Austria

Sources from old books

1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator.

THE ARCHDVKEDOME OF AVSTRIA. The third Circle of the Empire is AUSTRIA, in which there are two Orders. (Book Austria) THe next that followeth in our method is Austria, called heretofore Pannonia the higher. The name of Austria, as Wolfgangus Lazius witnesseth, is but of late time, being called so either from the South wind, which is frequent in that Country, or from the Germane word Oostreich, for so the Frenchmen called the Easterne bounds of their Kingdome, as they call'd the Westerne bounds Westretch. But that which the Frenchmen called Oostreich was situated by the Rhene, and called afterward Austrasia, which name having lost, they call'd it Pannonia, as Lazius testifieth. Lib. 1. Cap. 11. Comment. Gent. Aust. Moreover the Austrians are descended from the Frenchmen and Saxones, who by the sword got this Country from the Hungarians. Austria hath on the East Hungaria: on the South the Mountaines of Styria, which doe runne out with one continued Bridge from the Alpes into Hungary, and other Countries beyond it: it hath on the East Bavaria, and on the North the Rivers Tejus and Moravia. It hath a milde pleasant ayre, and wholesome in regard that the East winde doth purifie it. The soyle is very fruitfull, and not chargable in tilling. For the Husbandman, in that part which is called Campus Transdanubianus, or the Fields beyond Danubius, will plough the ground with one poore leane Horse. The Austrians doe not know what Marle is, with which the barren leane Fields in Bavaria are manured. All the Country hath excellent Wine, which is purer then the Germane wine, and weaker then the Spanish wine, which it doth transport to Moravia, Bohemia, Silesia, and Bavaria. Besides it hath excellent good Saffron. It hath also abundance of Silver, but no Gold; it hath Salt also, which is partly made at home, & partly imported and brought in from other parts. The Earles of Babenberg did sometime governe Austria, the first was Lupold, whom the Emperour Otto the second created Marquesse of Austria; whose Line being extinct, Rudolphus of Habspurg, who was elected Emperour in the yeere 128•. did governe it, and made it a Dukedome. And Frederick the second made it a Kingdome. The armes of this Country were heretofore five golden Larkes painted in a Sky-colour Field: but the Marquesse Lupold the V. had new Armes given him by the Empire, which were set forth in white and red colours, because his Buckle• was so bloody in the Battaile against Ptolomies, that it was all bloody even to the bend which went crosse the Scutchion Moreover Austria is devided into the higher and the lower, the latter whereof is situate beyond Danubius, and the former on this side. It hath also the Dukedome of Styria, which lyeth betweene the Rivers Danubius, Muer, and Mietz, the Inhabitants whereof doe partly use the Germane speech, and partly the Sclavonian. It hath also the Dukedome of Carinthia, which is situate betweene the Rivers Muer and Draicus: and also Carmina Southward. The chiefe Citty of Austria is Vienna, which the Sarmatians and Windians did inhabit, before the birth of our Saviour Christ, after whom there succeeded the Boijans, Senonians, and others, whom Tiberius Nero did reduce into a Province: Antoninus calleth it in his Itinerarie Vindebona, and Ptolemy calls it Iuliobona, and both of them doe place the tenth Germane Legion there, for many ancient Monuments, both within and without the Citty doe witnesse that it was seated in that place. To this Legion from the Colour or Ensigne belonging to it, the name of a Larke was given: whence it seemes that the Marquesse of Austria had their Armes at the first, which are five Larkes. And Otto of Frisingen, Lib. 1. Histor. Frid. cap. 32. calleth it Faviana. For he saith, Dux iunc demum terga hosti dare compellitur, & periculis belli exemptus in Vicinum opidum Viennis, quod olim à Romanis inhabitatum Fabiana Dicebatur, declinavit. That is, The Duke was put to flight by the enemy, and was faine to retire to the Towne Vienna, which when the Romanes did heretofore inhabit it was called Fabiana. You may read the like in the History of Severinus Bishop of Vienna. Lazius saith that Strabo calleth it Vendum. Iornandes calleth it the Citty Pannonia: and in the Sclavonian language it is called Wien Wydme. Ortelius writeth that hee learned out of D. Carolus Rimius, who was sometime Orator to Zelimus the great Turke, that the Turkes doe call this Citty Betz. Leunclavius calleth it Wetsch, and Beetz: It is a faire Citty situate by the River Danubius, and encompassed with a strong wall, so that Vienna is a well fortified and a strong Bulwarke against the Turkes. The Suburbs are great, and large. The Citizens have faire magnificent Houses, which are adorned with Pictures, and strongly built. There are many great faire Churches built of Free-stone, and arched with divers Pillars. Their Wine-cellers are so deepe and large, that they have as much building under the ground as they have above ground. Their streets are paved with hard stone, so that Cart-wheeles cannot weare them. It hath great store of Corne and Wine, so that in the time of Vintage for 40. dayes together they doe use 1200. Horses to carry Corne and Wine in Carts. It received the Christian Religion in the yeere 466. by the preaching and instruction of Severinus, who built two Churches there. The History of this Citty may be found in Lazius, and Otto of Friburg. Frederick the second did adorne, and enlarge this Citty, as also all the other following Dukes of Austria. The Emperour Frederick did erect there an University for all Arts and Sciences, which was afterward renewed by Albert Archduke of Austria, in the yeere 1356. But afterward through sedition it was ruinated. These were famous men in Vienna, namely Wolfgangus, Lazius, Medius, an Historian to the Emperour Ferdinand: also Iulius Alexandrinus, Mathias Farinator, also Iohn Haselbach was Professor of Divinity in the University of Vienna, who was so large in the explanation of that which hee propounded to his audience, that he preached twenty yeeres out of the Prophet Esaiah, and yet hee was not come to the end of the first Chapter. This Citty is famous for the Citizens valiant holding out against the Turkes siege, in the yeere 1529. in which 80000. Turkes were slaine. There is also in higher Austria Gmunda, which is no great Towne, but yet very neat and pleasant, situated by a Lake which is called from thence the Lake Gmunda, out of which Dravus a River of Austria riseth. At Gmunda there is great store of Salt, which is digged out of the neighbouring Mountaines, and so being brought to Gmunda in little Vessels (which in their Country speech they call Kivelin) it is transported by the River Dravus unto Danubius, and so from Vienna it is transported to other Citties of Austria, Hungaria, Stiria, and Carinthia, to the great gaine and commodity of the Gmundians. It is watered also with many Rivers; the chiefe whereof is Danubius, which was heretofore the limmiting bounds of the Country, but now it cutteth thorow the middle of it. The other Rivers are Athosinus, Genus, or Onasus, Tranus, Traunus, and Erlaphus, which ariseth out of a pleasant Lake, by the River Cella famous for the Church of the Virgin Mother: there are also the Rivers Traisius, Ypsius, Melicus, Marchia, and Tejus, which devideth Moravia from Austria, also Cambus which is full of divers kindes of Fish, and Leytha: also Suegadus, in which there are excellent Crabs, and others. It hath many Mountaines, the chiefe whereof are the Mountaine Cecius, commonly called Calenberg, which extendeth from Danubius even to the River Dravus, the parts of it are Schneberg, Semering, Kemperg, Hertperg, Deusperg, Heusterg, Plaitz: Also Cognanus now called der Haimburgerperg, which reacheth from Danubius to Arabon. It hath also some woods which are parts and pieces of the wood Hercinia, and the Moones Wood: And they are now called der Freyste••er und Kon•gwiserwaldt. But let us proceede to other matters. In the Citie of Vienna, twelve Magistrates doe dayly sit in Iudgement. Of which foure are of the Clergie, the Officiall of the Bishop of Patavia, the Officiall of the Bishop of Vienna, the Deane of the Cathedrall Church, and the Rector or governour of the Vniversity. There are also foure Citizens, and foure out of the Citty. The chiefe whereof are these whom they call Regimentum, where all lower Austria doe bring their suits and causes to tryall, and they call the Court the Exchequer, whether all the accompts of the Province are brought. The rest are subject unto them, and causes are removed and brought from them to the higher, the Senate of the Province does appeale to the ordinary of the Province, the Senate of the Citie with the Consull doth appeale to the Citie Praetor, the Iudgement of Custome, and the Merchants Praetor, which they call the Landgrave, concerning which matter Wolfgangus Lazius, of Vienna doth discourse at large in his Vienna. Austria is the third Circle of the Empire, in which there are two Orders. In the first there are the Clergie, as the Bishops of Trent, of Brixen, of Goricen, of Segovia, of Labachia, of Vienna, Teutsch Ordens Meister, Ordens Maister in Eischtall. In the second are the secular Princes, as the Archduke of Austria, Count Schaumberg, the Barren of Wolkenstain, the Lord Senster, the Lord Roggendorff, Count Hardkeck. And besides the Princes of the Empire, there are in Austria, the Counts of Thurn, Crentz, Ortenburg, Perneck, Garb, Freyhern, Landskron, Wanberg, Hohen, Osterwitz, Newberg, Guetenhag, Teuffe•bach, Maiyhofen, Awersperg, Dorneck, Saraw, Hattenstain, Schwartzenaw, Tu•nstai•, Wachanthall, Hoffkirchen, Eytzing. The Lordships also are Aichelperg, Liechtenstain, Puchaim, Luetkurt, Porges, Schonkirchen, Shifftenberg, Altensperg, Hornstein, and Seibersdorff.

1694. The present state of the universe by John Beaumont.

The House of Austria. (Book Austria)

THE Illustrious House of Austria, having the largest extent of Dominions among the European Princes, I have thought fit to begin with that. This House owes its Original to the Earls of Habsburg; whom a late Writer derives from the Counts of Mount Aventine, of the ancient Perleonian Family; which was formerly of the greatest Repute and Authority of any in Rome; and had its seat on Mount Aventine. Albertus Dives Anicius Perleonius, a person Descended of the said Family, was driven out of Rome, An. 1144. by the Arnaldistick Hereticks, together with his Brother Rudolph, in defence of the Roman See. Whereupon he travelled into Switzerland, and there married the Daughter of Wernerus, last Earl of Habsburg, of the Anician Perleonian Race.

This Albertus Dives Anicius was Great Grandfather to Rudolph the fourth Earl of Habsburg, the first German Emperour of the Anician Perleonian Family.

This Rudolph the first, was the Common Father of the Austrian Family, born May 1. 1218. He was elected Emperour An. 1273. by the unanimous consent of the Princes of the Empire, and crowned the same year at Aix la Chapelle, and at a Diet held at Ausburg An. 1282. he had Austria settled on his eldest Son Albert (who was first Duke of Austria) and Schwaben on Rudolph, his youngest Son. Philip the first, descended from Albert, was born An. 1478. and An. 1496. he married the Princess Johanna, eldest Daughter and Heiress to his Catholick Majesty, Ferdinand of Spain; in whose right, he immediately became possest of the Kingdoms of Castile and Arragon.

He had for his Sons Charles the fifth, and Ferdinand the first; betwixt which two Princes, there was a division made of the Provinces, when the House of Austria became likewise divided into the Spanish and German Lines.

The Spanish Line.

