. The Romans who never were beyond the Garamonites, knew nothing of this Country, being discouraged from entring into it, either by the horror of the vast desarts, or excessive heat of the Climate, so that we are beholding to modern discoveries, for the greatest part of what is known of it.

NIGRITIA is bounded on the East and North with Zaara; on the West with the Atlantick Ocean; on the South with Guinea, and Congo. The extent of it from South to North, is about 100 leagues in the widest place, between the 9 D. and 24 D. 25 min. of Northern Latitude, and from East to West, about 550 leagues from the 2 D. to the 44 of Longitude.

It is very hard to give an exact Account in general of the Country, Manners, and Customs of these Negro's, because there are so many Nations of them. Nevertheless this is certain, that the Air is very healthful, altho it be very hot, that the Niger and all the Branches of it do flow the Country, as the River Nile doth Aegypt, which makes the adjoyning Country very fruitful in all sorts of Grain, especially Millet, Rice, Flax, Cotton, Honey; variety of Fruits, Palms, of which the Inhabitants make Wine. It hath Mines of Gold, Copper, and Amber-grease. The Country that lies along the side of this River, is mixed with Mountains and Forrests, which are full of Wild-Beasts, and Venison.

Nigritia in many places is but little inhabited, by reason of the extreme heat, and want of Water. There is no considerable River, but the River Niger, whose course is 8 or 900 leagues from South to North, and after from East to West: It divides itself into seven branches, at the fall of it into the Ocean; the chief of which have several Names, viz. 1. The River Senega, which runs directly Westward. 2. Gambea, or Rio-Gambia. 3. This divides it self into two other Rivers which are called, 4. S. Domingo, and the other, 5. Rio-Grande, which hath two branches, whose names are Guinata, and Biguba, of the name of the two Kingdoms they pass thro; and Genata which runs into the Gulph of Auguin, and another called Pedra de Gallo, which runs into the Gulph of S. Cyprian.

The Negro's have all their Hair black, and Teeth white: Those that have the flattest Noses, are accounted the greatest Beauties; they are not so fierce, and cruel, as the Inhabitants of Barbary and Biledulgerid, and Hospitable to strangers. They Trade in Slaves: Some of them sell their Wives, and Children to the Spaniards and Portuguese, to work in the Mines, or Sugar-Mills in the Canaries, America, and elsewhere.

Among these people some live free in the form of a Commonwealth, others wander and are wild, and some are subject to Kings; of whom the King of Tombut is the most Potent, and after him the Kings of Madinga, or Songo, Gago, Cano, and Gangara. At the mouth of the River S. Domingo, the Portuguese have the Fort of S. Phillip. The French also have a Factory under the Government of the Company of Senegail. Their principal Trade consists in Gold, Elephants-Teeth, and Negro-Slaves. The King of Tombut hath plenty of Ingots, or Bars of Gold. The Inhabitants of Senega, sell their Gold in the Dust, Hides, Gums, Civet, and Slaves, which are the strongest and dearest of all the Negro's. It is said, that if men will be well served by a Negro, he must give him plenty of Meat, Work, and Cudgelling. The Portuguese have resigned up some Forts, about the mouth of the Niger to the English, by which means they have a Trade there as well as the Dutch.

These people are almost all Mahometans, or Idolaters, and great Enemi•s to the Jews. Those that Inhabit the Desarts, have neither Religion, nor Laws. In some places there are old Christians, but much corrupted.

Nigritia contains a great number of Kingdoms, and Provinces; we will divide it into 25 Countries, or Kingdoms, according to the distinction to be seen in the following Table.

Nigritia hath 25 parts:

• 1. The Kingdom of Genata, or Gualata,
  • ...Gandia.
  • ...Fulli.
  • ...Hoden.
  • The Castle of Arquin.
• 2. The Kingdom of Guinea, or Genehoa,
  • Genehoa, or Magura.
  • ...Braa.
  • Taren, &c.
• 3. The Kingdom of Senega, or Jaloffi,
  • Tahacca, or Tabacatum.
  • People,
    • ...Barberins.
    • ...Tucorons.
    • ...Saragales.
    • ...Beganes, Mosse.
    • ...Mansinga.
  • Kings subject to the Great Jaloff,
    • Of Baool, Cayor, Ivala, and Ale.
• 4. Common-wealths,
  • ...Arriareos.
  • ...Falupes.
  • Buramos, or Papis.
• 5. The Kingdom of Gambea,
  • ...Gambea.
• 6. The Kingdom of Cassan,
  • ...Cassan.
• 7. The Kingdom of Cantor,
  • ...Can•or.
• 8. The Kingdom of Volly,
  • ...Volly.
• 9. The Kingdom of Borsalo,
  • ...Borsalo.
• 10. The Kingdom of Casamansa, or Casangos,
  • ...Casamansa.
• 11. The Kingdom of Guinala, or Bia, Fars, or Melli,
  • Guinala, and a Haven.
• 12. The Kingdom of Biguba,
  • Biguba, a Haven.
  • ...Balola.
• 13. The Kingdom of Mandinga, or Mani-Inga,
  • Songo, or Tazitha.
  • ...Tocrur.
• 14. The Kingdom of Bena, or Souses,
  • ...Bena.
• 15. The Kingdom of Bejagos,
  • ...Catcheo.
• 16. The Kingdom of Melli,
  • ...Melli.
  • ...Beria.
• 17. The Kingdom of Tombut, or Tongu-Batha,
  • Tombut, or Nigira,
  • ...Cabra, Gossali.
  • ...Juegreve, Caragoli.
  • The Pits of Araon.
  • The Pits of Azagad.
  • The Country of Meiza.
• 18. The Kingdom of the Agades,
  • Agades, or Malacath.
  • ...Mura, Daghir, Mayma.
  • Catambo, The Country of Pharaan.
• 19. The Kingdom of Gago,
  • Gago, or Gaoga.
  • ...Tomby, Dau, Satuse.
• 20. The Kingdom of Guber,
  • Guber, or Caphe.
  • ...Taspa, Malol.

• 21. The Kingdom and Desart of Cano,
  • Cano, or Thamon, or Dacana, Germa.
  • ...Pum, Tasara.
• 22. The Kingdom of Cassena,
  • Cass•na, or Tagana.
  • ...Tirca, N•brina.
• 23. The Kingdom of Gangara,
  • Gangara, or Banagra, Morasa.
  • ...Tirque.
• 24. The Kingdom of Zezag,
  • Zezag, or Zezeg, or Villegia, Chavara.
• 25. The Kingdom and Desart of Zanfara,
  • Zanfara, or Dudum, Reghebil, The Desart of Seth.