The Empire of the Mogul

Sources from old books

1681. A new geography: with maps to each country, and tables of longitude & latitude by Jonas Moore.

CHAP. IV. The Empire of the great MOGOL. THE Ancients divided the East-Indies, into India on this side, and India on t'other side of Ganges. In the first, called now Indostan which lies between that and another River named Indus, is the Empire of the great Mogol. It hath to the North Turquestan, to the West the States of Persia, to the South the Territories of several Princes which we shall hereafter mention; and to the East the Kingdom of Bengala: It is divided into several Kingdoms, which carry generally the Names of their Capital Cities, as Agra, Lahor, Delli, Kabul, Caximir; but the Kingdom of Sinda hath Tatah for Metropolis. The usual place of Residence of that Monarch is Lahor, his Palace is Magnificent, and he is the Richest Prince in the World in precious Stones. He is Mahumetan, and most of his Subjects follow the same Religion; but there are many Christians and Idolaters amongst them, and a Sect of Pythagoreans, who hold it a deadly Sin to eat any thing that ever had life; who are there called Bannians.

1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval.

The Empire of the Mogul. THis Empire comprehends the greatest part of the firm land of India between Persia, Tartary and China. The Mogul is the Sovereign thereof; He has his Name and his Rise from a Tribe come from Giagathai, a Countrey of Great Tartary: He passes for the richest Prince in the World, as to Jewels; besides those of his Crown, he has those of several Princes, his Neighbours, whose Predecessours had for a long while lived in and entertain'd the curiosity of having 'em: Besides, he inherits the Jewels of the Grandees of his Court. He is Universal Heir to those he gives Pensions to: all Houses before which he passes, owe him a Present; the Lands belong to him; his Will serves for Law in the decision of Matters. In this State, People go under the Name of the Employment they possess, and not of the Lands they enjoy. Some Relations assert, that this Monarch is every day shewn part of his Treasures; sometimes his Elephants, sometimes his Jewels, another day somewhat else; and that he commonly sees every thing but once a Year, all the Treasure being divided into as many parts, as there are days in the Year. The day of his birth he is weighed, and the feasting upon that occasion lasts five days; then he receives sometimes the value of above thirty Millions, and always something very rare. The Civil War, which arose between the four Sons of Scha-Jehan, did not allow Aureng-zebe, who rendred himself Master of 'em all, to observe punctually these Diversions. One of the Temples of this State is pav'd and imbowed with Plates of pure Gold. In the Palace of Agra, there are two Towers cover'd with sheets of massy Gold, and a Throne enrich'd with Jewels, with four Lyons of silver Vermilion guilt, supporting a Canopy of massy Gold. People talk at a much higher rate: He is said to have two Bushels of Carbuncles, five Bushels of Emeralds, twelve Bushels of diverse sorts of Precious Stones, twelve hundred Cutlasses, whose Scabbards are of Gold, and covered with Jewels. They say, moreover, that the Treasure of Scha-Choram, one of the late Moguls, was of fifteen hundred Millions of Crowns. What is certain, is, that Scha-Jehan, who reign'd near forty Years, left above five Millions of Crowns; that the Throne, which he caus'd to be made in his City of Jehan-Abad, which is that of Delli, came to above sixty Millions of Livers. There are seven magnificent Thrones, whereof the greatest was begun by Tamerlain. The Money of this State is of good alloy; great Justice is done; the Europeans are in great consideration, being by them call'd Francs. They reckon the ways by Cosses, each of which is a Mile and a half. No Oats are allowed their Horses; they give 'em Pease, and a sort of Paste made of Sugar, Flour, and Butter. They bathe themselves in Cysterns, which they call Tanques; in the Rivers there are Tuberons, which eat Men. The Mogul; upon occasion, can arm two hundred thousand Horse; He has but little Infantry, and that too but bad. He has a considerable number of Elephants; of which Creatures he commonly keeps five or six hundred. He draws great Services from these Creatures; they are surefooted, rise and lye down easily, tho' there be of 'em thirteen and fifteen foot high. This Prince is of the Mahometan Religion, of the Turkish Sect: Most of his Vassals are Pagans. The Gymnosophists, and the Brachmans, have formerly been esteem'd for Wisdom in India, just as are the Bramins at this day: The former were very cruel, they caused old people, and the diseased, to be killed, out of an opinion, that they did them good service. The Bramins exercise surprising Abstinences, and Mortifications; some amongst 'em will remain standing with their Arms up for ten or twelve Years. They are as the Priests of the Countrey. The Troopers and Soldiers are called Rezbutes. There are several Mahometans in the Empire of the Mogul; Above two thirds there are Gentiles, or Banians, or Persces. The Banians are almost all Merchants, sharp, cunning, and as sagacious as possible, Hucksters, by reason of their acquaintance in the Country, where they live amongst the Mahometans, as the Jews do among the Christians; they make profession of doing no hurt to any Creature living; of pardoning the injuries that are done them; they believe the transmigration of Souls; have Hospitals for Brutes more than for Men. One amongst 'em, spent in one day above twelve thousand Ducats, for the making the Nuptials of his Friend's Bull: They have a Cow in great veneration. They dare not eat of any thing that has had life, not so much as Radishes, for fear of eating the Soul of some of their Friends. They do not willingly light Candles, for the preventing the Gnats from burning themselves in 'em: When the Portugueses, who dwell there, have no Money, they endeavour to catch some Bird, which they shew in the Streets, saying, they are going to have it roasted for their Supper: and immediately the Banians do not fail to give them Money, to redeem it out of their hands. Marriage is with them in such consideration, that when a young man is dead, without having been married, they cause some Maiden or other to lye with the Body, to whom they give for that purpose a Dowry, or Portion. The Persees are descended from the ancient Persians, who retired into those parts: Never any of 'em are Farriers, or Locksmiths, for fear of being sometimes obliged to put out the Fire, which they esteem their God; They have such a reverence for Wood, as the Fewel and Nourishment of that God, that, not to prophane it by touching of the dead, they make their Coffins of Iron. The Indians in general are tawny, Olive-colour'd, with lank, black Hair; If there be any Whites, their whiteness is a mark of Leprosie. They drink from on high, or pour it in without touching the Cup with their lips: they affect white in their Buildings; they ride on Oxen, instead of Horses: Persons of quality, who travel in these Countreys, cause a kind of Cornet, or Ensign, to be carried before them. Their way of salutation, is to take one another by the Beard. If they be distant from Court, they suffer their hair to grow, as a token of their discontent, in that they are deprived of the happiness of seeing their Prince.

