Italy

Maps

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  1701 A system of geography by Herman Moll - Italy.jpg

Sources from old books

1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator.

ITALIE. IN VVHICH THESE Countries are contained.(Book Italy)

The Kingdome of Naples doth containe a great part of these Countries.

Because I know but a few Counties and Sigeionries in Italie and Greece, and seeing their names and places cannot bee assign'd in Tables, in regard of the imperfection of Tables, therefore I will describe but a few of them. For every Student may set downe those which hee shall finde. It would affoord us a faire prospect into matters of Policy, if the Nobility of severall Kingdomes, and their Offices, Places, and Lordships were knowne. Which if every one would performe in his owne Country, hee should deserve much praise.

GERMANIE was described before both in generall and speciall: and now having viewed the former I doe enter into Italy: which as Pliny saith Lib. Natur. Hist. cap. 20. is a Country sacred to the gods, the most happiest in all Europe, the Mother of Plenty, the Mistris of Policy, the Princesse of Nations, and the Queene of the World. It had heretofore divers names. Dionysius Halicarnassaeus, Lib. 1. of Roman Antiquities, writeth that the native people did call this noble Country Saturnia: and the Graecians did call it Hesperia, Ausonia, and Oenotria: and that at last in Hercules time it began to be called Italy. It was called Saturnia from King Saturne. But it seemeth that this appellation did not appertaine to all Italy, but to a part of it, which was also called Latium. Hyginus would have it called Hesperia, from Hesperus, who fled from his Brother Atlas: and Macrobius from Hesperus the Evening Starre, in Latine call'd Vesperugo, which is seene alwayes in the West. It was call'd Ausonia from Auson. They call'd it Oenotria, from the goodnesse of the Wine, or from Oenotrus King of the Sabines. It was called Italy from Italus, whom Aristotle maketh to be King of Oenotria. But Festus saith, Lib. 9. Italiam dictam, quod magnos Italos, hoc est Boves habeat, vitulos enim Italos esse dictos. That is, Italy was so called, because it hath great Italy, that is, Oxen for Calves are called Itali▪ Timaeus fabulously reporteth, that it was so called from the Oxe Italus, one of Geryons Heard, which being droven away by Hercules did swim over the Sicilian Bay, and in the Tyrrhene language a Bull is called Italus. And the same Dionysius Halic. Lib. Antiq. Rom. saith, that it was heretofore called Vitalia, if we may beleeve Hellanicus. Other ancient appellations of Italy, which belong rather to the parts thereof than to the whole Country, we omit. Strabo and Ptolemy doe make Italy a Peninsula, beeing encompassed on three sides with the higher Sea, the lower Sea, and the Jonian Sea: on the fourth side it hath the Alpes, for towards the West it hath the Italian Alpes, which the ancients did distinguish by peculiar names, as the Sea Alpes, the Cortians, the Grajans, and the Rhetians, which lye Northward even to the River Arsia, and containeth the Poenine and the Julian Alpes: and so it runneth Northward by the Hadriatick Sea, even to the Jonian Bay, which is over against it Eastward: and lastly, Southward and Westward it is beaten with the Mediterranian Sea, as also the Tyrrhene and Ligustian Shores: and the Hadrian Sea washeth the Southerne part, where Forum Iulij and Histria lyeth. The length from Augusta Praetoria, to Brutium, even to the Promontory or Leu•opetra, is 755. miles: the greatest breadth is 475. miles, the middlemost breadth is 130. the least breadth is 72. The whole compasse of Italy according to Castaldus is 2550. miles. Those which have measur'd it more exactly, doe make it to be 2250. and those who have measured it most exactly, doe reckon it to bee not above 2240. Eustathius doe liken Italy to an Ivie leafe: Pliny, Solinus, and others, doe resemble it to an Oke leafe, because it is longer then broad, bending his head on the left hand, and so endeth in the figure of an Amazonian Brestplate. The latter Writers doe more conveniently compare it to a mans thigh, the skin whereof lyeth over against the lower Sea: the Calfe over against the higher Sea: and all the foote is washed with the Jonian Sea: The heele doth looke toward Epirum: the sole of the foote is the Tarrentine Bay, the more fleshy parts doe make the Promontories Zephyrius, Carcinus, and Bruttium, the toes are turned toward Sicily, the knee is in the Populonian Promontory, the hippe and upper part of the thigh doe touch the Alpes. I have spoken of the name and quantity of Italy: the quality followeth, which alwaies ariseth from the Situation of a Country. If any one will take a diligent account of it, he shall finde that according to the Longitude, the most Westerne Meridian doth fall upon the 29. degree; and the most Easterne Meridian the 43. degree. It is 7. degrees in Latitude: for the most Southerne Parallel is 28. degrees distant from the Aequator, and the most Northward 46. and so he shall finde that Italy is in the fifth and sixth Climats, and all the Parallels between eleven and sixteene, in which space of Land the day differeth one houre. For the longest day of Summer in the Southerne Parallel is 14. houres long, with three fifths, but in the Northerne Parallel it is 15. houres long with three fifths.. Italy having such a Situation, and having the Alpes running thorow it, which passe length-wayes thorow the middle of Italy, on both sides, especially on the South side have faire fruitfull Fields & Hills lying by them: and therefore it is no marvell, that all the times and seasons of the yeere are so temperate, and that it is so fruitfull, especially in some places. The Country is very temperate, and very plentifull, and hath good store of Corne, being not chargeable in tilling, but very gainefull to the Husbandman. The Rosselanian fields in Vmbria are reported to have beene so fruitful, that Varro witnesseth, Caesar Vopiscus, when he pleaded his cause before the Censors, said that the Rosean Fields were the Senum Italiae, in which if a Pitchforke bee left the day before, the grasse will cover it over in one nights growth. Varro speaking of the endowments of Italy, saith, that it produceth all things necessary for food. Campania doth yeeld Corne, Falernus wine: Cassinas Oyle: Tusculan Figges, Tarrentine Honey: and Tiber Fish. Moreover Pliny witnesseth that Italy is the Mother of all kindes of Trees. I will not mention the Vulgar common sort. For here are great store of Orange Trees, Lemmon Trees, and Quince Trees. All the Coast, as for example, Liguria, and that which belongeth to Genoa, is adorned and beautified with faire Trees, and great high Palme Trees, which are full of sweet smelling fruit, so that it is pleasant both in sight and scent: and it hath every where pleasant Gardens to recreate sad mindes, and drive away Melancholy. And the same may be said of a thousand other places. The same Pliny sheweth that there are Pepper trees in Italy. The Hydruntine Country hath abundance of Olives, so that he that hath not seene the great Woods of Olive trees which are in these parts, would thinke it incredible. The Barian Fields in Apulia Peucetia, doe bring forth great store of Oyle, Wine, Corne, Almonds, and Cotton, and other fruits. The Valley of On•lia in Liguria, hath such great store of Oyle, that sometimes it yeeldeth 32. and 22. thousand Jarres, which the Inhabitants call Barilas. There is also Manna in Italy. For Manna is gathered neere Altomontium in Brutia, which falleth downe like dew by night, especially when the skie is serene and cleare after raine. It is gathered from the Leaves of certaine Trees. Pliny reporteth that it hath the choisest and best Vines▪ so that it excelleth the most odoriferous Nations of the world, for there is no scent to be compared with the delicious smell of the sweet budding Vines. As the excellent Wines which are so celebrated and praised by ancient Writers doe testifie. Pliny doth devide the Wines of Italy into foure sorts. He preferreth the Setine Wines before all others, which was so called from Setia a Towne of Latium. The next he accounteth to be the Falerne Wine. The third he reckneth to be the Albanian, the Surrentinian, the Massuan, the Stanonian, the Calenian, the Fundanian, the Vilitertian, the Privernatian, and the Signinian Wines. The fourth sort are the Pretutian, the Anconian, and the Palmesian Wines. But of these things others doe report: I passe to the other gifts of Italy: and will describe them briefly. It is very fruitfull in producing all kinde of hearbes. What should I speake of the Mettals, Stones, and other gifts. Pliny saith that it is inferiour unto no Country for Mettals. In Forum Iulium, there is the River Hydra, and not farre from thence a Mine of Quicksilver. Great store of Allom was found heretofore among the Etruscians in the Territory of Masla. In Campania there are Mines of Brimstone. Three miles from Volaterris toward the River Caecina, there are some Hills, in which there are Salt-pits. At Brutia also there are Salt Mines, which are hollowed into the inner parts of the Mountaine with digging forth of Salt. I omit the Stone Quarries, out of which divers Stones are cut. I doe not mention the Marble, the Alablaster, Chrystall, and divers sorts of precious Stones, nor the Saffron, Blue, and Rosen. And that I may not be tedious in reckoning up the variety of living creatures, Aulus Gellius. Lib. 11. Noct. Atticar. Cap. 1. Timaeus in his History, and M. Terentius Varro in Antiquit. doe report that there are great store of Oxen in Italy, and that there are many Buffons bred in this Country. Lucillius witnesseth that the great strong Lucanian hearbs did graxe here:

Quem neque Lucanis oriundi montibus TauriDucere pro telo validis cervicibus possent.

Italy, besides other Fowle, hath Eagles and Vultures, which are so often mentioned in the ancient Romane Histories. I come now to the ancient Government. There is no indubitable certainty concerning the ancient Government of Italie. Annius of Viterbium doth speake of Comer, who came first into this Country as a stranger, also of Chamus, Ianus, Sabatius, Sagus, Cranus, Aurunus, Malotte, Tages, Ofrides, Hercules, Tuscus, Alteus, Ritis, Italus, Morgetes, Roma, Romanessus, Iasius, and others: but approoved Historians doe make no mention of them. But if we read Dionysius Halicarnassaeus, Pompeus Trogus, Solinus Polyhistor, and other Greeke and Latine Writers, that many yeeres before the building of Rome, wee shall finde that Italie was governed by divers people, as Sicilians, the Aboriginians, the Ligurians, the Umbrians, and the Etrurians: which at last were all reduced under the government of the Romane Empire. Rome at the first was governed by Kings for 245. yeeres together, as Dionysius and Livie doe witnesse, whom in the Romane History it is best to follow. In whom wee may read the order and progresse of their atchievements, and it is to be considered, that their power did encrease abroad by military Discipline, and at home by moderation and Justice, and by the order of government. Afterward the Kings for their tyranny and lust were expelled, which many times had caused many changes, and mutations in the Empire. The names of the Kings are these: Romulus, who raigned 38. yeeres, Numa, who raigned 43. yeeres, Tullus Hostilius, who raigned 32. yeeres, Aneus Martius, who raigned 24. yeeres, Tarquinius Priscus, who raigned 37. yeeres, Servius Tullius, who raigned 44. yeeres, Tarqu•nius Superbus, who raigned 25. yeeres. He was expelled the Kingdome for his Sons wicked act, who ravished Lucretia. But when the Kings were expelled, the government became Annuall, and two Consuls were created. The first of which was L. Iunius Brutus, unto whom was joyned Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus. and after him M. Horatius Pulvillus. Thus Italie was governed by Consuls, untill the time of the Emperour Caesar Fl. Momyllus Augustulus, whom Odoacer Herulus King of the Gothes did depose, and subverted the Country to himselfe, and afterward being slaine, he left it to Theoderick his Successors. I need not set downe a Catalogue of the Romane Consuls and Emperours, which are well knowne. And we may read in Histories the forme of the first royall government, the changes of Lawes and Magistrates, the Romanes valour, their warres, and their many civill dissentions, untill Rome had got the Monarchie of the World: and how by luxury, civill warres, and the fatall vicissitude and change of things, it lost againe both vertue, and Empire. I proceed to other matters. Italie hath many faire flourishing rich Citties, many famous populous Townes: and many Villages, adorned with Noblemens houses. It will not therefore be impertinent to set downe what Thomas Edwards an Englishman hath written concerning the most famous Citties of Italie.