I. THE Author of the Spanish Line was Charles the fifth, born at Ghent, in Flanders, An. 1500. At fourteen years of Age he had the Government of the Netherlands given him. At sixteen he was Crowned King of Spain. At nineteen elected Emperour, and Crowned the year following at Aix la Chappelle. He annexed the Duchy of Milain to his House for ever. He concluded a Peace with the Protestants at Passaw, An. 1552, and three years after he Abdicated his Government, leaving the Empire to his Brother Ferdinand, and the Kingdom of Spain, with the Low Countries, and its other dependencies to his Son Philip, Great Grandfather to the present King of Spain, Charles the Second, who was born Nov. 6. 1661, and on the 21. of December following was Christened Carolus-Joachimus-Josephus-Antonius-Leonardus. He succeeded in the Kingdom at the death of his Father Philip the Fourth; who died Sept. 17. 1665. and in the year 1675, being entred on the fifteenth year of his Age, he took on him the Government of his Estates; whereas during his minority, the supream Government was under the Regency of the Queen his Mother, named Mary-Anne, Daughter of the Emperour Ferdinand the Fourth, and is now Dowager of Spain. She was born Oct, 12. 1631. and married to Philip the Fourth, King of Spain, Nov. 7. 1649.

This King, Aug. 31. An. 1679. espoused the Princess Mary-Louise of Orleans, eldest Daughter to Philip, Duke of Orleans, by the Princess Henrietta-Maria, youngest Daughter to our late King Charles the First. The Prince of Conde espoused her in the Chappel of the House of Fontainebleau, in the name of the King of Spain; and the Marriage was Consummated Nov. 19. of the said year 1679, near Burgos, in Old Castile. She was born March 7. 1662. And this Queen dying without Issue An. 1689. he the same year married Maria-Anna, Daughter of Philip-William, Duke of Newburg, and Elector Palatine, the present Queen, born Oct. 28. 1667.

II. For Arms, he bears Quarterly: the first Quarter Counter-Quartered: in the first and fourth Gules, a Castle triple towered Or, each with three Battlements, bordered Azure, Purfled Sable, for Castile. In the second and third Argent, a Lion Gules, Crowned Langued and armed Or, for Leon. In the second great Quarter, Or, four great Pallets Gules, for Aragon. Party Or, four Pallets also Gules, betwixt two Flanches Argent, charg'd with as many Eagles Sable, membred, becked and crowned Azure, for Arragon and Sicily. These two great Quarters grafted in Base, Argent, a Pomegranate Verte, stalked and leav'd of the same, open and seeded Gules, for Granada. On the whole Argent, five Escutcheons Azure, placed crosswise, each charg'd with five Besants Argent, placed in Saltier, for Portugal. The Shield bordered Gules, with seven Towers Or, three in Chief, two in Fesse, and two toward the Base, for Algarve. In the third great Quarter, Gules, a Fesse Argent, for Austria, Coupé and supported by Ancient Burgundy, which is, bendy of six pieces Or and Azure, bordered Gules. In the fourth great Quarter, Azure, semé of Flower de Luces Or, with a border Compone Argent and Gules, for Modern Burgundy. Coupe Or. supported Sable, a Lion Or, for Brabant. These two great Quarters charged with an Escutcheon Or, and a Lion Sable, arm'd and langued Gules, for Flanders. Party Or, an Eagle Sable, for Anvers, the Capital City of the Holy Empire.

For Crest, a Crown trefoiled Or, rais'd with eight Diadems, or Semicircles terminating in a Mond Or; which is the Crest of Spain. The Collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece encompasses the Shield, and on the sides of it stand the two Pillars of Hercules, viz. on each side one, with this Motto, Plus ultra.

The foresaid Order was refus'd by Lewis the Eleventh, King of France, as having been founded by a Duke, who was Vassal to the Crown of France, viz. Philip, surnamed, the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who Instituted it at Bruges, An. 1429. It may be worth notice that the Arms of Castile and Leon are the first, which have been born Quartered.

The Ordinary Device of some Kings of Spain, has been this, Omnes Contra nos, & nos Contra Omnes.

The Title of the Most Catholick King, was given by Pope Alexander the Sixth to Ferdinand the Fifth, and his Successors, for having rooted out of Spain the Moors and Sarracens.

You may also note that the eldest Sons of the Kings of Spain are called Princes of the Asturias; as those of the German Emperors, Arch Dukes of Austria. Those of the Kings of England, Princes of Wales. Those of the Kings of Portugal, Princes of Algarves. Those of the Dukes of Savoy, Princes of Piemont, &c.

The King of Spain's Livery is of a Yellow colour. His Majesty Professes the Roman Religion, and uses the Spanish Language.

III. Madrid, situate in New Castile, having been the place of Residence of the Kings of Spain, since the time of Philip the Second, is become, from a Village, to be the most populous Town of all Spain. The Houses are built of Brick, and the greatest part four Stories high, all having Iron Balcones. All the upper Rooms in the Town belong to the King, who is allowed for them. There are in it several Publick Edifices very beautiful; among others the famous Square for the Bull Feast. This Town is about the bigness of Bristol, and is kept very nastily, the filth and excrements lying in the Streets; tho on this account excusable; because the Inhabitants who drink Well Water there, are fearful to sink necessary Conveniencies, left the Waters should be tainted thereby.

About seven Miles North from Madrid is seated the Escurial, or Monastery of S. Lawrence, built by King Philip the Second. Its a Structure so splendid, magnificent and sumptuous, that some think no Building in times past, or at present comparable to it. The front towards the West is adorned with three stately Gates, the middlemost whereof leads into a most magnificent Temple, and a Monastery, in which are one hundred and fifty Monks of the Order of S. Hierom, and a College. That on the right Hand opens into divers Offices, belonging to the Monastery. That on the left, into Schools and Out-houses belonging to the College. At the four Corners there are four Turrets of excellent Workmanship, and for hight Majestical. Towards the North is the Kings Palace. On the South parts divers beautiful and sumptuous Galleries, and on the East part sundry Walks and Gardens, very pleasing and delightful. It contains in all thirty seven Court and Cloisters, Eleven thousand Windows, Eight hundred Pillars, and is indeed a most noble Structure. There are in it Seven Communities, seven Priors, and a Grand Prior. The Revenue is above Thirty thousand Crowns per annum; and there is a Library in it, containing above Eighteen thousand Books, and among them a great many Arabick Manuscripts.

Toledo is the Capital City of New Castile, being situate near the midst of Spain, on the River Tagus. Its about Four Miles in compass, and is well fortified and beautified with a good number of stately Edifices; and by reason of its situation in the midst of Spain, its well inhabited both by Nobility, Merchants and Scholars, beside such Soldiers and their Officers who are continually garrison'd in it. Its also honored with the See of an Archbishop, who is the Metropolitan of Spain, and President for the most part, of the Inquisition, having a Revenue of Three hundred thousand Crowns per annum, and Seventeen other Towns under his Jurisdiction, both in Spirituals and Temporals.

Granada is the Capital City of the Kingdom call'd by that name, whose whole Circuit is said to be Seven Miles; it having contain'd in the time of the Moors Two hundred thousand Souls, and where the Houses of the best sort are, for the most part, built of Free stone, with delicate and artificial Masonry, shewing their Magnificence.

Sevil, the Capital City of Andalusia, in the Kingdom of Corduba, is look'd upon by some to be the fairest City of all Spain. It is in compass six Miles, divided into two parts by the River Baetis, on which its seated; but joined together by a strong and beautiful Bridge; the whole environed with beautiful Walls, and adorned with many magnificent and stately Buildings; as Palaces, Churches and Monasteries. It has a flourishing University, adorned with a goodly Library, furnished by Diego, the Son of Christopher Columbus the first Founder of it, with Twelve thousand Volumes in several Languages, gathered together with extraordinary Care and Charge, and endowed with a fair Revenue, for the Maintenance and Enlargement of it. Its also a Town particularly famous for Traffick, here being the publick Emporeum of Spain for Wines, Oils, and Commodities brought from the Indies, and other Foreign Parts. So much concerning the Towns of greatest Note in Spain.

The King of Spain has likewise in Italy the City of Milain, being the fairest and biggest City of all Lombardy, containing Seven Miles in compass, and Two hundred thousand People. Its seated betwixt the Rivers Ticinus and Addua, which run hard by it to the great Conveniency of the Inhabitants, both for having things brought to them at cheap Rates, and for vending and dispersing their Manufactures, which are of great esteem in most parts of the World. It flourishes in all Riches, and in the Beauty of its Edifices, both publick and private; but three especially commended for their Magnificence; the Castle, the Hospital, and the Cathedral. Its fortified with Walls, Ramparts, and deep Trenches, and the Castle in it is so strong, that its judg'd impregnable. The Trade is so great, that private Shops there equal publick Storehouses of other Places, and the People are so rich, that the Wife of every Mechanick goes in her Silks and Taffaties.

The King of Spain has also in Italy the City of Naples, which is the Capital of that Kingdom, and contains Seven Miles in compass. It's honoured with the Seat of a Viceroy, and the continual Resort, if not constant Residence of most of the great Men of the Realm; which makes the private Buildings to be very graceful, and the publick stately; and it had increased much more in Buildings, if the King had not forbidden it by his special Edict; and this partly at the persuasion of his Noblemen, who fear'd, that if there were not such a Restraint, their Vassals would forsake the Country to inhabit here, so to enjoy the Privileges and Exemptions of the Royal City; but principally upon Jealousie, and point of State, the better to prevent all Revolts and Mutinies, which in most populous Cities are of greatest danger. In the Account of Masaniello's Rebellion at Naples, Ann. 1647, published by the Lord Alexander Giraffi, we find that in Naples, at that time were above Six hundred thousand Souls: for he there says, that Masaniello, on the Fourth Day of his Rebellion, had One hundred and fifty thousand Men bearing Arms under him, besides Boys and Women. Now allowing as many Women in the City as Men, it makes Three hundred thousand, and allowing all under Sixteen Years of Age in the City to equal in number the Men and Women, it makes Six hundred thousand, not counting decrepid persons, which make a Sixth Part of Mankind, nor all those persons who adhering to the Viceroy, never followed Masaniello. Scarce any Country of Europe may be preferred before the Kingdom of Naples for its Beauty, and excellency of its Soil, and its great plenty of generous Wines, Fruits and Corn, or what else may afford Delight and Pleasure.