India is very fertile and populous in those parts, that confine upon its great Rivers; It has some Countreys, where you must go in good company, if you mean to save your self from Robbers, whom they call Koulis. It is fine to see the High-ways of two hundred Leagues in length, which resemble Walks or Alleys; they are planted with Cocoes, Dates, and Palmtrees. This Countrey ministers excellent Bread, there being Corn and Rice in abundance. Victuals in general are mighty cheap in these parts, and nevertheless the Inhabitants are naturally very sober. The neighbourhood of Tartary is full of Mountains and Forests, where the Moguldoes often take the divertisement of Hunting: there is a great number of wild Beasts, and Rats too, who attack Men in their Beds. Here it was, that Alexander made Timber to be cut for the building of Ships, which he caused to descend down the Indus, and upon the Ocean, whose ebbing and flowing did extraordinarily surprise his Pilots. As for the remains of Antiquity in this State, there are very few, the Moguls having made it their bus'ness to ruin the ancient Towns. The Indus is navigable from the Lahor, as far as Sind. The People of the Countrey call it Pang-ab, by reason of the five Rivers, which assemble in the highest part of its course. The Ganges, which is small and low, when there is no Rain, was formerly famous for its Gold; it is so at present for its Water, which is very light. The Natives of the Countrey say, that this Water sanctifies them, whether they drink of it, or wash in't; they go in Pilgrimage to the places where it passes: the Moguls always cause some of it to be carried with them. It is fine to see sometimes four or five hundred thousand Indians in one and the same season round this Ganges, wherein several go to cast Gold and Silver. The Custom of some is to hide it under ground, in the opinion they have, it may serve them after their death.