Rome's holy by the blood of Saints there shed,Rich Venice with the Sea's encompassed.Parthenope doth Captaines stout beget.Mediolanum pleasant is, and great.Bononia doth for study much excellMany Citizens in shining Florence dwell.Ferraria doth yeeld much Iron Oare,Verona hath of all things wondrous store.For Law and Physick Padua is extoll'dSenas for eloquence may bee enrol'd. Cremona is a miserable place,And Mantua sweet Virgins birth doth grace.Vtinus doth transport of Wine great store.Rich Brixia is liberall to the poore.Papia doth for Italian Verses shineAnd Luca on two Dukedomes doth confine.Pisa bewailes her honour lost in th' end.Milke, Cheese, and Butter, •arma doe commend,And faire Placentia wants not Innes most deare.Vertue and Piety in Taurinum are.Perusia hath for Souldiers got much fame.Vercella delighteth not in unjust gaine.Mutina holds that Frogs most wholesome be.Anconas walls contemne the Enemie.Macerat• doth all suits of Law decide.Emporia is with Havens beautifie'd.The Citty Livium is most prone to Warre.In Bergomum they rude in language are.Aretium doth make the sharpest Sword.Viterbus to the poore doth helpe afford.In Asta courteous Citizens are found.Ariminium doth with fruit and Geese abound.Fanum hath women faire, and most compleate.Novaria hateth all Fare-like deceit.Ravenna hath lost the fame she had before.Anglia hath few Earles, Vincentia store.Pisaurum hath great store of Figges so great.Pistorium of Chesnuts, Oyle, and Wheate.Dertona many rustick Clownes doth feed.And Regium great store of Hogs doth breed.Sweet Vineyards doe Cesena compasse round.Cleare Springs and Streames are in Tarvisium found.Imola doth it selfe in two devide,Vrbinum by her Dukes is dignifide.Faventia is well knowne for Potters ware,Spoletum harbours those which strangers are.Pompeia doth faire Sheepe and Oxen breed.And Narnia on Egges and Grapes doth feed.Assissum doth rejoyce because that hereHoly Saint Francis Corpes interred were.Comum with Fish and Flesh is amply stor'd.Savona leaving studies, wealth doth hoard.

Italy hath many Lakes, the chiefe whereof are in Etruria Tra•sumenus, Aprilis Marinus, Vadimonis, Ciminus, Vulsiniensis, Sabatus, Palus Bientina, and Ciana. In Latium there are Hostiae Lacus, Albanus, Aquae Salviae, Lacus Nemorensis, Iuturnae Lacus, Regillus, Fucinus, Pontina Palus, the Fundale Lake, the Tiburtine, Caecubus, the Simbruine Lake. In Picenum there is the Nu•sine Lake. In Vmbria, the Veline Lake, Floridus, and the Cutiliensian Lake. In Campania the Lucrine and Avernan Lake, Linterna Palus, Staetiva, and Pompeia. In Salentinum and Apulia, the Adurianian Lake, and the Lesinian. In Flaminia there is 7. Seas, and the Moore Padusa. In Langbardia Trans-padana, there are Verbanus, Ortanus, Larius, Luganus, Gaviratius, Monatius, Trinatius, Chivensis, Puscianus, Sebinus, Benacus, Idrinus, & Poeninus. In Venice Visigiolus. In Istria Costiacus. It is watered also with many Rivers, as Padus, Athesis, Rubico, Tiber, Arnus, Mincius, Tucinus, Ollius and Abdua. The chiefest of these is Padus, which as Strabo affirmeth, is the greatest. River in Europe except Ister. The Latine writers as Livy, Virgill, and others doe call it Padus, but the Italians call that which is called Pades, as Metrodorus Scepsins noateth in Pliny, because there are many pitch-trees growing about the Fountaine, which are called in French Pades, and the Grecians and Poets did heretofore call them Heridanos. Servius would have it so called from Phaeton the Sonne of Apollo, for before that Phaeton rhrough his owne temerity and rashnesse was cast downe headlong into this River, it was called Eridanus. It was called Bodincus as Pliny witnesseth, and Liguridus because it hath no bottome, Polybius Lib. 3. calleth it Bodegkos, and the ancients did call it Vesulus as Pliny sheweth, who noteth also that Spring-head thereof is in the borders Liguria, which is called Visendo, because it is wonderfull, and worthy of sight. It floweth from the Fountaine with a cleare streame, and so runneth, through the straight narrow Rocks, and the Valleys of the Rockie Mountaine: and it falleth downe with such violence as is wonderfull. And so runneth with a murmering noise through the stones, and afterward it floweth abroade, and is not confined with any channell, for the space almost of three Miles, even to Paysana, where it runneth almost under ground, so that very little of it can bee seene. But a Mile from thence it riseth up againe neere Paracolum, and so running forward it receiveth many Torrents, and Rivers, from the Alpes, and the Apennine Mountaines, and so being much encreased by those tributary streames, it runneth through the middle of Langbardia, and a part of Romonula, and so with 7. mouths or inletts, it dischargeth it selfe into the Hadriatick Sea. Pliny saith that it maketh 7. Seas, because it runneth with 7. streames a great way into the Sea, in whome Lib. 3. Cap. 16. see more concerning the course of this River, as also in Polybius Lib. 2. in Strabo, Lib. 5. in Pompinius Mela, Lib. 3. in Solinus in his Polyhist. Cap. 7. also in Leander Albertus, and other moderne writers. Virgill in the ninth of his Aeneads calleth it Rex Fluviorum the King of Rivers. And Lucan Lib. 2. singeth thus. Non minor hic Nilo, and a little after, Non minor hic Istro, that is, this River is as great as Nilus, or as great as Ister. The River Athesis so called by Virgill and other doth follow next; Strabo calleth it Athigis, which the Italians doe now call l' Adice or l' Adese: and the Germanes Et•sh. Pliny reporteth that Athesis doth flowe out of the Tridentine Alpes, at first with a small streame, but afterward having got more strength by the acsension of many Rivers, it runneth with a violent course Southward, and afterward from Tridentum it runneth with a more gentle streame through the Plaine: and so having glided through those fields, it runneth through the narrow passages of the Mountaines with so great a violence, that it seemes to threaten these places by which it floweth, and with the same vehemency it doth runne headlong by Verrona, beneath which it is devided into two Rivers, the one whereof goeth toward the Marshes, the other bendeth to the Sea-ward, and maketh a faire Haven, you may see more in Leander. From the Spring-head thereof to Verona, it is not navigable or passeable for boates, by reason that it hath such a violent Current, but they bring downe trees, and pieces of timber out of the Tridentine Mountaines, which they tye together and make them swim downe the River. But from Verona it is navigable even to the Fossions. Torellus in his History of Verona, would have Athesis to be the same which Ptolemie calleth Atrianum. And some doe thinke that Adrias is the same with Athesis, which Stephanus and others doe mention. The third River is Rubicon, which Ptolemie and other Greeke writers doe call Rubikoon: Strabo calleth it Roubikoon: now it is called Pisatellus. It was that River which a Pliny witnesseth did anciently bounder Italie, after the bounds thereof were translated from the River Aesus. The fourth River is Tiber, which is the bounds betweene Etruria and Latium. There is no River more famous in Roman Histories. It hath had divers names, some prophane and some sacred. The prophane heathen names are Ianus, Albula, Rumen, and Tiberis, the Divine is Serra. Athenaeus reporteth that it was anciently called Ianus, from the God Ianus. It appeares in Varro and others that it was called Albula, which Paulus Diaconus & Servius doe derive ab albo colore from the white colour of it, who sheweth also that it was called Rumon. But the chiefest name of this River was and is Tiber, of which there are divers Etymologies. Some doe derive it from Tibris, a King of the Aborigines, Festius and Servius say that hee was King of the Tussians: Livy, Ovid, Festus Pompeius, and Eusebius doe derive it from Tiberinus Silvius, Prince of the Albanians. Varro delivers that this River was called Dehiberim from Dehebris an Earle of the Vejentians: Servius saith that it was called in the Scripture by a sacred name Serra a secando from cutting. So much concerning the names, in which it is to bee noted that there was a difference observed in the pronunciation of these words Tiberis, Tibris, and Tiberini. For in common speech it was called Tiberis in Poesy Tibris; and in holy writers Tiberinus, as Servius noteth, which is not alwayes true. It was called commonly Tevere. The head of Tiber is in the Apennine Mountaines, in the middle of it, neere the confines of the Aretineans, in that parte, where the Fountaine of Arnus, is above Aretium. It is a small streame at first like a little Rivilet, but when it hath runne forward it increaseth but a little, in regard it receaveth no great streames, but such as proceede from small Fountaines, but afterward by the receipt of some Rivers it groweth larger, and is Navigable for boates and little vessels even to Rome, and so running not farre from Tiphernum, Perusia, Otriculus, it divideth Eturia from the Vmbrian and Sabinians: and afterward 13. Miles from Rome, it divideth the Vesentians from the Crustiminians and Fidenations: also it seperateth Latium from Vaticanum: and is so great and broade a River at Rome, so that they cannot passe over it but by Bridges or Boates, as Halicarnassaeus writeth, and from thence it runneth forward, and rowleth into the Tyrrhene Sea. Pliny in his 3. Booke Cap. 4. and Servius Lib. 7. of his Aeneads doe describe the course of this River. See also Florus Lib. 1 Histor. Rom. Cap. 4. and Varao Lib. 4. de L. L. Paulus Iovius writ a Booke concerning the fish in Tiber, Pliny Lib. 3. Cap. 4. affirmeth that 42. Rivers doe runne into Tiber. The River Arnus followeth which Livy, Pliny, and others have mentioned, Strabo and Ptolemy doe call it Arnus: and in Italian it is called Arvo. It riseth, as Strabo reporteth on the right side of the Apennine Mountaine. It is a small streame at the beginning, and runneth westward through the steepe rocks and valleys: and afterward being encreased by the receipt of many Torrents, and Rivers, it entreth into the Florentine fields, and having divided Florentine and Pisa it runneth to the Sea. Virgill, Strabo, Pliny, and others doe call that Mincius, which the Italians doe now call Mencio of Menzio. This River having entred into the cleare Lake Bennacum, and having encompassed Mantua, 13. Miles from thence it runneth into Padus. Livy, Plinie, Silius, Polybius, Strab. Plut. Ptol. Steph. doe call it Ticinus. The Itenarie Tables call it q•icenus: it is now called Tisino. It riseth out of the Mountaine Sumano, which is now called the Mountaine of S. Gothard; from whence Rhene, Rhodanus, Athesis, and other Rivers doe runne divers wayes. Out of this Mountaine it runneth by the Lepontians Southward among the steepe Rocks to Belinzona a strong Towne, and afterward growing greater by the aversion of many Rivers and Torrents, it rowleth it selfe into the Lake Verbanum, through which it runneth, as Pliny affirmeth, and so returning through the Plaine, it runneth with a cleare streame into Padus. The water of this River is so cleare, that you may see any thing in the bottome of it. It hath also some vaines of gold and silver, which may be seene in the sands. The River Ollius which in Italian is called Oglio, hath great stoare of good fish, especially of that sort which they call in Italian Thymallo. In this River neere the Pallace, a great many wicker wares are set, and at certaine seasons of the yeare the water brings downe infinite stoare of Eeles into them, which are taken out and salted. To search out the rising of this River would be troublesome. The common received opinion is that two small Rivers doe runne out of the Lake Frigidulph, which is betweene the Alpes, the one on the right hand is called Fridigulph, and at length is joyned with Ollius: the other on the left hand doth runne with another River, and from thence the River Ollius beginneth. Others make other conjectures. It runneth into the Lake Iseum neere the Towne Pisonium: it watereth the fields of Brixianum and Cremona, and make their barren soyle very fruitefull: and it seperateth the Brixian Country from Cremonia and Bergoma: It receaveth above 37. other Rivers. Pliny and Tacitus doe call that River Abdua, or Addua, which Polib. and Strab. doe call Adovas, it is commonly cal'd Adda. It divideth the Cenomanians from the Insubrians. It riseth in the Mountaine Baulius: and Strab. noteth that it taketh his force from the Mountaine Adula. And so returning from the Lake Larius, through which it runneth, it windeth through the Plaine toward Padus, and bringeth with it many other Rivers, as Pilclavo, Meyra, Lira, Tarlene, Lacieumortum, Brembrum, and Serimortum, and also Serius, which rising in the Mountaines above Bergomum, and flowing by Seriana, in the winter time it hides himselfe in his channell, and runns under ground, and afterward rising up againe neere Crema, it runneth into Addua: but in Summer by reason that the heate of the Sun melteth the snow upon the Mountaines, it doth so increase and swell, that it doth not onely fill those subterranean channels, and windings under the earth, but also it continually overfloweth the upper face of the earth. I passe over the other Rivers, which are many for brevitie sake. The Seas, Baies, and Havens doe follow. The higher Sea, the lower Sea, and the Ionian Sea doe encompasse three sides of Italie. Whence Pliny thus concerning Italie. Tot Maria, portus, gremiumque Terrarum comercio patens undique, & tanqam ad invandos mortales ipsa •vide in mare procurrens: that is: there are so many Seas and Havens as if the Country did spread and lay open her bosome for traffique and Commerce, and for the good of men; shee shooteth herselfe farre into the Sea. It hath many Bayes, as Rappalinus Froycis, Amuclanum Mare, the Bayan Baye, the Paestanian Bay, Hypponiates, Scyllericus, the Tarentine Bay, Vrtas, the Tergestine, the Largian, and Flanitian. After the Bayes I will name the Havens. Strabo Lib. 6. write that Italie for the most part hath no Havens, and those which it hath are very great and strong both to prevent the invasion of enemies, and for the more convenient trading and Commerce. These are the Ports or Havens, the Haven of Olivunlua, of Avaon, of Avison, of Hercules Menaecus, of Mauricus, of Albirgiunus, of the Sabatrian Vadians, of Savona, of Genua, of Delphin, of Erycis, of Luna, of Pisanus, of the Vadians, of the Populonium, of the Scabrians, of Telamon, of Hercules, of Gravisia, of Augustus, of Antias, of Caieta, the Iulian Haven, the Bajon, the Vilinian, the Metaurian, Orestes Haven, Hanniballs Castra. The Tarentine, and Brundusian Havens, Garne, Agasus, the Anconitanian Haven, the Arminian, Ravenas, Peretolas, Livenza, P•la, and many others. After the description or Catalogue of the Havens, the Mountaines doe follow. The chiefe whereof are the Alpes, which whether we make them belong to France, Germany, or Italie it matters not: for these Mountaines running along doe with a wall as it were seperate Italie from France, and Germanie. Festus thinketh that the Alpes were so called ab Alberdine from their witnesse, for the Sabines saith hee called that Alpum, which the Latines afterward called Album or white. Isidorus would have the Alpes to bee a French name, and that high Mountaines are called in French Alpes. The Germaine speech doth acknowledge the name of Alpes, for Alp or Alpen signifies in their language pasturing Mountaines, on which no Hay is cut or got against Winter, but onely Oxen and other heards of Cattell are put there to graze. Strabo writeth that these Mountaines were heretofore called Albia and Alpioni: Stephanus also calleth them Alpia and Alpij. Phavorinus calleth them Olbia, and Lycophran, Salpij. Ovid. Lib. 3. de Arte amandi, Lucan and others doe call them Alpis in the singular number, and Dionysius Afrus calleth them Alpius. The Alpes in ancient writings and records have many names, which shew that there were many parts of the Alpes over which they traveled. And these are the Sea Alpes, which ar also calld the Ligustina Alpes: The Cottian, Graecian, Penine, the Sammian Alpes, the Lepontian, the Rhetian, Iulian and Carnician. And so much concerning the Alpes, which breadthwayes doe seperat and parte Italie from France and Germanie, the Apinine followeth, which running with a continuing ridge betweene the higher and the lower Sea, it divideth it length wayes into two parts or sides. It is thought to have beene so called, because the foote of this Hill is by Hannibals Penine passage. Some thinke it was called the Apenine, because the Paenians or Carthaginians breaking into Italie under the conduct of Hanniball did make and open a passage this way, some derive it from Apis and ancient Captaine who overcame and conquerd all Italie. Ptolamie and others call it Appennina, Stephanus Apennium, the Apennine Mountaine, saith Pliny, is the greatest in Italie, running with a continued ridge from the Alpes to the Sicillian straite. Italie hath many other Mountaines, which are either parts or pieces of the Apennine, or such as it thrusteth forth here and there, or such as lye at the foote thereof, so that it overlookes them. But I passe over them, least I should be tedious. Moreover the Mountaines & aforesaid, the Valleys and fields are crowned with woods, groves, and thicketts, many of which are named and celebrated by the ancients. In Etruria there is the wood Viterbium, which in Italian is called Boscodi Monte Fiacone, which is commonly calld Bolsena, the ancients as Leander reporteth did call it the Valsinan Wood. On Ciminus a Mountaine of Etruria, here was a wood, so thick that few travelld through it, of which Livy thus. Silva erat Cimina, magis tum invia atque horrenda, quam nuper suere Germanicj Saltus, nulli ad eam diem, ne Mercatorj quidem adita, Eam intrare haud fere quisquam praeter Ducem ipsum audebat. That is, the Ciminian Wood was more thick and impassable, than the Germane Forrests were of late, so that no man nor Merchant hath passed thorow it, into which none but the Captaine durst enter. In Latium among the Capenatians there was the Wood Feronia, of which Silius singeth thus.