I may add in the last place, that besides Brussels in the Low-Countries, a well peopled Town Four Miles in compass, and Ghent, the greatest City of all the Netherlands, the Birth place of Charles the Fifth, who finding the Inhabitants inclined to Sedition, built there the first Cittadel, which was built in Europe: the King of Spain has two considerable Towns in America. In the Southern Division of it, Lima was of later years the chief Town (but since ruined by an Earthquake) tho formerly Cusco was the chief Town, this being the ancient Seat Royal of the Ingas, or Peruvian Emperors, (the word Inga signifying an Emperor, as Capa Inga, by which name they sometimes called them, the only Emperor) who, the more to beautifie this City, commanded every one of the Nobility to build here a Palace for their continual Abode. The Emperor's Palace, now defaced, was seated on a lofty Mountain, and built of such huge and massy Stones, that the Spaniards thought it rather to have been the Work of Devils than of Men The spacious Market-place there has been always esteemed as the greatest and most regular found in any Town of America: its Figure is square, and at its Angles, it gives an opening to four great Roads, tending in a streight Line towards the four principal parts of the World, and to the most considerable Provinces of the Empire of Peru, made by the Ingas of a vast length and breadth with a most incredible Charge and Pains for the use of their Subjects. To say a little of the Rise of the Peruvian Monarchs, Heylin tells us, that the Peruvians were generally governed by the Chief of their Tribes, as in all Countries else, where neither the Arms of Foreigners, nor the Ambition of some few of the Natives had diminished any thing of those natural Rights; nor subject to any one Supreme, till these later times, the Ingas of Peru growing into their Greatness but a little before their Fall. Their Territory at first was not above Five or Six Leagues in compass, situate in that part of the Country where Cusco now stands. They were oppos'd at their first Encroachments by their Neighbours, and had not prevail'd to their Greatness, had they not used the Policy (however they got it) which has been used by many in these parts of the World, in Imitation of the Truth, conveyed down to us by Moses and the Prophets, from Noah and the Patriarchs. For the Ingas gave out that their Family had not only been the Seminary from which Mankind came, but the Authors of that Religion also, which was then in use; particularly that the whole Earth had been destroyed by a Deluge, except only seven persons, who had hid themselves in a Cave, called Paticambo, where having liv'd in safety till the Fury of the Waters had been asswaged, they came abroad at last, and repeopled the Country. That Viracocha the Creator, and great God of Nature, had appear'd to one of them, and taught him how, and with what Rites he would be worshipped; which Rites were afterwards received over all Peru: and finally, that the same Viracocha had appeared lately to the Chief of their Family, assuring him, that he would aid him with invisible Forces against all their Enemies. This soon gained Belief among those Barbarians, and drew many to take part with the Ingas, whereby they became victorious. This is supposed to have happened Four hundred years before the Spaniards put an end to this flourishing Kingdom, an. 1533, within which time they had brought all the Country, which we now call Peru, and many of the adjacent Provinces under their Dominion. The Ingas were much reverenced by their Subjects, and so faithfully served, that never any of their Subjects were found guilty of Treason: nor wanted they good Arts whereby to indear their Subjects, to keep them out of leisure to foment new Factions. The way of Indearment was by the fair and satisfactory Distribution of the Spoils gotten in the Wars, whether Lands or Goods; all which they divided into three parts, allotting the first unto the Service of the Gods; the second for the maintenance of the King, his Court, and Nobles; the third to the relief of the common People. When there was no Cause of Wars, they kept the People busied in Works of Magnificence, as building of Palaces in every one of the conquered Provinces, which served not only as Forts to assure the Conquest, but were employed as Store Houses to lay up Provisions to be distributed among the People in times of Dearth. But that which was the Work of greatest Trouble, and chiefest Use, was the Cross-ways that they made all over the Country, the one upon the Mountains, the other on the Plains, extending Five hundred Leagues in length; a Work to be preferred before any of Rome and Egypt: for they were forced to raise the Ground in many places to the height of the Mountains, and to lay the Mountains level with the flattest Plains, to cut through some Rocks, and underprop others that were ruinous, to make even such Ways as were uneasie, and support the Precipices, and in the Plains to vanquish so many Difficulties, as the uncertain Foundation of a sandy Country must needs carry with it. And for the Nobility, the Inga did not only command them to reside in Cusco, to be assured of their persons, but caused them to have their Children brought up there, that they might serve as Hostages for their Fathers Loyalty. They ordered also that all such as repaired to Cusco, the Imperial City, should be attired according to their own Country Fashion, so to prevent those Leagues and Associations, which otherwise, without any Notice, or Observation, might be made amongst them; and many such politick Institutions were by them devis'd.

As for the Names of the Ingas of Peru, Mango-Capac descended of the chief of the first seven Families, was the first who laid the Foundation of this puissant Monarchy. The Fourteenth Inga of this Race was Atabaliba, who was vanquished and taken Prisoner by Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish Commander at Caxamalca, in the Country of Lima; where, tho he gave him for a Ransom of his Life and Liberty, an House piled up on all sides with Gold and Silver, valued (as some say) at ten Millions of Crowns, yet they slew him at last; in whose place Pizarro substituted his second Brother, called Mango-Capac the Second, who was the Fifteenth Inga, and who, after many Vicissicudes of Fortune, was at last slain in the City of Cusco, and so the Kingdom of the Ingas began and ended in a Prince of the same Name, as it has happened to many Estates.

Armorial Ensigns, for the Distinction of Persons, being a thing of common notion, among Mankind, have been found, in some sort, from all Antiquity in all Nations, more or less; and the Gentilitial Arms of the Ingas of Peru, on their first Discovery, were found to be, a Field Argent, charged with a Rainbow proper, betwixt two Snakes extended, also proper.

As to the Forces and Revenues of these Ingas, doubtless they were exceeding great; for tho (as Heylin says) we find no particular Musters, which they made of their Men, nor what great Armies they drew with them into the Field, yet by their great Successes, and many Victories, we may conclude them to have been Masters of great Bands of Men, and skilful in the Arts of Conduct; nor can we otherwise conjecture at the Greatness of their yearly Revenues, but by the Greatness of their Treasure, so infinite and almost incredible, that all the Vessels of the King's House, his Table and Kitchen were of Gold and Silver. Statues of Giants in the Wardrobe, together with the Resemblance in proportion and bigness of all the Beasts, Birds, Trees, Plants, and Fishes, which were found in that Kingdom, of the purest Gold: Ropes, Budgets, Troughs, Chests, all of Gold or Silver, Billets of Gold, piled up together, as if they had been Billets of Wood, cut out for the Fire, three Houses full of Pieces of Silver: all which besides infinite of other Treasures fell into the Hands of a few poor Spaniards.

In the Northern Division of America, called Mexicana, the King of Spain has Mexico, the chief City of all America. It was formerly situate in Lakes and Islands, and built on Piles like Venice, every where interlaced with the pleasant Currents of fresh and Salt Waters, and carrying a Face of more Civil Government than any of America, tho nothing, if compared with Europe. But the Town being destroyed by Cortez, its now built on firm Land, on the Edge of the Salt Lake, and bordering on a large and spacious Plain. Its in compass six Miles, and contains six thousand Houses of the Spaniards, and sixty thousand of Indians. The Inhabitants are so very rich, that generally the Merchants, Tradesmen, and Artificers go in greater State, and more splendid Equipage, than any People elswhere of the like condition. The Inhabitants of that Country were governed by the Chief of their Tribes till the year 1322, that Acamapitzli was elected the first King; who with his Successors encroach'd upon their Neighbours, till the year 1502, when Montezuma, the Second came to be their tenth King, who, who in the Eighteenth Year of his Reign was subdued by Cortez, and the City was taken, sacked and burnt by the Spaniards, assisted by many Confederates of that Country, August 13. 1521, it being in the time of the Emperor Charles the Fifth.

The Kings of Mexico are said to have worn a Crown, resembling that which is now used by the Dukes of Venice. And the Name of the first Mexican King being Acamapitzli, which in the Mexican Tongue signifies an handful of Reeds (as Acosta writes) they carried in their publick Ensigns, in memory of that great Prince, An Hand grasping many Arrows of Reeds: and the peculiar Arms of Mexico are, a Field Argent, charged with an Eagle Proper, holding in his Right Foot a Bird, the other standing on a Cochinele Tree, proper; growing out of a Stone.

The Revenues of the Kings of Mexico are thought to have been almost infinite, raised out of all Commodities, and paid in kind, whether natural or artificial only; the King participating of the Fruits of all Mens Labours, and sharing with them in their Wealth, some paying in Cups full of Powder of Gold, of two handfuls apiece, some Diamonds and Beads of Gold; Plates of Gold of three quarters of a yard long, and four Fingers broad, Turquois Stones, Golden Targets, rich Feathers, Pictures, &c. not to mention things of inferior Value; all which in such a wealthy and large Estate, must needs afford him a Revenue equal to the greatest Monarchs.

IV. The Revenues of the King of Spain, which ordinarily arise out of his Estates, are computed to be nine millions of Crowns yearly, viz. four from his Dominions in Italy, three from the West-Indies, and two from his Kingdoms of Spain. He receives besides yearly the Revenues of all the Masterships of the great Orders of his Kingdom, which amount to an hundred and fifty thousand pounds of yearly Rents, beside the opportunity of preferring Servants of the greatest merit. Moreover the Free Gifts and Contributions of his Subjects, and his Usualties, and extraordinary ways of raising Monies, supply him with vast Sums: and nevertheless this King is not counted to be rich in Treasure; his Expences being very great in keeping Forts and Garrisons in many parts of his Estates, and in maintaining Frontier Places, and an Armada for conducting his Plate-Fleet, &c. Its observable that the Kingdom of Spain, according to the least Computation, is said to be five hundred miles in compass more than France, and nevertheless France is esteem'd to contain near double the number of Inhabitants; which has been occasion'd by the Extirpation of the Jews and Moors, and by sending out yearly so many of their Subjects to Foreign Plantations, &c. they acting herein contrary to the Romans, who finding nothing more necessary for great and important Enterprizes than multitudes of Men, employed all their Studies to increase their Numbers, by Marriages, Colonies, and such helps, making their conquered Enemies free Denisons of their Commonwealth; by which means the number of the Roman Citizens became so great, that Rome could not be ruined by any Forces but its own.

The German Line of the House of Austria.

I. AS Charles the Fifth, eldest Son to Philip the First, was Author of the Spanish Line of the House of Austria, so his Brother Ferdinand was Author of the German Line. He was born in Spain, 1503. Crowned King of Hungary and Bohemia in the Right of his Empress Anne, Daughter to Uladislaus, King of Hungary, 1527, Elected King of the Romans, anno. 1531, and Emperor, 1556; from whom is descended

Leopold the Sixth, but first Emperor of the Name, and Fourteenth Emperor of Germany, who was Born Jun. 9. anno 1640; he was Christened Leopoldus-Ignatius-Franciscus-Balthazar-Josephus-Felicianus. He was nominated King of Hungary at Presburg, Jun. 27. 1655; King of Bohemia at Prague, Aug. 2. 1656: Elected King of the Romans at Francfort, on the Main, Jun. 18. 1658, and Crowned Emperor Jul. 22. of the same year, in the same Town; having been Elected on the eleventh, where the three Ecclesiastical Electors rendred themselves, the others sent their Ambassadors; as also the French King, the King of Spain and others.

He had, for a first Wife, Margarida-Maria-Teresa of Austria, Daughter to Philip the Fourth King of Spain, and Sister to the late Queen of France. He espoused her by proxy at Madrid, April 12. 1663, and she died March 20. 1673. He had by her two Sons and two Daughters, but three of these Children died very young; there remaining only one Daughter living, named Maria-Antonia-Josepha-Rosatia-Petronilla, who was born Jan. 18. 1669: and married to Maximilian-Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, ann. 1685, or 86.

He has had, for a second Wife, Claudia Felicitas, Archduchess of Inspurc, Daughter to the Arch-Duke Ferdinand: whom the Emperor espoused, Oct. 15. in the same year that his first Empress died, viz. ann. 1673. And this Empress died April 8. ann. 1676. She had two Daughters by the Emperor, but both short-lived.

For a third choice, the Emperour married Jan. 6. An. 1677. Maria-Magdalena-Teresa-Eleonora, Countess Palatine of Neuburg, she being the eldest Daughter of Philip-William, Duke of Neuburg, and Elector Palatine. She was born Jan. 6. 1655. Crowned Queen of Hungary, in the Town of Oldenburg, Decemb. 9. 1681. And the Emperour has the following Issue by her.

