Scotland

Maps

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  1701 A system of geography by Herman Moll - Scotland.jpg

Sources from old books

1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator.

THE Northerne part of the Island of Brittaine is called Scotland, heretofore Albania. The Inhabitants who keepe their ancient speech, doe call it Albain, and the Irish Albany, as if it were an other Ireland, which the Bardes call Banno. For Historians doe call Ireland Greater Scotland; & the Kingdome of Scots in Brittaine the Lesser Scotland: Ptolemie doth call it Little Brittaine, Rufus the Second Brittaine; Tacitus calleth it Caledonia, from a certaine Forrest so called. But the Scots were so called from their Neighbours the e 1.2 Scyths: For as the Dutchmen call the Scyths and Scots by one name Scutten, that is, Archers: so also the Brittains did call both of them Y-scot, as appeareth by the Brittish Writers. And 'tis manifest, that they descending from the Scyths, came out of Spaine into f 1.3 Ireland, and from thence into that part of Albain which they now possesse, and grew with the Picts into one Nation. Thus much of the Name, the Situation followes. The Southerne bounds towards England are the Rivers Tweede and Solwey, on the North is the Deucaledon Ocean,* 1.4 on the West the Irish, on the East the German, other parts the Ocean and the German Sea doe compasse. It is 480 miles long, but no where above 112 miles broad.* 1.5 The Country is more temperate than France, the heate and cold being more remisse, in like manner as it is in England, but yet it cannot be compared unto it in fruitfulnesse. The Earth, for the most part,* 1.6 is full of Sulphure or moorish, which affordeth them coale and turfe for firing, especially in those places where there is want of wood. Yet here groweth as much corne as the Inhabitants can spend. The Earth also bringeth forth divers mettals, as Gold, Silver, Quicksilver, Iron, Lead, and Copper. It hath in Drisdale a Gold Myne, in which the Azure stone is found. It hath also pretious stones, especially the Gagate, which burneth in the water, and is quenched with oyle. Also excellent pastures, which doe feed and bring up all kinds of Heards: whence they abound with plenty of flesh, milke, butter, cheese, and wooll. When the Scots came to the Picts into Brittain, although they stil provok't the English by warres & robberies, yet the Scottish affaires grew not upon a suddain, but a long time they lay hid in that corner in which they first arriv'd; neither (as Beda noteth) for more than an hundred and seven and twenty yeares, durst they beare Armes against the Earles of Northumberland, untill at one and the same g 1.7 time they had almost slaine all the Picts, and the Kingdome of Northumberland by domestick troubles, and by the incursions of the Dane, was almost ruined. For then all the North part of Brittaine came to be called Scotland, together with the Countrie beyond Cluide, and Edenburgh-Frith. The Scots are valiant in warre, and stout souldiers to endure hunger, watching, or cold. The chiefe Citie of Scotland is h 1.8 Edenburgh, commonly called Edenburrow, this royall Seate Ptolemie cals the i 1.9 Winged Castell, and not onely the Metropolis of Lauden, but also of all Scotland; it hath its situation on the Mountaines, much like to Prague in Bohemia; the length stretched from East to West is a thousand paces, or a mile, the breadth is halfe as much. The whole Citie hangeth, as it were, on the side of a Mountaine, and is highest toward the West; toward the North it fortifies the Citie with its steepnesse, the other parts toward the East and South are environ'd with a wall. On the East side of the Citie is the Kings pallace, which they call King Arthurs Chaire: on the West there is a steepe Rock, and on the Rock a great Towre, which the Scots doe commonly call the maiden Towre, which is the same which Ptolemie cals the Winged Castell. There are also other Cities and famous Townes in this Kingdome, which we will describe particularly in their places. In the Valeys there are many Lakes, Marshes, Fountaines and Rivers full of Fish, the greatest part whereof arise out of the Mountaine Grampius, of which wee will make mention in our next Description.* 1.10 The Scottish Sea is full of Oysters,* 1.11 Herrings, Corall, and shell-fish of divers kindes. Scotland hath many Havens & Bayes, amongst which Letha is a most convenient Haven.* 1.12 The Country it selfe is very rugged and mountainous, and on the very Mountaines hath plaine levell ground, which doth afford pasturage for Cattell. Grampius is the greatest Mountaine, and doth runne through the middle of Scotland: it is commonly called Grasebaim, or Grantzbaine,* 1.13 that is to say, the crooked mountaine, for it bending it selfe from the shore of the German Sea to the mouth of the River Dee, and passing through the middle of this Countrey toward the Irish Sea, endeth at the Lake Lomund: it was heretofore the bounds of the Kingdome of the Picts and Scots. At Aberdon there are woody mountaines. It is thought, that here was the Forrest of Caledonia, which Lucius Florus cals saltus Caledonius, very spacious, and by reason of great trees impassable; and it is divided by the Mountaine Grampius. Moreover not onely ancient writings and manuscripts, but also Temples, Friaries, Monasteries,* 1.14 Hospitals, and other places devoted to Religion doe testifie, that the Scots were not the last k 1.15 among the Europaeans, who embraced the Christian Religion, and did observe and reverence it above others. The royall Pallace of Edenburgh, of which I spake before, is very stately and magnificent, and in the midst of the Citie is their Capitoll or Parliament-house. The Dukes, Earles, Barons, and Nobles of the Kingdome have their Pallaces in the Citie, when they are summoned to Parliament. The Citie it selfe is not built of bricke, but of free squared stone, so that the severall houses may bee compared to great Pallaces. But enough of this, let us passe to other things. The people of Scotland are divided into three Rankes or Orders, the Nobility, the Clergie, and the Laiety. The Ecclesiasticall Order hath two Archbishops, one of S. Andrewes,* 1.16 Primate of all Scotland, the other of Glasco. There are eight Bishopricks under the Archbishop of Saint Andrewes, of Dunkeld, of Aberdon, of Murray, of Dunblan, of Brecchin, of Rosse, of Cathanes, and of Orkney: Under the Bishop ofl 1.17 Glasgo there are three, to wit, the Bishop of Candida casa, the Bishop of m 1.18 Argadia, and the Bishop of the Isles, namely Sura, Mura, Yla, &c. This is the manner and order of the Nobilitie, the Kings and the Kings Sonnes lawfully begotten have the first place, of which if there bee many, the eldest Sonne is called Prince of Scotland, the rest are onely called Princes; but when the King is publickly crowned, hee promiseth to all the people, that he will keepe and observe the Lawes, Rites, and Customes of his Ancestours, and use them in the same manner as they did. The Dukes have the second place, the Earles the third, and those Nobles the fourth place, who are not known by that Title in forraine Countries, but the Scots doe call them My Lords. This name is so much esteem'd amongst them, that for honours sake they attribute it to their Bishops, Earles, and chiefest Magistrates. In the fifth place are the Knights and Barons, who are usually called Lords. They are in the sixth and last place, who having attained to no title of honour, but yet descended from a noble Familie, are therefore commonly called Gentlemen; as the Brothers, and Sonnes of Earles and Lords, the youngest Sonnes of Knights, who have no part in the Inheritance, because (by the Lawes of Scotland) that commeth unto the eldest Sonne, for the preservation of the Familie, but the common people call all those Gentlemen, who are either rich or well spoken of for their hospitality. The whole weight of warre doth depend on the Nobility of the lowest degree. The Plebeians or Citizens are partly chiefe men, who beare office in their Cities, partly Merchants, and partly Tradesmen, or Handy-craftes-men, all which because they are free from Tribute and other burdens, doe easily grow rich. And least any thing should be too heavily enacted against any Citie, the King permits that in publick assemblies or Parliaments three or foure Citizens, being called out of every Citie, should freely interpose their opinion concerning matters propounded. Heretofore the Clergie was governed by the authoritie of Decrees & Councels, but now (as the rest) they are ruled by the Lawes, which the Kings have devised, or confirmed by their royall assent. The Booke which containeth the municipall Lawes, written in Latine, is entituled Regia Majestas, the Kings Majestie, because the Booke begins with those words: In the other Bookes of the Lawes, the Acts of their Councels (which are called Parliaments) are written in Scotch. There are many and divers Magistrates in Scotland, as in other Nations. Among these, the chiefe and next to the King is the Protectour of the Kingdome (whom they call the Governour.) Hee hath the charge of governing the Kingdome, if the Common-wealth at any time be deprived of her King; or the King by reason of his tender age cannot manage the affaires of the Kingdome. There is also a continuall Senate at Edenburrough, so framed of the Clergie and Nobilitie, that the Clergie doth in number equall the Laiety. The Clergie have a President over them, who hath the first place in delivering his opinion, unlesse the Chancellour of the Kingdome bee present, for hee hath the chiefe place in all affaires of the Kingdome. Hee that sits on matters of life and death, they call The great Justice; hee that lookes to Sea-matters, the Admirall: he that lookes to the Campe, the Marshall: and he that punishes offences, committed in the Court, is called the Constable. There are also in severall Provinces, which they call Viecounties, those which are Governours of them, whom by an ancient name they call Vicounts. Their authority in deciding those matters which belong to civill causes, doth depend on a certaine hereditary right, by which they claime also unto themselves those Vicountships. So that these Vicounts may be said not to be created by the King, but borne unto it by right from their Parents. The Cities also and Townes have their Governours, their Bailiffes, and other Magistrates of that kinde, who keepe the Citizens in obedience, and doe maintaine and defend the Priviledges of the Cities, whereby it comes to passe that the Common-wealth of Scotland, by the apt disposition and ranking of Degrees, by the holy Majestie of Lawes and the authority of Magistrates, doth flourish, and deserveth great praise. These are the names of the Dukedomes, Earledomes, and Vicountships of Scotland: the Dukedome of Rotsay and Albania, and the Dukedome of Lennox, the Countie of Carnes, Sutherlant, Rosse, Murray, Buchquhan, Garmach, Garmoran, Mar, Mernis, Angus, Gowry, Frisse, Marche, Athole, Stratherne, Menteith, Wagion, Douglasse, Carrike, Crawford, Annandale, Ourmonth, and Huntley. The Vicountships are, Berwich, alias North-Berwyk, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Twedale, Dunfrise, Niddisdale, Wigton, Are, Lanarke, Dunbretton, Sterueling, Louthean, Lauden, Clacmanan, Kiuros, Fisse, Perth, Angus, Mernis, Aberdone, Bamph, Fores, and Inuernes. There are the Universities of Saint Andrew and Aberdone, the later was adorned with many priviledges by King Alexander, and his Sister Isabel, about the yeare 1240. The former was begun to be established under King Iames, in the yeare 1411. To which is added the University of Glasgo, founded by Bishop Turnbul, anno 1554, and Edenburgh. The disposition of the Scots is lively, stirring, fierie, hot, and very capable of wisdome.

IHave ended that which I purposed to speake of Scotland in generall, our method requireth that we should run through the parts of it in speciall. Scotland is divided (by the Mountaine Grampius, cutting it in the midst) into the Southerne or Higher part, and into the Northerne or Lower part. It is divided from England by the River Tweede, by the high Mountaine Cheviota, and, where the Mountaine faileth, by a trench made not long agoe, and lastly by the Rivers Eske and Solway. Beyond these bounds the Countries even from the Scottish Sea to the Irish, doe lie in this manner. The first is Marcia, Merchia or March so called, because it is the limits, and lies on the Marches of Scotland, this reacheth to the left side of Tweede: on the East it is bounded with the Forth n 1.1 Aestuarium, and on the South with England. In March is the Towne of Berwyke, Borwick, or Borcovicum; which the English hold. Here is also the Castle of Hume, the ancient possession of the Lords of Hume, who being descended from the Earles of March, became at last a great and renowned Familie. Neare to this Castle lyeth Kelso, famous by a certaine Monasterie, and the ancient habitation of the Hepburni, who a long time by Hereditary right, were Earles of Bothwell, and Admiralls of Scotland, which honours by the Sister of Iames Earle of Bothwell, married to Iohn the lawfull Sonne of King Iames the fift, did descend to Francis his Son. From thence we may see Coldingham, or Childingham, which Beda calls the Citie Coldana, and Vrbs Coludi, and Ptolemie perchance calls Colania. On the West side of March on either side of Tweede is Tifedale, being so called from the River Tyfie. It is divided from England by the Mountaine Cheviota. After this are three small Countries, Lidesdale, Eusedale, and Eskedale, so named from three Rivers of like name, Lide, Eue, and Eske. The last is Annandale, which is so called from the River of Annan, dividing it in the midst, which runnes along by Solway into the Irish Sea. Now that wee may returne againe to the o 1.2 Forth or Scottish Fyrth it doth bound Lothiana or Lauden on the East side: the Cochurmian Woods, and the Lamirian Mountaines doe seperate it from Marcia. And then a little toward the West it toucheth upon Lauderia & Twedia: the one so called frō the Town Laudera, the other frō the River Tweede, cutting through the middle of that Country. On the South and West Lidesdale Nithesdale and Clidesdall doe touch upon Tweede, the name of Nithesdale was given unto it from the River Nyth, called by Ptolemie Nobios, which glideth through it into the Irish Sea. p 1.3 Lothiaria was so called from Lothius King of the Scots. On the East side it is bounded with the Forth or Scottish Sea, and on the West it looketh toward the Vale of Clide. This Country both for curtesie and plenty of all things necessary for mans life, doth farre excell the rest. It is watered with five Rivers, Ti••,* 1.4 both the Eskes (who before they fall into the Sea doe joyne together in one channell) Letha, and Almone. These rising partly out of the Lamirian Mountaines, partly out of the Pictland Mountaines doe runne into the Forth. It hath these Townes, Dunbarr, Hadinia, commonly called Hadington, Dalneth, Edenburrough, Leth and Lemnuch. Somewhat more towards the West lyeth u 1.5 Clydesdale, on either side of the River Clide or Glotta, which in regard of the length is divided into two Provinces. In the former Province is a hill not very high, from whence three Rivers doe discharge themselves into three divers Seas. * 1.6 Tweede into the Scotch Sea, Annand into the Irish, and Clide into the Deucalidon Sea. The chiefest Cities in it are Lanarick and Glasco.* 1.7 The latter the River Coila or Coyil runneth by on the West: beyond Coila is Gallovidia or Galloway. It is seperated from Nithesdale with the River Claudanus, almost enclining toward the South, whose bankes doe hemme in the other side of Scotland. The whole Country is more fruitfull in Cattle then in Corne.* 1.8 It hath many Rivers which runne into the Irish Sea, as Vrus, Dee, Kennus, Cray and Lowys. It is no where raised into Mountaines, but yet it swells with little Hills. Among which the water setling doth make innumerable Lakes,* 1.9 which by the first raine which falls before the Autumnall Aequinox doe make the Rivers rise, whence there commeth downe an incredible multitude of Eeles, which the Inhabitants having tooke up with wickar-weeles, doe salt up, and make a great commoditie of. In this Country is the Lake of Myrton, part of whose Waters doe congeale in Winter, the other is never frozen. The farthest part on this side is the Promontorie Novantum, under which in the mouth of the River Lowys is the Bay which Ptolemy calls b 1.10 Regrionius. On the other side there flowes into it the Bay of Glotta, commonly called the Lake Rian, which Ptolemy calls Vidogara. That Land which runneth betweene these two Bayes the Inhabitants call Rine, that is the Eye of Galloway: they call it also the Mule of Galloway, or the Mules nocke. The whole Country is called Galloway, or Gallovid, which in the language of the Ancient Scots signifies a French-man. Beneath Vidogara on the backside of Galloway, Caricta gently bendeth toward the estuarie of Glotta.* 1.11 Two Rivers doe cut through it:* 1.12 one called Stinsianus, and the other Grevanus, on both of which many pleasant Townes are seated. Between the Rivers, in those places where it swells into little hills, it is fruitfull in pasturage, and hath some Corne. The whole Country hath not onely a sufficiency of all things, for the maintenance of men both by Sea and Land, but also doth furnish the neighbour Countries with many commodities. The River Dun doth seperate it from Coila, arising out of a Lake of the same name, which hath an Island in it with a small Castle. There are in the Countrie of Caricta, very exceeding great Oxen, whose flesh is tender and sweet in taste, and whose fat being once melted never hardneth againe, but alwayes runneth abroad like oyle. Coila followeth, which Galloway doth bound on the South, on the East it toucheth Clidesdale, on the West it is divided from Cunningam by the River Vrwyn, the River Aire runnes through the middle hereof, on which is seated Ayr a faire Market Towne. For the generall, this Country hath greater plenty of valiant men, then of fruit or cattle, for it is altogether of a light sandie soyle: which doth sharpen the industrie of the Inhabitants, and their sparing life doth confirme the strength of their mindes and bodies. In this Country about ten miles from the Towne Ayr, there is a stone almost twelve foot high, and thirty Cubits thicke, which is called the deafe stone, for if you hollow or shoot off a Musket on the one side, hee that standeth on the other side next to the stone cannot heare it, he that stands farther off shall heare it better, and he that stands farthest off shall heare it best. After this Cunningam runneth to the North, and straightneth Glotta, untill it become a small River. It is manifest that the name of this Country came from the Danes, and in their language signifies a Kings house, which is a signe that the Danes sometimes possessed it. Next on the East side is situated Renfroan, so called from a Towne, in which the Inhabitants kept their publike meetings, it is commonly called Baronia. Two Rivers doe cut through the middle of it, which are both called Carth. After this Country is Clidesdale aforenamed, stretched forth to either banke of Glotta, and poureth forth many Noble Rivers: on the left hand Aven, and Duglasse, which doe runne into Glotta: on the right hand another Aven, which seperates Sterling on the South from Lothiana, and on the East from the Fyrth, untill at last growing lesser, it hath a Bridge over it neare Sterling. There is one River that cutteth through this Country, which is worthy of memory, called Carron, neare to which are some ancient Monuments. On the left side of Carron there are two little hills built by the industrie of men, which are commonly called Duni pacis. On the right side of Carron, there is a plaine field that at last riseth into a little hill, being in the middle betweene Duni pacis, and a little Chappell. On the side of this hill there appeareth yet the ruines or remainder of a small Citie. But the foundation of the Walls, and the description of the streetes, partly by tillage, and partly by digging forth squared stones for the building of rich mens houses, cannot be distinctly knowne. This place Beda doth call Guidi, and doth place it in a corner of the trench made by Severus the Emperour. Many famous Roman Writers have made mention of this Trench and Bulwarke. Here many tokens doe remaine, and many stones are digged up with inscriptions, which are either testimonies of ayde formerly received by the Tribunes and Centurions, or of their Sepulchers in those places. Beyond Sterling is Levinis or Lennox, divided from Renfroan by Glotta, from Glasco by the River Keluin: It is parted from Sterling or Striveling with the Mountaines, from Taichia, by the Forth: at length it endeth at the Mountaine Grampius, at the foot thereof the Lake Lomund through a hollow Vale extendeth it selfe 24. miles in length, and 8. in breadth, which containeth above 24. Islands. Besides a multitude of other fishes, it hath some particular unto it selfe, which are pleasant in taste, called Pollacks. There are three things reported of this Lake very memorable: First the Fish have no Finnes, but otherwise are of an excellent taste. Secondly, the water when there is no winde is sometime so rough, that it would affright the boldest Marriner, from weighing Anker. Lastly, there is a certaine Island fit to feed flocks of cattle, which moveth up and downe, and is driven to and fro with every tempest. But I returne to the Lake, which at last breaking forth toward the South, doth send forth the River Levin, which giveth its owne name to the Country. This River neare to the Castle Brittanodun, or Dun brittan, and a Towne of the same name, entreth into Glotta. The farthest Hills of the Mountaine Grampius doe somewhat raise the farthest part of Levinia, being cut through with a little Bay of the Sea, which for the shortnesse of it they call Gerloch. Beyond this is a farre larger Bay, which they call Longus, from the River Long that falleth into it. This is the bound betweene Levinia and Covalia. Covalia it selfe, f 1.13 Argathel or rather Ergathel and Cnapdale, are divided into many parts by many straight Bayes made by the estuarie of Glotta, or Dun-Brittan Fryth. There is one famous Lake amongst the rest; they call it Finis from the River Fin, which it receiveth, it is 60 miles long. There is in Knapdale the Lake Avus, in which there is a small Island with a fortified Castle. From hence the River Avus runneth forth, which alone in these Countries emptieth it selfe into the Deucalidon Sea. Beyond Knapdale towards the West Cantiera or Cantyre runneth out, that is, the head of the Country, over against Ireland, from which it is parted by a small narrow Sea, being longer than broad, and joyned so straightly, and in such a narrow manner to Cnapdale, that it is scarce a mile over, and even that is nothing else but sand. On Cantyre Lauria toucheth, lying neare to Argathel, and reaching neare to Abry: it is a plaine Country, and not unfruitfull. In that place where the Mountaine Grampius is somewhat lower, and more passable, the Country is called Braid Albin, that is to say, the highest part of Scotland, and where it is highest it is called Drum Albin, that is the backe of Scotland; and not without reason. For out of the backe Rivers doe runne into either Sea, some into the North, some into the South: out of the Lake Iernus, it sendeth forth the River Ierna into the East, which having runne three miles falls into Taus beneath Perth. From this River Strathierna or Stathierna, extended to either banke thereof, tooke its name. For the Scots are wont to call a Countrie which lyeth on a River, Stat.