Dives ubi ante omnes colitur Feronia Lucos;Et Sacer humectat Fluvialia Rura Capenas. Where Feronia is reverenc'd above the other Woods;And Capenas doth moisten the Country full of Floods.

Neere the River Numicum there was a Wood sacred to Iupiter Indigites, as Pliny witnesseth. Livie placeth Dianas Wood by Agninum Compitum. Festus noteth that the Wood Naeviam was foure miles from the Citty. Livie writeth that the Wood Camenarus, was without the gate Capena. That which he calleth Algidum Nemus, is now called Selvadel Aglio. Servius placeth the Albunean Wood on the high Tiburtine Mountaines, and another of the name in the Laurintinianfields. Virgil intimateth that the wood Angitia, was neere to Alba of the Marsians. Cicero maketh the wood Lurina to be in the Territory of Romania. D. Victor placeth the wood Furina, in the 13. Region beyond Tiber. Plutarch calleth it the Furies wood. Pliny placeth the wood Vacuna neere the Mountaine Fiscellus in Vmbria. Campania also hath faire woods, as Luco Sacro, and Gallinaria Silva. Livie calleth Sacer Lu•us, or the holy wood, it is now called Hamij. Cicero writing to Poelus, and Strabo. Lib. 5. doe call it Gallinaria Silva. The Lucanian woods are Eboli, Perigrivalis, Velia. In Brutium there is the Rhegian Forrest. In Apulia there are Batini Saltus, and Lucus Gargani. In Gallia Cis-Padano there is the wood Lucina, and the Bedanian woods. In Trans-Padana there is that which Strabo calls Castrorum Lucus: Lastly, there are two woods in Venice, the one is called Iunoes wood, the other Diana'es. I come now to the publike workes both sacred and prophane, which are innumerable, but we will onely reckon some few of them. And that we may begin with the sacred workes, they are almost infinite, for Rome alone hath at this day above 300. Churches, of which seven are chiefly resorted unto for Religion sake; the first is Saint Peters Church in the Vatican: which exceedeth all the Churches in the World for costly Marble worke, and magnificent building. There are many singular things in it: as some Pillars which were brought out of Salomons Temple: two Brasse Peacocks which were brought from P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus his Pyramisse, which was heretofore in the Vatican Valley. There are also the Tombes and Sepulchers of many Popes, and a Marble Tombe of the Emperour Otho the second: and in the Popes Chappell there is Doomesday, or the day of Judgement lively drawne by Michael Angelo. And that I may not omit the Monasteries, the Hospitals for Strangers, the Hospitals for the Sicke, and for Orphanes. What should I speake of the Popes and Cardinals Palaces? The Popes Palace is in the highest part of the Valitan, being fairely seated: who leaving his Lateran Palace, did remoove thither in regard of the pleasantnesse and wholesomenesse of the Seate. It was begun by Pope Nicholas the third, and enlarged by others, but perfected by Iulian the second, and Leo the tenth, and at last it was adorned with Buildings and Pictures by Xistus the fifth, so that now the proud Pile seemeth to touch the Heavens. The Staires are broad and easie to ascend, so that one may ride on Horseback to the top of the House. For it is so great that it seemeth rather a Town than a House, there is Xistus Chapell which is as big as a great Church, whether when the See is vacant, the Cardinals doe meete together to create a Pope, which is commonly called the Conclave. It would be tedious to mention the other Palaces, and therefore we will passe to other matters. The government of Italie followeth, which is twofold, Politicall and Ecclesiasticall. Concerning the Politick and Civill government, this noble Country is devided into many Signiories. Among which, beside the Pope, the King of Naples, and the free Commonwealths, as Venice, Genoa, Lucensis, and others, the chiefe in the Northerne part are, the Princes of Etruria, Ferrara, Mantua, M•diolanum, Montis-Feratensis, of Parma, of Salluzzia, and Verona. In the Southerne part there are many Nobles, which when occasion shall be offerd, I will reckon up in their proper places. In Ecclesiastick government the Pope is the Hierarch and the head of the Church, and hath a great Traine. Quoties procedit Gemmis conspicitur ornatus, & Sericis vestibus, tectus Auro, vectus Equo albo, stipatus Milite, circumstrepentibus septus Ministris. That is, as often as the Pope goes forth, hee weareth silke Robes, embroidered with Gold and Pearle, he rideth on a white Horse, and is garded with Souldiers, and hath Officers which play on Musick before him. The other Priests are here much honoured, and have great authority. And are more honoured than Noblemen. The Cardinals as Peter Messias noteth, did succeed in place of the Consuls, who heretofore governed the Romane Empire: the Archbishops are equall to Dukes: the Bishops to Earles, their Vicars or Substitutes are as it were Presidents of the Empire, & the Provosts are as it were Praefects: the Arch-priests are in the place of Tribunes of Souldiers, and the Chancellors doe represent the Tribunes of the People. Moreover, Italie hath a threefold Law, the Pontificall, the Caesarian, and the Municipall, the first and second are to be knowne other wheres; the third consists of Statutes and Lawes, which the Citties themselves doe enact and make: but let so much suffice. I will onely here set downe that which is read in a certaine Manuscript concerning the Counsels of these severall Citties. It is written the Mediolanians are excellent in Counsel: the Venetians wise: the Lucanians rash: the Pisanians inconstant: the Placentians provident: the Florentines slow: the Veronians faithfull: the Ferrarians wary: the Genoans ignorant: the Lucensians profitable: the Volscians envious: the Brutians blockish: the Mutinensians acute and ingenious: the Perusinians quick and ready: the Senenians slow: and the Patavians irresolute. The Italians doe maintaine, cherish, and honour Schollers, and are good Maecenasses unto them. And hence there are so many Universities in Italy, as Romana, Mediolanum, Bononia, Patavina, Papiensis, Naples, Perusina, Salerne, Pisona, Ferrara, Senensis, Florence, Veneta, Bergomensis, Mutinensis, and Taurinensis; for the Universities of Parma, Placentia, Anconita, and Macerata, are for the most part decayed. And hence proceedeth that great plenty of Doctors, and famous men learned in divers Arts and Disciplines. It would be troublesome unto me to reckon up a Catalogue of them, and tedious to the Reader. Moreover, the Italians doe exceed other people for courteous conversation, for gentlenesse, and for witty conference, and discourse. They are very ingenious and witty, quick of invention, and very docible, in matters of study, and also in learning divers Arts. They have in all ages thirsted after honour and glory, and have beene more desirous of praise than any others. They are soft and effeminate, and given to Venery, quenching pleasure with Milke, as fire is with Oyle. They are very desirous of revenge: and they thinke it sweeter than life, and doe sometime leave it by Will to their Posterity. Moreoover the aforesaid Manuscript doth paint forth the women of divers Citties in this manner: the Senensians are faire: the Florentines delicate: the Perusenians neat: the Cajetanians faire: the Consentineans obstinate: the Beneventanians clownish: the Bononians arrogant and proud: the Mutinensians bountifull: the Cesenatians covetously scraping: the Genoans wanton: the Cremonians deceitfull: the Placentians hard: the Lucensians chaste: the Pistoriensians loving and tractable. The Romans grave: the Capuanians proud: the Neapolitans carefull: the Brundisinians slothfull: the Ferratians greedy: the Ravennatians courteous: the Urbinatians affable: the Vincentinians constant: the Parmensians coverous: the Papiensians desirous of gaine: the Mediolanensians witty conceited: the Pedemontanians prating and talkative: the Venetians wanton: the Verronians comely: the Brixians diligent: the Formianians faire and beautifull: the Laudensians superstitious: the Cremonensians costly: the Tarvisians jealous: the Bergomatians crafty: the Aretinians saving: and the Puteolanians faire. The Italians were heretofore sottishly adicted to many superstitions. But now they doe all religiously observe the Ceremonies and Rites of the Romane Church: but that some few in the Southerne part of Italy do follow the Graecian Rites, who are also descended of the Graecians. But what a warlike people the Italians have beene, the conquest of the world doth declare. And the aforesaid Manuscript doth shew which Citties doe exceed others in matter of Warre. In warlike affaires the Perusinians are stout: the Calabrians rash: the Spoletanians crafty: the Senensians fortunate: the Bononians fierce: the Neapolitans couragious: the Turentines are mitigators of their enemy: the Prarensians sacrilegious: the Collensians lustfull: the Picenians ravenous: the Aemilians inconsiderate: the Placentinians cruell: the Romanes valiant: the Mediolanians undaunted: the Vincentinians desirous of revenge: the Pistorians bloody: the Papiensians firme and constant. Their Diet is sober and frugall, and they are not curious in furnishing their Tables, but when necessity requires. They doe not all weare one kinde of habit, but they vary according to the time or the quality of the Person, and also in the forme and shape of it. The Mattoas heretofore did goe with naked armes, brests, and shoulders, and now they cover all with thin Vailes according to the Spanish fashion. The Venetians goe civilly and neatly, the Florentians, the Tuscians, the Mediolanians, the Aemilians, and Ligurians, doe goe somewhat bravet. But the Romane Courtier doth excell all the rest for long various colour'd Garments, but the Romane Citizen goeth more frugally, yet hansomely, but especially the women who of late did affect the Tuscane dressing. Naples hath a habit that is more shining and splendide than costly. The Mediolanians in their apparell are gorgious, the Genoas neat, the Mantuans childish, the Neapolitans costly, the Venetians magnificent, the Florentines ridiculous. In revenging of injuries the Lucensians are gentle, the Mediolanians are soone reconcil'd▪ the Perusinians are dissemblers, the Fulginatians are hot, the Mutinensians are placable, the Sonensians couragious. The Neapolitans are bountifull, the Ferrarians stiffe conceited, the Venetians crafty, the Cremonians plaine and open, the Picenians backbiters, the Romanes unjust. Toward Strangers the Calabrians are inhospitable, the Lucensians faithfull, the Senensians loving, the Venetians faire-spoken, the Patavinians hard, the Mediolanians unwary▪ the Ferrarians sharpe, the Mantuans flatterers, the Placentians severe, the Picenians troublesome, the Neapolitans bountifull, the Florentines profuse and prodigall, the Astensians benevolent, the Spoletanes rude and rustick, the Verronians studious, the Papiensians wife, the Genoaes in hospitable, the Parmensians inconstant, the Mutinensians tedious in speech, the Novocomians inhumane. Lastly, the Italians are much given to merchandizing. And the same Manuscript sheweth their dispositions in trading and commerce: namely, the Florentines are crafty, the Genoaes tolerable, the Mediotanians plaine and open, the Lucensians faithfull, the Venetians stately and wary.