• 1. Josephus-Jacobus Ignatius-Joannes-Antonius-Eustachius, who was born July 16. Old Stile, An. 1678. and is stiled Arch-Duke of Austria, at whose birth the Duchess of Newburg carried the Empress, her Daughter, a Bed and a Cradle of Silver. He was Crown'd King of Hungary An. 1688. and chosen King of the Romans An. 1689.
• 2. Maria-Elizabetha-Licia-Teresa-Josepha, born December 13. 1680.
• 3. Maria-Anna Josepha-Antonina-Regina, born Sept. 17. 1683.
• 4. Maria-Teresa, born Aug. 22. 1684.
• 5. Carolus-Franciscus-Josephus-Wenceslaus-Balthasar-Joannes-Antonius Ignatius, born Oct. 1. 1685.
• 6. Maria-Josepha-Collecta-Antonia, born March 6. Old Stile 1687.
• 7. Anna-Josepha-Antonina-Magdalena-Gabriele, born March 28. 1689. Old Stile.

The Emperour has but one Sister living, named Eleanora-Maria-Josepha, born May 21. 1653, and An. 1670, she was married to Michael Wisnowitski, the late King of Poland, elected upon King Casimirs Resignation of that Crown. Since his decease, An. 1678. she was married to the famous Charles, Duke of Lorain, whom its conceived she had married before, if he had been chosen King of Poland, as he stood for it, with Wisnowitski, upon the Election.

II. For Armorial Ensigns the Emperour bears Quarterly. 1. Barwise, Argent and Gules, of eight pieces, for Hungary. 2. Argent, a Lion Gules, the Tail noued, and passed in Saltier, crowned, langed, and armed, Or, for Bohemia. 3. Gules, a Fesse Argent, for Austria. Party, and bendwise, Argent and Azure, a border Gules for Ancient Burgundy. 4. Quarterly, in the first and last, Gules a Castle tripple towered Or-purfled Sable, for Castile. In the second and third Argent, a Lion Purple, for Leon. The Shield crested with an Imperial Crown, closed, and raised in the shape of a Miter, having betwixt the two points a Diadem surmounted with a Globe and Cross, Or. The Diadem represents the Empire, and of the two Points, one denotes Denmark, and the other Bohemia. This Shield, which is environed with a Coller of the Order of the Golden Fleece, is placed on the Brest of an Eagle, displayed Sable, in a Feld Or, Diadem'd, membred and becked Gules; holding a naked Sword in the right Talon, and a Scepter in the left: the two Heads signifie (as some judge) the Eastern and Western Empires. The Motto is, Uno avulso non deficit alter. This Emperours peculiar Devise is, Pax & salus Europae. His Livery is of a Yellow colour. He professes the Roman Religion, and uses the High Dutch Language.

III. Vienna, seated on the River Danubius in Austria, and not much differing from the Latitude of Paris, is the Capital City of the Hereditary Countries belonging to the Emperour, which are Austria and Bohemia, Hungary being Elective: and its the ordinary place of Residence of their Imperial Majesties. Its the strongest Town of the Empire, and one of the fairest. The Ditch of it is large and very deep; into which also they can let the River; tho it be commonly kept dry, lest they should incommode their deep Cellars. The whole compass, taking in the Suburbs, makes a very large Circuit; but the City itself which is walled in, may be about three Miles in Circumference; as populous for the bigness of the place, as most great Cities. There are in it Turks, Tartars, Italians, Grecians, Transylvanians, Sclavonians, Hungarians, Croatians, Spaniards, French, Germans, Polanders, &c. all in their proper Habits, a pretty diversified object to behold. There is a Bridge in it made by the crossing of two Streets at equal Angles, the ground of one Street being as high as the tops of the Houses of the other, so that to continue it, they were forced to build a Bridge, or Arch in the lower Street, to let the upper to pass over it. The City is fairly built of Stone, and well paved: many Houses are of six Stories high, and are somewhat flat Rooft, after the Italian manner: each private House has such store of Cellarage for all occasions, that, as much of the City seems to be underground, as is above it: the Cellars being very deep, sometimes four Cellars, one under another: they are archt, and have two pair of Stairs to descend into them: some have an open place in the middle of each Roof, to let the Air in and out from the Street, somewhat after the manner of the Mines. At the entrance over the Gate of the Imperial Palace are set in Capital Letters, the five Vowels A. E. I. O. U. which by some are interpreted thus. Austriae Est Imperare Orbi Universo. The Front of one of the Jesuits Colleges opens into a fair Piazza, in the middle whereof stands a large high Composite Column, of Copper, upon a white Stone, with four Angels with Escutcheons, and on the top the Blessed Virgin; Inscriptions also, in which the Emperour Dedicates Austria unto her Patronage. Tho the Spire of Landshute in Bavaria be accounted the highest in Germany, and that of Strasburg the neatest and fairest, yet that of Vienna is the largest and strongest. Its accounted above four hundred sixty five Foot high; being about half way up three hundred thirty eight Steps, in a Chamber, or Room of it there is a Clock, whose Case being made of Wood, was in part burnt down by Lightning, and therefore there is Water alwaies kept in this place to extinguish the Fire, if any should again happen, and a Man continually Watches in the place where the Bells hang. No place abounds more with Musicians than Vienna, because the Emperour delights in it, Composing well himself. They are there of opinion that the number and vallue of the Books in the Emperours Library yield to none, but rather excel any other Library in Europe. There can scarce be a more admirable Collection than the Manuscripts in part of the first Chamber, of Hebrew, Syriack, Arabick, Turcick, Armenian, Aethiopick, and Chinese Books. The choicest Books in the famous Library of Buda, belonging to King Matthias Corvinus, Son to Hunniades, are now in it: and the Emperour has a right to have two Coppies of all Books printed in Germany.

Prague, situate on the River Muldaw, is the Metropolis of Bohemia, and haply the greatest Town of the Empire, it consisting of three Towns, named, the Old, the New, and the Lesser, each having their several Customs, Laws and Magistrates. This City is rather large than fair, the Streets being in Winter very dirty, and of ill smell in Summer: the Buildings, for the most part of Clay and Timber clapt together without Art, and as little beauty. Its thought that there are more Jews in it than in any other Town of Europe, some counting near Ten thousand.

Presburg, while the Turk had Buda, was the chief City of the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Imperial Crown was there kept.

Buda is nobly seated, on the Banks of the greatest River of Europe, where it runs in one entire Stream, the City rising up by degrees to the top of Hills, affording from most Streets of the Town a prospect of twenty Miles, or more, on the other side of the Danube, as far as a Mans Eye can reach, which, with the view of Peste, and the long Bridge of Boats, and the beautiful fruitful Country about it, makes it extreamly delightful, and was the Royal Seat of the Hungarian Kings and Queens, till Solyman the Magnificent entred it, Aug. 3. 1541. The natural Baths of Buda are esteemed the noblest of Europe, both for their large and hot Springs, and for the magnificence of their Buildings. The Turks bathe much, and tho little curious in most of their private Houses, yet are they very sumptuous in their publick Buildings, as their Chars, or Caravansaras, Mosches, Bridges and Baths declare. In Buda there are eight Baths; that called of the green Pillars, tho now they are red, is impregnated with a petrifying Juice, which discerns itself on the sides of the Bath, upon the Spouts and other places, and makes a grey Stone. The exhalation of the Bath, reverberated by the Cupula, by the Irons extended from one Column to another, and by the Capitals of the Pillars, forms long Stones like Icicles, which hang to all those places. One Bath there has a white Water of a sulphureous smell, and if mony be rubbed betwixt the Fingers half a minute, while the hot Water falls from a Spout, it gilds it. The hottest Bath there has neither colour, smell, nor tast differing from common Water, and deposes no sediment; only the sides of the Bath are green, and have a fungous substance all over.

Hamburg is the chief City of Holsatia; Munster of Westphalia; Erford of the Landgraviate of Thuningia; Ausburg of Suabia; Francfort, on the Oder, of the New Marca of Brandenburg; Visburg of Franconia; Brunswick of the Duchy of the Lower Saxony; Inspure of those that belong to the Count of Tirolis; Bremen of its Duchy.

IV. The Revenues of the Empire are esteemed by Bolerus Seven millions of Crowns yearly; tho the Tribute paid by the Free, or Imperial Cities, being in number about sixty, amount only to 1500 l. per ann. The Princes also, and Free Cities are bound to aid the Emperour in the time of War against the Turk with Three thousand five hundred eighty five Horse, and Sixteen thousand Foot; which he may Challenge without troubling the Diets for it; but all this is but a small addition to his own Estates.

The Duke of Lorain being nearly Allied to, and having his dependance on the Emperour, I think it proper for me to speak of him here.

1. A late Writer says, Antiquity gives us not the least reason to doubt, but the Family of Lorain had the same Original with those of Austria, Wirtenburg and Baden: for Gerhard of the Ancient Landgraves of Alsatia (the Old Family of Lorain, descended from Charlemayne being extinct) was Created Duke of Lorain, by the Emperour Henry the Third An. 1048. from whom this Duke is descended.

The late famous Duke of Lorain, Carolus Leopoldus-Nicolaus-Sextus, was born in April, An. 1643. and having been married to the Queen Dowager of Poland, as its said before, he has left behind him the following Children, born at Inspure, in the Principality of Tyrolis.

• 1. Leopoldus-Josephus-Carolus-Agapetus-Hyacynthus, the present Duke, born Sept. 11. An. 1679.
• 2. Josephus-Joannes-Antonius-Ignatius-Felicissimus, born Nov. 24. 1680.
• 3. Ferdinandus-Josephus-Philippus-Romanus-Laurentius, born Aug. 17. 1683.
• 4. Josephus-Innocentius-Emanuel-Felicianus-Constantinus, born Oct. 20. 1. 85.
• 5. Franciscus-Antonius-Josephus-Maria-Ambrosius-Nicolaus, born Dec. 8. 1689. New Stile.

Charles the Fourth, Duke of Lorain, the present Dukes Great Uncle, was deprived of his Estates for some years by the present French King, and was reinvested in them, March 3. An. 1661, after that he had demolished the Fortifications of Nancy, and (as a French Writer says) this Restauration was on Condition that the Duke should quit all Leagues, Intelligences, Associations and Practises with any Prince whatsoever; which having not performed, he was disposest again: and since (as the same Writer tells us) Duke Charles quitted to the Most Christian King, the Property and Sovereignty of his Duchies of Lorain and Bar, which are united to the Crown of France for ever.

2. The Dukal and Sovereign House of Lorain contains many Escutcheons, over all Or, a Bend Gules, charged with three Alerions Argent. These Princes bear also in their Arms the Cross of Hierusalem: the last Duke possest of this Duchy, to shew he was an Absolute Prince, and that he held his Estates by no other Tenure but God, and the Sword, gave for his Devise an armed Hand, issuing, as it were from Heaven, and grasping a Sword, with this Motto, Fecit Potentiam in brachio suo. The Dukes Livery is of a yellow colour. He professes the Roman Religion, and uses the High Dutch Language.

3. The Capital City lately belonging to the Dukes of Lorain, was Nancy; not great, but of a pleasant and commodious situation, well watered by the River Meurte.

4. The Revenues of the last Duke possest of his Estates, are said to have been Seven hundred thousand Crowns yearly, whereof Two hundred thousand arose from the Customs of Salt, made in the Country, and the other Five hundred thousand from the Coronet Lands.

The Imperial, or Hans Towns.

I. THE Free or Hans Towns are to the number of about sixty. They are called Imperial, because they owe homage to the Emperour. They are called Hans Towns, haply because the Assembly, which is held among them, for deliberating together, in the old German Language is called Hansa. Their Body has two Voices at the Diets.