There are full forty Kingdoms in this Empire, whereof all the Names are almost the same with those of the capital Cities. Likewise some small Territories there are, whose Lords, who call themselves Rajas, are of a very ancient Race, and maintain themselves in Fortresses and Mountains inaccessible. The greatest mischief they do, is to rob and make incursions upon the Mogul's Subjects: The Names of some Cities, terminating in Pore, seem to shew, that they still preserve the Memory of Porus; as well as others in Scander, that of Alexander. The Dominions of the Mogul are much larger than those of the Persian, and equal those of the Turk. The Mogul prevails by the number of his Subjects, by the vastness of his Riches, by the extent of his Empire: His Revenue exceeds those both of the Grand Seignior and Sophi together. The Sophi surpasses him in Arms, in Horses, and Soldiers. The Mogul keeps good correspondence with the Turk, in consideration both of State and Religion. Guzaratta yields every year about eight Millions of Gold, and its Merchants pass for the ablest and most sagacious of all India. This Province has three stately Cities, Amad-abad, Cambaya, and Surat, with thirty other considerable Towns. Amad-abad, the Capital, is esteemed by the English, as much as London. Cambaia was called the Cairo of the Indies, by reason of its bigness, which is two Leagues in circuit; by reason of its Commerce, and the fertility of its Soyl, which furnishes, amongst other things, Cotton, Anir, Opium, Agates, whereof there is a Mine at Baroche: Since the losses of the Portugals, Cambaya is much decayed; besides, that its Haven is very bad. Surat, forty six days journey from the Royal City of Agra, is one of the Asiatic Cities, which drives the greatest Trade, tho' the coming to it be dangerous, the Houses low, and cover'd with Palm-trees. Its River abates much, which is four Leagues below the Town, can hardly carry Vessels of seventy or eighty Ton; they being oblig'd to unlade the Merchandizes at Sohali: This is the principal Scene of the English Commerce in the East-Indies: the French have setled a Consul there for the same purpose. It is now about thirteen years ago, that this City was plunder'd by a Raja of the Countrey, a Rebel of the Mogul, called Siva-Gi, the loss arising to above thirty-Millions. This Siva-Gi has, since that, taken several Towns to the South of Surat. Diu is a Fortress in an Island, which the Portugals have been forced to abandon, after having gloriously defended it in the years 1539, and 1546. One of their Soldiers is said to have shewn such bravery there, that wanting Lead, he pull'd out his great Teeth for the charging his Musket: on the other side, an Indian being struck with the Pike of a Portuguese, advanc'd and thrust it on so far into his own body, until that he came up to his enemy, and slash'd his hamms for him with his short Sword. There is mention made, in the War of Flanders, of somewhat the like bravery: A Soldier, hidden in a Boats of Turffs, for the surprising of Breda, having receiv'd a Wound from the Pike of those who search'd it, had the resolution and cunning, to wipe the Iron and end of the Pike, for fear his blood should discover the Enterprize. Cabul, with a Town of the same Name, is fruitful in Myrobalan Plums. Candahar was conquer'd and taken from the Persian, but restored to him in the year 1650, and the Moguls have not been able to retake it. Agra has the capital City of all the Dominions, where might be raised, upon occasion, two hundred thousand Men, capable of bearing Arms: it is likewise the greatest City of the Indies. The Prince draws a great Revenue, from eight hundred Stoves that are there. 'Tis twice as large as Ispahan, but ill built, and without Walls; It's much augmented since the year 1566: That Ecbar made it his Residence, after having caus'd there a stately Castle to be raised. Delli was the abode of the Mogul, before Agra, and is so still, since that Cha-Jean has built the City of Jean-Abad in its neighbourhood. Gualeor is a Fortress, where the Mogul confines such of the Princes of his Blood, as give him any umbrage. Lahor, resorted to by the Caravans, is the ancient Bucephalea, and is said to be twenty four Leagues in compass. Naugracut has a famous Idol; those who go thither, out of devotion, cut a piece of their Tongue off. Kachmire, otherwise Cassimere, is esteemed the little Paradise of India, upon the account of its beauty. Chitor, a ruin'd City, was the Capital of Ruana, the Successour of Porus. Bengala is renowned for the temprature of its Air, its fruitful Soyl, the abundance of its Rice, which most parts of the Indies furnish themselves with, for its fine Canes or Reeds, its Silks, & its excellent Wood of Calamba, the rarest and of the most agreeable scent in the World. It likewise gives name to the greatest and most famous Gulph of Asia. One of the late Histories of the Indies, does affirm, that a Man of Bengala has lived three hundred and five years. The capital City is Bengala, otherwise Satigan.

1693. A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names by Edmund Bohun.

Indostan, or the Empire of the Great Mogul, is bounded on the North by the Asian Tartary, and the Kingdom of Thibet; on the West by the Kingdom of Persia; on the East by the River Cosmin, or Cosmite, (by which it is divided from the rest of India;) on the South with the Bay of Bengala, and the Promontory of Malabar. There are, besides what lies within these bounds, some Kingdoms under this Prince beyond the Ganges towards China: in all he has under him thirty five Kingdoms. His Capital City is Agra. He is of the Race of Tamerlain, the Great Scythian Conquerour; and has been possessed of this Country ever since the year 1473. It is abundantly rich in Gold, Silver, Precious Stones, and Merchandizes. The propriety of almost all the Lands belongs to the Great Mogul: who besides, is heir to the great Lords of his Court and all Officers within his pay.