1682. Cosmography and geography in two parts by Richard Blome.

ITALY ought to be considered in three or four principal Parts, which shall be those of

• LOMBARDY, which may be divided into the
  • Higher; where are the Estates of
    • PIEDMONT, which belongs to the Dutchy of SAVOY, and comprehends the
      • Dutchy of Aost, Aoste.
      • Signieury of Verceil, Verceili.
      • Principality of Piedmont, Turine.
      • County of Ast, Astr.
      • Marquisate of Saluce, Saluzzo.
      • County of Nice, Nizza, or Nice.
    • MILLAIN, which comprehendeth the
      • Dutchy of Millan, Millan.
      • Lake of Como, Como.
      • Lodesan, Lodi.
      • Cremonese, Cremona.
      • Pavese, Pavia.
      • Tortonese, Tortona.
      • Alexandrin, Alexandria.
      • Laumelline, Valenca.
      • Novarese, Novara.
    • GENES, or GENOA, which is divided in
      • The Eastern River,
        • Getroa,
        • Sarzana.
      • The Western River,
        • Savona,
        • Arbengue,
        • Vintimiglia.
    • MONTFERRAT,
      • To the Duke of Mantoua, Alba.
      • To the Duke of Savoy, Trin.
  • Lower; where are the Estates of
    • The REPUBLICK of VENICE, which possesseth the Provinces or Parts of
      • Bergamase, Bergarne.
      • Cremase, Crema.
      • Bressan, Brescello.
      • Veronois, Verona.
      • Vicentin or Vicentinois, Vizenzo.
      • Padouan, Padoua.
      • Pol•s•ne de Rovigo, Rovigo.
      • Coast of. Trevisane, Trevigi.
      • Feltr•n, Feltri,
      • Bell•nois, Belluno.
      • Cadorin, Cadore.
      • Friouli,
        • Cuidad de Austria,
        • Aquileja,
        • Palma la Nova.
      • Istri•, Cabo d'Itria.
      • Dog•do, or Dutchy of Venice,
    • MANTOA, — Dukedom of Mantoua. Mantoua.
    • PARMA, and PLACENZA,
      • Dukedom of Parma, Parma.
      • Dukedom of Placenza, Placenza.
    • MODENA, and REGGE,
      • Dukedom of Modena, Modena.
      • Dukedom of Regge, Reglo, or Regge.
    • TRENT, — Bishoprick and County of Trent.
  • In the one and the other Lombardy, are divers small Estates, among the which is Mirandola.
• ITALY, particularly so called; where are
  • The Estates of the CHURCH,
    • Towards the Gulph of Venice; as
      • Dukedom of Ferrarese, Ferrara.
      • Bolognois, Bologna.
      • Romandiola, Ravenna.
      • Dutchy of Urbin, Urbin.
      • Coast of Ancone, Ancona.
    • Towards the Tyrrhenian Sea; as
      • County of Citti di Castello.
      • Perusin, Perugia.
      • Ombria, or the Dutchy of Spoleto.
      • Orvietin, Orvieto.
      • Terre Sabine, Narvi.
      • St. Peters Patrimony, Veij.
      • Campagna di Roma, Rome, or Roma:
  • Among the Estates of the Church, are
    • Dutchy of Castro, Castro.
    • Republick of St. Marino.
  • The Estates of TOSCANY,
    • To the Great DUKE of TOSCANY,
      • Florence, Florence.
      • Sanase, or Siennois, Sien•.
      • Pisan,
        • Pisa,
        • Livourne, or Ligorne.
    • To divers Princes; as the
      • Republick of Lucque.
      • Principality of Alassa.
      • Signieury of Piombine.
      • Isle of Elbe, Cosmopoli.
• The Kingdom of NAPLES, sometime divided in
  • TERRA di LAVARO.
  • CALABRIA. But at present into twelve Provinces; whereof are
    • Six towards the Tyrrhenean Sea, to wit,
      • Terra di Lavora,
        • Naples,
        • Cajeta.
      • Principato citra, or Interiour,
        • Amalfi,
        • Salerno.
      • Principato ultra, or Exteriour,
        • Benevento,
        • Conza.
      • Calabria citra, Cosenza.
      • Calabria ultra, Regium.
      • Basilicate, Cirenza.
    • Six towards the Gulph of Venice, to wit,
      • Terra di Otranto,
        • Otranto,
        • Brundufium.
        • Gallipoli,
        • Brindici.
      • Tetra di Bari, Bari.
      • Capitanate, or Pugi,
        • Manfredonia,
        • Mont St. Angelo.
      • County of Molise.
      • Abruzzo citra, or Interiour
        • Lanciano,
        • Sulmona,
        • Civita di Chietti.
      • Abruzzo ultra, or Exteriour,
        • Civita di Penna,
        • Aquila.
  • PUGIA.
  • ABRUZZO.
• And to which, for the fourth part, may be added, The Isles and Kingdoms of
  • SICILE, or SICILY,
    • Messina,
    • Palermo,
    • Siracusa,
    • Montreale, and Catali•.
  • SARDAGNE, or SARDINIA,
    • Cagliari,
    • Bosa, and Sassari.
  • CORCE, or CORSICA,
    • Bastia,
    • Mariana, and Calvi.

Together with several small Isles, as those of Naples, Liguria, &c. some of which are taken notice of in the Descriptional part.

• The Estates of the DUKE of SAVOY, are
  • On this side the ALPES, to wit,
    • The DUTCHY of SAVOY; where there are the Provinces of
      • Genevois,
        • Annecy,
        • la Roche,
        • Alby,
        • Thonnon,
        • Vieux.
      • Faussigni,
        • Cluse,
        • Bonneville,
        • Bonne,
        • Sallanche,
        • Taninge,
      • Chablais,
        • Thonon,
        • Evian,
        • St. Gingot.
      • Savoy,
        • Chambery.
        • les Eschelles,
        • Montmelian,
        • Ayguebelle,
        • Conflans,
        • Beaufort,
        • Ugine,
        • Miolans,
        • Aix, and Rumilly,
      • Tarentaise,
        • Monftiers,
        • St. Jaqu' Esme,
        • le bourg St. Morice.
      • Morienne,
        • St. Jaan de Morienne;
        • la Cha•obre,
        • Modane,
        • La••ebourg.
      • And Beugey, in part,
        • Yenne,
        • St. Genis d'Hoste.
  • The COUNTY of NICE; where are the Vicarats of
    • Nice, or Nizza,
      • Nice, or Nizza,
      • Ville Franche.
    • Poget, Poget.
    • Barcellonnette,
      • Barcellonnette,
      • le Lauset.
    • Sospelle,
      • Sospelle,
      • Saorgiz.
  • And the
    • Val St. Esteve,
      • St. Esteve,
      • St. Salvador.
    • Counte of Boglio, or of Beuil.
• Beyond the ALPES; to wit,
  • PIEDMONT; under the name of which is understood, the
    • Dutchy of Aoste,
      • Aoste,
      • Castillion,
      • Bard.
    • Marquisate of Yvree,
      • Yvree,
      • Pont,
      • St. Martin.
    • Signiory of Verceil,
      • Verceilli,
      • Crescer•tin,
      • Borzane,
      • Biele,
      • Andorne,
      • Gartintra.
    • Marquisate of Suze,
      • Suze,
      • Avillar•e.
    • Principality of Piedmont,
      • Turin, or Turino,
      • Mondouj,
      • Fossan,
      • Chivas,
      • Rivoli,
      • Javen,
      • Carignan,
      • Pancalier,
      • Vigon,
      • Cavours,
      • Ville franque,
      • Raconis,
      • Savillan,
      • Coni,
      • Tende,
      • Ceve,
      • Cortemille,
      • Bene,
      • Quierase,
      • Quiers.
      • Moncalier,
      • Cocconas.
      • Verue.
    • Counte of Ast,
      • Asti,
      • Ville neuved' Ast.
      • Saluce, or Saluzzo.
    • Marquisate of Saluce.
      • Carmagnole,
      • Barges,
      • Revel,
      • Droners,
      • Cental,
      • Rocqu' Esparviere.
      • Demont.
    • Quarter of Piedmont, or at present belonging to Fracne,
      • Pignerol,
      • Perouse,
      • Lucerne,
      • Brigueras,
  • The DUTCHY of MONFERAT, On the Coast of GENES,
    • In part, where are
      • Albe,
      • Trin, and Aqui.
    • The Marquisate of
      • Oneglia,
      • Marro.
  • In PIEDMONT, restored from the Church, the Printipality of Masseran.
  • The DUTCHY of SAVOY preteneth to Geneve, Chypre, &c.