II. They have for Arms, an Eagle.

III. The Capital Hans Towns are Lubec, Collein, Brunswick, and Dantzick. The Archives of all the Confederate Towns are at Lubec, which is the Capital of all the Hans League, and has the right of assembling all the others, with the advice of the five next neighbouring Towns of the Association. There is not a City in the northern parts of Germany, which can equalise this, for the beauty and uniformity of the Houses, which are all built of Brick; the pleasant Gardens, fair Streets, delightful Walks without the Walls, &c. The whole is in Compass about six Miles.

The Empire contains above Three hundred Principalities, and Lordships. Its divided into Ten Circles, Austria, Bavaria, Suabia, Alsatia, or the Upper Rhine; the Electorate, or the Lower Rhine, Westphalia, Upper Saxony, Lower Saxony, Franconia, and Burgundy. Alsatia and Burgundy are now in the French Possession.

These Circles Compose the General Diets of the Empire, where all affairs are determined.

The first body is that of the Electors.

The second is that of the other Princes, be they Seculars, or Ecclesiastical.

The third is that of the Free, Franc, or Imperial Towns.

Among the many Sovereign Princes of Germany, who are Feudatory to the Empire, the principal are the eight Electors, who have power to choose by their Suffrages the Emperours of Germany; and their younger Sons take place in Germany of the other Princes. Three of these Electors are Church-men, viz. The Arch-Bishops of Mentz, Triers, and Collin. Five are Layicks, viz. The King of Bohemia, the Duke of Bavaria, the Duke of Saxony, the Marquess of Brandenburg, the Count Palatine of the Rhine.

The Elector of Mentz.

I. ANselmus-Franciscus-Fredericus, of Ingelheim, Arch-Bishop of Mentz, Prince and Elector of the Empire, great Chancellour of Germany, and Legate of course to the See of Rome, was elected Nov. 17. 1679. being then forty five years of Age. Before his Election he was Arch-Priest of Mentz, and Governour of Erfort. He is the seventy first Arch-Bishop of Mentz, forty Bishops having preceded them.

II. The Arms of his Electorship, are a Wheel Or, in a Field Gules, and over it an Electoral Cap. The Wheel is born in Remembrance of the first Elector of this Church, who being the Son of a Car-man, kept always (through humility) a Wheel in his Chamber, to mind him of his Extraction. His Livery is of a _____ colour. He professes the Roman Religion, and uses the High Dutch Language.

III. Mentz, seated on the River Maenus, or the Maine, and Aschaffenburg are the ordinary places of his Residence; and he has thirteen Suffragans.

Gustavus Adolphus, after he took Mentz, had there with him, at one time, six chief Princes of the Empire, twelve Ambassadors of Kings, States, Electors, and Princes, besides Dukes and Lords, and the Martial men of his own Army. In this City, Maud, Daughter of our King Henry the First, was married to the Emperour Henry the Fourth, and Crowned Empress. Here also the Art of Printing was invented, or perfected at least, and made fit for use.

An. 745. Boniface, an Arch Bishop of Mentz, believing that there were no Antipodes, accus'd of Heresie before Pope Zacchary, whose Legate he was, Vigilius Bishop of Saltsburgh, because he had publickly taught and writ the contrary; and he caus'd Vigilius to be condemned, alledging that S. Austin, S. John Chrysostom, and others of the Fathers of the Church never believed it. Zacchary writ, on this occasion, two Letters to Boniface, which are inserted in the General sum of the Councels

IV. This Arch-Bishoprick brings ordinarily to its Arch-Bishop 6 or 700000 Crowns of annual Rent.

Treves or Triers.

I. John-Hugo de Dorsbec, Arch-Bishop of Treves, and Bishop of Spire, Prince and Elector of the Empire, Governour of Prumb, and Provost of Weifenberg was chosen Arch-Bishop and Elector An. _____ he Stiles himself Great Chancellour of the Gaules, and of the Kingdom of Arles, belonging to the Empire, and is the 101 Prelate of Treves.

II. He bears for Arms

His Livery is of a _____ colour; he professes the Roman Religion, and uses the High Dutch Language.

III. He resides at Wilich, tho Treves be his principal City, and is seated in an Air so cloudy, and subject to Rains, that its called Cloaca Planetarum. This City is said to be the most ancient of Europe, and built one hundred and fifty years before Rome.

IV. Its said that the Revenue of this Arch-Bishoprick may amount yearly to 11 or 1200000 Livres.

Cologne.

I. PRince Clement of Bavaria, Arch Bishop and Elector of Cologne, Bishop of Ratisbone and Freising, Prince and Elector of the Empire, Great Chancellour for the Empire throughout Italy, and Legate by his place to the See of Rome, was born Dec. 5. An. 1671. and Elected Arch-Bishop and Elector July 14. 1688; being the 81. Prelate of this See.

II. His Arms are those of the House of Bavaria, which I shall set down beneath. The Arms of the Archbishoprick are, a Cross Sable in a Field Argent. His Livery is of a _____ colour. He professes the Roman Religion, and uses the High Dutch Language.

III. Bona, on the Rhine, is the ordinary place of his Residence. Cologne, being about five Miles in Compass, is a considerable Town, and the Germans say, Qui non vidit Coloniam, non vidit Germaniam. Its Arms are, three Crowns Or, with this Motto, Colonia fidelis Romanae Ecclesiae filia. When the Arch-Bishop comes there, he cannot stay above three days together, without leave of the Burgomasters (this being a Confederate Town) and the number of the persons which he brings with him, is limited. This Town is one of the largest in Germany, and the whole Town is so full of Convents, Churches, Churchmen, and Reliques, that its not undeservedly stiled, the Rome of Germany. The Arch-Bishops Palace at Bona is said to be one of the fairest in all Germany.

IV. The Revenues of this Arch-Bishoprick are about 6 or 700000 Crowns per annum.

Bavaria.

HEnricus Leo, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony being proscribed, and outed of his Territories by the Emperour Frederick Barbarossa: Otho Earl of Wittelsbach and Schyre, was created Duke of Bavaria by the said Emperour An. 1180. and had both the Bavarias, as well Upper, as Lower granted him for ever.

Otho the Second, Grand-Son to the former, married Agnes, sole Daughter and Heiress to Henry the Younger, Prince Palatine of the Rhine, and by reason thereof, obtained of the Emperour Frederick the Second, the Investiture of that Palatinate together with the Electoral Dignity▪ An. 1227.

I. From him is Descended Maximilianus-Maria-Emanuel-Cajetanus-Ludovicus-Franciscus-Ignatius-Antonina-Faelix-Nicolaus-Pius, the present Count Palatine of the Upper Palatinate, Duke of Bavaria, Prince and Elector of the Empire, Steward to the Imperial House, and first of the Secular Electors, born Jun. 11. 1662. he succeeded his Father May 16. 1679. and An. 1685 he married Anna-Maria-Josepha, the only Daughter of Leopold, the present Emperour, by his first Empress, the Princess Margarida-Maria-Teresa of Austria, Daughter of Philip the Fourth, King of Spain. The Duchess was born Jan. 18. An. 1669. and had a Son by the Duke, May 1. An. 1689. but he died the same year. The Duke has a Brother named Josephus-Clementius-Cajetanus-Franciscus-Antoninus-Gasper-Melchior-Balthasar-Joannes-Baptista-Nicolaus, the present Elector of Cologne, beforementioned. He has also a Sister, named Violanta-Beatrix, born Jan. 23. An. 1673. and married to Gaston, eldest Son and Heir to the present Duke of Tuscany. An. 1688.

II. His Arms are three Escutcheons joyn'd together, the first Sable, a Lion Crown'd Or, which belongs to the Palatinate. The second Fusilè in Bend Argent and Azure, in twenty one pieces, which belongs to Bavaria. The third Gules, with an Imperial Globe, Or, which belongs to the Electorate. His Livery is of a _____ colour. He professes the Roman Religion, and uses the High Dutch Language.

III. Saltsburg was formerly the Capital City of this Country; at present it is Munchen, seated on the River Isar, where the Elector Resides. Its in a very sweet and delightful Soil, among Ponds and Groves, daintily interlac'd with pretty Rivulets, and embellisht with many excellent Gardens, that of the Elector being extraordinary.

Norinberg is the fairest City in the Upper Palatinate, and perhaps of all Germany: of figure it is Square, environ'd with a tripple Wall of eight Miles in Circuit. The Houses are most of Free-stone, and six or seven Stories high; and divers of them painted on the outside, and adorn'd with gilded Balls on the top.

At Altorff, near this Town, in the Anatomy-School, is the Skeleton of a Bear bigger than an Horse.

If the Bavarian Branch fails, the Palatinate Family are to reenter into the ancient Electorship, and the other newly erected is to be abolished.

SAXONY.

ALbert the Third, Elector of Saxony, descended of the Family of Anhalt, coming to an unexpected and accidental end, being without issue, ann. 1422, Frederick the Warlike, Marquess of Misnia and Landgrave of Thuringia, Son to Frederick the Sttong, was invested in the Electoral Dignity, by the Emperor Sigismond, ann. 1425, from whom is descended

I. Joannes-Georgius the Third, the present Duke of Saxony, Landgrave of Thuringia, Marquess of Misnia, Grand Marshal of the Empire, Prince and Elector, who was born▪ June 20. 1647, and succeeded his Father, Aug. 22. 1680. and in Sept. 1663, he espoused the Princess Anna Sophia, eldest Sister to the present King of Denmark; but the Marriage was not consummated till Octob. 9. 1666, she was born ann. 1647, and he has had by her two Sons.

• 1. Joannes-Georgius the Fourth, Heir apparent, born Octob. 17. ann. 1668.
• 2. Frederick-Augustus, born May 12. 1670.

The Duke has no Brother nor Sister living, but there are forty two Princes of the House of Saxony alive.

II. His Arms are quarterly. In the first, Upper Saxony. In the second, Thuringia. In the third, Misnia. In the fourth, Lower Saxony. Over all the Electorate bears Barwise of six pieces, Or and Sable, a Bend verte. His Livery is of a _____ Colour. He professes the Protestant Religion, according to the Doctrine of Luther, and uses the High-Dutch Language.

III. Dresden, seated on the fides of the River Albis, by which it is divided into the Old Town and the New, join'd into one by a Bridge eight hundred paces in length, is the ordinary place of Residence of this Elector: the Country round about it being very rich and pleasant. When the first Stone was laid to build the Walls of this Town, there was placed in the Earth a Silver Cup gilded, a Book of the Laws, and another of Coins, and three Glasses filled with Wine.

Magdeburg is the greatest Town of the Country, but possess'd by the Marquess of Brandenburgh, by virtue of the Treaty at Munster. The first Turnament in Germany opened at Magdeburg, 635, by the Emperor Henry, surnamed the Fowler. These Pastimes were afterwards deposed upon the emulation they caused between the Princes and Nobility: or haply, on consideration that many brave Men lost their Lives in these Encounters: for at Darmstadt, an. 1403, at the twenty third Turnament which was held in Germany, the Gentlemen of Franconia, and those of Hesse, drew so much Blood of each other, that there remain'd dead on the place seventeen of the former, and nine of the latter.

Wittenberg, seated on the Elb, whose chief Beauty lies in one chief Street, extending the whole length of the City; in former times was the Seat of the Duke-Elector; till the Electoral Dignity was conferred on the House of Meissen; who liking better their own Country, kept their Court at Dresden, but so that Wittenberg is still acknowledg'd for the Head City of the Electorate.