1694. The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary by Louis Moreri.

Mogol, or the Empire of the Great Mogol, also called Indostan, containing the most part of the Continent of the Indies. The Indians name Mogols or Mogors, the People that are not so black as those of the Peninsula's. The Empire of the Mogol has Tartary on the North, Persia on the West, the River Ganges and some Mountains on the South, and other Mountains on the East. It is about 650 Leagues long from East to West, and above 450 from North to South, containing 40 Kingdoms that commonly take their Names from the Chief Towns. Agra and Delly are the Chief, because of the Emperour's Residence. The Country is well inhabited near the great Rivers, fruitful in Cotton, Rice, and Millet or Hirse, Limons, Oranges, Dates, Coco's, and Silk. The Indians are tawny with black Hair, and love the Europeans, whom they call Franquis. The Rivers Ganges and Indus run through all that Country from North to South. The Ganges's Water is extraordinary clear, and sanctifies, as the Indians believe; therefore at certain Times 4 or 500000 Indians may be seen washing and bathing in that River, into which at their Departure, they throw Gold and Silver. The Mogols came out of Tartary and settled their Empire in 1401. They say that Timur-Lengue, that is Lame Lord or Prince, whom we name Tamberlain, married his near Cousin, the Prince of great Tartary's only Daughter, and that the Great Mogols are descended from them. The Mogol is very powerfull and rich in Money and Jewels. The great Lords of his Court named Omrahs have considerable Allowances; the others named Manseb-dars, or lesser Omrah's are also kept by the Emperour. Divers Raja's or Petty-Kings are also under the Mogol, and pay him Tribute. The Omrah's are obliged to guard the King's House; and are commonly Governours of Provinces and great Towns. The Emperour is Heir to all his Subjects, and all the Lands are properly his, except some Houses and Gardens, which he permits to be sold or exchanged. The Mogol is a Mahometan, though many of his Subjects be Idolaters, whose Priests named Brachmanes or Brachmans are very Superstitious. See Chah-Iehan, Brachinanes, and Indies. Read Bernier's and Tavernier's Travels.

Mogol, or Great Mogol, a Name given to the Emperour of the Continent of the Indies, on this Side and about the River Ganges. Many Curiosities are related concerning his Festival-Day, his Throne and Court. The Mogol's Festival, or Birth-Day lasteth Five Days; at which Time they weigh him, and if he weighs more than the Year before, they rejoice the more for it. After that, he sits on the richest of his Thrones, where the Lords greet, and present him: The Court Ladies, and Governours of Provinces and Towns send their Presents also; so that in Diamonds, Rubies, Emeralds, Gold and Silver, rich Stuffs, Elephants, Camels and Horses, the K. receives that Day above 30 Millions of Livres. They begin the Preparations of that Festival-Day two Months before. The two great Courts of the Palace are covered with Tents of Red Velvet imbroidered with Gold, and so heavy, that the Supporters are as big as Masts 35 or 40 Foot high. Seven stately Thrones are prepared for the Emperour, some adorned with Diamonds, others with Rubies, Emeralds and Pearls. The great Throne erected in the first Court, is about Six Foot long and Four Foot Broad; the Four Feet and Bars that support the Throne are covered with enamell'd Gold, adorned with many large Diamonds, Rubies, and other precious Stones. The Ground of the Cieling is covered with Diamonds and Pearls, and a Fringe of Pearls round about it. Above the Cieling is a Peacock, whose Tail is full of Blew Sapphires, and other Stones of different Colours: Its Body is of enamelled Gold set with Jewels, and on its Breast is a large Ruby, from whence hangs a large Pearl like a Pear. A Cymetar, a Mass of Arms, a Shield, a Bow, a Quiver full of Arrows, all inriched with precious Stones, hang on the Throne. The twelve Pillars that support the Cieling, are surrounded with many Rows of fine round Pearls. Over-against the King's Seat is a bored Jewel, whence hangs a Diamond of a prodigious Bigness, with Rubies and Emeralds round about it. On both Sides of the Throne are two Umbrella's of Red Velvet imbroidered with Gold, and a Fringe of Pearls round about, the Sticks whereof are covered with Diamonds, Rubies, and Pearls. That famous Throne begun by Tamberlain, and ended by Chagehan, cost above 160 Millions of Livres. Whilst the King is on his Throne, there are thirty Horses ready bridled; 15 on each Side, every one held by an Officer; their Bridles being adorned with Diamonds and other Stones, and some precious Jewels hanging on their Necks. The least of those Horses costs about 5000, and some 10000 Crowns. The King's Elephants with Covers of imbroidered Gold and Silver Chains are brought one after another, near the Throne, to greet the Emperour, and bow to him. Those that are particularly beloved are fed with good Meat, Sugar, and Brandy. Assoon as the K. has seen his Elephants, he goes into the Haram, that is his Wife's Apartment for half an Hour, and returns to one of the Thrones in the other Hall. During the five Days the Lords make their presents, and the Elephants are brought before the K. and sometimes his Camels, &c. This Emperor is a Mahometan of the Sect of Sonnis, he is forced to keep great Armies on Foot for his Security against the Raja's and Patens, his Domesticks, and the Sophi of Persia his Neighbour. Tavernier's Travels.