THe Mountains of Ocellum do border upon Tachia, which for the most part, together with the Country at the foot thereof, are thought to bee in the Country of Iernia: but the rest of the Countrie even to the Forth ambition hath divided into many parts, as Clacman, Colrosse, and Kinrosse. From these and the Mountaines of Ocellum, all the Countrie which is bounded by the Forth and Tay, groweth straight in the forme of a wedge Eastward, toward the Sea. And by one name is called Fife, having sufficiencie of all things necessarie to life: it is broadest where the Lake Levinus cutteth it, and thence gathereth it selfe into a narrow forme, even to the Towne Caralia. It sendeth forth one notable River, to wit Levinus, whose bankes are beautified with many Townes, of which the most renowned for the studie of good Arts,* 1.1 is Fanum Andraeae, or Andrews Chappell, which the ancient Scots did call Fanum Reguli, and the Picts Rigmud. In the middle of the Countrie is Cuprum or Cuper, whither those of Fife do come to have their causes tryed: on that side where it toucheth Iernia, there stands Abreneth the ancient Pallace of the Picts. Here Ierna runneth into Taus. But Taus runneth foure and twentie miles, having broken out of the Lake Taus which is in Braid Albin, and is the greatest River in Scotland. This River bending toward the mountaine Grampius, doth touch Atholia a fertile Region placed in the wooddie Countrie of Grampius. Beneath Atholia Caledon is seated on the right-hand bank of the River Taus an old Towne which onely retaineth a name, common-called Duncaldene, that is, Hasell-trees. For the Hasell trees spreading themselves all over, and covering the fields thereabout with their shadie boughs, gave occasion of that name both to the Towne and people. These Caledones or people of Caledon, being once reckoned among the chief Brittaines, did make up one part of the Kingdome of the Picts. For Ammianus Marcellinus divideth them into the Caledones and Vecturiones, but of their names there is scarce any memorie left at this day. Twelve miles beneath Caledon lyes the Countrie of Perth on the same right-hand banke. On the left-hand banke beneath Atholia is Gour, looking toward the East, renowned for corne-fields: and beneath this againe is Angusia stretched out betweene Taus and Eske: this the ancient Scots did call Aeneia. Some suppose it to be called Horestia, or according to the English speech Forrest. In it is the Citie Cuprum which Boethius, to gratifie his Country, ambitiously calleth i 1.2 Dei Donum, the gift of God: but I suppose the ancient name was Taodunum, from Dunus, that is, an Hill situate by Taus, at the foot whereof there is a Towne. Beyond Taus the next foureteene miles off, on the same banke is Abreneth, otherwise called Obrinca. After this Countrie is the Red Promontorie, very conspicuous. The River Eske called the Southerne, cutting through the midst thereof, the other Northerne Eske divideth it from Mernia. It is for the most part a plaine field countrie, untill Grampius meeting with it beneath Fordune, and Dunotrum the Earle Marshalls castle, it somewhat remitteth its height, and soe bendeth downe into the Sea. Beyond it towards the North is the mouth of the River Deva commonly called Dea or Dee, and about a mile distant from it the River Don; by the one is Aberdon, famous for the Salmon-fishing, by the other another k 1.3 Aberdon, which hath a Bishops Seat, and Publike Schooles flourishing by the studies of all Liberall Arts. I finde in ancient monuments that the Hithermost was called Aberdea, but now these Townes are called the old and new Aberdon. From this strait Foreland betweene these two Rivers beginneth Marria, which by little and little enlarging it selfe runneth 60. miles in length even to Badenacke or Badgenoth. This Countrie extends it selfe in one continued ••dge▪ and doth send forth divers great Rivers into either Sea. •••bria doth border on Badenacke, being somewhat enclined toward the Deucalidon Sea, and is as plentifull as any Countrie in Scotland with all Sea and Land-commoditie. For it hath good corne and pasturage, and is pleasant as well in regard of the shadie woods as coole streames, and fountaines. It hath so great plentie of fish, that it is not inferiour to any part of the whole Kingdome. For beside the plentie of river fish, the Sea storeth it, for breaking in upon the plaine ground, and there being kept in with high bankes it spreads it selfe abroad, in manner of a great Lake: whence it is called in their countrie speech Abria,* 1.4 that is a standing water. They give also the same name to the neighbour Countrie. Northward next to Marria is Buchania or Buguhan divided from it by the river Don. This of all the Countries of Scotland doth stretch it selfe farthest into the Germane Sea. It is happie in pasturage and the increase of sheepe, and is sufficiently furnished with all things necessarie for mans life.* 1.5 The rivers thereof do abound with Salmons. Yet that kinde of fish is not found in the river Raira. There is on the bankes of this river a Cave, the nature whereof is not to be omitted, which is, that water distilling drop by drop out of the hollow arch thereof these drops are straightway turned into little Pyramides of stone, and if it should not be clensed by the industrie of men, it would quickly fill up the cave even to the top. Beyond Buchania towards the North, are two small Countries, Boina and Ainia, which lye by the river Spaea or Spey that separateth them from Moravia. Spaea riseth on the back-side of Badenach aforesaid, and a good way distant from its fountaine is that Lake whence Iutea breaketh forth, and •owleth it selfe into the Westerne Sea. They report that at the mouth thereof there was a famous Towne, named from the river Emmorluteum: the truth is, whether you consider the nature of the Countrie round about it, or the conveniencie of Navigation and transportation, it is a place very fit to be a Towne of traffique. And the anci¦ent Kings induced thereunto by the opportunitie of the seat, for many ages dwelt in the Castle l 1.6 Evon, which now many are falsly persuaded was Stephanodunum. For the ruines of that Castle are yet seene in Lorna. Moravia followes from beyond Spaea even to Nessus, heretofore it is thought it was called Varar. Betweene those two rivers the German Ocean, as it were driving backe the Land into the West, floweth in by a great Bay, and straightneth the largenesse of it. The whole Countrie round about doth abound with Corne and Hay, and is one of the chiefe of the whole Kingdome both for pleasantnesse and encrease of fruits. It hath two memorable Townes▪ F•gina neare the River L•x, which yet retaineth its ancient name, and Nessus neare the River Ne••us. This River floweth foure and twentie miles in length from the Lake Nessus. The water is almost alwaies warme, it is never so cold that it ••ee•eth. And in the extremitie of winter, pieces of ice carried into it are quickly dis¦solved by the warmth of the water. Beyond the Lake Nessus toward the West, the Continent is stretched forth but eight miles in length, •o that the Seas are readie to meete, and to make an Island of the remain¦der of Scotland. That part of Scotland which lyeth beyond Nessus, and this strait of Land North and West is wont to be divided into foure Provinces. First beyond the mouth of Nessus, where it drowneth it selfe in the German Ocean, is the Countrie Rossia,* 1.7 running out with high Promontories into the Sea: which the name it selfe sheweth. For Ro• signi¦fies in the Scottish speech a Promontorie. It is longer then broad. For it is extended from the German Sea to the Pe••alidon, where it becommeth mountanous and rugged, but the fields of it, are not inferiour to any part of Scotland in fertilitie and fruitfulnesse. It hath pleasant vallies watered with Rivers full of fish, and many Lakes that have fish in abundance, but the greatest of them all is •abrus. From the Deucalidon Sea, the Shoare by degrees bendeth in, and inclineth toward the East. From the other Shoare the German Sea, making a way for it selfe between the rocks, and flowing into a great Bay, maketh a safe & sure Haven against all tempest. Secondly, next to the farthest part of Rosse toward the North,* 1.8 is Navernia, so called from the River Navernus: and this Countrie commonly (following their Countrie speech) they call Strathnaverne. Rosse bounds it on the South, on the West and North the Deucaledon Sea washeth it, on the East it toucheth Cathanesia.* 1.9 In the third place Sutherland is neare unto all these, and toucheth them on one side or another: for on the West it hath Strathnaverme, on the South and East Rosse, and on the North Cathanesia. The Inhabitants of this Countrie by reason of the condition of the soile are rather given to pasturage than tillage. There is nothing that I know singular in it,* 1.10 but that it hath Mountaines of white marble, (a• a•e miracle in cold Countries) which is not gotten for any use, because wantonnesse hath not yet invaded those parts. Lastly, Cathanesia or Cathanes is the farthest Countrie of Scotland toward the North, where Navernia meetes it, and these two Countries of Scotland do contract the bredth of it into a strait and narrow front. In this front of Land three Promontories do raise themselves. The highest was Na¦vernia, which Ptolemie calleth Orcas, Tavedrum and Tarvisium: the two other being nothing so high are in Cathanesia, namely Vervedrum, now Hoya, and Betubium, called (though not rightly) by Hector Boethius Dame:* 1.11 now it is commonly called Dunis Bey, others call it Duncans Bey. Out of this name by taking away some letters the word Dunis Bey seemeth to be derived. In this Countrie Ptolemie placeth the Cornavis, of whose name there do still remaine some tokens. As they commonly call the Castles of the Earles of Cathanesia, Gernico or Kernico: and those who seeme to Ptolemie and others to be the Cornavii, the Brittaines thinke to be the Kernes. For sith not onely in this Countrie, but in a divers part of this Island they place the Cornavii, namely in Cornewall, they call those who do still retaine the ancient Brittish speech, Kernes. Now it remaines that wee should speake somewhat of the Islands. The later Writers have made three sorts of all the Islands, which do as it were crowne Scotland, the Westerne, the Orcades, and the Zealand Islands. Those are called the Westerne Islands which are stretched from Ireland almost to the Orcades in the Deucalidon Sea on the Westerne side. These some call the Hebrides, others the n 1.12 Aebudae, others the Mevaniae, others the Beteoricae. The Orcades, now called Orkney, are partly in the Deucalidon Sea, and partly in the German, and are scattered toward the Notherne part of Scotland. Concerning their names Ancient and Moderne Writers do agree, but it doth not appeare who first possessed them. Some say they had their originall from the Germans: But out of what Countrie these Germans came it is not delivered. If wee may conjecture by their speech, they used formerly, as at this day, the ancient Gothicke tongue. Some suppose them to have beene the Picts, enduced thereunto chiefly, because the narrow Sea dividing them from Cathanesia, is called from the Picts Fretum Picticum. And they thinke that the Picts themselves were of the Saxon race, which they conjecture by a verse of Claudians:

—Maduerunt Saxone fusoOrcades, incaluit Pictorum sanguine Thule:Scotorum tumulos flevit glacialis Ierne.The Orcades with blood of men grew wet,When as the Saxon did the worser get:Thule even with the blood of Picts grew hot,Ierne wail'd the death of many a Scot.

But seeing we have intreated of these things formerly in the Description of the Brittish Isles, thus much shall suffice concerning Scotland.

1682. Cosmography and geography in two parts by Richard Blome.

• The Kingdom of SCOTLAND, as it is divided in
  • Firm Land, where are thirty fi•e Provinces, to wit,
    • Thirteen beyond the TAY (which with the Province of LORNE, made the ancient Kingdom of the SCOTS,) whereof
      • Five are towards the NORTH and WEST; as,
        • Strath-Navarn,
          • •trabubaster,
          • Tounge.
        • Gathanes,
          • Gi••ego,
          • Wick.
        • Sutherland,
          • Dornok▪
          • Dunrobi•.
        • Rosse,
          • Skyrassin,
          • Cromarty,
          • Canonry,
          • Lovet.
        • Loquabrea,
          • Kyntaile,
          • Innerlethey.
      • Eight towards the EAST and SOUTH; as,
        • Murray,
          • Elgin,
          • Invernes,
          • Forres,
          • Rothes,
          • Bean,
          • Narden,
          • Badgenoth.
        • Bucquhan,
          • Rothemay,
          • Stanes.
        • Marria,
          • Aberdean,
          • New Aberdone,
          • Kildrumy.
        • Mernis,
          • Fordon,
          • Dumnotyr.
          • Brechin,
        • Anguis,
          • Monross,
          • Dunde,
          • Glammes,
          • Forfar.
        • Perth,
          • Perth,
          • Scone,
          • Dunkeldon.
        • Athole,— Blaire.
        • Braidalbin,— Encerlothea.
    • Twenty two on this side the TAY (which, except the County of LORNE, made the ancient Kingdom of the PICTS) whereof
      • Nine are towards the Gulph of DUNBRITTON; as,
        • Lorne,
          • Dunstaf•ge,
          • Tarbart,
          • Bergonum.
        • Cantyr,
          • Swin,
          • Sandell.
        • Arran, &c.
          • Arran,
          • Rothsay.
        • Argile, — Duwwin.
        • Lennox, — Dunbriton.
        • Cuningham,
          • Yrwin,
          • Androssan,
          • Largis,
          • Kilwein.
        • Kyle,
          • Ayre,
          • Uchiltre.
        • Carrickt,
          • Bargeny,
          • Blaquhan.
        • Galloway,
          • Witherne,
          • Wighton,
          • Ki•koubrick,
          • Cardines.
      • Six towards the Gulph of EDINBURGH; as,
        • Fife,
          • St. Andrews,
          • Cupre,
          • Disert,
          • Kinghorne.
        • Strathnaverne, — Abergeny.
        • Menteith,
          • Dumblain,
          • Clackmannan.
        • Striveling,— Sterling.
        • Linlithquo,
          • Linlithquo,
          • Falkirck.
        • Lothien,
          • Edinburgh,
          • Dunbar,
          • Leith,
          • Haddington,
          • Dalkith.
      • Seven in the Valleys towards ENGLAND; as,
        • Cluydesdale,
          • Glasquo,
          • Lanrick,
          • Hamiltown,
          • Reynfraw,
          • Douglasdale.
        • Nithesdale,
          • Dumfreis,
          • Solway.
        • Anandale,
          • Anan,
          • Lochmabain.
        • Liddesdale, — Harlay.
        • Eskdale, — Aefica,
        • Teifedale,
          • Peblis,
          • Seltkirck,
          • Drimlar,
          • Roxburgh,
          • Yedburg.
        • Merch,
          • Hum.
          • Coldingham.
  • ISLES, which make three Bodies, viz. those of
    • ORCADES, to the North of SCOTLAND, Mainland, — Kirkewall.
    • SCHETLAND, to the N. North-east of ORCADES, Mainland, — Burgh.
    • INCH GALLES, or Western Isles, To the West of SCOTLAND, among the which are
      • Lewis, — Sterwaye.
      • Skye, — Tranternes.
      • Eust, — St. Maria.
      • Ila, — Dunweg.
      • Sura, — Sodore.
      • Mulla,— Arrois.
      • Colm-kill, — Colm-kill.
      • Rawghlin, — Dowaneny.

SCOTLAND.

THE Kingdom of SCOTLAND maketh the Northern part of Great Britain, and is divided from England by the Rivers Tweed and Solway, together with the Cheviot-Hills. A Country formerly inhabited by the Picts, who were divided into two Nations, viz. the Dicalidonii and the Vecturiones; but when the Scots became the chief Rulers (as Mr. Cambden noteth) it was shared into seven Parts, and amongst as many Princes. The first contained Enegus and and Maern; the second, Atheold and Goverin; the third, Stradeern, with Meneted; the fourth, Forthever; the fifth, Mar, with Bucken; the sixth, Muref and Ross; and the seventh, Cathanes, which Mound a Mountain in the midst divideth, running on forward from the West Sea to the East.