IV. This Electors ordinary and extraordinary Revenues may amount to eight millions of Livers yearly. It arises out of his Silver Mines, Imposts laid upon Beer, the Tenths of all sorts of Increase, as of Corn, Wine, &c. Salt-Houses and the like.

BRANDENBURG.

THAT the Family of Brandenburg is descended from the Counts of Zollern in Schawben is not to be doubted; but from whence these Counts drew their Extraction, does not so well appear. Their opinion seems to be best, which gives them the same original with the Guelphi; yet so as not entirely to exclude the Colonnas, a Family of an Italian Extraction also. In the Catalogue of these Counts, we find Conrade the First, who flourished about the middle of the twelfth Century, and married Anne of Vokburg, sole Heiress of the last Burgrave of Nurenburg, whereupon he obtained of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, to be himself invested in that Burgraviate. From him was descended Frederick the Sixth, the first Elector of Brandenburg, of the Family of Zollern. This Frederick was born ann. 1372, and served the Emperor Sigismond in his Wars, by whom, in regard of his great merit, he was constituted Vicar or Warden of the Marc, ann. 1411. Afterwards at a Diet held at Constance, ann. 1415. he obtained the Electoral Dignity of the said Emperor, with the general consent of the other Electors, together with the Marquisate of Brandenburg, paying down in consideration thereof four hundred thousand Hungarian Shillings. The Investiture was afterward solemnly performed in Apr. ann. 1417, &c. From him is descended.

I. Frederick III. the present Marquess of Brandenburg, great Chamberlain of the Empire, and Elector, Duke of Prussia, &c. born at Nine of the Clock in the Morning, July 1. anno 1657, he succeeded his Father, Apr. 29. 1688, Old Style: and on the 23d. of August, ann. 1679, he married Elizabetha Henrica, Sister to the present Landtgrave of Hesse: she died July 27. 1683, leaving one only Daughter, nam'd Louisa-Dorothea-Sophia, born Sept. 19. 1680. Since the Decease of this Electress, in the following year, viz. 1684. Oct. 6. he married the Princess Sophia-Charlotta, Daughter to Ernestus-Augustus, the present Bishop of Osenburg, and Duke of Brunswick and Hanover. She was born Oct. 20. 1668, the Duke has had by her two Sons, but only one living, viz. Frederick-William, born at two of the clock in the Afternoon, Aug. 4. 1688.

This Elector has four Brothers, and two Sisters living, but his Father's Issue by a second Ventre, viz.

• 1. Philip-William, born in May, 1669.
• 2. Maria Amalia, born Nov. 16. 1670: and first married, ann. 1687, to Charles, eldest Son and Heir apparent to the present Duke of Meckleburg-Gustrow; and after his Decease (which happened March 15. 1688,) to Maurice-William, Duke of Saxony and Administrator of Naumburg, June 26. 1689.
• 3. Albert-Frederick, born Jan. 14. 1672.
• 4. Charles-Philip, born Dec. 26. 1672.
• 5. Elizabeth-Sophia, born March 26. 1674.
• 6. Charles, or Christian-Lewis, born at four of the clock in the Afternoon, May 14. or 17. 1677.

Note that there are fourteen Princes of the House of Brandenburg alive.

II. The Duke bears divers Quarterings, containing several Alliances and Principalities, over all Azure, a Scepter in Pale, Or, which belongs to the Electorship: a triple Helm, and a triple Crest: he has moreover in his Arms, a Lion, an Eagle crown'd, and a Griffin, the Shield is componé, and contonué. His Livery is of a blue Colour. He professes the Protestant Religion according to the Doctrine of Calvin, and uses the High Dutch Language.

III. Brandenburg, seated on the River Havel, is the Capital City of the Marquisate, to which it gives the Name. His Electoral Highness resides ordinarily at Berlin, Spandaw, Posdam.

Berlin is the greatest Town of the Marquisate, being seated on the River Suevus; its as big as Montpellier or Beziers in France.

Magdeburg, belonging to this Elector, was formerly the Metropolitan City of Germany; but scarce half built again since it was sack'd by Tilly, and 36000 persons put to the Sword, and destroyed.

IV. His ordinary and extraordinary Revenues are computed to be eleven, or twelve, and some say, fourteen millions of Livers. His Territories and Forces are the greatest in Germany next the Emperors: and his Court is Royal, and the second fairest. This Prince may go on his own Land from the Low Countries, so far as into Poland and Curland.

The Elector Palatine.

THE Palatine and Bavarian Families are known to have had one Rise, viz. from Otho Earl of Wittlesbach and Schyre, (as its said before in Bavaria) who was created Duke of Bavaria by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, ann. 1180, and had both the Bavarias, as well Upper as Lower, granted him for ever. His Grandson Otho the Second (as 'tis said before) married Agnes sole Daughter and Heiress to Henry the younger, Prince Palatine of the Rhine, and by reason thereof obtained of the Emperor Frederick the Second, the Investiture of that Palatinate, together with the Electoral Dignity, ann. 1227. his eldest Son was Lewis the Severe, born Apr. 13. 1229, who left two Sons, viz. Rudolph, an. 1274, who succeeded his Father Lewis in the Palatinate and Electoral Dignity, and was Author of the Rudolphine Line of the Palatinate Family. 2. Lewis, who was Author of the Bavarian Line of the said Family. From the forementioned Rudolph is descended, Joannes-Gulielmus-Josephus, the present Elector Palatine, and Duke of Newburg, grand Treasurer of the Imperial House, who was born at Dusseldorp, Apr. 19. 1650: and married at Newstadt in Austria, Octob. 25, new style, 1678, the Princess Maria-Anna-Josepha, Daughter to the Emperor Ferdinand the Fourth, by Eleanor Gonzaga, Daughter of Charles Duke of Mantua, his third Wife. This Electress was born ann. 1658. She was brought to bed of a Son, but stillborn, ann. 1683: and ann. 1686, she miscarried a second time, and continuing indisposed, died three years after at Vienna, viz. Apr. 7. 1689. The Elector succeeded his Father, ann. 1690: and his first Wife being dead, he married a Daughter of Cosmo, the Third, great Duke of Tuscany, ann. 1691.

This Elector has six Brothers, and six Sisters living, born in this order.

• 1. Eleonora-Magdalena-Teresa, Empress of Germany, born Jan. 6. 1655.
• 2. Ludovicus-Antonius, Greast Master of the Teutonick Order, born at Dusseldorp, July 9. 1660.
• 3. Carolus-Philippus. born Nov. 4. 1661: and married at Berlin, July 24. 168 to Louise Charlotta de Ratzeville; Lewis, Marquess of Brandenburg's Widow.
• 4. Alexander-Sigismundus, Dean of Ausburg, and President of the Chapter of Constance, born at Neuburg, Apr. 16. 1663.
• 5. Franciscus Ludovicus, born at Neuburg, July 24. 1664: and elected Bishop of Breslaw, Jan. 30. 1683.
• 6. Fredericus Gulielmus, born at Dusseldorp, July 20. 1665.
• 7 Maria-Sophia-Elizabetha, born Aug. 16. 1666: and married ann. 1687, to Peter King of Portugal.
• 8▪ Maria-Anna, born at Dusseldorp, Oct. 28. 1667, and affianc'd to Charles the Second King of Spain, Aug. 28. 1689, whose Queen she now is.
• 9. Philippus Gulielmus-Augustus, born Nov. 18. 1688.
• 10. Dorothea-Sophia, born July 12. 1670.
• 11 Hedewig-Elizabetha Amalia, born July 18. 1673.
• 12 Leopoldina Eleanora-Sophia, born May 27. 1679.

II. The Arms of Charles Count Palatine of the Rhine, this Elector's Predecessor in the Electorate, who deceased May 16. 1685, were Quartelry. In the first and fourth Sable, a Lion Or, crown'd, arm'd and langued Gules. In the second and third, Lozengys Argent and Azure, of one and twenty pieces, with a Mond Or, which belongs to the Electorate. The Elector's Livery is of a _____ Colour, and he professes the Roman Religion, and uses the High▪ Dutch Language.

III. Heidelberg is the Capital Town of the Electorate, seated on the River Neccar. On the Town House is a Clock with divers motions, and when the Clock strikes, an old Man puts off his Hat, a Cock crows, and shakes his Wings, Soldiers fight with each other, &c. In a great Building there, in the Elector Palatines Palace joining to the Cellars, the great Vessel, holding two hundred Tuns, is famous.

Ann. 1661 (as Dr. Brown has observed in the Account of his Travels) about an hundred English came up the Rhine, and by the permission of the Elector, settled themselves a few miles from Heidelberg, living all together, Men, Women and Children in one House, and having a Community of many things; they are of a peculiar Religion, calling themselves Christian-Jews, and one Mr. Poole, formerly living in Norwich, was their Head. They cut not their Beards, and observe many other Ceremonies and Duties, which they either think themselves obliged to by some expressions in the Old Testament, or from some new Exposition of their Teachers.

Manheim, seated on the Confluence of the Rhine and Neccar, is the Defence of all the Country, there is in it a very fair Palace, where the Elector Charles ordinarily resided.

IV. The Elector Charles, beside his own Estates, inherited five hundred thousand Livres of yearly Rent after the Death of the Palatine of Simmeren, Uncle to Charles-Lewis his Father, and formerly his Tutor.

Philip William, Father to the present Elector, after the Decease of Charles Elector Palatine, which happened ann. 1685, became possessed of the Electorate, by virtue of the Instrument of Peace at Osnabrug; but since was thrown out by the French King, anno 1688, and tho he had recovered many places in it, ann. 1689, by the assistance of the Confederates, yet he continued at Neuburg.

Of the Family of Brunswick and Lunenburg, from which the new made Elector of Hanover is descended.

THE Family of Brunswick and Lunenburg, for its great Antiquity, seems to bear the Bell, in a manner, from all the rest. It owes its original to the ancient Welffs; of whom see in Spencer's Sylloge Genealogica. Henry the Lion, descended from these, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, and Successor to his Father, ann. 1139, may be properly looked upon as the common Father of all the Dukes of Brunswick and Lunenburg; tho falling into disgrace with the Emperor Barbarossa, he was proscribed, and so lost all his Dominions, except the Districts of Brunswick and Lunenburg: he married Maud, Daughter of Henry the Second, King of England, and had by her three Sons and two Daughters. Otho their youngest Son, born ann. 1204 the other Brothers dying without Issue-male, was created the first Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, by the Emperor Frederick the Second. From him the present Dukes of Brunswick and Lunenburg are descended: for Ernestus the Seventh Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, who died anno 1546, left, among other Children, two Sons, Augustus and William, of whom the first was Author of the new Line of Brunswick Wolfembuttel, whose Sons Rudolphus Augustus, and Antonius Ulricus now live together in joint Authority: and the other, viz. William, being Author of the Line of Brunswick-Lunenburg-Hanover, whose Grandson Ernestus-Augustus, Bishop of Osenburg, is now Duke of Brunswick Lunenburg-Hanover, He was born Novemb. 10. 1629: and ann. 1658 he married the Lady Sophia, Daughter to Frederick the Fifth, Elector Palatine, and King of Bohemia, born Oct. 13. 1630. This Duke is lately made a new Elector of the Empire. There Children are,

I. Georgius-Ludovicus, Prince Hereditary, born May 28. 1660, and on Nov. 21. 1682 he married his Cousin German Sophia Dorothea, only Daughter of his late Uncle, George-William, Duke of Zell: she was born Sept. 15. 1666. He has Issue by her

• 1. Georgius-Augustus, born Oct. 30. 1683.
• 2. Gulielmus-Ernestus born 1685.
• 2. Fredericus-Augustus, born Octob. 3. 1661: who died in Hungary, 1689.