• LOMBARDY, which may be divided into the
  • Higher, and comprehendeth the Estates of
    • PIEDMONT, as it belongs to the Duke of Savoy; where are the
      • Dutchy of Aost,
        • Aoste,
        • Ivree.
      • Seignieury of Verceili,— Verceili.
      • Principality of Piedmont,
        • Turin,
        • Fossan,
        • Mondevi, or Mondoui,
        • Suze,
        • Savillan,
        • Coni,
        • Quierase,
        • Quiers.
      • County of Ast, — Asti.
      • Marquisate of Saluce,
        • Saluce, or Saluzzo,
        • Carmagnole.
      • County of Nice,
        • Nizza, or Nice,
        • Barcelonnette.
    • MILLAN, as it belongs to the Catholick King; where are the
      • Dutchy of Millan, — Millain.
      • Val de Ugogne, Domo d'Osula.
      • Lake of Como, Como.
      • Novarese, Novare.
      • Vigevanase, Vigevan.
      • Lodesan, Lodi.
      • Pavese, Pavia.
      • Laumelline, Valenca.
      • Alexandrin, Alexandria de la Paille.
      • Tortonese, Tortona.
      • Cremonese, — Cremona.
    • GENES, or GENOA, a Signieury and Republick; which is divided into
      • Eastern River,
        • Genoa, or Genes.
        • Sarzana.
      • Western River,
        • Vintimiglia,
        • Arbengue,
        • Savona.
    • The Dutchy of MONFERRAT; as it belongs
      • To the Duke of Mantoua,
        • Alba,
        • Aqui.
      • To the Duke of Savoy,
        • Trin,
        • Casan.
    • In Piedmont appertaineth
      • To the French, — Pignerol.
      • To its peculiar Prince, — Masseran.
    • In the Estate of Millain, appertaineth
      • To the Swisses,
        • Lugan,
        • Locarne,
        • Bellinzone.
      • To the Grisons,
        • Churcoire,
        • Chiavenna,
        • Sondrio,
        • Bormio.
      • In the Estate of Genes, or Genoa, appertaineth
        • To his peculiar Prince, — Monaco, or Mourgues.
        • To the Duke of Savoy, — Oneglia.
        • To the Catholick King,
          • Finale,
          • Pontremoli.
      • Between Piedmont, Monferrat, &c. To the Pope, or Church, — Montaldo, &c.
    • Lower, and comprehendeth the Estates of
      • The Signleury and Republick of VENICE; where are
        • Bergamese, — Bergame.
        • Cremase, Crema.
        • Bressan, Bressia.
        • Veronois, or Veronese, Verona.
        • Vicentin, or Vicentinois, Vicenza.
        • Padouan, Padoua.
        • Polesine de Rovigo, — Rovigo.
        • Dogado, or Duchy,
          • Venice, or Venetia,
          • Chiogia,
          • Caorla,
          • Torcello,
          • Muran.
        • Coast of Trevisane, — Trevigi.
        • Feltrin, Feltri.
        • Bellun•is Cuidad de Bellune.
        • Cadorin, — Pie di Cadore.
        • Friouli,
          • Cuidad de Austria,
          • Aquileja,
          • Cuidad de Friouli,
          • Concordia,
          • Palma la Nova.
        • Istria,
          • Cabo d'Istria,
          • Ci•ta Nuova,
          • Parenzo, and Pola.
      • MANTOUA, to his Dukedom that of Mantoua,
        • Mantoua,
        • Viadana,
        • Goito.
      • MODENE, and REGGE, &c. to their Dukedoms,
        • Dukedom of Modene, — Modene.
        • Dukedom of Regge, Regio, or Regge.
        • Principality of Carpi, Carpi.
        • Signieury of Carfagnan, Castelnove de Carfagnan.
      • PARMA and PLACENZA, to their Dukedoms
        • Dukedom of Parma, Parma.
        • Dukedom of Placenza, — Placenza,
      • TRENTE, to his Bishoprick; where are
        • Trent,
        • Bolzan.
      • In the Signieury of Venice, appertaineth
        • To the Pope, or Church, — Ceneda.
        • To the House of Austria,
          • Gorice,
          • Trieste,
          • Pedena:
      • In the Estate of Mantoua, are to their Lords
        • The Dukedoms of
          • Guastalle,
          • Sabionete.
        • The Counties of
          • Bozolo, or St. Martin,
          • Castillon della Stivere.
      • Between the Estates of Mantoua and Modene, are
        • The Dutchy of — Mirandola.
        • The County of — Novelcare.
      • In the Estate of Modene, and to the Duke of Modene, are The Signieuries of
        • Correge,
        • Sassuol.
      • In the Estates of Parma, to their particular Princes, are
        • The Estates of Palavicin, — Bourg St. Domino.
        • The Estate of Land•, — Bourg val di Taro.

• The Signieury or Republick of VENICE; called the
  • ESTATE of FIRM LAND, which is possessed in ITALY; to wit,
    • Bergamose,
      • Bergamo,
      • Martinengo,
      • Chuson.
    • Cremase, — Crema.
    • Bressan,
      • Bressia,
      • Salo,
      • Azola,
      • Orsi Nuovi.
    • Veronoise,
      • Verona,
      • Peschiera,
      • Legnago.
    • Vicentin, or Vicentenoi•,
      • Vicenza,
      • Lonigo.
    • Padouan,
      • Padoua,
      • Este,
      • Moutagnana,
      • Castel Baldo,
      • Monselice,
      • Campo St. Petro,
      • Citadella,
      • Pieve di Sacco.
    • Polesine de Rovigo,
      • Rovigo,
      • Adria.
    • Dogado,
      • Venice, or Venetia.
      • Chioggit,
      • Caorla,
      • Torcello,
      • Grado,
      • Murano,
      • Marano,
      • Maestre.
    • Coast of Trevisane,
      • Trevigi,
      • Serravalle.
    • Feltrin,— Feltri.
    • Bellunoise,— Cuidad de Bellune.
    • Cadorin, — Pieve di Cadore.
    • Friouli,
      • Cuidad de Austria,
      • Aquileja,
      • •alma la Nova,
      • Cuidad de Friouli,
      • Concordia, and Chiusa.
• ESTATE of or in the SEA; which is possessed
  • On the Coas•• of
    • Istria,
      • Capo d'Istria,
      • Citta Nuova,
      • Parenzo,
      • Pola,
      • St. Juan de Duino.
    • Dalmatia, or Esclavonia,
      • Nona,
      • Zara,
      • Novigrad,
      • Tina,
      • Sebenico,
      • St. Nicolo,
      • Traw,
      • Spalato,
      • Salona,
      • Almissa,
      • Starigrad,
      • Vesicchio,
      • Cataro,
      • Budua,
      • Dolcigno.
    • Epire,
      • Torre de Butrinto,
      • Perga.
  • And the Isles
    • In the Gulph of Venice,
      • Chergo, — Cherso.
      • Ossero, Ossero.
      • Veggia, Veggia.
      • Arba, Arba.
      • Pago, Pago.
      • Solta, Solta.
      • Brazza, Neresi.
      • Lesina, Lesina.
      • Torta, Torta.
      • Issa. Meo.
      • Curzo, — Curzo.
    • Of the Levant,
      • Corfu,
        • Corfu,
        • Cape St. Angusto.
      • Zephalonia, — Zephalonia.
      • Zante, Zante.
      • Cerigo, Caps•li.
      • Crete, or Candia; now the Grand Seigniors;
        • Candia,
        • Retimo,
        • Canea,
        • Sittia,
        • Suda,
        • Spinalonga,
        • Belvidere,
        • Verapolo,
        • Castel Theodoro,
        • Grabuso,
        • Turluru.
      • Teno, — Teno.
      • Micone, Micone.
• And between the Estates of the VENETIANS, are
  • To the Pope, or Church, on the Coast of Trevisane, — Ceneda.
  • To the House of Austria, in Friouli and Istria,
    • Gradisca,
    • Trieste,
    • Pedena.
  • To the Signieury of Ragusa, on the Coast of Dalmatia, — Ragusa.
  • To the Turk, on the Coast of Albania, &c.
    • Castal Nuova,
    • la Valona.

• The Estates of the CHURCH, or POPE, comprehendeth
  • Twelve Provinces in ITALY, of which
    • Seven are between the TIRRHENE and the APENNIN; to wit, the
      • Campagne de Rome; where are
        • Roma, or Rome,
        • Ostia,
        • Erascati,
        • Tivoli,
        • Palestrina,
        • Veletri,
        • Segni,
        • Anagni,
        • Ferentino,
        • Alatri,
        • Velori,
        • Terracina.
      • Patrimony of St. Peter,
        • Veij,
        • Citta Castellana,
        • Sutri,
        • Porto,
        • Civita vechia,
        • Cor•eto,
        • Monte Flascone.
      • Orvietin,
        • Orviero,
        • Aquapendente.
      • Terre Sabine,
        • Narni,
        • Terni.
      • Ombrie, or the Dutchy of Spoleto,
        • Spoleto,
        • Fuligue,
        • Nocera,
        • Norcia,
        • Rieti,
        • Amelia,
        • Todi,
        • Assisio.
      • Perusin,
        • Perugia,
        • Fratti.
      • County of— Citta di Castello.
    • Five are between the APENNIN and the GULPH of VENICE; to wit, the
      • Region, or Quarter of Ancone,
        • Ancona,
        • Jesi,
        • Osmo,
        • Recanati,
        • St. Maria Lauretane,
        • Fermo,
        • Ripa Tr•nsone,
        • Ascoli,
        • Macerat•,
        • Tolentino,
        • St. Sever•no,
        • Camerino, and Fabriano.
      • Dutchy of Urbin,
        • Urbin,
        • Eugubbio,
        • Cagli,
        • Sinigagl•a,
        • Fossomb•one,
        • Fano,
        • Pesaro,
        • St. Leo,
        • Durance.
      • Romague, or Romandioa,
        • Ravenna,
        • Rimini,
        • Sarsina,
        • Cesena,
        • Cervia,
        • Bertinoro,
        • Forli,
        • •aenza,
        • Imo•a.
      • Ferrarese,
        • Perrara,
        • Comach•o,
        • Mesola,
      • Bologno•s,
        • Bologna,
        • Bolognese.
• Also,
  • In the Kingdom of Naples, The Dutchy, and City of — Beneven•o.
  • In the Estate of Venice, The City of — Ceneda.
  • Between Piedmont, Divers places, among which are
    • Montaldo,
    • St. Step•ano, &c.
  • Monserrat, and Genes, are Divers places, among which are
    • Montaldo,
    • St. Step•ano, &c.
• In FRANCE, and Between Dauphin, Languedoc, and Provence, the County of Avignon, and of Venaiscin▪ where are,
  • Avignon,
  • Carpent•as,
  • Cavaillon,
  • Vaison.
  • Venasque,
  • Lisle,
  • Vaureas,
  • Pont de Sorgues,
  • Chaun neuf du Pape,
  • Malausa•e,
  • Brantes.
• Rostored, freed, or quitted from the Jorisdiction, or Sup•emacy of the Church, or Pope, divers Estatea 〈◊〉 among. which are the
  • Kingdoms of
    • Naples, — Naples.
    • Sicily, Messina.
    • Sardaigne, Cagliari▪
    • Arragon, Syracuse.
    • Jerusalem, Jerusalem.
    • Hungary, Bude.
    • England, London.
    • Ireland, — Dublin,
  • Dukedoms of
    • Par•a,
    • C•s•ro,
    • Bra•ciano.
  • County of— Ronciglione.
  • Principalities, or Selgnories of
    • Radicosani,
    • Masseran.
  • Republick of — St. Marino.

ITALY lies in the midst of the three most Southern parts of Europe; It is formed like a Boot, and washed on all sides by the Sea, viz. by the Adriatick, or Gulph of Venice, behind; by the Iyrrhenian before, and by the Ionian at the foot: only the top of the Boot is contiguous to France and Germany, from which it is parted by the Alpes.

• 1.31The extent of the Roman Empire, before Constantine Ruled, and the division thereof, was accounted to be about 3000 Miles in length, to wit, from the River Euphrates Eastward, to the Irish Ocean Westward; and in breadth, from Mount Atlas. Southward, to the Danube Northward, about 2000; which large extent was the cause of its ruine and declension.

• 1.32The Ancient Romans were a gallant People, of a sound Judgment, and a ready Wit, well skilled in Arts and Sciences; very covetous of glory; of great Valour, as by their subduing the chief part of the World, who, contrary to the custom of Invaders, to sack and ruine Countries, they taught the People Manners, Literature, &c. The Romans were the first that wore the Purple Robe, and the beginners of Triumphs: they had excellent and stately Theaters, and it was hold no disreputation to be an Actor.

• 1.33This Country is so exceedingly furnished with whatsoever may be found useful for Man, and the Soil so rich and fer tile in Grains, Fruits, Rice, &c. in some places having threo Harvests in one year, that it is esteemed the Garden of the World. The chief Commodities for Merchandize that this Country yieldeth, are Silks, both raw and wrought into several fabricks, as Sattins, Taffities, Plushes, Velvets, Cloth of Gold and Silver, Damasks, Grograms, Rashes, Fustians, Glasses, Alom, Armour, excellent Wines, Oils, Saffron, Anni seeds, Argal, Brinistone, several Metals, Olives, Almonds, Galls, Kidsskins, Lute strings, Quicksilver, Aloes, Gold, Thread, Anchoves, several Drugs, &c.

• 1.34The Italians are very ingenious, respective, and grave; exceeding malicious, if affronted; much addicted to Women, which are here allowed the liberty to make use of their own. They are generally very jealous of their Wives, so that they are denied the liberty of the Streets, or the common view or society of men. The Women are generally handsom, witty, and of a seeming modest behaviour; it is observed of them, that they are Saints in the Church, Angels in the Streets, Magpies at the Door, Syrens in the Windows, and Goats in the Gardens. Their Language is very eloquent.

• 1.35Italy may be considered in three principal Parts, viz. Lombardy; Italy, particularly so called; and Naples: to which, for a fourth may be added the neighbouring Isles, in which said parts are divers Estates and Dukedoms; all which are at large set down in the Geographical Tables: and of these parts in order.

...

Besides this Island [Corsica] there are abundance of others, though of no great account, and far lesser; as the VƲLCANIAN Isles, lying on the Coast of Sicily, being 11 in number; the chief of which is Lipara, from whence the rest take their names, being about 10 miles in circuit; then Stromboli and Vulcania send forth a constant Smoak.

• 1.75The Isles of NAPLES are 18 in number, the chief of which are Ischia, Capreae, the retirement of Tyberius; and Aenaria.

• 1.76The chief of the LIGƲRIAN Isles is Elba, famous for its two Potts Porto Ferraro, and Porto Longone; Its chief places are, 1. Cosmopolis, built by Cosmo di Medices; 2. Gallinaria; 3. Giglio and 4. Monte Christo, which is but a Rock.