It was also (according to the relation of Andrew Bishop of Cathanes) severed into seven Territories, which Mr. Cambden also taketh notice of, as followeth. The first, from Frith or Scotwade to the River Tae; the second to Hilef, according as the Sea fetcheth a compass to the Mountain Athran in the North-east part of Strivelin; the third, from Hilef to Dee; the fourth, from Dee to the River Spe; the fifth, from the Spe to the Mountain Brunalban; the sixth, Mures and Ross; and the Seventh, the Kingdom of Argathel, which is the Border of the Scots.

But the Kingdom at present, according to the habitation of the People, may be divided into Highland-men and Lowland-men; or into the Northern and Southern parts. The People of the former live either on the Western Coast, and are very rude, having much of the nature, disposition, speech, and habit of the Tories or wild Irish, or in the out Isles, and are utterly Barbarous. The Lowlanders, as bordering on England, have much of the disposition, civility, language, and habit of the English, and are supposed to be descended from the Saxons; which is confirmed by the Highlanders, who are the true Scoti, and are supposed to descend from the Scythians, who with the Getes infesting Ireland, left their Issue behind them.

This Kingdom is very spacious, extending it self from North to South about 250 miles in length; and in breadth, where broadest, about 150; but contracting it self narrower and narrower as it approaches its extream Northern limits, as doth appear by the Map.

It is said to have been called Scotia from Scoti, Scitti, or Scythi, a People of Germany, over whose Northern limits the name Scythia did extend; although there be many that will have it to be so called from Scota, Daughter to an Egyptian Pharaoh.

Although this Kingdom is less fertil than England, and its Fruits not so plentiful, nor so pleasing to the palate, (occasioned through the coldness of the Clime,) yet is it found to have great plenty of Cattle, though but small; and for Fish and Fowl an innumerable quantity, amongst which is a Fowl called the Soland-Geese, which in many places are taken in very great plenty, and are sound very profitable to the Inhabitants, not only for their Flesh to eat, but for their Feathers and Oil. Their chief Commodities are Course Cloths, Freezes, Lead-Oar, Feathers, Sea-Coal, Alum, Iron, Salt, Salt-Peter, Linnen-Cloth, Train-Oil, Hops, Wood, Alablaster, some Hides and Tallow, &c.

The Inhabitants (especially those Southernly) are of a good feature, strong of body, very hardy, couragious, and fit for Martial affairs; and their Nobility and Gentry, which are of several degrees, as Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts, Barons, Knights, Esquires, and Gentlemen, are generally very ingenuous, and accomplished men in all civil knowledge.

This Kingdom, like unto England, consisteth of a King, Nobility, Gentry, and Commons; and these with the Lords Spiritual, assemble together in Parliament, as often as they are called together by Writ from the King: And by reason of his Majesties residence in England, so that he is not here at their Sessions of Parliament, he constituteth and sendeth one to act as his Vice-Roy, who is commonly called Lord Commissioner; and such at present is the Right Noble John, Duke of Lotherdale, &c.

Amongst the things worthy of note in this Kingdom for Antiquity, famous was that Fortification drawn from Abercorne upon Edenborough Frith unto Alcluyd, now called Dunbritton, opening upon the West Sea, where (as Speed noteth) Julius Agricola set the limits of the Roman Empire, past which, according to Tacitus, there were no other bounds of Britain to be sought for. And here the second Legion of Augusta, and the twentieth of Victrix, built a part of the Wall; as also an ancient coped Monument of an high and round compass, which according to the opinions of some, was a Temple consecrated to the God Terminus; but others there be that will have it to be a Trophy raised by Carausius, who fortified this Wall with seven Castles.

Here began that Wood Caledonia, which name Tacitus attributeth to all that Tract of ground which lieth Northward beyond Grahames Dike, or the Wall of Antonius Pius, which Ptolomy divideth into several Nations, as the Caledonii, Vacomagi, Epidii, &c. who are all known to the Romans by the general name of the Picts, from their painting themselves. This Wood or Forrest was very spacious, and over-shadowed with Thickets and tall over-spreading Trees, which rendred it impassable, and was divided by Grampe-Hill, now cal•ed Grantzbain, that is, the crooked bending Mountain. Solinus is of opinion that Ʋlysses was in Caledonia, and to confirm his belief therein, he saith, there was a Votive Altar with an Inscription in Greek Letters. Plutarch •aith, that Bears were brought out of Britain to Rome; but for more truth 〈◊〉 may be said, that here were bred the wild white Bulls, a Beast of nature •erce and cruel, whose thick and curled manes resembled the Lions. In the •ays of Severus Argetecox, a petty Prince reigned over this Tract of Ground, •hose Wife being reproachfully called by Julia the Empress, an Adulteress, •oldly made this Answer, We British Dames have to do with the best of men,* 1.12 ••t you Roman Ladies secretly commit the same with every base and lewd Companion.

In this Kingdom are two famous Loughs, Nessa and Lomund, the former never Friezeth though in the extreamest cold weather; and the waters of the •atter, most raging in the calmest and fairest weather; and herein is an Island, that the Wind forceth or moveth to and fro.

In the Rivers Dee and Done, besides the great abundance of Salmons, is taken a Shell-fish, called the Horse-muskle, wherein Pearls are engendred, which are very good in many Physical Medicines, and some of them not much inferiour to the Oriental Pearl.

As to their Courts of Judicature they are peculiar to themselves, and are several. The chief amongst which is the High Court of Parliament, consisting of Lords and Commons, hath the same Authority as that of England, and is also summoned by Writ from his Majesty at his pleasure, as occasion requireth.

The second Court is the Sessions, or Colledge of Justice, consisting of a President, 14 Senators, 7 of the Clergy, and as many of the Laity (unto whom was afterwards adjoyned the Chancellor, who is the chief, and 5 other Senators) besides 3 principal Scribes or Clerks, and as many Advocates as the Senators see convenient: And this was thus constituted by King James the Fifth in Anno 1532, after the form of the Parliament at Paris. These sit and

administer Justice with equity and reason, and not according to the rigour of the Law, every day (except Sundays and Mondays) from the first of Novemb. to the 15 of March; and from Trinity Sunday to the first Calends of August; and all the time between (as being either Seed-time or Harvest) is vacation. They give judgment according to the Parliament Statutes, and Municipal Laws; and where they are defective, they have recourse to the Imperial Civil Law.

There are likewise in every Shire or County inferiour Civil Judicatories or Courts kept, wherein the Sheriff of the Shire, or his Deputy, decideth the Controversies and Law-suits of the Inhabitants; from which there are ofttimes Appeals to the Sessions or Colledge of Justice. And these Sheriffs are for the most part Hereditary.

Besides these Courts, there are other Judicatories, which they call Commissariots, the highest whereof is kept at Edenburgh; and these have to do with Ecclesiastical affairs, as, Wills and Testaments, Divorcements, Tithes, &c.

In criminal Causes, the Kings Chief Justice holdeth his Court at Edenburgh.

Likewise the Sheriffs in their Territories, and the Magistrates in some Boroughs may sit in Judgment of Manslaughter, in case the Manslayer be taken within 24 hours after the fact committed, and being found guilty by a Jury, may be put to death; but if the said limited time is past, the matter is referred, and put over to the Kings Justice, or his Deputies.

There are also Civil Courts in every Regality holden by their Bailiffs.

This Kingdom, as to Ecclesiastical Government, is divided into two Archbishopricks, viz. of St. Andrews (the Primate of Scotland) and of Glasco, and under these are several Suffragan-Bishops, viz. under him of St. Andrews, those of Dunkeld, Aberdon, Murray, Dunblan, Berohiu, Ross, Cathanes, and Orkney: And under him of Glasco, those of Galloway, Argile or Lismore, and the Isles.

The ancient People of this Kingdom were, 1. The Gadeni, who possessed the Counties of Lothien, Merches, and Teifidale or Tivedale. 2. The Selgovae, or Counties Liddisdale, Eusedale, Eskedale, Annadale, and Nidthesdale. 3. The Novantes, or Shires of Galloway, Carrickt, Kyle, Cunningham, and Arran. 4. The Damnii, or Counties of Cludesdale, Striveling, Lennox, Menteith, and Fife. 5. The Caldedonii, or Shires of Stratherne, Argile, Cantire, Lorne, Albany or Bruidalbin, Perch, Athol, and Anguis. 6. The Vermines, or Counties of Mernis and Marr. 7. The Talgali, or County of Buquhan. 8. The Vacomagi, or Counties of Murray and Loquabrea. 9. The Cantae, or Shires of Ross and Sutherland. 10. The Catini, or County of Cathanes: And 11. the Cornubii, or County of Strathnaverne.

These parts are again (according to their Civil Government) divided into Sheriffdoms, Stewarties, and Bailiffwicks; viz. the Counties or Sheriffdoms of Edenburgh, Lynlythio, Selkirk, Roxburgh, Peblis, Berwick, Lanarke, Renfrew, Dunfreis, Wighton, Aire, Bute, Argile, Tarbet, Dunbarton, Perch, Clackmannan, Kinros, Fife, Kincardin, Forfair, Aberdene, Bamff, Elgin, Forres, Narne, Innerness, Cromartie, Orknay, and Shetland.

The Stewarties of Menieith, Kircudbrieht, Stratherne, and Annandale.

The Bailiwicks of Kile, Carrickt, and Cunningham.

Again, Scotland (according to the scituation of its Parts, Provinces, or Counties) may be divided into two parts, to wit, Southwards, and on this side the Tay, which made the ancient Kingdom of the Picts, (so called, for that they painted their Bodies like the ancient Britains, from whom they are said to descend, which is the more confirmed, for that the Northern Britains, converted to the Faith by St. Colombe, were called Britain Picts.) And Eastwards, Northwards, and beyond the Tay, which made the ancient Kingdom of the Scots; besides abundance of Isles dispersed in its Northern and Western Seas, the chief of which shall be treated of.

The Counties comprehended in the South-part, are Lothien, Merche, Teifidale or Tivedale, Eskdale, Euskdale, Liddesdule, Annadale, Nydthesdale, Galloway, Carrickt, Kyle, Cunningham, Cludesdale, Lennox, Striveling, Menteith, Fife, Stratherne, Argile, Lorne, Cantyre, and Arran. And these in the North part are, Albany or Badalbin, Paerch, Athol, Anguis, Mernis, Buquihan, Marr, Muray, Loquabrea, Ross, Sutherland, Strathnaverne, and Cathanes. And of these in order.

The County of Lothien, in former times by the Picts called Pictland, shooteth it self forth from Merche unto the Sea; a Country very Hilly, and but thinly clothed with Wood: but for the fertility of its Earth, and the civility of its Inhabitants, is deservedly esteemed the flower of all Scotland. The chief places are,

Edenburgh, or Edenborow, of old, Castrum Alatum, the Metropolis of the Kingdom. Its scituation is high, in a wholsom Air, and rich Soil; and by reason of its commodious Haven (called Leth-Haven, not above a mile distant) it is a place of good Trade, and well resorted unto by Shipping. This City chiefly consisteth of one Street, which runneth about a mile in length, which receiveth divers petty Streets and Lanes, so that its circuit may be about three miles, which is strongly begirt with a Wall; and at the West-end of the City, on the top of a Rock, is seated a fair and powerful Castle, with many Towers, which commands the City, and is esteemed in a manner impregnable. It belonged once to the English, till in Anno 960. the Scots took it from them, when oppressed by the Danish Tyranies. It is well watered with clear Springs and Fountains, is adorned with many fair Edifices, as well publick as private, the principal amongst which is the Kings Palace, a fair Structure; and its private Houses are generally fair, lofty, built of Free-stone, and so well inhabited, that several Families have their abodes under one Roof. It is also dignified with the Courts of Judicature, High Courts of Parliament, and with an Ʋniversity. And being the Scale of Trade for the Kingdom, it will be necessary to give an account of their Coins, Weights, and Measures. As to their Coins, note that 13 ½ d. sterling, makes a Mark Scotch; 6 ¼ d. sterling, a Scotch Noble; and 20 d. sterling, a Scotch Pound. Their Weight used in Merchandizes, is the Pound of 16 Ounces, 100 of which make their Quintal or C, which is found to make at London 108 l. Averdupois. Their Measures for length is the Ell, and is about 4 per Cent. greater than the English Ell. Their Liquid Measures are such as in England, but of a double content, a Pint being an English Quart, and so answerable. Their Dry Measures are also the same with those of England, but also bigger.

Athelstanford, so called from Athelstane, a chief Commander of the English, which was there slain with most of his Men, about the year 815.

Haddington, seated in a wide and broad Plain; a place of good account, and which the English fortified with a deep and large Ditch, and other Fortifications.

Dunbar, scituate on the Sea-shoar, once defended by a strong Castle, which was the Seat of the Earls of Merch; a place which hath oft-times been taken by the English, and as often retaken by the Scots, which was the cause of its demolishment; since which it is honoured with the Title of an Earldom.

North-Barwick, seated on Edenbrough-Frith, a place in former Ages famous for its House of Religious Virgins.

Not far from this place, and near the Shoar, lieth a small Isle called Bass-Island; which feemeth to be a high craggy Rock, and to be almost cut through by the undermining Sea-waves. It hath a Fountain of Water, and fresh Pastures; and above all is remarkable for the exceeding great abundance of those Geese called Scouts and Soland-Geese, which here frequent and breed, which (as I before noted) is very profitable to the Inhabitants in these parts.

Lyth, hath a most commodious Haven, being the present Port to Edenburgh.

Abercorne, seated on the Forth or Frith, in former time of note for its famous Monastery; as at present for giving Title of an Earldom unto the Duke of Hamilton.

Linquo, or Linlithquo, said to be the ancient City of Lindum, mentioned by Ptolomy; a place once beautified with a House of the Kings, and a fair Church.

MERCH, a County so called, as being a March; it is wholly on the German Ocean, was of great note for its Earls thereof; and hath for its chief places,

Coldingham, called by Bede the City Coldana; a place of great antiquity and note for its chaft Nuns; for it is said, that they (together with Ebba their Prioress) cut off their own Noses and Lips to render themselves deformed, that the Danes might not deflour them; but this so exasperated them, that they not only burnt their Monastery, but them therein.

Not far from Coldingham is Fast-Castle; and here the Sea thrusteth it self forth into a Promontory called St. Abbs-head.

Kelso, formerly famous for its Monastery, which (with thirteen others) King David the First raised from the ground, for the advancement of Gods glory.

TEIFIDALE, that is the Vale by the River Teifie or Teviat, adjoyning to England; a craggy hilly Country. Its chief places are,

Roxburg, which gives name to a Territory adjoyning, seated between the Rivers Tweed and Teifie, once a place of great strength, being defended by a Castle and towred Fortifications; and here it was that King James the Second of Scotland, was unfortunately slain by the breaking of a Cannon at the Siege.

Jedburgh, a well frequented and inhabited Borough-Town, seated near the confluence of the Rivers Teviat and Yed.

Peblis, seated on the Tweed, and a branch thereof; a Market-Town of some account.

Merlos, seated also on the Tweed, formerly of note for its ancient Monastery of cloistered Monks, that gave themselves to Prayer, and to get their livings by their handy labour; and this place holy King David restored, and replenished with Cistertian Monks.

ESKDALE, a small Territory, so called from a River which passeth through it; its chief place was,

Aesica, that ancient City, wherein the Tribune of the first Band of the Astures kept Watch and Ward against the Northern Enemies.

EƲSKDALE, another small Territory, which takes its name from the River that watereth it.

LIDDISDALE, also another small Territory, which receiveth its name from the River that passeth through it. Its chief places are,

Brankensey, Harlay, and Armetage.

ANNADALE, that is, the Vale by the River Annan. Its chief places are,

Annadale, seated at the Mouth of the River Annan. And

Lough-Mahun, a Town of good strength, as well by Nature as Art; nigh unto which is a strong Castle.

NITHESDALE, or NIDDESDALE, a County so named from the River Nid, which watereth it; a County of a fertil Soil, which beareth good Corn, hath rich Meadows and Pastures; and in the Solway, which watereth its Southern part, are taken great store of excellent Salmons, which the Inhabitants (for their Recreation) oft-times hunt on Horse-back with Spears. Its chief places are,

Dunfreys,seated between two Hills, and on the River Nid, near its influx into the Solway, once strengthned with a Castle; a Town of good account for making of Woollen-Cloths; out more remarkable for the Murther of John Cummin, a man of great eminency amongst the Scotch, who was slain by Robert Brus in the Church, out of fear lest he should fore-close his way to the Kingdom.

Nigh unto this Town is Solway,a small place, which seemeth to retain something of the old name of Selgovae.

Caer-Laverock, seated at the Mouth of the Nid, in former time of so great strength, that (for a good while) it stoutly resisted the power of King Edward the First, who besieged it.

Corda, also a flourishing Town in former Ages.

GALLOWAY, a County so called of the Irish, who once here inhabited, in former times had Princes and Lords over it. It is a Country much inclined to Hills, which renders it more fit for Grasing than Tillage, breeding abundance of small and well limbed Nags, which for their nimbleness and hardiness are esteemed excellent for a Traveller: And the Sea, by which it is washed, together with its Bays, Creeks, Meers, and Loughs, affords the Inhabitants store of excellent Fish. Its chief places are,

Kircoubright, the most commodious Port-Town on this Coast; and the second Stewarty of Scotland.

Cardines, a place or Fort of great strength, as well by Nature as Art, being seated on a craggy high Rock, by the River Fleet, and fenced about with strong Walls.

Wigton, seated on a Bay of the Sea, between the Rivers Cre and Bladno; a good Haven-Town.

Not far from this Town, and on the Sea-shoar, Ptolomy placed the ancient City Leucopibia, which is now called Wytherne; and here it is said, Ninia, or Ninian, a holy Britain, who first instructed the South-Picts in the Christian Faith, in the Reign of the Emperour Theodosius the younger, had his Seat, and built a Church to the honour of St. Martin.