• 3. Maximilianus-Gulielmus, born Dec. 14. 1666. He died in the Morea.
• 4. Sophia Charlotta, born Octob. 20. 1668, and married to Frederick the Third, the present Elector of Brandenburg, Oct. 6. 1684, by whom she has one Prince alive, named Fredericus Gulielmus, born Aug. 4. 1688.
• 5. Carolus-Philippus, born Oct. 13. or 23. 1669. he died in Hungary, ann. 1690.
• 6. Christianus, born Sept. 29. 1671.
• 7 Ernestus Augustus, born Sept. 17. 1674.

There are other Princes in Germany of the Houses of Hesse, Meckleburg, Wirtenburg, Baden, Anhalt, Saxon-Lawenburg, &c▪ but I give an account only of the Electoral Houses, omitting the rest.

1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri.

Austria, a Region of Germany, comprehending a part of Noricum, with some part of Pannonia, and part of Germany, bordering upon the Danube, bounded on the East by Hungary, on the West by Bavaria, on the North by Moravia, and on the South by Stiria. 'Tis divided into the Upper and Lower; the Upper beyond, the Lower on this side the Danube; Vienna is the Capital City. The Country is very fruitful, and has some Mines, especially of Sulphur. 'Twas first made a Marquisate by Otho I. afterwards made an Arch-Dukedom by Frederick Barbarossa, in 1136, and is the only one of that Title in the World. Of this House are lineally descended the Emperors of Germany.

...

The House of Austria.

To omit the Opinion of Spanish Genealogists, whereof some fix the Original of the Austrian Family in one of the Graecians hid in the famous Trojan Horse, and others derive it from Noah's Ark: Let us examine their Testimony that offer nothing upon the ancientness of Families, but what they ground upon solid and incontestable proof. This Noble Family begun but in the 13th Century, and Charles V. is thought to have been of this opinion when he return'd this remarkable answer to a flattering Genealogist, That he made more Account of Vertue and Glory then of long Succession of Anc stors, that for want of good evident proof was and might well be contested. Nor do Authors agree concerning the Original of this Family, some pretend it to be derived from the Kings of Austrasia, some from the Counts of Altembourg, others hold Peter Frangipani an Italian withdrawing into Swisserland in 1130 or 35 during the Schism of Peter of Leon call'd Anacletus II. against Innocent II. had a Son by name Albert Frangipani, who built the Castle of Hapsburg, and was Grandfather of Rodolphus, acknowledged by all to be the first of the House of Austria, who being chosen Emperor at Francfort in 1273, neglected nothing to promote the interest of the Empire, and especially of his own Family. Ottocaire II. King of Bohemia had taken possession of Austria in right of his Wife, which he pretended was next Heiress to Frederic, who died in 1246 or 48 without Issue. Rodolphus maintain'd that it was a Fief-Male, and for that reason was to return to the Empire upon the default of Heirs Male, hereupon he takes Arms, and having kill'd the King of Bohemia in a Battle fought at Vienna in 1278, gave the Investiture of the Dutchy to his Son Albert, who chang'd the Title of Hapsburg for that of Austria; and his Successors to render it the most important Principality of Germany erected it into an Archdutchy, and were priviledg'd to create Counts, Barons, and Gentlemen throughout the Empire, and were not to be deposed nor call'd to an account on any pretence whatsoever. Stiria and Carinthia were also united to Austria. Rodolphus died in 1291, and had 7 Sons and 8 Daughters, whereof Albert I. and Rodolph II. only had Issue. Albert being Emperor was kill'd in 1308 by his Nephew the Son of Rodolphus. He left 6 Sons, Frederic the Fair, Rodolphe III. Leopold, Othon, Henry, Albert II. and 5 Daughters. Frederic was chosen Emperor in 1314, and died in 1329, his Children did not survive him any considerable time, his Brothers had also the same misfortune, whereupon Albert III. sirnamed the Wife and Dissembler, quitted his Ecclesiastical Benefices, and Married to continue the Family, and dying in 1358 left Rodolphus IV. who died without Issue, Albert III. Leopold II. and Frederic II. Albert died in 1395, leaving Albert IV. sirnamed the Wise or the Mathematician, who died in 1404, leaving Albert V. second Emperor of the name, who died in 1439, and in whose Sons George and Ladislaus ended the Race of Albert III. but the Family was preserved in the Posterity of Leopold II. Son of Albert II. This Leopold died in 1385, and left William the Ambitious, who died without Issue in 1405, Leopold III. sinam'd the Fat and Haughty, who died in 1411, Frederick the III. who died in 1440, from whom the Emperor Sigismond took the Castle of Hapsburg, and Ernest I. who after the death of his Brothers and Nephews quitted his Church-Living, as his Grandfather Albert had done, Married and left 5 Sons, whereof Frederick IV. the eldest was the first that took the Title of Archduke of Austria. He was chosen Emperor in 1440, and died in 1443, leaving many Children, who died Issueless, except Maximilian I. who having Married Mary of Burgundy, Daughter of Charles the Bold, the richest Heiress then in Europe, succeeded his Father in the Empire in 1493, and died in 1519, leaving Philip I. call'd the Fair, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, &c. who in 1496 Married Jean of Arragon, Daughter and Heiress of Ferdinand V. sirnam'd the Catholick, King of Aragon, Granada, and Sicily, which new Alliance rais'd the House of Austria to that height which it has ever since appear'd in, and gave occasion to this Distique:

Bella gerunt fortes, tu faelix Austria Nube,

Nam quae Mars aliis, dat tibi regna Venus.

Philip I. died in 1506, leaving two Sons, Charles V. and Ferdinand, who were both Emperors, and made the Division of the two Branches of the House of Austria. Charles V. rais'd the Grandeur of this Family to the highest period: He was born at Gant in 1500, and being King of Spain, Aragon, and Sicily, was chosen Emperor in 1519; He died in 1558, having given the Crown 3 years before to his Son Philip II. who govern'd 42 years, and died in 1598, He had four Wives, Mary of Portugal, Mary of England, Isabell of France, and Anne of Austria, by which last he had Philip III. who died in 1621. This Prince had 4 Sons and 3 Daughters, Philip IV. Charles who died without Issue, Ferdinand Cardinal, and Alphonsus who died young, the eldest Daughter was Married to Lewis the XIII of France. Philip IV. died in 1665, he was Married to Elizabeth of France, by whom he had Mary Terese of Austria Married to Lewis XIV, and by his second Wife Mary Anne of Austria, Daughter of Ferdinand III. and Sister to the Emperor Leopold, he had 3 Sons that died young. Charles the II. the present King of Spain born the 6th of November 1661, and Margaret Mary Ter•se Married to the same Leopold in 1663, and died 1673. The famous Don John of Austria who was born in 1629, and died at Madrid in 1679, was Philip the IVth's Natural Son.

...

The House of Austria in Germany.

Ferdinand, first Emperor of this name, and first of this Branch of Germany, was the second Son of Philip I. and Brother to Charles V. who generously resigned him all his Possessions in Germany in 1520, made him be chosen King of the Romans that same year, and settled him in the Empire in 1556. This Ferdinand was also King of Hungary and Bohemia in right of his Wife, Daughter of Ladislaus VI. King of Hungary, he died in 1564, and had 4 Sons and 2 Daughters. All the Hereditary Estate of the House fell to his youngest Son Charles II. who also had 15 Children. Ferdinand II. his Son was adopted by the Emperor Matthias in 1617. and Crown'd Emperor in 1629; he died in 1637, and was succeeded by his Son Ferdinand III. who died in 1659; he was thrice Married, and left many Children, as Leopold the present Emperor, Eleanor Mary, first Married to Michel Koribut Weisnowiski K. of Poland, and after his death to Charles IV. Duke of Lorrain in 1678. Mary Anne Wife of Philip the IV. and Mother to Charles II. the present King of Spain, &c. Leopold I. call'd Leopold Ignace-Francis-Balthasar-Joseph-Felici•n was born the 19th of June 1641, chosen Emperor in 1658, Married Margaret Mary Therese Daughter of Philip IV. of Spain in 1666, by whom he had a Son that died young, and a Daughter; This Empress dying in 1673, he Married Claude of Inspruck, and this dying in 1676, took for his 3d Wife Anne Mary Joseph of Neubourg, born in 1655, by whom he has Joseph-Jacob-John-Ignace-Eustace, born in 1678, and several other Children. Guilliman Hist. Arch. Aust. Nicolas Bellus, Welfangus Kazius de Aust. Bersius l. 2. rerum. german. Froissard. Philip. Comines. Spenner, &c.

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

THE Circle of Austria is seated between Bohemia and Moravia on the North, the Dominions of the Republick of Venice on the South, Hungary on, the East, and Bavaria on the West, and comprehends the Estates of the Family of Austria, viz. Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Cilley, Goritz, and Tyrol, and the Bishopricks of Trent and Brixen. The extent of the whole is about 300 miles from East to West, and 200 from North to South. The Soil is fertil, producing Corn, Wine, Pastures and Woods. The Danube passes through Austria, the Drave rises in the Mountains of Brixen and runs through Carinthia, the Save hath its source in the Mountains in the North-west Borders of Carniola and passes through that Dutchy; the Muer rises in the Confines of Saltzburg, runs through Styria and falls into the Drave a little above Canisia, besides which, a great number of smaller Rivers water the several Provinces of this Circle.

AƲSTRIA, which is dignified with the Title of an Arch-dutchy, lies on both sides the River Danube for the space of about 60 or 70 miles from North to South, and 160 from East to West. It was the Pannonia Superior of the Ancients; and its present name of Oosterich or Eastern Kingdom, in Latin Austria, was given by the Franks, because situated Eastward from France. It is a very plentiful Country, affording a great quantity of Wine and Saffron, besides Corn and all other Necessaries for Life in abundance. The Air is not of the wholsomest, the Lower Austria being subject to Infectious Vapours that cause Agues; to prevent which may be the reason of their much Drinking, which, it seems, they are notable for, their Neigbours calling 'em Paschaller, or Ranters,

This Province, after the Roman's time, was part of the Kingdom of Boiarij or Bavarians, afterwards erected into a separate Marquisat by the Emperor Otho I. and the Austrian Family growing powerful, it was honoured with the Title of Arch-dutchy.