Indostan, or the Empire of the Great Mogul, is bounded on the N. with the Asian Tartary, and the Kingdom of Thibet, on the W. by the Kingdom of Persia, on the E. by the River Cosmin or Cosmite, which separates it from the rest of the Indies; and on the S. with the Bay of Bengale, and Promontory of Malabar. To the account of this Country under the Word Mogul, may be added, That its great Commerce brings it vast Summs of Gold and Silver, and that there is but little Exported. For Turkey, Arabia-Foelix, and Persia cannot subsist without its Commerce. Its Merchandices are sent to Pegu, Siam, to Macassar or Celebes, to Sumatra, Ceylan, Maldives, Moramzique, and other places, whence they have great store of Gold. The Europeans also disburse great Summs with them, which the Country-People work into Goldsmith's-works, and use in their Manufactures of Cloath of Silver and Gold, which they exchange for Brass, Nutmegs, Cinnamon, &c. with the Hollanders; with the English for Lead; and the French for Scarlets; with those of Ʋsbeck and Persia for Horses. The Great Mogul's Treasury is rich, almost beyond belief; for this Prince is Heir of all the Omra's or Lords of his Court, and of all the Manseb-dars or petty Omra's, that receive his Pay; besides this, he has the Property of all the Lands of his Kingdom. This Empire is more subject to Civil Wars and Rebellions, than any on the Earth, because of the Disputes which frequently happen betwixt the Sons of the Great Mogul for the Crown, and the turbulent Spirits of those who dwell in Woods and Mountains, who were never entirely subdued, because the principal part of the Emperor's Army consisting of that People, they favour them. See Mogul. Bernier's Hist. du Grand Mogul.

1695. A New Body of Geography by A. Sewall & T. Child.

The Empire of the GREAT MOGUL.

THE People, who dwell upon the Continent, under the Government of the Great Mogul, are called Mogols, or Moguls. The Country is usually called India, or Indostan, and contains about 40 Kingdoms, all subject to this Emperour.

This Empire is bounded on the North with Tartary. on the West with Persia, on the South with the River Guenga, and certain Mountains, which part it from the Peninsula beyond the River Ganges, and on the East with the Great Thibet, and the Kingdom of Tipra and Aracan.

The Extent of it from South to North is 380 Leagues, from the Southern Borders of the Peninsula of Decan to the Confines of the Province of Kakare, or Kakake, between the 20th and 30th Degree of Latitude; and from West to East 520 Leagues, from the Borders of the Province or Government of Maltan to the Confines of the Province of Randuana, between the 107th and 136th Degree of Longitude.

The Air is of a different Temperature, according to the Distinction of the parts of this Empire; yet is in all places temperate enough, being only a little colder in the North than in the South. The Soil is not so fruitful in the North as in the middle and South. It is most plentiful in Cotton, Rice, Millet, Citrons, Oranges, Silk, Pomegranats, Figs, Indian or Coco-Nuts. The Tree which bears this last Fruit, furnishes the Indians with almost all things necessary. It is like a Palm-tree. They use the Juice of it for Drink and Vinegar; they make Bread and Oyl of the Fruit. The Shell they use for Barrels, Platters, Bottles, Tubs, and other sorts of Vessels; they make Thred and Stuffs of a little Film, which lies under the Bark: the Body and Boughs are fit to build Houses and Ships withal. The Leaves sowed together make good Sails, and asunder make Tiles of Houses. They have every where almost Mines of Copper, Lead, Iron, and Diamonds at Somelpour in the Province of Bangal, and often fish them out of the River Gouel. They have also an abundance of Elephants, Dromedaries, Horses, Cattle, and Apes, which do much hurt to the People of the Country, because they drink Palm-juice, which they put into Vessels. There are also an abundance of Parrots, green and red; and Birds of several other Colours. They have a multitude of long Walks of Trees in their great Roads, which are a gallant Shelter for Passengers; and particularly, there is one that reaches from Bram-pour as far as Agra, which is about 150 Leagues in length.