CARRICT, a County that hath rich Pastures, and is well furnished with all necessaries both by Land and Sea, where it beareth the name of Dunbritain-Frith; a large and capacious Bay, which with its Rivers and Loughs, affords its Inhabitants plenty of Fish. Its chief places are,

Barganie, a place of great antiquity. Arduntoun and Cosregall.

KYLE, a fertil County, and well inhabited; and hath for its chief places,

Aire, seated on a River so called, where it looseth it self into the Frith; a place of some account, being a Sheriffdom: And Ʋchiltre.

CƲNNINGHAM, also washed with Dunbritain-Frith; a County no less commodious and fertil, than pleasant, being plentifully watered. Its chief places are,

Irwin, a Borough-Town, seated on a River so called, at its influx into the Frith, where it hath a Haven, though now choaked up.

Largis, where Alexander the Third destroyed abundance of the Norwegians: And Androsan.

CLƲDESDALE, a County so called from the River Cluid, that watereth it. Its chief places are,

Glasco, pleasantly scituate on the River Cluyd, over which it hath a fair Bridge sustained by eight Arches. It is a City of good account, well frequented and inhabited, enjoyeth a good Trade, and is dignified with the See of an Archbishop, as also with an Ʋniversity.

Douglass, seated on a River, and in a Vale so called.

Lanrick, the Hereditary Sheriffdom of the Hamiltons, who take their name from Hamilton-Castle, seated on the fruitful Bank of the Cluid.

Reinfraw, which gives name to a Barony.

Paslay, in former times a famous Monastery, founded by Alexander the Second, High Steward of Scotland, which for a stately Church, with rich Furniture, was inferiour to few.

LENNOX, a County very Hilly, and well watered with Rivers, amongst which is the Cluid, and the large Lough Lomond, about 20 miles in length,* 1.74 and in breadth, where broadest, about 8, in which are many small Isles, amongst which some are said to float about; a place noted for great plenty of Fish, especially for a Fish called a Polloc, found no where else: This County is honoured in giving Title to the Right Noble the Duke of Richmond and Lennox, &c. Its chief places are, Dunbritton;* 1.75 that is, the Britains Town, for that the Britains held it longest against the Scots, Picts, and Saxons; being the strongest place in all the Kingdom, as well by Nature as Art, being loftily seated on a rough, craggy, and two-headed Rock, at the meeting of the Rivers near the large Lough Lomond, and in a green Plain; in one of the tops is, or was placed a Watch-Tower, and on the other several Fortifications or Bulwarks, on the East-side it hath a boggy Flat, which at every Tide is covered with water, and on the South it hath the River Cluid.

Alcluyd, an ancient City, by some said to be the same Dunbritton.

STRIVELING, or STIRLING, a County of a fertil Soil, and well inhabited; and here is that narrow Land or Streight by which Edenburgh-Frith and Dunbrith-Frith (thrusting themselves far into the Land, out of the East and West Seas) are separated from meeting together; which space was fortified with Garrisons between, by Julius Agricola, so that all the part on this side was in the possession of the Romans, and their Enemies were forced to retire themselves into the more Northern and Hilly part of the Kingdom; but this lasted not long, for Agricola being called home, the Caledonian Britains forced the Romans back as far as the River Tine: and when Hadrian arrived in Britain, about 40 years after, instead of going farther, he gave command that the God Terminus (which used not to give ground to any) should be withdrawn back; and that a Wall of Turffs (commonly now called Grahams-Dike) should be made between the Rivers Tine and Eske Southward; on this side Edenburgh-Frith, for about 100 miles, which proved successful unto them. And along this Wall hath been oft-times found several Inscriptions, and pieces of Romish Antiquities. And of remark was that ancient round building, 24 Cubits high, and 13 broad, open at the top, and framed of rough and unpolished Stones, without any Cement, Lime, and Mor•ar; some call this the Temple of the God Terminus, others, Arthur's Oven, and others, Julius Hoff, as supposing it to be raised by Julius Caesar; but Cambden would rather believe it to be built by Julius Agricola, who fortified these parts, had not Ninius said, it was built by Garausius, as a Triumphal Arch in memory of some Victory. The chief places in this County are,

Stirling, Striveling, or Stirling-Borough, a place of good strength, and fortified with a powerful Castle, high mounted on the brow of a steep Rock; a place dignified with the birth of King James the Sixth of Scotland, and First of England, who afterwards caused it to be beautified with new Buildings.

Falkirke, Cumirnald, and Torwood.

MENTEITH, a County so called from the River Teith: Its chief places are,

Dunblain, seated on the River Teith, being the See of a Bishop; and Clackmannan.

FIFE, a fertil County in Corn and Pasturage, hath Pit-Coal, and the Sea with its two Arms, Forth and Tau, which almost encompass it, affordeth store of Oysters and other Fish. Its chief places are,

St. Andrews, of old, Regimund, that is, St. Regulus Mount, which Ʋng or Oeng, King of the Picts, gave to God and St. Andrew, that it should be the chief and Mother Church of the Picts Kingdom. It is a City pleasantly seated on the Sea-shoar near Fif-ness, is fortified with a fair and strong Castle, is dignified with an Archiepiscopal See, which is Primate of all Scotland; and is also honoured by being the Seat of the Muses.

Disert, seated on the rising of a Hill, and in an open Heath so called, where there is a large place called the Cole-plot, that affordeth good store of Bitumen.

Dunfirmling, a famous Monastery in old time, and of note as well for its Building, and being the Burial-place of King Malcomb the Third, as for giving Title to the Earl of Dunfirmling.

Falkland, well, and pleasantly seated for Hunting, for which purpose the Kings have had here their Retiring-house.

Cupre, a Borough-Town, of some note.

STRATHERNE, that is, the Vale along the River Ern, hath for its chief places,

Abergenny, once a City of good account, being the Royal Seat of the Picts Kings, which (as 'tis said) Nectane their King dedicated to God and St. Bridget, with a Tract of ground thereto belonging.

Drimein-Castle, well seated on the River Ern.

Tulibardin-Castle scituate also on the same River.

ARGILE, a County well furnished with Pools, in which, together with the Sea, and its many Arms which it sendeth forth, are taken great plenty of good Fish; and in its Mountains are bred a kind of wild Deer. Places of good account are none in this County.

LORNE, a Country of an apt Soil for bearing of Barley, is well watered, being divided by the large Lough or Lake called Leane. Its chief places are,

Dunstafage, seated near the said Lake, once dignified with a House of the Kings.

Tarbar, where King James the Fourth ordained a Justice and a Sheriff, to administer Justice to the Inhabitants of the out-Isles: and Bergonum.

CANTTRE, that is, the Lands-head, as thrusting it self forth with a long and tapered Promontory, which Ptolomy called the Promontory Epidiorum; between the extream point of which and Marlock, or Tor-Bay in Ireland, there are scarce 13 miles. Its chief places are Killtan and Sandell.

ARRAN, a small County and Isle near unto Cantire, hath for its chief places Arran and Rothsay.

ALBAINE, or BRAID-ALBIN, whose Inhabitants are called the Highlanders; a kind of rude and warlike People, and much of the nature of the Irish in habit and disposition. Its chief places are Enrer Lothea and Foyre.

PERCH, a large and fertil County, hath for its chief places,

Perch, or St. John's Town, a place of good account, and once larger than now it is, being built by King William; it is pleasantly seated between two Greens, and on the River Tau, which is navigable for Barges.

Dunkelden, dignified by King David with an Episcopal See, supposed to be a Town of the Caledonians.

Also on the Tau stood the little City of Berch, which was washed away by the overflowings of the said River, together with many of its Inhabitants, amongst which was an Infant-Child of the Kings in its Cradle.

Scone, seated on the farther side of the Tau, dignified with an Inauguration of the Scotch Kings before their Union to England, Westminster now being the place; and where the Chair, in which the Kings were then Crowned, is, which is at present made use of upon the like occasion.

ATHOL, an indifferent fertil County, and well clothed with Wood, where is that large and overshadowed Wood Caladonia, already treated of; a Country said to be infamous for Witches. Its chief place is Blaire.

ANGƲIS, a fertil County both for Corn and rich Pastures, is well watered with several Rivers, which lose themselves in the Sea, which serveth for its Eastern bounds: It is interlaced with Hills and Forests, and garnished with divers Forts and Castles, Its chief places are,

Dundee, seated on the Mouth of the River Tay; a noted and well resorted Town for Trade, by reason of its commodious Port for Ships.

Brechin, scituate on the River South-Eske, near its fall into the Sea, and dignified by King David the First with an Episcopal See. Nigh unto this Town is Red-head, a place not unknown to Seamen.

Montross, of old Celurca, of some account for being honoured with the Title of an Earldom.

Arbroth, seated near the Sea; a Town endowed with large Revenues, and by King William dedicated to a Religious use, in honour of Thomas of Canterbury.

MERNIS, or MERNIA, a small, but plain and fertil Champa••• Country, which shooteth it self forth on the German Ocean: Its chief plac• are,

Dunnotyr, defended by a strong Castle, seated on an high and inaccessib•• Rock, near the Sea.

Fordon, seated also not far from the Sea.

BƲQƲIHAN, washed with the Sea, whose Waves did here cast up mighty Mass of Amber of an inestimable value; it hath good Pastures, most to feed Sheep, whose Wool is excellent; and its Rivers breed store of Salmon▪ which are had at such easie rates, that it is scarce worth the trouble of taki• them. Its chief places are Rotheniay and Stanes.

Adjoyning to this Country lieth Boena and Bamff, a small Sheriffdom; al• Ajuza, a little Territory of no great note.

MARR, a long and narrow County, somewhat inclined to Mountains, b• well watered with the Done or Dee, well stored with Salmons; and other Fis• Its chief places are,

Aberdene, feated on the Sea-shoar, at the Mouth of the Done, dignified wi•• an Episcopal See, hath an Hospital, also a Free-Grammar-School, and is of no for taking of Salmons: and Kildrumy.

MƲRRAY, a pleasant and fertil County, and the rather as watered wi•• the Spey, Findorne, and the River and Lake Nessa, which reacheth abo••• 23 miles in length, the water whereof is observed to be so warm, that it nev• is sound to freez; and this Lake is its Northern limits, as the Spey is its Easterr all which empty themselves in the Sea, where it formeth a Bay. Its chi•• places are,

Innernes, Bean-Castle; which Ptolomy thinks to be Banatia; and here Anno 1460. a Marble-Vessel artificially engraven, full of Roman Coins, w• found.

Narden, or Narne, an hereditary Sheriffdom; and here stood within a b• land a strong Fortress of a great height, which was kept by the Danes agai• the Scots.

Innernes, and Innerlothea, in former times two eminent Fortifications. Al•

Elgin and Rothes, places honoured with the Titles of Earldoms.

LOQƲABREA, a County well stored with Rivers and Lakes, whic• empty themselves into the Sea; it hath also good Pastures, yet is it very Mou••tainous, and well clothed with Wood, and in the bowels of the Earth are Min• of Iron.Its chief place is,

Innerlothey, once of good account, being well frequented and traded unto but through the Pyracies and Wars of the Danes and Norwegians, who raz• it, it hath now scarce any Remain left.

ROSS, a large, Mountainous, and Woody County, which reacheth fro• one Sea to the other; hath great plenty of Stags, Deer, Wild-fowl, and Fis•▪ Its chief places are,

Cromarty, or the Haven of Safety, as having so secure and capacious an Ha•• bour for Ships. Ness-mouth and Lovet.

In this County is the Territory of Ardmanoch, very Mountainous, fro• which the second Sons of the Kings of Scotland bear their Title.

SƲTHERLAND, regarding the Sea, is well watered with Rivers, b• sides the large Lough or Lake Shyn, almost in the midst of the Country; We••• wards of which are great store of Hills, from which is dug excellent whi•• Marble, very good for curious Works. It is a Country more fit for breedi• of Cattle, than for Tillage; and hath for its chief places Dunrobin an• Dorno.

STRATHNAVERNE, a County far engaged Northwards, whic• with Cathanes have the utmost Northern Coast of all Britain, which must o• casion it to be of a very cold temperature; it is very much inclined to sterility is Mountainous, and but ill inhabited. Its chief places are Strabubaster an• Tounge.

CATHANES, a County washed with the Eastern Ocean, where it formeth several Creeks, and is well watered with Rivers, which afford good store of Fish, from which, and by the grasing and feeding of Cattle, the Inhabitants get the greatest part of their livelyhood. Its chief places are,

Dornock, a mean place, yet the See of a Bishop.

Catnes, a Maritim Town, dignified with an Earldom. Nigh unto this Town Southwards is Ness-head, and Northwards Dunesbe-head, both Maritim places: and Girnego.

In this Tract are three Promontories, to wit, Ʋrdehead, of old Berubium; Dunsby or Dunscanby, of old Virvedrum; and Howbum, of old Orcas.

There are several Isles dispersed about this Kingdom of Scotland, as the Orcades, Shetland, and Hebrides, which may properly be said to belong thereunto; but as to the description thereof, they shall be treated of amongst the other small Isles belonging in general to great Britain, after we have treated of the Kingdom of Ireland.

1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval.

Of Scotland.

THis Kingdom is the ancient Caledonia, which was called Scotland from the Scots, a People who made a sharp War upon the Romans, and obliged them to make entrenchments against their Incursions, principally under Adrian and under Severus. The Name of Albany has been sometimes given to all this Kingdom, whereas it is now peculiar to one of its Countys, which the Inhabitants call Broad Albiny. Some Scotch Authors, make the Name of Scotch come from the ancient Scythians, for the showing their Predecessours in the Higher Antiquity. Scotland is of a cold Temperature; its Gulphs, Lakes and Mountains hinder its Provinces from being over Fertile. The Inhabitants are of the reformed Religion, Popery having been there abolish'd under King James the 6th. But the many Scots which Sprung up with the Reformation, produced there many Troubles, and occasioned most of the disorders, which in our time we have seen in the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland. There be still at this day Phanaticks, who call themselves the Sweet Singers of Israel, and are retire into the Mountains and into the Woods, though they be hardly able to subsist there. The Southern Scots live much after the same way as the English, the Northern are wedded to the ancient Customs, and not over careful of neatness in their Repasts. The Scotch Nation has for a long while been in esteem for Valour and Fidelity; the most Christiam King St. Lewis, and his Successours the French Kings have trusted them with the Guard of their Royal Persons, and made allyance with Scotland. This Kingdom is now the most ancient in the World, it is said to have been above two thousand years hereditary, with a Succession of about a hundred and ten Kings. The Power and Revenues of the King of Scotland are rendred much more considerabbe since his Majesties Restauration, and his re-stablishment in the Power of raising Forces by Sea and Land; of making Peace or War, with the command of the Castles, of the Cittadels and Garrisons of the Kingdom. The richness of the Countrey consists in Wool, in Cattle, and Salt-Fish. Its Land has several Mines of Lead, Iron, Sulphur, Azure, and Coal. Its principal Rivers have a prodigious Quantity of Salmon.

All Scotland is divided into two great parts by the River of Tay, the one Northern, the other Southern. Northern Scotland, contained under the name of High-lands, is that where the Romans could not carry their Armies, and where in our times the English Parliamentaries had not all the Success they had promised to themselves.

It was the abode of the ancient Scots, whose Kings had their residence at Dunstafag. The Robberies of the Inhabitants have been there formerly so frequent, principally in the Province of Albania, that if by the Law any one of the Province had committed a Robbery, he amongst them whom a man could seize of, was obliged to repair the loss, or to lose his Life. Aberdeen is the most considerable City of this Country, by reason of its University, and of its Pearls which are found in its little River, and of the Salmons that are taken in its Neighbourhood, where three hundred are said to be sometimes taken at one Cast of the Net.

The Southern part of Scotland, which is called Lower, is a better Country than the upper. There is to be seen Edenborough, the Capital of the Kingdom, the abode of the late Kings. St. Andrew and Glascow have the Title of Archbishopricks. St. Andrew has also a famous University, I say, famous for such a Kingdom as that of Scotland, where Glascow passes for a Paradise. Abernethi was the abode of the King of the Picts. Duns upon the Marches of England, is the place of Birth of the subtil Doctor Scotus. Leith the Sea-port of Edinborough. St. Johns Town a new City, near the ruins of the ancient Perth, which the Sea has ruined. It is defended with good Walls, whereas most of the other Cities of the Kingdom have none at all. The Coronation of the Kings of Scotland is performed at Scone, near St. Johns-Town. There was in this Abby a Marble Chair, from which the Royalty of Scotland was esteemed inseparable; but the King of England, Edward the 4th having transferred it to London, it looks as if King James the 6th. was as it were forced to go thither. That Chair had been before in the Country of Argyle. Dunbar is an old Castle, the Fortifications whereof have been destroyed The English Parliamentaries won a Battail there in the year 1650. Dunbarton is a Fortress upon a Rock near a Lake, where the Fish are said to have no bones. The Isles of May and Bass have Castles situated upon inaccessible Rocks. The Garrison of that of Bass receives great conveniencyes from the Geese, Sea Coots or Moorhens, which go there to make their Nests; these Fowls furnish abundance of Wood for Fewel.

Among the Islands which depend on Scotland: The Hebrides are on the West, the Orcades on the North of that Kingdom. The Inhabitants of the Orcades keep carefully the Cup of St. Magnus, whom they name their Apostle. With this Cup they try their Bishops, and hope for abundance of good from 'em, when those Prelates empty it quite. They are of so good a complexion, that they never take Physick. Towards the North of the Orcades, there be the Isles of Scetland, which we have said to depend on the Crown of Denmark. The Insularies there are so healthful and so vigorous, that they make no scruple of marrying when they are a hundred years old: Nay they go a fishing at the age of a hundred and thirty and a hundred and forty. Zeal, one of these Islands, suffers no Forreign Animals: they dye as soon as they come there.

1691. A most compleat compendium of geography by Laurence Echard.

The Kingdom of Scotland lies on the N. of England, from which seperated by the Rivers Tweed and Solway and the Cheriot-hills; in length from Dungisby-head to the S. parts of Galway 250 miles; in breadth from Aberdeen to the Isle of Mule 150 miles. It was anciently called Calidonia, and sometimes Albania; now by the French, l' Escosse; by the Germans, Schottlandt.