This great Family is, by the German Genealogists, pretended to be deriv'd from the ancient Greeks or Roman Hero's. But the first certain Account that is to be found of it, is, That they were Lords of Vindonissa a City of Swisserland, afterwards Counts of Altemberg and Earls of Hapsburg; which Honours they had held from Father to Son for 600 years before Rudolph Earl of Hapsburg was advanc'd to the Imperial Throne in 1273. who, being a very brave Prince, raised his Family exceedingly. In his time Frederick, Duke of Austria dying with out Issue, Ottocarius King of Bohomia seized upon it, pretending a Right by his Wife, and added to it Carniola and Carinthia, which he bought of Ʋlric the last Prince of those Provinces; but the Emperor claimed it as a Fief-male to return to the Empire, and by Force disposses'd Ottocarius and gave it to his Son Albert, who, by Marriage with Elizabeth Daughter of Meinard Earl of Tyrol, obtain'd that Earldom and several Estates in Schwaben and with the Alsatians: By all which Accessions he became powerful enough to contend with the Emperor Adolph, whom he slew in Battel, and caused himself to be chosen Emperor; but after he had Reigned 10 Years he was slain. He left behind him six Sons, from whom descended Frederick III. chosen Emperor in 1440. Maximilian, his Son, succeeded him in the Empire, and married Mary Daughter of Charles the Warlike Duke of Burgundy (the richest Heiress of Europe) and thereby acquir'd all Belgium, or the Netherlands. Philip the Son of Maximilian, married Joan the Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabel, the first Monarchs of all Spain, and in her Right succeeded in that Kingdom, and began the Spanish Branch of the Austrian Family. Charles succeeded his Father and Grandfather in all their Honours and Estates, so that he was Emperor of Germany, and King of Spain, Naples and Sicily, and Lord of Belgium, besides the Realms of Mexico and Peru in America, with the Dutchy of Milan, which were added to Spain in his time. This mighty Prince, after he had Reigned 42 Years, voluntarily resign'd all his Dominions; and after he had given his Son Philip his Kingdoms of Spain, Naples, Sicily, Mexico, with Belgium, &c. and obtained his Brother Ferdinand to be chosen Emperor, himself retir'd into a Monastery. Ferdinand was chosen King of Hungary and Bohemia, which, with the Empire, his Successors have ever since enjoy'd. By the means of this Grandeur, the Family of Austria hath obtain'd large Privileges: The Arch-duke is the first Councellor of the Empire; he can create Barons and Counts all over the Empire: The Princes of this Family cannot be disseized of their Estates, even by the Emperor himself. In case of the failure of the Mail-Line, the eldest Daughter may Inherit, and her Husband enjoy the Dignity and Privileges of Arch-duke, &c.

The present Emperor LEOPOLD is the Heir of the German Branch of this Great Family, and Inheritor of all its Honours and Estates.

Austria is divided into the Upper and Lower, with respect to the Course of the River Danube, being divided by the River Ens.

• In the Lower are these chief Towns,
  • Vienna, Capital.
  • ...Neustat.
  • ...Krems.
  • ...Stain.
  • ...Baden.
  • ...Tuln.
  • ...Haynburg.
• In the Upper, stand
  • ...Lints.
  • ...Ens.
  • ...Everding.
  • ...Freistat.
  • ...Steyr.
  • ...Wels.

VIENNA, olim Vindomina & Vindobona, call'd by the Natives WIEN, is the Capital of Austria, and by being the Seat of the Emperor, is esteem'd the Metropolis of Germany; it was originally a Fort of the Romans, and not at all considerable till Henry Prince of •ledge•stria rebuilt it in 1158. It was enlarg'd, beautified •ledge• wall'd round in the Year 1192, with the Mony •ledge• was paid by the English Nation for the Ransom of •ledge•ard I. detain'd Prisoner by the Marquess of Au•ledge•ria, in his return from the Holy Land. It is now a •ledge•ry rich flourishing City, and exceeding populous; •ledge•reat numbers of Strangers, besides Natives of other parts of Germany, being brought hither by the Emperor's Court. The Houses are well built of Stone, and very high, commonly six Stories, and besides have Cellars sunk four Stories under one another. The Emperor's Palace is a noble piece of Building, but not very large, it consists of two Courts: Over the entrance are set in Capitals the 5 Vowels, the Exposition of which causes many Conjectures; one that pleases best, is, Austriae Est Imperare Orbi Ʋniverso. The Furniture is very princely. But that which most deserves a Traveller's sight, are, the Repository or Collection of Rarities of Nature and Art, and the Library; in the former of which are kept a vast number of Curiosities, the bare Catalogue whereof takes up a large Vol. in Fol. Dr. Brown has mention'd several of the most considerable, to which we must refer the Reader, it being too long to set down here. The Library consists of eight Chambers, which contain a very valuable and numerous Collection of Printed Books, besides a great number of Manuscripts, and is excell'd by no Library of Europe.

This City is the See of a Bishop, who is Suffragan to the Archb••hop o• Sa••zburg. The Cathedral Church, dedicated •o 〈…〉, is a stately Fabrick; the Windows are of thick pain•ed •l••s, which makes the Church somewh•• dark, •he •••fry is •x•raordinary, being adorn'd with S•••••s and fine Embellishments; the Steeple r••es in a Sp••e to the heighth of 482 Foot, and on the top was set •he Turkish Arms, a Star and Crescent, to save it from being destroy'd at the time that Solyman besieg'd this City, which continued there till the Year 16•3, when after defeating the Turks that year, it was taken down. An University is establish'd here, which is endow'd with many Privileges and a fair Revenue, and has a great number of Students: It was founded, as some say, by the Emperor Frederick II. and enlarg'd and compleated by Albert III. Duke of Austria, who also obtain'd its Privileges to be confirm'd by the Pope. The Jesuits have two Houses here, which together with their College and Church, are fine Buildings; as are also the Abbey and Church of S. Gregory.

The Roman Catholick Religion only is here profess'd, which obliges the Protestants to go as far as Presburg to Church. The Jews had formerly a Liberty to Trade here, but of late they have been wholly banish'd.

The Fortification of this City consists of a very strong Wall, wherein are 12 large Bastions, two of which are to the Water, and the other to the Land, and deep Ditches: And indeed this Fortification is needful, for it has been besieged no less than four times by the Turks, viz. in the Year 1529, by Solyman the Magnificent, with an Army of 200000 Men, who were repuls'd and forc'd to return, after they had given two general Assaults to the Town; in the Years 1532 and 1543, and again in our days, viz. A. D. 1683, at which time the City was reduc'd to great extremity, being batter'd by the Enemy's Cannon from the 14th of July to the beginning of September, which they valiantly resisted, under their Couragious Governor Count Staremberg; till John, the present King of Poland, came up with his Army to their Relief, which being join'd with the Imperialists, set upon the Turks the 10th of September, and totally routed and destroy'd their Army, which was said to consist of 100000 Men, and took their Cannon, Camp and Baggage, and so rescu'd the City, which was reduc'd to the last extremity.

The Suburbs, call'd Leopolstadt, is divided from the Town by a fair Plain of a good breadth, and the River Danube; and before the last Siege was almost as considerable as the Town, being fill'd with the Houses of Nobility and Gentry very magnificently built; but this was quite burnt down in the Siege.

The City stands on the South-side of the River Danube, which running through low Grounds, is here divided into several Streams and makes many Islands, one of which call'd Peters, lies just before the Gates, and is large enough to lodge a considerable Army for their defence; near the Town a small River call'd the Wien falls into the Danube, over which last here is a Bridge. It is distant 26 German Leagues or 104 English miles from Lintz to the East, 6 Leagues from the Confines of Hungary, and 10 from Presburg to the West, and seated in the Lat. of 48. 2. Long. (reckoning from Teneriff according to the ol• Maps) 36. 10. but according to Sanson, 39. 10.

Lintz, Aurelianum, Lyncia or Lyncium, the next considerable City, as being the Metropolis of the Upper Austria, is situate upon the Danube, over which it has a Bridge, 100 miles from Vienna to the West, 30 from Passaw to the East, and 50 from Saltzburg to the North-east; it stands in a very pleasant Country, and therefore much resorted to by the Nobility, who have their Houses of Pleasure in its Suburbs on the other side the Danube, and in the Neighbourhood. The Emperor has a Palace here, to which he retir'd during the Siege of Vienna in 1683. Dr. Brown says, This is not a great, but very neat City; the whole Town is built of Stone, the Market-place very large, and not a bad House in it; the Castle stands upon a Hill, is very large and of modern Building. The Imperial Army rendezvous'd here when the Turks came to Vienna in 1532. Here was for some time a Church and University of Lutherans in so flourishing a condition, that in 20 Years time there were no less than 3000 Counts, Barons and Noblemen had been edcuated in it; but it was put down by the Austrian Family when the Emperor Matthias resided here for almost a Year together, A. D. 1614. The Church and the Palace in the City, and the Monastery of the Capucius in the Suburbs, are the things chiefly worth a Travellers sight. There are two Fairs held here yearly, which brings great resort of People.

Ens, Anasium, Ensium Civitas, a fair strong and well built City, stands on a River of the same name, which 2 miles North of it falls into the Danube, and is distant 15 miles from Lintz to the East; this Town was built in the place where formerly stood the City Laureacum, considerable in the Romans time, having been the Seat of some of their Emperors, and since Christianity, was an Archbishop's See; but that City was destroy'd by the Huns, A. D. 903, and this of Ens built, which was formerly govern'd by its Count, till the Emperor Rodolph I. bought it, and annex'd it to the States of Austria.

Steyer, a neat handsom Town at the Conflux of the two small Rivers, the Steyer and the Ens, about 10 miles from Ens to the South. It is inhabited by Smiths, Cutlers, and other Iron-workers, who, by the Danube, furnish the neighbouring parts with their Ware, and much enrich themselves.

Wels, a neat Town upon the River Traune, 4 German miles from Lintz to the South, not considerable.

Everding or Efferding, about 12 miles from Lintz to the West, and near the banks of the Danube, is a strong fortified Town and defended with two Castles, one within the Walls of the Town and another without, which is call'd Schaumburg, and gave Title to a Count of the Family of Julbach, to whom this Town belong'd; but the Count of Starenberg is now Lord of it, his Ancestor having married the Daughter of the last Count Schaumburg, about A. D. 1560.

Freystat, on the North-side the Danube near the borders of Bohemia, is a well built Town, but not very strong; it stands 25 miles from Lintz to the North. A Fair is held here once a Year which lasts 14 days, and brings great Concourse of People to it.

Newstadt, the chief Town next Vienna of the Lower Austria, is seated in a Bog in the middle of a Plain, at the distance of 30 miles from Vienna to the South; it is fortified with two Walls and a Ditch, which makes it so strong that it resisted the main force of the Turks, who were content to retreat if the Town would give them some Trophy to carry to Constantinople, who thereupon sent 'em their Whipping-post.

Krembs stands on the North-side of the Danube near a small River of the same name, about 40 miles from Vienna to the West. It is a neat well built wall'd City, and has a good Trade, especially at two yearly Fairs, which last 14 days.

Stain is a small City on the North-side of the Danube also, not above two miles from Krembs to the West, and has a Bridge over the Danube.

Baden, called so from the natural Baths that rise here in so many Springs as to supply two Baths within the Town, five without the Wall, and two beyond a Rivulet call'd Swechet, the Waters of which are commended for curing many Distempers, and therefore much resorted to. This Town stands in a Plain about 18 miles from Vienna to the South, and as far from Newstadt to the West.

Tuln is an ancient Town about 20 miles Westward from Vienna, upon a small River of the same name, which falls into the Danube about 5 or 6 miles below it. The Country about it is reckon'd the fruitfullest and healthiest part of Austria, but the Town however not very well furnish'd with Provisions for Travellers,

Haynburg or Haimburg, Hamburgum Austriae, was anciently the Metropolis of Austria and the Seat of the Dukes, and one of the greatest Mart-Towns in these parts, but decay'd upon Duke Leopold's removing to Vienna about A. D. 1200. It is situate on the South-side of the Danube 30 miles from Vienna, and near the borders of Hungary, from whence it has been frequently disturb'd by the Rebels of that Country. They have plenty of Wine and Corn, which is now the chief Trade of the Town. There are still to be seen some Remains of strong Walls and Fortifications round the Town.