The chief Rivers of the Empire of the Mogul, are, Ganges and Indus, which rise both of them out of Mount Caucasus, and cross the Country from North to South. The First receives into it in its Course the Rivers Kanda, Perseli, Semena, and Tziotza; and then empties it self into the Gulph of Bengal at Four Mouths, making so many Isles. The Second, which the Inhabitants call Sind, is increased by the Waters of Nilab, Behat, Kavee, Chanab, Caul, Vial, and runs into the Gulph of the same Name at 5 large Mouths. There are also 4 other Rivers in the South. 1. Guenga. 2. Padder. 3. Tapte. 4. Lepra, or Parver.

The greatest part of the Inhabitants are ignorant and dull; they do not work themselves, bet leave all their Business to their Slaves. In some places, when the Husband dies, and his Body is burnt according to the Custom of the Country, his Wife, to preserve her self from Disgrace, is obliged to burn her self with him; which the Servants also voluntarily do, especially if it be any Great Person. Women never marry twice. Their Cloathing differs but litttle from the Turks. The greatest part of the Inhabitants of the two Peninsulae are naked, except from the Girdle to the Knees, which they cover with a Cloath made of Cotton. They eat Fruits, Pulse, Rice, Flesh, and several other sorts of Meat.

Some of these People are Mahometans, of the Sect of Hali; others are addicted to Pagan Superstitions; except some Christians, who live there upon the account of Traffick, or have been converted by the Popish Emissaries. There are also some Jews. The Great Mogul allows Liberty of Conscience. They make Vows with great exactness, and go in Pilgrimage in great Companies, some always holding their Hands clasped together upon their Heads, others having them stretched out in the Air; many also use a thousand extravagant Postures in observing their Vows, which they have made to continue so all their Life after, and during their Pilgrimage; and their Limbs very often are bent so much, that they never recover their natural Position again. The Bannians profess not to kill any living Creature, and pardon all sorts of Injuries; they believe a Metempsycosis, and have more Hospitals for Beasts than Men. The Persees are the Posterity of the ancient Persians, who retreated into these parts: they worship Fire. The Inhabitants say, that the Water of Ganges sanctifies them, by dipping themselves in it; and therefore come thither in Pilgrimage in such numbers, that sometimes there are 4 or 5 thousand in the season upon the Banks of it, who cast Silver and Gold into it. They dip themselves in Pits or Cisterns, because there are Sea-dogs which devour Men. The Gymnosophists heretofore were in greatest Request for their Wisdom, but the Brachmans are now. The former of these cause their old and sick Men to be slain out of pity, to deliver them out of the Miseries of this Life; and the other perform such Fastings and Mortifications, as far exceed the Pennances of the most severe Monks and Hermits.

The most remarkable Languages of the Eastern Indians, are, 1. Arabick, which they use in all their Religious Offices and Books of Learning, as we do Latin. 2. The Carabine, used about Goa. 3. That of Malabar, in the Country so called. 4. The Gazarate, in the Kingdoms of Cambay, Coromandel, Bisnagar, and Bengal. 5. The Malaye about Malaca, Sumatra, Java, and the Molucco's. The Isles of the Maldives have a Language of their own.

The Emperour hath the absolute Disposal of the Lives and Estates of all his Subjects, and determines all Controversies between them as he pleaseth. Besides this Sovereign Command, he hath a great number of Petty Kings, which pay him Tribute; as, the King of Ranas between Chitor and Bando, the Kings of Mug and Rodorou. There are also some free People, as the Rasbutes, who live only by Robberies. The Portuguese possess Diu, Daman, and Bacami, Cities and Ports standing upon the Coasts of the Gulph of Cambay, as also the Castles of Manora and Asserim. The Great Mogul, who is a Mahometan, holds a great Correspondence with the Turk, to secure himself against the Persian. The great number of his Subjects, his vast Riches, and the large extent of his Kingdom, makes him so proud, that he calls himself the greatest Monarch of the World. He hath usually in his Court 20 Kings his Vassals.