It was for many Ages governed by its own Kings, till Anno 1602. it was to our great content united to England, and still remains under that King; but some of the Northern parts are almost free: ch. T. is Edenburgh, the Seat of the former Kings.

The Inhabitants are mostly Protestants, inclining to Presbytery. Their Language in the South parts is a corrupt English, and on the North and West a Dialect of the Irish. Their chief Commodities are Cattel, Cows, Cloths, Friezes, Fish, Tallow, Hides, Lead-Oar. It is divided into two parts, which are,

• 1. Highland, or North Scotland. the Seat of the old Scots, 170 m. l. & 138 br. It contains thirteen Counties, viz. Loquebrea, Braid albin, Perth, Athol, Anguis, Mern, Mar, Buquhan, Murrey, Ross, Sutherland, Cathannes, and Strathnavern: ch. T. are Aberdeen, Perth, and Dundee.
• 2. Lowland, or South Scotland, the Seat of the old Picts, 156 m. l. & 110 br. It contains twenty one Counties, viz. Tiffedale, Merch, Landien, Liddisdale, Eskadale, Annandale, Niddisdale, Galloway, Carrick, Kile, Cunhingham, Arran, Clivesdale, Lennox, Sterlin, Fife, Strathern, Menteith, Argile, Cantire,

• and Lorn: ch. T. are Edenburgh, Glasco, and St. Andrews.

Principal Rivers are two, viz. 1. Tay, and 2. Spey.

Chief Mountains are, 1. Cheriot Hills, and 2. those of Albany.

Archbishopricks 2, Bishopricks 12, Universities 4.

1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri.

Scotland, is an ancient Kingdom, divided from England by the River Tweed, Mountains of Cheviot, a Wall or Trench West of those Mountains, and the Rivers Esk and Solway. It has the German Ocean on the East, the Irish Sea and the Western Isles on the West, and the Deucaledon Sea with the Orcades on the North. The Scots did anciently possess the Northern Counties of England, viz. Northumberland, Westmerland, and Cumberland, sometimes independent, and at other times doing Homage for them to the Crown of England: But in Malcolm III. and William the Conqueror's time the Boundary was fixed in Stanmore in Cumberland, where a Cross was erected called Recross or Kings Cross, having the English Kings Arms and Statue on the South side, and the Scottish Kings Arms and Statue on the North: but in latter times the Boundaries came to be setled as above described. The length of this Kingdom is variously reported; Polidore Virgil, Heylin, and most Geographers, say it is 480 Miles long, but of an unequal breadth, there being no place above 60 Miles distant from the Sea. Later Geographers say it is but 315 Miles long, and 190 broad.

Ancient Authors write, that this Country was divided into 7 parts, under as many particular Princes; but that Division is long since become obsolete: The modern Division is into High-lands and Low-lands, the Inhabitants of the former using the ancient Language and Habit very little different from that of the Native Irish; but those of the later, do in Habit, Customs and Language, agree with the English. Another Division which doth now obtain, is into North and South, the last on this side, and the first beyond the River Tay.

As for the Dimensions of the Kingdom in general, comprehending the Islands, of which there are in the Western Sea above three hundred. It is nothing inferiour to England; and though not generally so fruitful, yet abounds with Corn, Cattel, Fowl, Fish, Wood, Coals, Salt, Rivers, Fountains, and all things not only necessary for the use of its Inhabitants, but sufficient for d••ving a considerable Trade with other Nations, there being exported yearly vast quantities of Fish, Corn and Coal, Hides, Tallow and Coarse Cloth. Nor are there wanting Mines of Gold and Silver, but Lead and Iron in abundance; store of Marble, and some Ambergrease and Pearl: As the Air is sharper, it is also purer than that of England; and the Sky not so subject to Clouds.

For the Administration of Justice, the Kingdom is divided into Sheriffdoms, Stewartries, and Bailywicks.

The Counties or Sheriffdoms are Edinburgh, Berwick, Ro•burgh, Selkirk, Peebles, Dumfries, Air, Renfrew, Clackmanan, Kinros, Perth, Cromarty, Fife, Forfar, Kinkardin, Aberdeen, Innerness, Narin, Orkney, Bamf, Wigton, Tarbet, Bute, Lithgow, Sterlin, Lanerk, Argyle, Dumbarton, Elgin and Forres. Stewartries Menteith, Strathern, Kirkubright, Annandale. Bailywicks Kyle, Carrick, Cunningham, and Lauderdale, and Constablewick of Haddington.

To the North are reckoned the Countries of Lochab•r, Braidalbin, Perth, Athol, Angus, Merns, Marr, Buchan, Murray, Ross, Sutherland, Cathnes and Strathnavern, besides Orkney. To the South are reckoned Tividale, March or Mers, Lothian, Liddesdal•, Eskdale, Annandale, Niddesdale, Galloway, Carrick, Kyle, Cunningham, Arran, Clydsdale, Lennox, Sterlin, Fife, Strathern, Menteith, Argyle, Cantire, Lorn. This Division formerly obtain'd in Courts of Judicature till the time of K. James IV. when the Session or Courts of Justice sat at Edinburgh in the Winter and at Aberdeen in the Summer. The Session was then composed of 12 Judges, 4 chosen out of the Nobility, 4 of the Clergy, and 4 of the Gentry, called Barons or Knights of Shires, which continued till the time of James V, who brought in that Custom of Lords of the Session, which now obtains in imitation of that which the French call a Parliament. This by the way.

Concerning the Antiquity of Scotland. This Nation has as great Pretensions to Antiquity as any in Europe, having, according to their Historians, possessed that Kingdom for above 2000 Years without ever being Conquered. i. e. having their Crown on the Head or their Laws from the Hand of a Foreigner, though they have been at times subdued by the Romans and English, and in a great measure over-run by the Danes. They plead also, as their particular Glory, a Line of 112 Kings, who can all of them deduce their Pedigree from Fergus I. who was sent for by the People from Ireland, and came into Scotland about the time that Alexander the Great took Babylon, viz. 330 Years before Christ. As to the Original of the Scots there are various Sentiments; the ancient Vulgar Opinion, that they took their Name from Scota (the Daughter of Pharaoh K. of Egypt Contemporary with Moses) who was married to Gathelus, is exploded by Buchanan and all the learned Scots Historians, the Relation being not only inconsistent with Truth, but with it self. Buchanan's Opinion is, that they came first from Spain into Ireland, to flee from the Oppression of their Grandees, intestine Seditions, and Foreign Invasions; and finding that Country fruitful and healthful, were quickly followed by Multitudes of their Countrymen: So that Ireland being too little, they removed gradually into the Western Islands of Scotland, and then into the Country it self; which he affirms to be the constant Report, and confirmed by many Evidences. He will have them to be known then by the Name of Scots, and that while they were planting the Western Islands, the Picts, being Scythians or Germans, were driven upon that Coast, and sought leave to inhabit among them, which the Scots refused, as being straightned in room for themselves; but pitying them because of some affinity which they perceived in their Language and Customs, advised and assisted them to settle in Britain, and gave them Wives because they had no Women amongst them. Cambden and some Scots Historians, particularly the Prefacer to Knox's History, think the Scots derive both Name and Pedigree from the Scythians, and endeavour to prove it by a Likeness of Customs, which may be reconciled with Buchanan, if we imagine that either the Spaniards were originally Scythians, or that a Colony of that People, not being setled to their liking in Spain, transported themselves into Ireland. There are other English Historians who think that the Scots are only a Remainder of the Brittons, who fled Northward from the Roman Servitude; and this Opinion they support from the Agreement that is still to be found in Language betwixt the Welch and the Highlanders. Nor is it unlikely that there might be a good measure of Agreement in Language betwixt the Brittons and the Scots, seeing the latter came from Spain, and according to Bede the Brittons came hither from Armorica or Brittany, which lies on the Bay of Biscay, the North of Spain, being also planted with Gaulick Colonies. What the Scots say concerning their Antiquity hath been opposed by some English Writers of no small Reputation, as Humphry Lloyd, whom Buchanan confutes at large, Cambden, whom Gordon in his Theatrum Scotiae takes to task, and two very learned Authors now living, viz. Dr. Stillingfleet Bishop of Worcester, and the Bishop of S. Asaph, who are learnedly answered by Sir George Mack-Kenzie, late Advocate to K. Charles II. and K. James VII. of Scotland. The famous Archbishop Ʋsher did also write on that Head against the Scots; and his Arguments are also taken notice of by Sir George. In short, the Scots complain that their Antiquity is only attack'd because of the ancient Enmity betwixt the two Nations, and that their Records being destroyed first by Edward I. of England, and afterward by Oliver, they are at a disadvantage, and therefore have recourse to foreign Authors to prove their Antiquity, as, Marcellinus, Tacitus, Seneca, and Mamertin in his Panegyrick to Maximinian, where he says, that the Britains had War with the Scots and Picts before Julius Caesar entred the Island: And Claudian the Poet writes thus;

Venit & extremis Legio, praetenta Britannis,

Quae Secto dat frana Truci. —

It's true that the Passages of those Authors relating to this Subject are controverted, but the Scots have Scaliger, Lipsius, Erasmus, and other learned foreign Criticks, and Farnaby and some other English Criticks, on their side; as also, the famous Chronologer Chr. Helvicus, Cluverius, and other foreign Authors. They farther observe, that the English Historians do not agree among themselves on that Head, as Bede, an ancient and venerable Author, and the first Native who wrote with any certainty of our Antiquity, is contradicted by H. Lloyd; and Heylin who inveighs against the Scots Antiquity, contradicts himself in alledging the Spurcitious Laws of their King Evenus to the Reproach of their Nation, when he does not allow that they had any such King. N•ither does Dr. Stillingfleet agree with Cambden and St. Asaph: ••sides the Testimony of those foreign Authors, the Scots insist upon the Laws yet in force made by those Kings who are denied ev•r to have had a Be•ng; and on the League made betwixt Charlemagne the Great Emperor of the West in 791, and Achaius King of Scots, which they reckon a Demonstration of their having been a more considerable People at that time than their Antagonists represent them, viz confin'd to Argyle a Corner of the Kingdom, and that but in a vagrant condition. As for the Efforts of this nature made by Offlaharty an Irish Historian, Sir George Mack-Kenzie ridicules them, as being a groundless piece of Vanity; for tho the Irish and Scots be originally the same, so as Ireland at first was called Scotia Major, and that part of Scotland which the Scots then possessed Scotia Minor, it will not follow, nor does it any where appear, that ever the Kings of Scotland were Tributaries to those of Ireland, or that the great things said to be done in Britain by the Scots, were really acted by the Irish. The principal Reason which they have for alledging that they were Irish is because they are called Transmarini; but Bede explains that Saying Transmarinas autem dicimus has gentes non quod essent extra Britanniam p•sitae, sed quia à parte Britonum erant remotae duobus sinibus maris interjacentibus. Those who are curious, may consult the above-cited Authors on this Subject. That which will be a farther proof of the Scots Antiquity, is what they alledge as to their early Conversion to Christianity, viz. An. Chr. 203, in the 4th Year of Donald I. when, he and his Nobles were baptized, and the Christian Religion publickly established, which had been prosessed by many private Persons in the Kingdom long before. As to the first Preacher Authors vary, some alledging it was S. Paul, others, as Nicephorus, say it was Simon Zelotes, and a third sort ascribe it to Joseph of A•imathea, or the Disciples of Sr. John; but however that is, the Ancients give sufficient Testimony of their having been early Christians. Origen reckons them Inter primitias. Tertullian adversus Judaos says, Britannorum inaccessa Romanis loca Christo subdita; and Baronius himself confesseth, that the Opinion of those who will have Scotland to be first converted by Palladius sent thither by Pope Celestine, disagreeth with the best Antiquity: And their Agreement with the Eastern Churches as to the Celebration of Easter, is urged as another proof of their not having received the Faith from Rome, which some foreign Protestants, particularly the learned Lomeierus, makes use of against the Pope's Pretensions to be Catholick Bishop. De Bibliothecis, p. 149. and in that same place he acknowledges their other Antiquities. As the Scots did early and universally embrace Christianity, they were no less zealous in propagating that Doctrin amongst others. What was done by Aidanus, &c. in converting the Saxons in the North of England, is owned by all; and how useful their Labours were in that respect in divers places of Germany, appears by the following Instances

The Bavarians own for their Apostle Rupert Son to a King of Scotland, who coming into Germany in the sixth Century, baptized Theodore Duke of Bavaria with all his Nobility at Ratisbone; and preaching the Gospel in the neighbouring Countries, founded the City of Saltzburg, and was first Bishop there, as appears by the Monuments of Saltzburg. Hen. Canis. tom. 4. Antiq. Lection. About that same time Columbanus and Gallus preached the Gospel in the Confines of Suabia, converting Multitudes. Columbanus went to Rome, but Gallus staid in Suisse•land, and laid the Foundation of the Monastery of St. Gall, which took its Name from him. This is owned by Bede, Theodor. Campedonensis, and others, Tom. •. Antiq. Lection.

Franconia owes their Conversion to Kilianus, Colonatus, and T•tuanus: They baptized the Duke of Franconia with his Family, and gain'd a large Harvest of Souls, and Kilianus was made the first Bishop of Wurtzburg, of which he is still reckon'd the Patron, and his Image is impressed upon their Coin to this day. At last he and his Fellows were murdered at the Instigation of Geilana Sister-in law and Concubine to Gosbert Duke of Franconia, because Keilan had advised him to put her away. Hen. Can. tom. 5. Antiq. Lect. St. B•nifacius a Scotch-man having in Charlemain's time converted many People in Frizeland, Thur•ngia, Saxony, Hesse and Westphalia, was created Archbishop of Mentz. He founded many new Bishopricks in Germany, and amongst others Aichstad, over which he set Willibald his Countryman. He also founded many Monasteries, and particularly that of Fuld, into which Scots and Germans are received by turns. At last having incensed the Frisons by throwing down their Idols, they murdered him: whence he is own'd as the German Apostle. Canis ut supra, Nicol. Serrar. In that same Age St. Patto a Scotch-man converted many of the Saxons, was made Bishop of Werden, and afterwards Martyr, several of his Countrymen succeeding both to his Mitre and Martyrdom. Cran•z. A little after John Scot coming into Saxony, was made Bishop of Meklenburg, but afterwards murdered. About An. 1000, Colomannus Son to Macolm I. King of Scotland, having been twice in the Holy Land, in his way thither a third time converted a great number of the Austrians from Paganism: He was at length taken and crucified. Stadius, Historiographer to the Emperor Maximilian I, writes his Life in Saphick Verse extant in Surius's Life of the Saints, which begins thus,

Austriae Sanctus canitur Patronus

Fulgidum sidus, radians ab Arcto

Scotiae Gentis Colomannus acer

Regia Pro•es.

This Colomannus is also mentioned by Dr. Brown in his Description of Vienna, where there is a Scotch Church dedicated to him. The ancientest Monastery which the Scots had in Germany, was that at Strasburg, founded by Florentius a Scotch Bishop in 665; but before that time Arbogastus a Scotch-man was Bishop there. William Brother to Achaius King of Scots, having got great Riches by serving Charlemain in the Wars, and having no Children, founded many Monasteries in Germany for his Country-men, viz. at Ratisbon, Norimberg, Cologne, and Aix la Chapelle; but all those, except that of Ratisbon, were in other hands in 1650. They had also Monasteries at Wurtzburgh, Erford, Vienna, Constance, Memmingen, Aichstadt, Kelham, Paderborn, and other Places, which Robert Strachan who sent all this Relation from Vienna to my Lord Scots Tarbut in 1641, promised an Account of at large in his Germania Christiana sive de Plantata & propagata Christiana fide in Germania per Scotos. Some Authors are of opinion, that the Low-land Scots are of the same Original with the English, because of their Agreement in Language and Customs; and this though not positively granted, is in a manner owned by Scottish Authors themselves: The Prefacer to Knox's History grants that the Lowlanders are composed of divers Nations, many of them being of the ancient Scots who succeeded to the Dominions of the Picts, after they were expelled; some of them are a Remainder of the said Picts; some of them Brittons, who fled from the Tyranny of the Saxons, Danes, and Normans; and some of them French, Germans, Netherlanders, &c. who coming thither on Occations setled there. The principal causes of the obtaining of the English Tongue, which may be thought somewhat strange seeing the English never made an absolute Conquest nor setled long in that Kingdom, are, 1. The Friendship contracted betwixt the Lowlanders and Saxons after they became Christians. 2. The great number of English whom Malcolm III. brought to assist him against Mackbeth the Tyrant, to many of whom he gave Lands for their good Service. 3. The kind Entertainment which Edgar the lawful Heir of the Kingdom of England with his Kindred and Attendants, found in Scotland during their Exile; and the number of English who came with Edgar's Sister married to Malcolm. But 4. and chiefly, (as alledged by Gordon in his Theatrum Scotiae) from the Saxons over-running most part of the Low-lands; but their Strength being broken by the Danes, the Scots recovered the same again; and using the People kindly, the Saxon Commonalty remain'd still as Farmers, Tenants, &c. and so their Language obtain'd.