• 1.77There are yet in Lombardy many little Estates, as of Mirandola, Guastella, Sabionetta, &c. about Mantoua, of Pallaviano, and Landa, &c. amongst the Estates of Parma and Placenza, of Manaco; on the Coast of Genoa, of Masseran in Piedmont. The Count of Pitiglian, and the Marquess of Malispine in Toscany; all which Princes, though holding from under the protection of others, have Sovereign Rights.

Italy, with its Isles, extends it self from about the 36th degree of Latitude unto the 46th, which are 250 Leagues from South to North, and from the 36th degree of Longitude to near the 48th, which are as much or little more from West to East; but its form scarce fills the third part of what is contained in these degrees.

In Italy, I make little Account of other Rivers, than that of the Arno, Tiber, and Po; the two first descend from the Appennine, the last from the Alpes.

1682. Cosmography and geography in two parts by Richard Blome. ITALY, particularly so called.

ITALY, particularly so called.

The second part of Italy, according to our method, will contain the Estates of the CHƲRCH and TOSCANE, which may again be subdivided into others, which are taken notice of in the Geographical Tables, of which in order.

• 1.49The Territory of FERRARESSE, about 160 miles in length, and 50 in breadth, had once Dukes of its own, but now belongs to the Pope; its chief place is Ferrara, so called from the Iron-Mines about it; it is seated on the Po, which serves as a Rampire to defend it on the one side, as doth a strong Wall, well fortified with a spacious Mote, on the other side; it is about five miles in compass, beautifully built, and adorned with superb Edifices, and is accounted one of the pleasantest Cities in Italy, having in the midst thereof a spacious Green, into which doth open about 20 Streets, most of which are about half a mile in length, and so even and uniform, that from thence the utmost ends of each may be easily discovered: It is well inhabited, rich, and dignified with an Ʋniversity.

• 1.50The Province of BOLOGNOIS, Eastwards of Modena, hath for its chief place Bologna, once the head of 12 Cities; it is seated on the River Aposa, and in a large and fertil Territory for Corn, Wine, Fruits, and Olives; it is about five miles in circuit, and begirt with a Wall. This City is adorned with many fair and proud Buildings, in which they observe a uniformity, amongst which is the Pope's Palace for his retirement, which for grandure and statelyness is fit to give entertainment to any Prince in Christendom. It is dignified with the chief Ʋniversity of Italy, famous for the study of the Civil Law; it is proudly built, having spacious Courts.

• 1.51ROMANDIOLA, or ROMAGNE, Eastwards of Bolognese, hath for its chief places, 1. Ravenna, seated on the Adriatick, and once a place of good account, having one of the fairest Havens in the World, which is now choaked up. This City was the seat of the Emperour Honorius, and his Successors, then of the Gothish Kings, and lastly of its Patriarch; but now, as its Haven is choaked up, so is the Land covered with water, which makes it become useless. 2. Rimini, seated on the mouth of the River Rubicon. 3. Cervia, seated on the Adriatick Sea, a place where so great quantity of Salt is made, that the Popes part is valued yearly at 60000 Crowns, and 4. Faenza.

• 1.52The Dutchy or Dukedom of ƲRBIN, not long since fallen to the Holy Seat, it lying in the midst of his Territories. Its chief places are, 1. Ʋrbin, seated at the bottom of the Appennine, formed like a Miter: 2. Belfort, seated in the Midland: 3. Fano, a Sea-port Town to Ʋrbin, where the English do enjoy many Immunities; and 4. Pisaro, a Maritim Town, enjoying a good Haven.

• 1.53The Province of MARCA ANCONA, bounded with the Adriatick, Naples, the Appennine and Romagne; it takes its name from Ancona, its chief City seated on the Hill Cimmerius, which likes a Promontory shoots it self into the Sea, having the best Haven in Italy, towards the Adriatick Sea, the entrance into which is shut up by two Chains, the better to secure the Port. It is a City of good strength, being encompassed with Walls and Bulwarks; its Houses are fair, and its Inhabitants rich. 2. Loretto, famous for the Church of the Virgin Mary, which, as 'tis said was brought from Palestine in the Air by Angels for the Sins of the People, and is now a stately Structure, and richly adorned with the Presents dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and is much resorted unto by Pilgrims. 3. Marcerata, the Seat of the Governours of this Province; and here is a Colledge of Lawyers for the hearing and determining of causes. 4. Adria, which gave name to the adjoyning Sea: 5. Ascoli the Fair: and 6. Fermo the Strong.

• 1.54The Province or part of PERƲSIN is Westwards of Ombriae, its chief place is Perugia, where Augustus besieged L. Antonius the Brother, and Fulvia the wife of Anthony the Triumvir, which said place at the Siege became also obedient unto him; and nigh to this City is Lago de Perugia, of about thirty miles in circuit, near whose Banks, Hannibal slew Flaminius 15000 of his Romans: here is also Lacus Vademonius, where Dolabella vanquished such of the Gauls as had escaped the Sword of Camillus.

• 1.55The Dutchy of SPOLETO, anciently called Ombria, as scituate under the Appennine Hills; hath for its chief places, 1. Spoleto, of great antiquity, where are yet remaining stately Aqueducts, the Temple of Concord, &c. 2. Assisto, famous for little, but being the Birth-place of St. Francis. 3. Fuligne; 4. Todi; 5. Amelia; and 6. Rieti.

• 1.56The Land of SABINE, Southwards of Spoleto, hath for its chief place Narvy, which is of some Account.

• 1.57The Province of ORIETIN, Westwards of Spoleto, hath for its chief places, 1. Orvieto, seated on so high a Rock, that it amazes those that look into the adjacent Valleys; and 2. Aquapendente.

• 1.58The part or Province called St. PETERS Patrimony, contains also all Latium, or Campagna di Roma, and part of Ituria; it is washed with the Tyrrhenian Sea; and in this part are the Mountains called Gallicanum, in which Hannibal frighted that noble Captain Fab. Maximus with a Stratagem, which was by having 2000 Oxen, which carried fire on their Ho•ns, by which means he passed over the Mountains. Its chief places are, 1. Ostria, seated at the Mouth of the Tiber, but its Haven is stopped up; it is honoured with the See of a Bishop, whose place is to consecrate the Popes. 2. Adrea, to which the Romans fled, after the Gauls had taken Rome. 3. Veij, a City of good antiquity, wealth, and largeness. 4. Alba, once the Seat of the Silvian Kings, and of good fame and beauty, but suffered much in the Wars by the hand of Tullus Hostilius. 5. Antium, a place of great delight, to which the Roman Emperours used to retire for recreation. 6. Civita Vechia, a Maritim Town, abounding in great plenty of Alom. 7. Viterbo; 8. Porto; 9. Corneto; 10. Veroli; 11. Palestrina; and 12. Trivoli, all places of some account; but above all Rome,* 1.59 seated in the Territory of Campagna di Roma, once the Mistress of the World, famous for her noble Warriers, who were so exact in their Martial Discipline, for their Triumphs and Antiquities, and for being the place where the Spoyls and Trophies of all Europe, and a great part of Asia, were laid up; in brief, it was a place sufficiently memorized by the ancient and renowned Historians. This City, when in its pristine splendor, was said to be 50 miles in compass, whose Walls were beautified with about 750 Towrs, and said to contain about 463000 fighting men, that is, free Citizens, such as were inrolled, besides Servants, Women, and Children; but this City hath several times felt the jostlings of ill fortune, so that as to its present state it hath not the moiety of its pristine beauty and splendour, scarce containing 11 miles in circuit, being almost Orbicular, in which space there is about one third part wast ground; yet it is a place of great splendor, beautified with many Princely Palaces, and sufficiently famous for being the Seat of the Pope, which makes it to be exceeding populous, being thought to contain about 200000 Inhabitants, besides an exceeding great confluence of Strangers which hither come, some for devotion, and others to please their fancies with its Antiquities and Curiosities; and of the Inhabitants, two thirds may be reckoned for Clergy-men and Curtesans, the later of which is esteemed to amount to about 40000, who pay 30000 Duccats yearly Tribute to the Pope, for which two Gallies are maintained and furnished for the service in Civita Vechia. This City is seated on the Banks of the Tiber, upon Campus Mar••us; it is Built upon ten Hills, on which are fair Structures, as on the top of the Vatican Hill, is seated the proud Palace of the Popes, large enough to give entertainment to three Princes at one time. It is beautified and enriched with excellent payntings and curiosities; and here are the Gardens called Belvidere, famous for its rare Plants, delightful Walks, curious Statues, &c. and on this Hill is the Church of St. Peter, being the most splendid and famous in all Rome, being adorned with rich Payntings, Tombs, &c. with divers choice Curiosities, as the Spear that pierced our Saviours side, and the head of St. Andrew. In this City are about 300 Churches, Monasteries for Nuns, Religious Houses, and Convents; here are many Hospitals for the relief of the Distressed, likewise several gallant Libraries, as the Vatican, the Jesuits Colledge, &c. And here the Pope liveth in more grandure than any Prince in Christendom, and the Cardinals have their Palaces richly adorned, and dwell in good state.

The Dukedom of FLORENCE containeth the greatest part of Toscany, to which doth belong those of Sanese and Pisan, and which I shall include under the Dukedom of Florence. It is separated from Genoa by the River Magra, and the strong Town of Sarazana, belonging to the Genouese. Its People, even the Duke himself, are generally addicted to Traffick, by reason of which it is a Country very rich.

1.61Amongst the Cities in this Territory is Florence, seated in a no less fruitful than pleasant Plain, near the confluence of the Rivers Arne and Chiane, about six miles in compass; and by reason of being the residence of the Duke, is very populous and rich, where he hath a stately and magnificent Palace, richly a••rned; and to make it a perfect place of pleasure, its Courts are fair, and its Gardens spacious and delightful, having therein excellent Fountains, Groves, Labyrinths and Walks, besides a place where all sorts of wild Beasts are kept. Besides this Palace, here are several fair and superb Edifices, being a place so extraordinary beautiful, that Charles the Arch-Duke used to say, It was fit to be seen only on Holy days. Here are 44 Parish Churches, about 50 Nunneries, 14 Fryeries, 12 Priorates, and about 30 Hospitals. This City was built by Sylla, that bloody Dictator, and was made a Colony by the Triumviri; It was razed by the Lombards, re-edified by Charles the Great, bought its Liberty of Rodolphus, and now continues subject to the Medices, Dukes of Florence. This City enjoys a great Trade, by reason of the Priviledges and kind entertainment which they find; all sorts of Merchandize being here landed free from all Imposts, Duties and Customs, an advantage not found in many places. 2. Pisa, seated at the entrance of the River Arno into the Sea; It was once a very large City, and had great Territories, Corsica, Sardinia, and Baleares, having been under its subjection, being very rich and powerful both by Land and Sea; but the many shocks of Ill-fortune have reduced it within one half of its Ancient limits; yet its many good Buildings shew its ancient splendor. 3. Sienna, in Sanase, built by Brennus the Gaul, an Inland-City, seated in a large, pleasant and fertil Territory, adorned with beautiful Buildings both publick and private. 4. Pistoya, a City, though small, yet rich and well built, famous for its beginning that bloody faction of the Neri and Bianchi, as of the Guelfes and Ghibillines: And 5. Ligorne, seated at the mouth of the Arno, a fair and beautiful City, being accounted the strongest, and one of the principal Towns of Trade in the Mediterranean Seas. This City, not many years past, was purchased by the Florentines of the Genois, for 120000 Duckets; before which it was a place of no great note, nor beauty, being a reception for Thieves, Murtherers, Pirates, and all sorts of Religions, or rather Irreligious people; but now it is well inhabited and resorted unto by Merchants, abounding in several rich Commodities.

• 1.62The Commonwealth of LƲCQƲE, the Signiory of PIOMBINE, the Isle of ELBE, and the Principality of MASSA, make up the rest of Toscany. This last is but small in circuit, but yeilds abundance of white Marble, and is beautified with the Cities of Massa and Carrara; the last oftner the residence of the Prince, the former strengthned with a stately Castle; both beautified with excellent Marble Statues.

LƲCQƲE comprehends the Territory and Town of Lucca, which is seated on the River Serchius in a Plain, about three miles in circuit; a place of good beauty, being replenished with many fair Edifices and stately Churches, amongst which that of St. Martin is the chief; and the Walls are so adorned with Trees, that at a distance it seems a City in a Wood. It is of note for being the meeting place of Pompey, Caefar, and Crassus, all three famous Commanders, where they consulted and joyned into a Confederacy for the enlarging their Possessions, and gaining more honour.