This vast Empire may be divided into several Provinces or Governments, which are so many Kingdoms. I will begin with the Western Parts, and consider those that reach from North to South, from Tartary to the Gulph of India or Cambay, all along by the River Indus. Then I will go on to those that lie between Indus and Ganges, which is the middle of the Country. And Lastly, will describe the Eastern Parts from Ganges to the Great Thibet, and the Peninsula on the other side of it: And so will divide the whole Empire of the Great Mogul into 3 large Parts, and 41 or 42 Governments or Kingdoms, as is most plainly to be seen in this following Table.

The Empire of the Great Mogul hath 3 principal Parts, and 42 Governments or Kingdoms in it, viz.

• I. In the West 15.
  • Quexmer, or Cassimere.
    • ...Cassimere.
    • ...Parvan.
  • 2. Cabul R.
    • ...Cabul.
    • ...Ciaracar.
  • 3. Attock.
    • ...Attock.
    • ...Puckow.
  • 4. Multan R.
    • ...Multan.
  • 5. Pengab.
    • ...Lahor.
    • ...Bember.
  • 6. Haiacan.
    • ...Chutzan, Vehe.
  • 7. Hendown Pr.
    • ...Hendown.
    • ...Mearta.
  • 8. Buckar.
    • ...Bucharhucon.
    • ...Sukay.
  • 9. Tarta, or Sindi.
    • ...Tarta.
  • 10. Soret.
    • ...Jannagar.
    • ...Pacho.
  • 11. Jesselmere.
    • ...Jeselmeere.
    • ...Kadinpore.
  • 12. Asmere Bando.
    • ...Asmere.
    • ...Bando.
  • 13. in 3.
    • ...Mirda.
      • ...Mirda.
    • ...Ralua Rana.
      • ...Rana.
    • ...Rahia Bargant.
      • ...Bargant.
  • 14. in 2.
    • ...Guzarate R. Resbuti.
      • ...Cambay, Diu, Patan, Suratz, Amed Abad▪ Bacam, Jaquette.
  • 15. Decan. in 2.
    • ...Aureng-abad.
      • ...Daltabu•
    • ...Talen-gand.
      • ...Bider.
• II. In the Midland 16.
  • 1. Kakares.
    • ...Purhola.
    • ...Dankaler.
  • 2. Naugracur.
    • ...Naugracur.
    • ...Calamaka.
  • 3. Siba.
    • ...Hordware.
  • 4.
    • ...Jamba.
      • ...Jamba.
    • ...Mansa.
      • ...Serenegar.
    • ...Decamperga.
  • 5. Jenupar.
    • ...Jenupar.
    • ...Temmeri.
  • 6. Delly.
    • ...Delly.
    • ...Gehanabad.
  • 7. Bacar.
    • ...Bikanar.
  • 8. Sambal.
    • ...Sambal.
    • ...Menepore.
  • 9. Narvar Labas.
    • ...Gehud.
    • ...Elebas.
  • 10. Agra.
    • ...Agra.
    • ...Anadipore.
  • 11. Gualeor.
    • ...Gualeor.
  • 12. Chitor.
    • ...Chitor.
    • ...Chitipore.
  • 13. Malvay.
    • ...Rantipore.
    • ...Ougle.
  • 14.
    • ...Candis.
      • ...Brampor.
      • ...Mandou.
    • ...Partaspa.
  • 15. Berar.
    • ...Schapor.
  • 16. Bengala.
    • ...Patna.
      • ...Patna.
  • ...Prurop.
    • ...Gofry.
  • ...Raga Rodas.
    • ...Rodas.
  • ...Bengala propria.
    • ...Daca.
    • ...Philipatum.
    • ...Cathigan.
• III. In the East 11.
  • 1. Gor-arada.
    • ...Gor.
  • 2. Rodorou,
    • ...Camolo.
  • 3. Pitan.
    • ...Pitan.
  • 4. Rahia Mug.
    • ...Mug.
  • 5. Kanduana.
    • ...Kanduana.
  • 6. Patna.
    • ...Patna.
  • 7. Ʋdessa or Voez.
    • ...Jehanack.
  • 8. Jesualna.
    • ...Raiapore.
  • 9. Meoat.
    • ...Narval.
  • 10. Marangas.
    • ...Hadouda.
    • ...Mutgari.
  • 11. Galconda.
    • ...Ramana.
    • ...Oriza.
    • Var, &c.

Some Chief Cities of the Mogul's Empire.