As for the Manners and Customs of the ancient Scots, Authors speak variously of them. The Roman Historians, as Tacitus, Caesar, &c. call them Barbari, but speak advantageously enough of their Valour; and the Scottish Historians insist upon it as a sufficient Proof of the falshood of what Cambden and others charge them with from St. Jerom, as having formerly been Canibals; that those Roman Historians, though very particular in the Description of the Island of Brittain and the Manners of the Inhabitants, are wholly silent on that Head, which if true they would not fail to have taken notice of, seeing they would never submit to them. And St. Jerom himself does afterwards clear the Scots, and say it was the Attacotti; which Gordon thinks also false, and reflects upon the Father as a peevish and revengeful Man. As for their Government, their Historians assert that it was originally by Clans or Tribes, without any fix'd Laws or Head; but after their setling in Albion, under Fergus, it was by King and Parliament, or to use their own terms Comitia Regni, which setled the Succession on Fergus and his Line, out of which till the time of Kennethus III. the fittest of the Race was chosen; but he obtain'd of the States to make it Hereditary from Father to Son. The Kings themselves used to go from County to County to administer Justice, and had Officers under them called Abthanes and Thanes, somewhat like Sheriffs, which are the first Names of subordinate civil Dignity found in the Scotch Histories; after that Committees of Parliament were appointed, for Administration of Justice betwixt one Session and another, being accountable to the Parliaments at meeting; and the Chiefs of Clans, as also Barons, had many Royalties and proper Jurisdictions of their own, within which many had Power of Life and Death, as some few have still, and more had, as appears by their Charters: And if it be consider'd that the Heads of Clans were so many p•tty Kings enjoying many Royalties, either by Grant of their Monarchs for some eminent Services, or by Custom from the first Government of the Scots which was by Tribes, those Feuds with which they are upbraided by some Historians will neither be found so barbarous nor unreasonable, seeing they were a sort of Civil War amongst those petty Princes about Meum and Tuum; however, those are now for the most part swallowed up by the Crown; and the Enjoyment of them was none of the least Causes why the Family of the Douglasses of old, and the Earls of Argile of late, have been such Eye-sores to their Kings. While the Kingdom was Heathen, they had a sort of Priests called Druides, which were common to them with the ancient Gauls and Brittons, and together with their Way of Living and Manner of Fighting describ'd by Caesar, is another proof, that if they were not originally the same People, they were near Neighbours. For their Chutch-Government after they were Christians, it was by the Ministers of those Times called Monks and Culdees, who according to their Historians governed the Church till Palladius was sent by Pope Celestine against the Pelagian Heresie; at which time he established Bishops in Scotland, which was many Years after their publick Reception of Christianity: And according to Buchanan and Cambden, they had no Diocesans till the time of Malcolm III. An. Ch. 1070. It was yet much longer before they had any Archbishops: So that the Archbishop of York, in the 12th Age, obtain'd of the Pope that he should be their Metropolitan; but the Scotch Bishops opposing it, the Pope freed them from that pretended Jurisdiction. So that the first who brought the Title of Primate and Metropolitan into Scotland, was one Patrick Graham, who obtain'd it by Bull of Pope Sixtus IV. in the XV. Century. But the Bishops grudging to be under any other Superiour than the Pope, did at last out him of his Dignity. They never had but one Cardinal, which was in that same Age, and his Fate every one knows. The Prefacer to Knox's History says, that the Order of Culdees did plead a Power of chusing Bishops till the time of Robert the Bruce, which was in the beginning of the 13th Age; but Cumin Prefect of the Culdees being worsted in that Attempt by Lamberton Bishop of St. Andrews, that Order was quite extinguished, and the Bishops established their own Chapters. So much for Discipline. As to Religion it self; tho it quickly began to decline there as well as in other Churches, yet from the time of Palladius to that of the Coming of Austin the Monk in the 6th Age, there were many godly and learned Men who still witnessed for the purity of Doctrin: And in this Age there was a mighty Controversie about the keeping of Easter; the Scots observing it on the 14th day of the Moon, according to the practice of the Eastern Churches, were called Quartadecimani, and esteemed Hereticks by the Church of Rome, which however did at last prevail in that Point, not without much Opposition from the famous Colman. About the end of the 7th Age the Scotch Ecclesiasticks went frequently to Rome for Preferments in the Church, which was mightily opposed by Clemens and Samson two Culdees, who complained of the withdrawing the Church from the Obedience of Christ, and subjecting it to the Pope, whose Supremacy they opposed, as also Celibacy of Priests, Clerical Tonsure, Prayers for the Dead, Images in Churches, &c. for which they and their Adherents were excommunicated by the Church of Rome, as appears by the third Volume of Councils, though the Reasons be there concealed. In the 8th Age, Alcuin, Rabanus Maurus, John Scot, and Claudius Clemens, opposed the Church of Rome; and Alcuin for his Book of the Eucharist was many Years after his Death declar'd an Heretick by the Pope. In the 9th Age Joannes Scotus, Aerigena, and Bertram, impugned the Doctrine of Transubstantiation. In the 10th Bernet a Scotch Bishop defended Priests Marriage in a National Council. From thence to the 14th we have no Account of any Church-Matters, but some Struggles betwixt the Culdees and Bishops about Discipline, as above mentioned. In this Age flourished the great Schoolman Joannes Dunscotus. In 1431, in the Reign of King James I, Paul Craw and James Resby suffered for adhering to the Doctrin of Wickliff and Has; and in 1494 about 30 Persons were summoned from the West before the King and his Council on that account, amongst whom were several Persons of Quality, as, Campbell of Cesnock and the Lady Stairs. In King James V. his time the Protestant Religion had obtain'd so far, and that amongst Persons of Quality, that the Priests put him in a way of filling his Exchequer by their Forfeitures; so that after his Death there was found a List of those accused, in his Pocket, amongst whom was the Earl of Arran, who was in a little time after chosen Viceroy; and then the Protestant Religion grew apace, after having been water'd with the Blood of some Martyrs, as Patrick Hamilton royally descended, the famous Mr. Wishart and others. The Protestant Nobility did at last enter into a League for mutual defence against their Persecutors, and petition'd the Queen Regent for a Reformation; but finding that she eluded them by false Promises, they protested, that seeing they had attempted it in an orderly Way, they would not be answerable for any Disorders that might happen among the incensed People if they should reform things in a violent manner, and secure themselves against those who sought their Lives; which issued in a War, wherein she, though assisted by the French, was overcome, the Protestants being aided by Q Elizabeth of England, and encouraged by their great Reformer Knox. The Reform'd Religion was established, and Popery abolished in 1560 by Parliament lawfully called, and those Acts afterwards confirmed by K. James VI. when he came to Age. So that these things being considered, there is no such Cause to charge the Scotch Reformers with Rebellion, as some Authors take the Liberty to do; for in reading the Scottish Histories it's every where obvious, that the States of Scotland (and by such the Reformation was carried on) have always claim'd and for the most part enjoyed a larger share in the Government than those of other Kingdoms. And now seeing we are upon the Affairs of their Church, it is not improper to take notice of the Convulsions which that Church and State have been thrown into by the Disputes betwixt the Presbyterians and Episcopal Party about the Church-Government. That their Church was reformed at first by Presbyters, and that Presbyterian Government 〈◊〉 most suitable to the Inclinations of the People, is asserted by the current Parliament of Scotland call'd by King William and Queen Mary; and That Episcopacy was best suited to Monarchy, and the Peace and Quiet of the State, was asserted by Charles II. his first Parliament. So leaving it to others to judge which of the Parliaments hath most Truth on their side, we shall only take notice, that Bishops being thrown out at the Reformation in 1560, according to Gordon an Episcopal Author, Superintendents were a little after established, but also thrown out: Titular Bishops, without Jurisdiction, were brought in An. 1572 by the Earl of Morton, who was Regent in K. James's Minority; but their Order was constantly impugned and finally condemned in the General Assembly 1580: and in 1592 K. James took away their Power, and confirmed that of Presbyteries; in 1602 he brought in Bishops again by Act of Parliament at Perth, just upon his Accession to the Crown of England: They were again thrown out in the time of K. Charles I. An. 1637, restored by K. Char. II. in 1662, and thrown out again by the present Parliament in 1690. So that the Government of that Church now is by Kirk Sessions which consist of the Minister and Elders, Presbyteries which are composed of a certain associated number of Ministers and Elders, Provincial Synods which consist of the Ministers and ruling Elders in a Province, and the General Assembly compos'd of Ministers delegated from every Presbytery in the Nation, and ruling Elders the like in behalf of the People, from which there is no Appeal in Church Affairs. While Episcopacy continued in Scotland that Church was govern'd by 2 Archbishops, viz. the Archbishop of St. Andrews Primate and Metropolitan of all Scotland, and the Archbishop of Glasgow, who was also Metropolitan; under the former there were eight Suffragans, viz. Dunk•l, Aberdeen, Murray, Dumblane, Brechin, Rosse, Caithnesse, and Orkney; under the later were four, viz. the Bishops of Whitehorn, Lismore, the Isles, and Edinburgh.

It is also controverted by the English and Scotch Historians, Whether that Kingdom was originally a Free-State, or depended on the K. of England as Superior; the English assert it, and the Scots deny it, alledging that their Kings did only pay Homage to the Crown of England for the Northern Counties when they possessed them, but that the Right of Superiority over Scotland was never claimed till the time of Edward I. who took the Advantage of the distracted Condition of the Kingdom when he was chosen Umpire to decide whether Bruce or Baliol had the best Title to the Crown of Scotland; not that he was their Superior, but because of the great Amity which had been between him and their last King Alexander, and that the Factions were both so powerful, that it could not be determin'd at home. And though it's true Baliol did actually make such a Surrender that by his means he might be set on the Throne, and most of the Nobility who were present at Berwick were compelled to assent, yet the Parliament of Scotland did immediately revoke it, and that Action of Baliol excluded him and his Posterity from the Crown, and laid the Foundation of a bloody War betwixt the Nations. For the Arguments used by Dr. Heylin and others to prove this Point, they are not so concludent as a matter of that importance would require, though doubtless there are Records in the Tower that such Homage has been paid by the Scots; but if it were obtained by Fraud or Force, as the Scottish Historians do all assert, the Foundation is too weak for the Superstructure; and what they alledge, that their Kings and Nobles, when taken in Battel, were always treated as Prisoners of War, and not as Rebels, as they must needs have been if they had been Vassals to the Crown of England, has much more force to prove that the English Kings did not think their Claim good, than Heylin's Argument has to evince that the Scottish Kings did tacitly own that Claim by calling themselves only Scotorum Reges and not Scotiae Reges, seeing Imperator Romanorum, Rex Francorum, Gothorum, &c. are the usual way by which Independent Soveraigns entitle themselves in Latin.

The CATALOGUE of the Kings of Scotland.

1 FErgus.

2 Feritharis.

3 Mainus

4 Dornadilla.

5 Nothatus.

6 Reutherus.

7 Reutha.

8 Thereus.

9 Josina.

10 Finnanus.

11 Durstus.

12 Evenus.

13 Gillus (base born)

14 Evenus II.

15 Ederus.

16 Evenus III.

17 Metellanus.

18 Carataccus.

19 Corbred I.

20 Dardanus.

21 Corbred II. sirnamed Galdus.

22 Luctacus.

23 Mogaldus.

24 Conarus.

25 Ethodius I.

26 Satrael.

27 Donald I.

28 Ethodius II.

29 Athirco.

30 Nathalocus.

31 Findochus.

32 Donald II.

33 Donald III.

34 Crathilinthus.

35 Fincormachus.

36 Romachus.

37 Angusianus.

38 Fethelmacus.

39 Eugenius I.

40 Fergus II.

41 Eugenius II.

42 Dongardus.

43 Constantine I.

44 Congallus I.

45 Goranus.

46 Eugenius III.

47 Congallus II.

48 Kinnatellus.

49 Aidanus.

50 Kenneth.

51 Eugenius IV.

52 Ferchard I.

53 Donald IV.

54 Ferchard II.

55 Malduinus.

56 Eugenius V.

57 Eugenius VI.

58 Amberkelethus.

59 Eugenius VII.

60 Mordacus.

61 Etfinus.

62 Eugenius VIII.

63 Fergus III.

64 Solvathius.

65 Achaius.

66 Congallus III.

67 Dongallus.

68 Alpinus.

69 Kenneth II.

70 Donald V.

71 Constantine II.

72 Ethus.

73 Gregory.

74 Donald VI.

75 Constantine III.

76 Malcolm I.

77 Indulfus.

78 Duffus.

79 Culenus.

80 Kenneth III.

81 Constantine IV.

82 Grimus.

83 Malcolm II.

84 Donald VII.

85 Mackbeth.

86 Malcolm III:

87 Donald Bane VIII.

88 Duncan.

89 Edgar.

90 Alexander I. sirnamed Acer.

91 David I.

92 Malcolm IV.

93 William.

94 Alexander II.

95 Alexander III.

96 John Baliol.

97 Robert Bruce.

98 David II.

99 Edward Baliol.

100 Robert II.

101 Robert III.

102 James I.

103 James II▪

104 James III.

105 James IV.

106 James V.

107 Henry Stuart and Mary Stuart.

108 James VI.

109 Charles I.

110 Charles II.

111 James VII.

112 WILLIAM II. and MARY II.

So that according to this Catalogue, from Fergus the I. who began his Reign 330 Years before Christ, the Scotch Monarchy has to this Year 1693 lasted 2023 Years in a continued Succession.

The Government of Scotland is as that of England, by King and Parliament, and the Prerogatives of their Kings much alike, only his present Majesty K. William II. hath consented to the abolishing of his Supremacy in Ecclesiastical Affairs in Scotland. Their Parliament consists of three States, the Nobility, Barons or Knights of Shires, and Burgesses. The Nobility are Consiliarii nati, and all of them have right of Suffrage in Parliament; and anciently all the lesser Barons, that is, such as hold Lands of the Crown with privilege of keeping a Court, were obliged to appear personally in Parliament, Proxies never being allowed in Scotland, which those of small Estates finding heavy, they excused themselves, and their Attendance was dispensed with in K. James I. his Reign, but they might by that Act have sent two, or three, or more, from every Shire to represent them, which yet they neglected for about 150 Years, till K. James VI. to ballance the Power of the Nobility, got them restored to that Right: And since that time every Shire sends 2 Commissioners but in this currant Parliament under K. William and Q. Mary, some of the larger Counties were impowered to send more. The Parliament is summoned by Proclamation at the head Borough of every Shire 40 Days before they meet, and every one who holds Lands of the Crown, and are taxed at 40 s. Scottish Money to the King, which will be in real value about 10 l. Sterling per An. is capable of giving a Voice or being chosen. The Electors subscribe the Commissions which they give, and the Parliament determine double Elections before they proceed to act. The Burgesses are chosen by the Common Council of the Burroughs.

When the Parliament first sits down there is a mighty solemn and stately Cavalcade, which they call the riding of the Parliament; in this manner: The Crown, Scepter, and Sword of State are brought down from the Castle of Edinburgh where they are kept, to the King's Palace, in a Coach well guarded, to which every one must uncover as they pass: When they are arrived at the Palace, the Cavalcade begins thus; All the Members of Parliament being in the great Court before the Palace, mount their Horses, which are caparison'd in a rich and stately manner. The Burgesses ride first, with one Lackey apiece, 2 Trumpeters and 2 Pursevants in their Coats, ushering the Way bare-headed: Next come the Commissioners of Shires, 2 by 2, each having 2 Lackeys: Then follow such of the Officers of State as are not Noblemen; then the Lords, all of them 2 and 2: Next come 4 Trumpeters bare-headed 2 and 2, 4 Pursevants in their Coats, bare headed, 2 and 2, 6 Heralds in that same manner, then the Gentleman-Usher bare-headed, Lion King at Arms with his Coat and Robes and Foot-Mantle, and his Battoon in his hand, bare-headed; the Sword of State, the Scepter and the Crown carried by 3 of the ancientest of the Nobility, bare-headed; on each side the Honours are 3 Mace-bearers, bare-headed; and after them comes a Nobleman bare-headed, with a Purse containing the Lord High Commissioners Commission: Last of all comes the Lord High Commissioner, with the Dukes and Marquesses on his right and left Hand. When the King is present the Master of Horse rides near, but a little aside. Every Duke hath 8 Lackeys, every Marquess 6, every Earl 4, every Viscount 3, and every Lord 3, and every Nobleman has a Gentleman to hold up his Train, besides his Pages. Before Episcopacy was abolished the 2 Archbishops had the Privilege of Dukes and the rest of Lords. The Nobility have Scarlet Robes fac'd with Ermin, with Distinctions according to their Degree. The Noblemens Lackeys have over their Liveries short Velvet Coats with their Badges, Crests and Motto's either in Plate or Embroidery on their Backs and Breasts. The Great Officers of State ride up to the Parliament House half an hour before in their Robes, attended by their Friends on Horse-back, and wait in the Parliament House. The Guards follow the King or Commissioner, and on each side the Street the Trained Bands of the City of Edinburgh are drawn up. When the King rides in person, the Marquesses and Dukes come before him, and the Lord Chancellor rides bearing the Great Seal, but not before the Commissioner. The Lord Chancellor receives the King or Commissioner when he comes into the House, and ushers him up to the Throne, which is raised 6 Steps high, with a Canopy of State, and with other Officers of State sits on each hand in a Step under him: and next under them sit the Judges: On the right and left Hand of the Throne sit the Nobility, and in the right side of the Room sit the Commissioners of Shires, and on the other those for Burroughs. When the King is present, he speaks to them in his Robes, with the Crown on his Head, all standing up bare-headed; but the Commissioner is in an ordinary Suit, and stands and speaks also bare-headed. There is a Committee call'd Lords of the Articles, who consist of 24, viz. 8 chosen out of every State, who prepare all things that are to be treated of in Parliament: but since K. William's Accession to the Crown it is so ordered, that they are not such a check on the Freedom of Parliaments as formerly. The Scotch Parliament sits all in one House, and every one answers distinctly to his Name, and gives his Vote, which is in these Terms, I approve or not approve, only those who are not satisfied say Non liquet. No Dissents or Protests are allowed in publick Acts, those being accounted Treasonable; but in private Acts they are admitted. The Parliament of Scotland is never Prorogued, but only Adjourned; and when their Business is done then they are Dissolved; quickly after which their Acts are proclaimed at the publick Market-Cross of Edinburgh by the Lion King at Arms with a great deal of State and Ceremony. Sometimes Conventions of States are called, which have no power to enact Laws, but only to raise Taxes. Besides the Parliament, which is the Supreme Court, there is a Secret Council, of which my Lord Chancellor is President. Those Privy Counsellors have for the most part been chosen by the Kings, but sometimes the Parliament have pleaded a Right in their choice: Their Business is, to treat of the publick Affairs of the Kingdom, and preserve the Peace. There is also a College of Justice, called vulgarly the Session, instituted by King James V. in 1532, according to the Form of the Parliament of Paris. It consists of a President and fourteen Senators, and four Extraordinary Senators, who are all called Lords of the Session: Before them all things concerning the Property of the Subject are handled. They have two Terms of Sitting in the Year, viz. From the first of June to the last of July, and from the first of November till the last of February. This Court is divided into an inner and an outer House. In the outer the Senators sit each their Week by turns, where Causes are speedily dispatch'd; but there lyes an Appeal to the rest of the Judges who are the inner House, before whom the Advocates plead; which being done the Parties withdraw, and the Lords give Sentence according to Majority of Votes, from which there is no Appeal but to the Parliament. There is also a Criminal Court which tryes Criminals upon Life and Death. The Judges are a Lord Justice General and a Lord Justice Clerk his Assistant, with four of the other Judges. Here Peers are tried as well as Commons, only with this difference, that the Majority of a Noble-mans Jury are Peers: The Jury is made up of Fifteen, and the Majority carries it. In the Exchequer the Lord-Treasurer and Lord Treasurer Deputy have the chief Power. The Seat of these Courts are all at Edinburgh, and on extraordinary Occasions there are Circuits, but it is reckon'd less Charge to the Subjects to bring their Causes to Edinburgh. Besides these, every Sheriff has a Court for lesser Causes, and trying Thieves and Murtherers, &c. and most of those Sheriffs were formerly Hereditary, which made them so Potent, that of late the Kings have agreed with many of them for their Rights. There are also Courts of Regality, where the Lords of the Regality has a Royal Jurisdiction and Power of Life and Death within his Bounds; and this was anciently common to all Barons (that is, every one who held a Mannor of the King.) but now they can only Judge in small Matters amongst their own Tenants, and Fine and Distrain.