• 1.63Next the Isle of ELBE, seated nigh the shoar, and opposite to the Isle of Corsica: Its chief places are, 1. Cosmopoli, and 2. Porto Longone. And opposite to this Isle on the Toscane shoar, is the small Signiory of PIOMBINE.

1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval.

Italy.

AMong the Authors, who have written concerning Italy, few there are but represent it as the most beautiful, best and most delicious Country in the World. Its situation, towards the midst of the temperate Zone, affords it all these advantages. It is commonly compared to a Boot, the figure whereof it does really resemble, lying between the Mediterranean-Sea and the Gulph of Venice. The Alpes, which Livy calls the Walls of Italy and Rome, are at those places where it touches France, Savoy, Suisserland, Germany; the Appennine Mountain runs quite through it. The Po, Adige, Tiber, and Arne, are the greatest Rivers of this Country. There is not one in the World observ'd, in so short a course, to have so much encrease as the Po, and which is so inconvenient by its over-flowings, notwithstanding the Dikes that have been raised for prevention.

The People of Italy are polite, dextrous, subtile, and prudent; extream in their Manners: they were formerly Masters of the most considerable Empire, that has been seen since the Creation of the World; And now stand possess'd of the chiefest Dignity of the Roman-Catholick Church. They obey divers Princes, who are all Papists, but very different in Power and Interests. We are oblig'd to the Italians for the Discovery of the New World; Columbus was a Genouese, Americus Vespucius a Florentine. The Cities of Italy are so much the more beautiful and better built, in that the Nobility have commonly their abode in 'em. Their Churches and other Edifices are adorned with excellent Pictures; for which reason the Men and Houses are said to be all painted. The Italian Tongue is deriv'd from the Latin: Tuscan is received in the Court of Rome, and amongst the well-bred people.

Their way, of reckoning the Hours, is very different from ours; they regulating it according to the Sun's setting; then they count four and twenty Hours; and at the entrance of the Night, they begin to reckon the Hours of a New Day: Insomuch that the number of the Hours at Noon rises and falls, according to the Seasons, tho' there are always four and twenty Hours for the Civil Day, that is, for the Day and Night together. For Example: On the twelfth day of August at Noon, which we reckon twelve a Clock, the Italians reckon seventeen; and so what remains, to finish the Civil Day of four and twenty Hours, comprehends seven Hours, which make up just the time which the Sun employs that day, the twelfth of August, since the Hour of Noon unto its setting.

The Sovereign Princes of Italy are the Pope, the King of Spain, who possess almost half of it, the Duke of Savoy, the great Duke of Florence, the Republick of Genoa, the Duke of Mantua, the Duke of Modena, the Duke of Parma, the Bishop of Trent, the Republick of Lucca. The other Princes are call'd Petty, by reason of the small extent of their Dominions. The Republick of Venice is independent; most of the other States depend either on the Church, or the Empire, for some Fiefs. The Quality of Duke is in Italy more considerable than of Prince, bating in the Territories of the King of Spain. There are so many Archbishopricks and Bishopricks, that the Kingdom of Naples alone has more than all France hath; the truth is, most of 'em have not so good a Revenue, as our Country Curates.

Italy is divided into three great parts; the High, which may be called Lombardy; the Middle, and the Low: According to this division, there is found in the High, Piemont, Montferrat, Milantz, the Coast of Genoa, Parmezan, Modenois, Mantouan, the Domain of Venice, Trentin: The State of the Church, Tuscany, Lucquois, are in the Middle; the Kingdom of Naples possesses the rest. There is a fourth part, if we may add the Isles thereto.

Piemont, according to the saying of a Piemontin, is a City of three hundred Miles in compass: One and the same Land produces Corn, Wine, and Fruits. Turin, the abode of the Dukes of Savoy, is a lovely Town, accompanied with a strong Cittadel. It keeps in its Metropolitan Church, call'd the Dome, the Relick of St. Suaire, wherein the Face of our Lord is imprinted, with most of his Body; It boasts of having, of all the Cities of Italy, brought the Press into use. Nice, near the Sea, has several Roman Antiquities, and a Cittadel, which seems inaccessible by reason of its situation upon a Rock.

Montferrat has most of its Towns upon Hills, very fertile in Corn and Wine. By the Peace of Quieras, a part of that Country was yielded to the Duke of Savoy, the other remaining the Duke of Mantua's, who possesses Casal, near the Po. This Town is fortified with several Bulwarks and Half-moons, with a Castle and a strong Cittadel, composed of six great Bastions.

The Land of Milan is the most beautiful Country of all Lombardy, and the finest Dutchy of Christendom, now possess'd by the King of Spain. The Ways are pleasant, almost all in a direct line, with Chanels of Spring-Water on both sides, and rows and plantations of Trees, which make them resemble Alleys and Walks. The Champain of Milan is so fertile, that there is not an Inch of Land, but brings forth twice a Year. The Nobility, as well as in the Kingdom of Naples, does not meddle with Commerce, as does that of the other neighbouring States. The City of Milan is called Great, because it is full ten Miles in compass, wherein it contains above two hundred and thirty Churches, ninety six Parishes, as many Convents, and above a hundred Fraternities. It is a general Mart of the Merchandizes of France, of Spain, of Italy, of Germany; so great a number of Artizans it has of all sorts, that the Italians have it for a Proverb, That Milan must be ruin'd, if they would accommodate Italy with them. It has ever passed for a second Rome, tho' it has been besieged forty times, and taken two and twenty: Its strength consists rather in its Men, than in its Walls, it being reckoned to contain above three hundred thousand persons. Its Castle is one of the finest Fortresses of Europe, of six great Bastions Royal, invested with Brick, with Grafts and Ditches full of running Water.

The Coast of Genoa, formerly called Liguria, produces Muscate-Wines, Olives in abundance, all manner of good Fruits; the Western part particularly is full of Lemmon, Orange, Fig, Palm, and Cedar-trees: the Inland of the Country is mountainous, full of Woods, which furnish Materials for the making of Ships and Galleys. The Situation of Genoa is upon the Sea-shore, part in Plains, part in Hills. The City is full five Miles round, and has Fortifications, which are yet much greater in circuit; for which reason, it is the greatest, the most trading, and the most important of all Italy, towards the West. The Buildings and Structures of this Town are so magnificent and so beautiful, that it is called the Stately, tho' very much endamag'd by the late Batteries of the French. One of the principal Revenues of its Inhabitants consists in the transportation of Silk-stuffs.

Parma, the Capital of Parmezan, is the common abode of the Duke of that Name, of the House of the Farnezes, a Feudatory of the Church. It has a Cittadel, whereon Money has not been sparing, for the rendring it good and a fair Palace for its Princes dwelling.

Modena is the Capital of the Dutchy of the same Name, fortified with Bulwarks, after the ancient manner, inhabited by above thirty five thousand Souls. In Modena it was, that Brutus was in vain besieged by Mark Anthony, after the Murder of Julius Caesar, Octavius having happily defeated the Army of him, who would by this Siege have renewed the Civil Wars.

Mantua is seated in the Waters of a Lake of twenty Miles in circuit, which only affords entrance by Causeys into the Town. Its Mills do raise a good Revenue to this Duke; the Jews, who are there very numerous, pay him a great Tribute. The Ducal Palace is one of the finest and best furnish'd in all Italy.

The Demesn of Venice has so many Rivers, Canals, and Navigable Lakes, that Merchandizes are easily conveyed into all its places. The Republick is independent, above twelve hundred Years standing, the Bulwark of Christendom against the Turks. The City of Venice is one of the greatest of Europe; so populous, that there are reckoned above three hundred thousand persons. Those who have seen it, may boast of having seen one of the Wonders of the World. Its Arcenal is the finest, the greatest, and the best furnished upon Earth. The Isles, whereof the City is composed, are separated from one another by Chanels, wherein there be above fifteen thousand Boats, which they call Gondoles. The Church and Palace of St. Mark are very fine Structures; the Treasury of St. Mark contains immense Riches.

The Bishoprick of Trent, which belongs to its Bishop, is under the Protection of the House of Austria. The City of Trent is ancient, inhabited both by Italians and Germans, renowned for-holding the last General Council.

The state of the Church is look'd upon as so much the more considerable, in that the Pope, who is the Temporal and Spiritual Prince of it, pretends to be the Chief and Soveraign Pontife of all Christendom, the Patriarch of Rome, and of the West; Primate and Exarch of Italy, Metropolitan of the Suffragan Bishops of Rome, Bishop of St. John de Lateran. Rome, formerly the Capital of the finest, greatest, and most considerable Empire of the Universe, was once the Mistress of the better part of the World, famous for excellent Men, who have surpassed others in Valour, in Piety, in Justice and Temperance. It has had in its beginning Kings, Consuls and Emperours: the Papists call it Rome the Holy, by reason of the Residence of the Popes. We may say, it has few Equals, if we consider its Antiquities, Churches, Palaces, and Curiosities.

Tuscany has three principal Cities, Florence; Siena, Pisa, formerly as many Republicks. Florence, the Capital of this State, renowned upon the account of its Beauty, is large and very populous. The Palace of the Great Duke has fine Pictures, Jewels of great value, several Rarities.

Lucca, fortified with eleven regular Bastions, is famous for its Silks and Olives. The Head of this Republick is a Gonfalonier, or Chief-Standard-Bearer, whose Charge lasts but two Months.

The Kingdom of Naples is the greatest State of Italy, it belongs to the King of Spain, who pays for it, every Year, a white Hobbey to the Pope, with seven thousand Ducats. The Spring is there so long, and so full of Flowers, the Autumn so loaded with Fruits, that it is esteemed a Paradise. The City of Naples is the abode of several Gentlemen, which makes it be called the Gentile. It is situated so advantagiously, that it seems an abridgment of all the Beauties of Italy. There are few Cities in Europe, who have so many Churches, and so many Cittadels, as has Naples.

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

ITALY.

IT is certain, that different Names have been, at several times, impos'd on the Country of Italy: for it was heretofore known by that of Saturnia, from Saturn, who reign'd in this Region; as well as by those of Ausonia, Latium, Oenotria, and Hesperia, from three Princes that had caus'd divers Colonies to be here establish'd; although it be true indeed, that the last of these Names was rather attributed thereto by the Grecians, after the same manner as to Spain, on the account of its West•••y situation, with respect to their Continent; and •hat to distinguish those Two Countries, they terme• the former Hesperia-Major. But as for the De••mination of Italy, the Original thereof is not very cettain; since some Authors affirm, That it was taken from a King named Italus, and others derive it from the Oxen, or Calves, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in the Greek Tongue, which were bred within these Territories in great abundance, and generally grew up to an extraordinary large size. But these several Names were us'd for ancient Italy, which was but one half as large as the modern Italy, containing only that Country which lay on the East and South-East of the Rivers Arno and Rubicon, which now makes the Kingdom of Naples, and the greatest part of the Popedom, and Dukedom of Toscany. All that lay on the other side of the Arno and Rubicon, went by the Name of Gaul, and, to distinguish it, Gallia Cis-Alpina and Togata. The modern Italy is call'd by the Germans, Welschlandt, or Walleschlandt; by the Danes, Walland; by the Turks, Vallia; by the Poles, Wolskasemia; by the Sclavonians, Wolska; and by the Dalmatians, and Croatians, Latinisca-Zemlya, and Zemglia.

The Figure or Shape of this Country is very Remarkable, and may be well compar'd to that of a Man's Leg, the End whereof seems as it were to kick the Island of Sicily into the Sea; the Toes appear toward the Faro, or Watch-Tower of Messi•a, round Reggio, and the Cape of Spartivento; the Heel toward Otranto; the Soal toward Mount St. Angelo; the Calf toward Ancona; the Ham about Ravenna; the Knee toward Piombino, and the Port of Leghorn; and the Thigh toward the Alps.

Italy is stretched forth toward the South, as it were a Peninsule, in form of a Boot, into the Mediterranean-Sea, (which receives from thence different Names, according to the several Coasts that it washes,) and in the midst of the Northern Temperate Zone; being bounded on the North by the Alps, which separate it from the Dominions of the House of Austria in Germany and Switzerland; on the West, by the same Mountains, and the River Var, whereby it is divided from France and Savoy; on the North-East by the Gulf of Venice, or Adriatick-Sea; and on the South-West by the Toscan and Ionian Seas, which are so many parts of the Mediterranean.