THE City Agra is situate in the 38th Degree, 30 min. Latitude, and 121 Longitude. It is the Metropolis of the Empire, and the ordinary Residence of the Mogul, standing in the middle of his Kingdom, upon the River Gemini, or Semana, which runs into Ganges below the City Elebes, in the Government of Narvare Labas. This City is so big, that a Man on Horseback can hardly ride round it in a Day. It is encompassed with a good Wall of carved Red Stone, and a Ditch 30 Ells wide, The Streets are wide and spacious:

It hath Cloysters a quarter of a League long. The Emperour's Palace is a stately Building, and well fortify'd, standing on the Bank of Gemini. It is 3 or 4 Leagues about. He is vastly rich. The Mogul's Chamber hath the Imperial Throne standing with a Row of Pillars or Ballisters; 'tis all of Massie Gold, set richly with Diamonds, Pearls, and other Precious Stones. Above the Throne is a Gallery, where the Emperour presents himself every Day to hear the Complaints of his Subjects. In his Seraglio are 1000, or 1200 Women. He hath a very strong Tower, covered with Plates of Gold, wherein the Great Mogul's Treasures are kept in 8 large Vaults, full of Gold and Silver, and all sorts of Precious Stones.

The City Delli, Delliton, is situated in a large Plain, upon the Bank of the River Gemini, on the North-East of Agra. The old City Delli is now only the Suburbs of a new City called Chahichan-Abat or Ichan-Abad. It was anciently the Seat of the Great Mogul before Agra.

Lahor, Lahorum, or Bucephara, is the Abode of the Caravans. The ancient City Bucephala is the chief City of the Kingdom of Pengab upon the River Ravee. It is said to be 20 Leagues in Compass, having a fine Castle in it.

Surat, Surata, and Sirastra, is situate upon the River Tapta, near the Gulph of Cambay, which is strongly built on the Land-side with a Castle. Their Houses are low, as the Persians are, and have generally good Gardens to them. It is two Leagues from the Haven, where it hath one of the finest Ports of all the East, full of Merchants from all parts of the World.

Diu, Dium, is an Isle and City in the Kingdom of Guzurate: The Isle is a League long, and a quarter of a League wide, a little distant from the Continent, standing at the Mouth of the Gulph of Cambaya. It belongs to the Portuguese, who conquered it under the Kings of Guzurate, and have built a strong Cittadel in it. It is a large City, and an excellent Port. It is very rich, because of the great Concourse of Merchants thither. It is as it were the Store-house for all the Ships that come from Cambay, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulph, and that of Ormus, and several other places of the Indies, because of the abundance of Provision sold at the Market there.

Some Remarks upon the Empire of the Mogul.

THE Kingdom of Guzurate is very considerable; the Merchants of it are counted the richest of all the Indians. The most remarkable Cities in it are, Armadabat, Cambay, and Surat, tho' it hath 30 others very considerable. The English account the first of them, which is the greatest, near as big and good as London. It hath a strong Castle of hewn Stone. It is about 7 Leagues round, taking in the Suburbs: The Streets of it are very wide, the Houses stately, especially the Mosques, and the Governour's Palace. The Inhabitants make great quantities of Silks, Cotton, Sattin, and Velvets of all Colours. The Merchants pay no Custom, either at their going in or coming out. But the English have a great Trade at Surat for Goods from the East-Indies. The French have built an Exchange there for that end. The Portuguese have had several Combats with the Kings and Governours of that Country for the Fortification of Diu, which is parted from the Continent by so narrow a Channel, that it is passed over by a Stone-Bridge. They lock up their Haven with an Iron Chain, into which they enter under the Canon of two Castles. The City of Cambay is much decayed from what it was heretofore. There is a Mine of Agates at Beroche. Cabul is fruitful in Mirabolans.

The Province of Bengal is famous for the pleasantness of the Air, Fruitfulness of the Soil, plenty of Rice, fine Canes, Silks. The Inhabitants are industrious and handsom, but their Servants are wicked and base. Their chief City is Satagam, or Caihigan.

The Castle of Syr, or Syra, is the strongest and biggest of all the Mogul's Empire. It stands upon the top of a Mountain, which is 5 Leagues about, and compassed about on all sides with a Triple Wall, and fortified with above 3000 Pieces of Ordinance.

There are a great number of Rhinoceros's in the Provinces of Bengal and Cambaya. This furious Creature is as big as an Elephant, with which it maintains a continual War, especially so long as the Female hath her Young ones with her. It hath a Head like a Hog, the Skin fortify'd naturally with yellow Scales, the Thighs and Legs very thick, a Horn upon the Nose, which gives it the Name of the Rhinoceros. This Horn is made like a Sword, and hard like Iron: I•redge• whets it against a Rock, when it fights with the Elephant, whom it always strikes upon the Belly, because that is the place most easie to be pierced. The Skin of it is so hard, that an Arrow will not enter it.