As for the Orders and Degrees of Honour in Scotland, they are the same as in England, but their Knights are created with more Solemnity than any where in Europe, as having an Oath administred to them, and being proclaimed publickly by an Herald, for the Knights of St. Andrew. See St. Andrew.

As concerning the People in General, whatever may have been said against them by some neighbouring Historians, their Valour has been sufficiently known in the World, particularly by the great Honour and Privileges which they acquired by it in France, some of them having been Constable of that Kingdom, which is next to the King in Honour; others Dukes and Peers of France; and for many Years they had the Guard of the King's Person. Sam. Daniel says, That never People behaved themselves better in Struggling for their Liberties. Speed says, That few great things have been done in Europe, where they have not been with the first and last in the Field: And Cluverius writes of them, That they are Marte & Ingenio Felices. But there is no reasonable Scotchman who will refuse to own, that there is in that as well as other Nations a Mixture of Good and Bad, and it must be granted them, that they have had many Famous Men for Arts, Arms and Learning in all Faculties. Cambd. Buch. Knox, Calderwood, Lesly, Spotswood, Gordon, Theat. Scotiae, Present State of Scotland, &c.

The Nobility and Gentry of Scotland are great Lovers of Learning, on which account they not only frequent their own Universities, but those of England, France and Germany. They are also much addicted to Travelling, especially to France, where most of their Fam'd Lawyers Study the Civil Law, which is much used in that Kingdom; so that their Gentry are generally Men of Exquisite Breeding. The Universities of this Country are four, viz. St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh. The principal Rivers of Scotland are the Forth, Clyde and Tay, all of them Na•igable, besides many Lakes, innumerable Creeks and Bays which Indent the Kingdom and afford many safe Harbours, with gre•t conveniency for Trade and Fishing. It is not the Custom of this Country to Wall their Towns, according to their Historian and Poet Buchannan Non fossa & Muris patriam sed marte tueri; but for strong and impregnable Castles, as Edinburgh, Sterlin, Dunbarton, &c. it comes short of no Nation in Europ•. The Rarities of Nature boasted of by their Historians, are the Cal•donian White Bulls, with Manes curled like Lyons, naturally so Fierce and Implacable against Men, that they abhorred whatever they touched or breathed on; but time hath destroyed both them and their Wood in which they bred. 2. The Barnacles or Cl•ck-Geese bred in Logs of Wood floating on the Sea, according to the common Opinion, though some Authors think that they are bred of Eggs like other Fowls, but that the Eggs are fasten'd to the Logs by some glutinous matter which comes from the Goose. Those who have eat of them say they taste perfectly of Fir, and are certainly bred in that sort of Wood. 3. The Solan Geese which hatch their Eggs with one Foot, and have a fishy taste, but are very profitable to the Inhabitants by their Feathers and Oyl. 4. Lake-Lowmond, in which are Fish without Fins very pleasant to eat. The Water of this Lake turns Timber into Stones. It is also remarkable for 24 Islands, one of them according to some being a floating Island; and that which is strange, it is observed that the Waves are continually raging in this Lake, though the Air be calm. 5. On the Shore of Ratra in the County of Buchan is a Cave, from the Roof of which there drops Water which is turned into Pyramids of Stone, of a middle Nature betwixt Stone and Ice. 6. That there are no Rats to be found in the Country of Sutherland, and if any be brought thither, they immediately die, though they abound in the neighbouring County of Caithnes. 7. Scottish Dogs called Sluth-hounds, were anciently much prized for their excellent Scent, insomuch that on the Borders they were made use of to discover those who had stole Cattle, for being once entred in their Tract, they would pursue it till they found them out; so that it was reckoned cause enough to suspect any Man, if he stop'd the Course of those Sluth-hounds.

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

SCOTLAND

Having survey'd the Kingdom of England and Principality of Wales, we come next to Scotland; which, as it is a Branch of the same Continent, so is it united under the same Head and Governour, and makes up a part of the Title of King of Great Britain. Concerning the ancient Inhabitants and some other Heads relating to this Kingdom, we have treated in the General Account of England; and shall not here repeat them. Let it be sufficient to observe, That the two Kingdoms were united into one Monarchy in the Person of King James, the first of England, and sixth of Scotland:

By which the English have been freed ever since from those Incursions and Plunderings, wherewith that Nation was us'd continually to harrass and torment them.

All that part of the Continent which lies beyond the Counties of Cumberland and Northumberland, belongs to Scotland; with great numbers of Islands on all the other sides, which are bounded by the Ocean. On the West it hath the Irish Sea, on the North the Deucaledonian, and on the East the German Ocean. 'Tis in length about 250 miles, and 150 miles broad. In the most Southerly part 'tis 54 deg. 54 min. in Latitude, and in Longitude 15 deg. 40 min. but in the most Northerly, 'tis 58 deg. 32 (or 30 min.) in Latitude, and 17 deg. 50 min. in Longitude. The longest day is about 18 hours and 2 minutes, and the shortest night 5 hours and 45 minutes.

The SOIL, take it in general, comes far short of England in fruitfulness, being much more fit for Pasture than Corn: Not, but in some of the In-land Country, they have good store of Grain; wherewith they Trade to Spain, Holland and Norway. The Skirts of the Country abound with Timber; which is of a vast bigness, especially Firr-trees.

The AIR is very temperate, and not half so cold as might be imagin'd in so Northerly a Clime. Which (as in England) is owing to the warm Vapours and Breezes that come continually off the Sea; and likewise purify the Air, and keep it in such constant Motion, as generally frees them from all Epidemick Distempers. The nature of the Country is hilly and mountainous; the Plains being but very few, and those too but small. They have abundance of Cows and Sheep, tho they are but little; for which defect, the fine taste of their Flesh makes amends.

Learning flourishes among them in 4 Universities, S. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edenburrow, wherein are Professors of most of the Liberal Arts, and those maintain'd with competent Salaries.

Christianity seems to have been planted here very early; especially, if those words of Tertullian, Britannorum inaccessa Romanis loca, Christo vero subdita, may be allow'd to hint to these parts, as in all probability they do.

SCOTLAND, according to difference of Soil Customs, Humours; as also of the Fancies and Imaginations of Men, has several Divisions.

1. The most eminent of them, is into the High-landers and Low-landers: The first are rude, barbarous and unciviliz'd, using the Irish Language; the second are civil and courteous, and use the Language and Customs of the English.

2. Into the Scots and Picts; this is the more ancient Division: The Scots had all the Western-Isles and the Skirts of the Country Westward; the Picts were possess'd of all that lay upon the German Ocean.

3. Tis divided by the Mons Grampius or Grantzbain-hills, which run from West to East.

4. The Rivers divide it into three Peninsula's; one to the South, one in the middle, and one to the North. For the Rivers on each side run so far into the Country, as to be hindred from meeting by a small Isthmus only; and if that were remov'd, it would make the main Land of Scotland, three Islands.

5. The Romans branch'd it into several People, according to the following Scheme.

• ...Gadeni,
  • Teifidale,
  • Merch,
  • Lauden.
• ...Selgovae,
  • Annandale,
  • Nidisdale.
• ...Novantes,
  • Galloway,
  • Carrict,
  • Kyle,
  • Cunningham,
  • Glotta.
• ...Damnii,
  • Cluydesdale,
  • Lennox,
  • Sterling.
• ...Caledonia,
  • Fife,
  • Strathern,
  • Argile,
  • Cantire,
  • Lorn,
  • Braidalbin,
  • Perth-shire,
  • Angus,
  • Mernis,
  • Marr,
  • Buquhan,
  • Murray,
  • Loqhabre,
  • Rosse,
  • Sutherland,
  • Cathnes,
  • Strath-navern.

The Roman Wall.

6. 'Tis divided into so many Counties, which are again sub-divided into Sheriffdoms, Stewarties and Baileries, for the more easy Administration of Civil Government.

The Counties or Shires, with their particular Extent, are as follows:

The Shire of	Contains
Edenburgh	Midlothian.
Mers	Mers and Lauderdale.
Peebles	Tweedale.
Selkirk	Etterick and Forrest.
Roxburh	Teviotdale, Liddisdale, Esk; dale, and Eusdale.
Dumfries	Nithisdale and Annandale.
Wigton	The West-part of Galloway.
Aire	Kyle, Carrict and Cunningham.
Renfrew	The Barony of Renfrew.
Lanerick	Cledsale.
Dumbritton	Lennox.
Bute	The Isles of Bute and Arran.
Innerara	Argile, Lorn, Kintyre; most part of the west Isles, as Ila, Jura, Mul, Wyst, Terif, Coll, Lismore.
Perth	Menteith, Strathern, Balwhidder, Glenurghay, Stormont, Athol, Gource, Glenshee, Strattardill, Braid Albin, Raynock.
Striveling	Much of the Ground that lyeth close upon both sides of Forth.
Linlithgow	West-Lothian.
Kinros	That part of Fife lying between Lochleven and the Ochill hills.
Clackmannan	A small part of Fife lying on the River of Forth towards Striveling.
Couper	The rest of Fife to the East of Lochleven.
Forfar	Agnus with its Pertinents, Glen-Ila, Glen-Esk, Glenprossin.
Kinkardin	The Mernis.
Aberdeen	Mar with its Pertinents, as Birs, Glen-Tanner, Glen-Muick, Strath dee, Strathdon

	Brae of Mar and Cromar, and most part of Buchan, Fourmartin, Gareock, and Strath-Bogie-Land.
Bamff	A small part of Buchan, Strathdovern, Boyn, Einzie, Strath Awin and Balvenie.
Elgin	The East part of Murray.
Nairn	The West part of Murray.
Inverness	Badenoch, Lochabir, and the South-part of Ross.
Cromartie	A small part of Ross, lying on the South-side of Cromartie-Frith.
Tayn	The rest of Ross, with the Isles of Sky, Lewis, and Herris.
Dornoch	Sutherland and Strathnavern.
Wike	Cathness.

Their publick COURTS for the administration of Justice, are,

1. The Parliament, which is the supreme Court, and has the same Authority as ours has in England. They have 32 Persons (elected out of the several Orders) whom they call Lords of the Articles; and who seem to be much the same thing, as to their Office, with our Committees in England, appointed by the whole House to consider of Matters under Debate: Only theirs are fix'd and certain in all Matters, and are chosen at the beginning of their Meeting; ours are appointed pro re nata, upon any emergent occasion; and when that's over, have nothing to do in other Matters, without a particular appointment.

2. The College of Justice, or the Session; wherein the particular Officers appointed for that purpose (consisting of the Clergy and Laity) administer Justice (according to the Rules of Equity, and not the Rigour of the Law) from the 1st of November to the 15th of March, and from Trinity-Sunday to the 1st of August, every day except Sunday.

3. The Sheriff's Court in every County; where the Sheriff or his Deputy decides Controversies among the Inhabitants, relating to matters of an inferior concernment.

4. The Commisstariat, wherein are pleaded Actions relating to Wills, Tythes, and other Ecclesiastical Affairs.

5. In Criminal Cases, the King's Chief Justice holds his Courts generally at Edenburrow; besides which, Justices are sometimes appointed by the King's Commission for the Examination of particular Causes.

The several Orders or Degrees, are

1. The King; to whom the Constitution allows much the same Power and Authority, as ours here in England.

2. The Prince of Scotland, the King's eldest Son: The rest of the King's Children are stil'd simply Princes.

3. Dukes (who were brought into Scotland about the year 400.) Marquisses, Earls, Vicounts and Barons, as we have in England.

4. Their Knights also are the same; only, proclaim'd and created with much more Solemnity.

5. Lairds, which were anciently such only as held Lands of the King in Capite.

6. Gentlemen. 7. Citizens, Merchants, &c.

The RELIGION of the Kingdom by Law establish'd, is that which is contain'd in the Confession of Faith authoriz'd in the first Parliament of King James VI. For the more convenient Regulation of Church-affairs, they have 2 Archbishopricks; under which are contain'd 12 Bishopricks, according to the following Scheme.

The Archbishoprick of S. Andrews, under which are,

• ...Edenburgh,
• ...Dunkel,
• ...Aberdeen,
• ...Murray,
• ...Dumblane,
• ...Brechen,
• ...Ross,
• ...Cathness,
• ...Orkney.

The Archbishoprick of Glasco, under which are,

• ...Galloway,
• ...Lismone,
• ...The Isles.

The Bounds and Extent of the several Diocesses, are as follows:

Diocess of	S. Andrews	Contains	Part of Perthshire, and part of Angus and Mernes.
Glasgow	The Shires of Dunbarton, Ranfrew, Air, Lanerick, part of the Shires of Roxburgh, Dumfreis, Peebles and Selkirk.
Edinburgh	The Shires of Edinburgh, Linlithgow, part of Strivelingshire, Berwickshire, the Constabularie of Hadington and Bailery of Lauderdale.
Dunkeld	The most part of Perthshire, part of Angus, and part of West-Lothian.
Aberdeen	Most part of Bamf-shire, and part of Mernis.
Murray	The Shires of Elgin, Nairn, and part of Inverness and Bamf-shire.
Brichin	Part of Angus and Mernis.
Dumblane	Part of Perth and Strivelingshires.
Ross	The Shire of Tain, Cromertie, and the greatest part of Inverness-shire.
Cathness	Cathness and Sutherland.
Orkney	All the Northern Isles of Orkney and Zetland.
Galloway	The Shire of Wigton, the Stewartrie of Kircudbright, the Regality of Glentrurie, and part of Dumfries-shire.
Argile	Argile, Lorn, Kintyre, and Lohaber, with some of the West Isles.
The Isles	Most of the West Isles.

Besides these, for the more close Inspection into the Affairs of the Church, they had a certain number of Presbyteries, viz.

• ...Dunce.
• ...Chernside.
• ...Kelso.
• ...Ersilton.
• ...Jedburgh.
• ...Melross.
• ...Dumbar.
• ...Hadington.
• ...Dalkeith.
• ...Edinburgh.
• ...Peebles.
• ...Linlithgow.
• ...Perth.
• ...Dunkeld.
• ...Auchterarder.
• ...Striveling.
• ...Dumblane.
• ...Dumfreis.
• ...Penpont.
• ...Lochmabane.
• ...Midlebie.
• ...Wigton.
• ...Kircudbright.
• ...Stranraver.
• ...Aire. Irwing.
• ...Paselay.
• ...Dumbarton.
• ...Glasgow.
• ...Hamilton.
• ...Lanerick.
• ...Biggar.
• ...Dunnune.
• ...Kinloch.
• ...Inerary.
• ...Kilmore.
• ...Sky.
• ...S. Andrews.
• ...Kirkaldy.
• ...Cowper.
• ...Dumfermelin.
• ...Meegle.
• ...Dundee.
• ...Arbroth.
• ...Forfar.
• ...Brichen.
• ...Mernis.
• ...Aberdeen.
• ...Kinkardin.
• ...Alfoord.
• ...Gareoch.
• ...Deir.
• ...Turref.
• ...Fordyce.
• ...Ellon.
• ...Strathbogie.
• ...Abernethie.
• ...Elgin.
• ...Forres.
• ...Aberlower.
• ...Chanrie.
• ...Tayn.
• ...Dingwell.
• ...Dornoch.
• ...Week.
• ...Thurso.
• ...Kirkwal.
• ...Scaloway.
• ...Colmkill.

Under this Constitution, they had

1. A Session in every Parish (consisting of the worthiest Persons therein) which took cognizance of some Scandals.

2. A Presbyterie, wherein Cases too intricate for the Session were try'd; and particularly such as enter'd into Orders were solemnly examin'd. This consisted of a number of Ministers, between twelve and twenty.

3. The Provincial Synod, who met twice every year.

4. The Convocation; which was the supreme.

And now Presbyterie is introduc'd, they retain the same Courts and Governments; with some difference only in the exercise and manner of Proceeding.

Having thus far given a short Account of the Soil and Air, the Degrees, Divisions and Government of Scotland; we are, next, to take a particular Survey of this Kingdom. Which might have been done most conveniently by running through the several Counties, and observing the same method as we have done in England; but that the Towns here are very thin in many places, and some Counties afford none of any considerable note. I know not how to give a view of the Kingdom more distinct, and more agreeable to our Design, than by drawing up a List of the most eminent Cities and Towns, and of the Ancient Places, in an Alphabetical Order.

The most considerable Places are,

• ...Aberdeen,
• ...Aire,
• ...Alloa,
• ...S. Andrews,
• ...Bamfe,
• ...Brechin,
• ...Chanonry,
• ...Dumblane,
• ...Dundee,
• ...Dunfreys,
• ...Dunkel,
• ...Duns,
• ...Edenburrow,
• ...Glascow,
• ...Greenock
• ...Hamilton,
• ...Innerness,
• ...Linlithgow,
• ...Paslay,
• ...Peebles,
• ...Perth,
• ...Selkirk.

ABERDEEN, in the County of Marr, has its name from the River Done, upon the mouth whereof it stands; Aber in British signifying a mouth, or place where a River empties it self. There are 2 Towns of the name, the Old and New. Old Aberdeen is the Seat of the Bishop, having a large and stately Cathedral, commonly call'd S. Machar's. 'Tis, besides, adorn'd with King's College (so call'd from King James IV. who assum'd the Patronage) wherein is a Principal, with the several Professors of Divinity, Civil Law, Physick, Philosophy, and the Languages. In the Church before mention'd, there is a most stately Monument erected to the memory of Bishop Elphingston, a great Benefactor to the place. Hard by the Church, they have a Library well furnish'd with good Books.

About a mile from hence is New Aberdeen, built upon 3 Hills; but the greatest part of it upon the highest, to which there is an easie ascent from the Plain. 'Tis, by much, the most considerable place in the North of Scotland; whether we respect the Largeness, Trade or Beauty of the Buildings, both publick and private. Of the first sort, the chief is its College, built by George Keith Earl Marshal, in the year, 1693. and from him call'd the Marshallian Academy. But since his time, the City of Aberdeen hath adorn'd and beautify'd it with several additional Buildings. They have a Principal, four Professors of Philosophy, one of Divinity, and one of Mathematicks. Add to this, the School, which has a Head-master and 3 Ushers; the Musick-School, for the more polite Education of the Gentry; S. Nicholas-Church, built of free Stone, and cover'd with Lead; an Almshouse, and three Hospitals. Nor must we forget the Library, which was founded at the charge of the City, and is supply'd with excellent Books from the Benefactions of several learned Persons; and also well furnish'd with Mathematical Instruments. The private Buildings are very beautiful, commonly four Stories high or more; behind which stand their Gardens and Orchards; so that the City at a distance looks like a Wood.

Aire, in Kyle, upon a River of the same name, is the chief Market-town in the West of Scotland. 'Tis situated in a sandy Plain; yet is furnish'd with pleasant fertil Fields, which afford a Prospect very diverting. It has the honour of being the Sheriff's Seat, and contains within its jurisdiction thirty two miles. The more ancient name was S. John's-town; but that is now quite laid aside.

Alloa, standing in the Shire of Clackmanan, is a pretty little Town, and very pleasant. It has a Haven, tho' but small. The greatest Ornament it boasts of is the Castle, the chief Residence of the Earl of Marr. This (with its Neighbour Clackmanan) seated upon a rising Ground, and adorn'd with a stately Castle) receives great profit from the adjoining Coal-pits; which, together with the Salt, furnish out a foreign Trade.

S. ANDREWS, above Fif-ness in the Peninsula of Fife, is seated conveniently for a delicate Prospect into the Sea. It seems, the ancient name of it, was Regimund; that is, Regulus's Mount: The present name was given it in honour to S. Andrew, (whose Bones are said to have been brought out of Peloponnesus to this place, by Regulus a Monk, in the year, 368.) It is adorn'd with an Archbishop's See, who is stil'd Primate of all Scotland; with the New Church, wherein is a stately Monument of Archbishop Sharp's; and with 3 Colleges. 1. S. Saviour, which has a Library well furnish'd. 2. S. Leonard's, wherein are several Professors, and a good Library. 3. New College, which, besides its two Professors of Divinity, has a Professor of Mathematicks, with an Observatory, and Mathematical Instruments.

Bamfe is the chief Burgh in the Shire of Bamfe, and is a Burgh-royal, wherein the Sheriff holds his Courts. 'Tis seated in a very fertil Tract, and receives great advantages from the Salmon-fishing.

Brechin, upon the River Esk, lies in the Shire of Angus, and is a Market-town very considerable for Oxen, Sheep, Horses and Salmon. The Ruins of the Bishop's Palace and the Canon's Houses, are an evidence of its ancient magnificence. Here is a stately Bridge over the River Esk.

Chanonry (at Ness-mouth in Ross) has its name from a rich College of Canons, that were there. They had a large Cathedral Church, part whereof still remains. Its greatest Ornament, at present, is a magnificent House of the Earl of Seaforth's, who has considerable Revenues in this Country.

Dumblane (seated upon the Bank of the River Allan on the Stewartrie of Strathern) is a pleasant Town, but not large. It still shews the Ruins of the Bishop and Canon's Houses; and part of the Church (a Fabrick of admirable Workmanship) remains entire. Their great Benefactor was Robert Leighton Bishop of the place; a Person of strict Life and Conversation. At his death, he left all his Books to the use of the Diocess of Dumblane, with a certain Sum of Mony for the erecting of a Library; and his Sister's Son settl'd an annual Salary upon the Library-Keeper.

Dundee (so call'd probably from its situation upon the River Tay) stands in the Shire of Angus, in a pleasant Plain; and is beautify'd with very good Buildings, both publick and private. They have 2 Churches; and the Constable hereof, by a peculiar Privilege, is Standard-bearer to the Kings of Scotland. The Inhabitants are generally rich, by the great Profits which arise from the Harbour; and by their Trade with Strangers, which is very considerable. There is a large Hospital, wherein such as fall to decay by Misfortunes and Losses, are provided for.

Dunfrise, in the Tract call'd Nidisdale, lays near the mouth of Neth, between two Hills; and is a very flourishing Town. The Streets are large, and the Church and Castle very stately. The Tide flows up to the Town, and makes a Harbour; and for the convenience of Trade, they have an Exchange for the Merchants. Here is a fine Bridge over the River, of nine Arches.

Dunkel, at the foot of the Grantsbain-hills in the Shire of Perth, is conveniently situated in the midst of pleasant Woods, and upon the River Tay. It is the chief Market-town of the High-lands; to the Ornaments whereof, the Buildings erected of late by the Marquess of Athol, have added very considerably. It still shews the Ruins of a Cathedral Church.

Duns (in Mers or March, towards the German Ocean) stands upon a rising Ground in the middle of the Shire. 'Tis a Burrow and Barony, and has every Wednesday a throng Market of Sheep, Horses and Cows. But that which makes it most talk'd of, is, its being urg'd for the birth-place of Duns Scotus, by such as are willing to believe him a Scotch man.

EDENBƲRROW, the Metropolis of this Kingdom, built upon an ascent; the Buildings gradually descending from the top to the bottom of the H•ll. The original of it seems to have been the erecting of a Fort or Castle (than which no place could be more convenient for the purpose) under the protection whereof, the Neighbours might be possibly encourag'd to fix. At present, 'tis a large beautiful City, a full Scotch-mile in length, and half a one in breadth. Two Streets run along the whole length of the Town; the High-street is built, of late, of hewn Stone; since an Act of the Town-Council pass'd, whereby it is not lawful to build any more of Timber either in City or Suburbs, upon account of the many dreadful Fires that have hapn'd. The City has six Gates, the principal whereof lays to the East, and is adorn'd with Towers on both sides. They are supply'd with Water, from one of the best Springs in the Kingdom; which is about 3 miles distant, and is brought in Leaden-pipes to the several Fountains. This convenience was projected and carried on at the Expence of the City, about 20 years ago. Their principal publick Buildings, are

1. The Palace (whereof his Grace the Duke of Hamilton is hereditary Keeper) bounded on all sides with lovely Gardens. It has four Courts: The Outer, which is as big as all the rest, has four principal Entries: The Inner has Piazza's all round, of hewn Stone. The Long Gallery is very entertaining; shewing the Pictures of all the Kings of Scotland, from Fergus I.

2. The College of King James VI. founded in the year, 1580. is a large Building, divided into three Courts. They have their publick Schools, and a common Hall; with a well-stor'd Library, under which is the King's Printing-house. The Professors and Students are very well accommodated with Lodgings.

3. The Parliament-house stands in a large Court, which is enclos'd on one side with the Exchanges, and with a Set of very stately Buildings. There is a House (perhaps the highest in the World) which mounts seven Stories above the Parliament-Court; for from the bottom to the top, one Stair-case ascends 14 Stories high.

4. The Cathedral, dedicated to S. Giles, is built of hewn Stone, and is so large, as to be divided into 3 Churches, each whereof has its Parish.

5. Heriot's Hospital, so call'd from its Founder George Heriot, Jeweller to King James VI. is more like a Palace than an Hospital. All round the Houses are pleasant Gardens, adorn'd with large Walks and Greens. Here, the Children of the poorer Citizens have their Education, till they be fit for the publick Schools and Colleges.

Glascow is situated upon the East-bank of the River Clyde; and is, next Edenburrow, the principal City in the Kingdom; whether we consider the Buildings, Trade or Wealth of the Inhabitants. It is, in a manner, four-square; the four principal Streets crossing each other in the very middle. The principal publick Buildings, are

1. The Cathedral (in the upper part of it) the Pillars and Towers whereof are said to sh w a very exact and curious piece of Architecture. 'Tis, indeed, two Churches; one whereof stands over the other.

2. The Archbishop's Castle, surrounded with a Wall of hewn Stone.

3. The College, parted by an exceeding high Wall from the rest of the Town.

4. The Tolbooth (a stately Building of hewn Stone) which stands at the crossing of the Streets.

Greenock, in the Barony of Ranfrew, is a wellbuilt Town, the most eminent upon all that Coast. 'Tis the chief Seat of the Herring-fishing; and the Royal Company of Fishers have built a publick House at it, for the better convenience of Trade.

Hamildon (in Clydsdale) is the Residence of the Dutchess of Hamilton, and the great Ornament of that part of the Kingdom. The Court is on all sides adorn'd with very noble Buildings, has a magnificent Avenue, and a Frontespiece of very excellent Workmanship. The Park is 6 or 7 miles round, through which the Brook Aven has its course.

Innerness, the Head-town of the Sheriffdom of that name, is the Sheriff's Seat, where he keeps his Court. The convenience of its situation upon the River Ness, gives it a free and easie Commerce with the Neighbours. It has a Castle very pleasantly seated upon a Hill, which affords a noble Prospect into the Fields and Town. They have lately built a Bridge over the Ness of hewn Stone, and of 7 Arches.

Linlithgow, in the Shire of Linlithgow, is a Royal Burrough, which glories chiefly in its Palace, built almost in the form of an Amphitheatre. In the midst of the Court there is a Fountain, adorn'd with several curious Statues, the Water whereof rises to a good height. The Town is well built, and has a stately Town-house, with a Harbour at Blacknesse.

Paslay, in the Barony of Ranfrew, is the most considerable in these parts for ancient grandour and magnificence. It was formerly a famous Monastery, founded by Alexander II. High-steward of Scotland. The Abbey and Church, with fine Gardens and Orchards, are all enclos'd with a Stone-wall, about a mile in circuit.

Peebles, the Head-burgh of the Shire of that name, has a very pleasant situation, standing in a Plain on the side of the River. It has a noble Church, and a stately Bridge of 5 Arches over the Tweed.

Perth, in the Shire of that name, is call'd S. John's Town, a modern name, taken from a Church founded there in honour of S. John. Mr. Camden tells us, 'tis so divided, that almost every Street is inhabited by a several Trade apart. 'Tis pleasantly seated between 2 Greens, and the River Tay at every Tide, brings up Commodities from the Sea, in light Vessels.

Selkirk, in Teifidale, is a Burgh-royal, has the advantage of a weekly Market and several Fairs, is the head Burgh of the Shire, and the Seat of the Sheriff and Commissary-Courts.

Ancient Places in the Kingdom of SCOTLAND.

Alauna seems to have some Remarks preserv'd in the River Alon, in the Sheriffdom of Sterling.

Abravanus (for Aber-ruanus) is the mouth of the Rian in Galloway.

Alectum seems to be the present Dundee, in the Shire of Angus.

Banatia, mention'd by Ptolemy, is very probable Bean-castle (in Murray) which may be inferr'd both from the analogy of names, and the discovery of an engrav'd marble Vessel, full of Roman Coins, in the year, 1460.

Berubium, a Promontory, is thought to be Ʋrdhead in Strathnavern.

Bodotria (for so Tacitus calls it, but Ptolemy Boderia) is agreed on all hands to be Edenburrow-frith.

Caledonia is all the part of Britain, which lies Northward beyond Graham's-dike, or the Wall built by Antoninus Pius.

Cantae, were a People who inhabited the parts about Ross.

Catini, mention'd by Ptolemy, (and sometimes written Carini) seems by the sound and other circumstances, to be Cathness.

Castra Alata is agreed upon by all to be Edenburrow.

Celnius, a River, now Killian in Ross, upon the Eastern Ocean.

Cerones, a People who dwelt anciently where now Assenshire lies.

Corbantorigum seems to be Caer-Laverock, anciently a very strong Fort in Nidisdale.

Corda, a Town that anciently stood upon the Lake Logh-cure, out of which the River Nid arises.

Conia Damniorum seems to be Camelot; where are some remains of an ancient City. It stands between the Duni Pacis and the Temple of the God Terminus, in the Sheriffdom of Sterling.

Cornabii, a People who dwelt in the utmost Coast of all Britain towards the North, where now is Strath-navern. 'Tis probable they had that name from the River Nabeus, which Ptolemy places likewise in these parts.

Diva (mention'd by Ptolemy) is the River Dee in the County of Mernes.

Epidiorum Promontorium (a name possibly taken from the Islands Ebudae over against it) is call'd at this day Can-tyre, i. e. the Lands-head.

Glotta is an Island mention'd by Antoninus in the Firth of the River Glotta or Clyde; 'tis call'd at this day Arran, from a Castle of the same name.

Grampius is a continu'd range of Hills, reaching as far as Murray; mention'd by Tacitus in his description of Agricola's Attempts upon those parts.

Horesti seems to imply no more than the Highlanders in general.

Ila is a River in Cathness, possibly the same which they now call Wifle.

Lelanonius, mention'd by Ptolemy, is the River Levin, which gives name to the Country of Lennox, call'd in Latin Levinia.

Leucopibia seems by the sense to be determin'd to Bede's Candida Casa and our Whitern in Galloway; especially, if we may imagine that Ptolemy wrote it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, instead of which the Transcribers, by a blunder, have made it Leucopibia. The easiness of the mistake will readily be own'd by such as have opportunity of making their Observations upon the intolerable slips of ignorant Librarians.

Lindum is still manifest in our Lenlithquo, describ'd among the more eminent Places.

Littus altum seems to be Tarbarth in the County of Ross, where the River rises to a great heighth; enclos'd on one side with the River Killian, on the other with the Haven Cromer.

Longus, a River, retains manifest footsteps of the old name in our present Lough-Longas, in the County of Ross, which empties it self into the Western Ocean.

Loxa, by Ptolemy, is still evident in our present Losse, in Murray.

Nabeus seems to be somewhere in the Country of Strath-navern, which the ancient Cornabii formerly inhabited; a People, that seem to have been originally call'd from the River.

Nodius (mention'd by P•olemy, and written in some Copies Nobius) is evidently the River Nid; from which Nidisdale takes the name.

Novantum Chersonesus is well known at this day by the name of Mull of Galloway.

Orcas (call'd also Tarvedrum and Tarvisium) is at this day nam'd Howburn; a Promontory over against the Isles of the Orcades.

Randvara seems to be no other than Ranfrew, which gives name to the Barony of Ranfrew, and is the principal Town in it.

Rerigonium is both a Creek and Town, mention'd by Ptolemy. Bargeny in the County of Carrick should be some direction to the old name; especially, considering that an ancient Copy of Ptolemy reads it Beregonium.

Vacomagi, a People that liv'd about Murray.

Vararis sinus is that Bay upon which Murray lies; whether that County have any remains of the old name, I dare not determine.

Victoria perhaps is Bede's Caer-Guidi, and our Inchkeith-Island in Lothien.

Vidogara was, in Ptolemy's time, a place of good note in the Country of Kyle. There is Aire, at present a Town pretty considerable, which possibly may have the best title to it.

Virvedrum is look'd upon to be the farthest Promontory in all Britain: We call it at this day Ducans-bay, and by contraction Dunsby.

Upon the Coast of Scotland there lie dispers'd here and there great numbers of Islands; some of them of considerable note and extent, but the greatest part very narrow and of little importance. The Western-Isles, so call'd from their westerly situation, are suppos'd by those that have travell'd them, to be in number 300 or more. They belong to the Crown of Scotland; but the Inhabitants speak the Irish Language, and retain the Customs and Modes us'd by the ancient Scots, as the Highlanders in the Continent do.

Another cluster of Isles upon this Coast is call'd Orkney, consisting of 26 Islands that are inhabited; and of some more (which they name Holms) used only for Pasturage. Here, the length of the longest day, is 18 hours and some odd minutes. A particular account of these Islands (with the Customs of the Inhabitants, the Produce of the Country, and other material Heads) is publish'd in the new Edition of Camden's Britannia, pag. 1073, &c.

Ancient Names of Islands upon this Coast.

Dumna, possibly Fair-Isle, wherein they call the chief Town Dum, a Remain perhaps of the old name.

Epidium should seem by the name not to be far from the Promontory of the Epidii: The situation of Ila, a pretty large Island, agrees very well to that description.

Hebudes, call'd by a modern Author Hebrides, are the Western-Isles before mention d.

Hebuda is two-fold, Eastern and Western. The first is thought to be Skie, which lies out in a great length; and the second, Lewes, a very craggy and mountainous Island.

Maleos, mention'd by Ptolemy, is manifestly the Isle of Mul.

Ocetis may be plac'd among the Islands of Orkney, in that we now call Hethy.

Orcades are the Isles of Orkney, just now describ'd.

Pomona (call'd by Solinus, Pomona Diutina) is Mainland, the chief of the Isles of Orkney, and the Bishop's See.

Recine, call'd by Antoninus, Riduna, possibly instead of Ricluna; for there is one of the Western-Isles call'd at this day Racline, which seems to be the very place; and the change of (cl) into (d) is very easie, and might be made by a Copyest, otherwise accurate enough.

Thule is a place mightily celebrated among the old Writers, and made use of to express the most remote parts of the habitable World; such at least, as were then known. Sir Robert Sibalds has prov'd it to be the North-east part of Scotland; to whose Dissertation (publish'd in the new Edition of Camden's Britannia, pag. 1089, &c.) I refer the Reader, for the particular Reasons.