It is extended from the 25th. Degree 4 Minutes, to the 40th. Degree 40 Minutes of Longitude, and from the 37th. Degree 36 Minutes, to the 46th. Degree 25 Minutes of Latitude. It is in length from Geneva, the most North-Western Part of Savoy, to Otranto the most Eastern Part in Naples, 760 English Miles. In breadth in the widest Place from Nice, the most South-Western Part in Piedmont, to Trieste nigh the most Eastern Part in Venice, 380 Miles: In the middle Parts, from Ancona to Civita-Vecchia, both in the Popedom, 134 Miles: But in the more narrow Parts, from Policastro to Barletta, but 75 Miles.

The AIR is generally healthful and temperate, excepting in those Territories that appertain to the Jurisdiction of the Ecclesiastical State, where it is very thick and unwholsom, more-especially to Strangers. The SOIL, which is every where water'd with a great Number of Rivers, plentifully brings forth all Things necessary for the sustenance of human Life; particularly Corn, an excellent sort of Grapes, (of which they make Thirty sorts of Wines;) and other most delicious Fruits: the Chief of which are Oranges, Citrons, Lemons, Pomgranates, and Olives, that afford vast quantities of Oil. The Kingdom of Naples abounds in Sugar, Nutmegs, Almonds, and Raisins of a delicate Flavour, which are transported even into Ba•••ry; besides good store of Mulberry-Trees, that re•der this Country famous for its silken Manufactures. Here are also large Mea••ows, serving as Pasture-ground for Bushes, and many other sorts of Cattle; together with some spacious Forests, almost always green, that are full of wild Beasts, and all manner of variety of Game: Moreover, here are found divers Rocks of Alabaster, and a most rich kind of Jasper; not to mention the Mines of Iron, Alum, Sulphur, Gold, and Silver; insomuch that many Authors have made no difficulty to call Italy, The Garden of Europe. Perhaps no Country in the World is more richly stored by Nature than this; but partly from the decay of the Silk Trade, but more especially from the severity of the Government in most Parts, whole Provinces do, in a great measure, lye wast, and are little cultivated: so that of late Years, the greatest part of Italy, especially the Popedom, seems in a declining Condition, not to say worse.

Among the most considerable RIVERS we may reckon the PO, Padus, or Eridanus, which takes its rise at Monviso in Piedmont, and having travers'd this Province, together with the Marquisate of Montferrat, and the Dutchies of Milan, Mantua, and Ferrara; having also pass'd by the Cities of Turin, Trin, Casal, Valentia, Placentia, Cremona, and Ferrara, at length falls through divers Mouths into the Gulf of Venice. The ADIGE, Athesis, springing out of the Country of Tirol, waters the Lands of the Bishoprick and City of Trent, as also those of the State of Venice; then passing to Verona and Rovigo, conveys its Stream into the same Gulf. The ADDA, Addua, riseth out of the County of Chiavenna, continueth its course throughout the Lake of Como, as far as Lodi, and intermixeth its Waters with those of the Po, between Cremona and Placentia. The TESIN, Tesinus, hath its Spring-head on the Mountain St. Gothard, in the Canton of Ʋri, flows throughout the Lake Maggiore by Padua, and afterward runs into the same River. The ARNO, Arnus, springs out of the Frontiers of Toscany and Perusino, crosseth the Dominions of the Grand Duke; and having washed the Walls of the Cities of Florence, and Pisa, disembogues it self into the Toscan-Sea. The TYBER, Tyberis, takes its rise in Mount Falterona, near Monte-Carvaio in the Apennine, between the Territories of the State of Florence and Romandiola; then receiving into its Bed the several Streams of the Chiana, Nera and Teveron, it flows to Rome, and at last dischargeth its Waters through Two Mouths, into the Toscan-Sea. We may also here observe the course of the Doera or Dora, the Sessia, the Oglio that falls into the Lake of Isco, and the Menzo which runs throughout that of Garda. These Rivers proceed from the Alps, and almost all of them enter into the Chanel of the Po: Some others arise out of the Mount Ap•nnine, and have the like Passage, viz. the Tenaro, the Trebia, the Taro, and the Reno. Besides the above-mention'd Rivers, there are divers others of good Note, viz. the Gargliano, the Voltorno, the Silaro, &c.

The Principal MOUNTAINS are, 1. The Alps, which separate Italy from France, Germany, and Switzerland; 2. The Apennine, that runs with a continued ridge of Hills throughout the whole l•ngth of the Country; 3. Mount Masso, near Sussea; 4. Mount Barbaro, between Boia and Porruolo; 5. Mount Vesuvius, or Monto di Somma, between Naples and Nola; 6. Mount St. Angelo, or Gerguno, in Apulia.

There are also 15 or 16 Chief LAKES, viz. 1. That of Como, heretofore call'd Larius; 2. That of Isco; 3. of Lugano; 4. of Garda in Lombardy; 5. The Lake Trasimenus, or of Perugia, famous for the Defeat of the Romans by Hannibal; 6. The Lake of Vulsin; 7. That of Braciano in Toscany; 8. The Lake Fusinas; 9. That of Fundi; 10. That of Albanus, or Lago di Castello Gendalpho, in the Campaign of Rome; 11. That of Celano, the farther Abruzzo; 12. of Andora; 13. of Varam; 14. of Lesina, in the Capitanato; 15. That of Bolsona in the Patrimony of St. Peter.

The Italians are generally an ingenious People, apprehensive of any thing, and quick-witted; and there is scarce any thing so difficult, but they are capable of conquering: they are Patient and Assiduous in any thing they set about, or desire to learn, never giving over till they master it, and attain the Perfection of it: they are still, quiet People, as being naturally Melancholy; of a middle temper, between the fastuous Gravity of the Spaniards, and the unquiet Levity of the French, agreeing, in a great measure, with the English: they are very Faithful and Loving to those that are really their Friends, mindful of a Courtesie receiv'd; and, if it lies in their power, for one good Turn they will do you two; great Lovers they are of their Brothers, and near Kindred; and if any of them lie fair for Advancement, all the rest of the Relations will lend him their Purses, as well as their Shoulders to help him up, though he be but a younger Brother: they are ambitious of Honours, remembring that they are the Successors of the Masters of the World, the old Romans; and to put the World still in mind of it, they take to themselves the glorious Names of Camillo, Scipione, Julio, Mario, Pompeio, &c. Notwithstanding their native Gravity, they are apish enough in Carnival-time, and upon the Stages, no Country in the World being more famous for Buffoons, Mimicks, Scharamouches, &c. than this: but this is no longer than the Vizard is on; that being off, they are too wise to play the Fool in their own Names: they are not easily provok'd, but will bear long with one another, and longer with Strangers: they are also very careful to avoid all Occasions of Quarrel; not to say, or do any thing that may offend any Person, especially not to abuse any one by Jesting or Drollery; which they can by no means away with: most of 'em, even of the ordinary sort of People, will discourse intelligently about Politick Affairs, and the Government and Interest of their own Country; being much delighted with such sort of Studies: and they are so very covetous of Liberty, especially such Cities as were formerly Commonwealths, that in many Places, Discourses, as well as Books, about former Revolutions, are prohibited.

The Italian Gentry live, for the most part, in the Cities; whence it is that the Cities are so splendid and well built, so populous, and so rich: the Nobility, and great Persons, choosing rather to spend their Revenues in building fine Palaces, and adorning them with Pictures and Statues, in making stately and spacious Orchards, Gardens and Walks, in keeping Coaches and Horses, and a great Retinue of Servants and Staffiers, than in keeping great Houses, and plentiful Tables; giving Board-wages to their Servants and Attendants. As for Paintings and Statues, they are great admirers of them, as they are of Musick; and they are so intemperately fond of these Things, that they will give any Rate for a choice Picture, or Statue: they are great lovers of publick Sights, and the inferior Gentry affect to appear in publick with as much Splendour as they can, and will deny themselves many Satisfactions at home, that they may be able to keep a Coach, and therein make the Tour-a-la-mode about the Streets of their City every Evening. Of the Gentry, especially in Venice, if there be many Brothers of one House, only one usually marries, and that the Eldest, if he pleases; if he be not dispos'd, then any other, as they can agree among themselves: the rest do what they can to Greaten him that is marry'd, to uphold the Family. The Brothers that marry not, keep Concubines, or Whores; which, though never so sinful, yet their Confessors can easily absolve 'em. In many of their Cities are Hospitals, where Pilgrims, and poor Travellers are entertain'd, having their Diet and Lodging Three Days gratis, besides a piece of Money when they go away: but modern Travellers say, this Charity is much abus'd. There are also Hospitals to receive all exposed Children that shall be brought and put in at a Grate on purpose, whither upon ringing a Bell, an Officer comes presently, and receives the Child, only asking the Party that brought it, Whether it has been Baptiz'd, then carries it to a Nurse to give it suck; and there it is maintain'd till it be grown up. This is to prevent People's Murthering their Children to conceal their Shame.

No People in Europe are more scrupulous and exact in observing all the Punctilio's of Civility and good Breeding: there is a greater excess in their civil Expressions, than in the French; for they usually say, Schiavo di V. Sigria; that is, I am your Slave, instead of your Servant: and the Word Vosignoria, Your Lordship, is ordinary with them; or the Title of Molto Magnifico, given to Mechanicks and common Tradesmen; and a Stranger with them is presently Signiore Conte, or Barone; or at least Signiore Cavaliere. They are never puzled when they hear a Great Man is coming to visit them; for there is not a Man of 'em, but he knows how to entertain Men of all Conditions: that is, how far to meet, how to place them, how to stile and treat them, how to re-conduct them, and how far. They are excellent at Nunciatures, Embassies, and State-Employments, being Men of good Behaviour, Looks, Temper, and Discretion, and never out-running their Business. In their Visits they are very careful, never going to see any Person of Note, without first sending to them; nor are they less exact in their Walkings, and publick Meetings. The Right-hand is always with them the upper-hand, whether it be next the Wall, or not: but when Three walk together, the middle is the most Honourable. Hence it is, that when they walk backwards and forwards, they are very careful to let every one take his turn in the middle.

As for their Conversation, it's not very easie to be had by Strangers; but when it is, it will be found sweet, civil, and obliging, very circumspect not to give Offence to any one in the Company, or any else that has relation to it, ever respectful one to another: the greatest Familiarity does not make 'em recede from a courteous Carriage. As to Strangers, they are extreamly civil, always avoiding any thing that may give 'em the least disgust, though they give never so much occasion; and for that Reason, they never ask them what Religion they are of, carefully avoiding all unnecessary Disputes about that Subject, which are apt to engender Quarrels. Whenever they are in Company, they do not only give every Man his turn of speaking, but also attend till he has done, accounting it a piece of ill Breeding to interrupt any Man in his Discourse, as hating to be interrupted themselves. As careful they are not to whisper privately one to another when in Company, or talk in another Language, which all the Company understands not; and Backbiting is look'd upon by 'em, as an unpardonable Affront.

As for their peculiar Customs: They count not the Hours of the Day as we do, from Twelve to Twelve; but they begin their Reckoning from Sun-set: and the first Hour after Sun-set is One a Clock, and so they count on till Four and twenty; that is, till the next Sun-set again. It is a general Custom over all Italy to sleep an Hour or two after Dinner in Summer-time; so that from Two a Clock till Four in the Afternoon, you shall scarce see any Body stirring about the Streets of the Cities. It is troublesome to travel with Fire-Arms in Italy, you being forc'd, in most Cities, to leave 'em at the Gate with the Guard, till you leave the Place: This is to prevent Assaults and Murthers, which are so frequent there. And when any Man departs from any City, he must be sure to take a Bill of Health; without which, he can hardly get admittance into another City. As to Marriages, here they marry by their Ears oftner than by their Eyes; and scarce speak with one another till they meet before the Priest. They ever make Children go bare-headed, till they are Four or Five Years old, hardening them against Rheums and Catarrhs when they come to be old; and 'tis an usual thing for the Women to go Bare-headed in their Houses all Winter long. Women here also wash their Heads Weekly in a Wash made on purpose, and dry them against the Sun to make their Hair yellow, a Colour much in vogue among the Ladies. The Men throw off their Hats, Cuffs, and Bands, as well as their Cloaks, at their return home from Visits, or Business, and put on a grey Coat, and a little Cap, without which they cannot Dine or Sup; and many times when a Stranger dines with 'em, they help him to a grey Coat and a Cap to dine in. At Dinner they serve in the best Meats first, and eat backwards; that is, they begin with the second Course, and end with the boiled Meat and Pottage; and they never present any Man with Salt, or Brains, lest they should seem to reproach him with want of Wit. They bring you Drink upon a silver Stand, with Three or Four Glasses upon it, Two or Three of which are strait-neck'd Glasses full of several sorts of Wine, or Water, and one empty Drinking-glass, into which you may pour what quantity of Wine and Water you please, and never stand to the Discretion of Waiters, as they do in other Countries. At great Feasts, no Man cuts for himself, but several Carvers cut up all the Meat at a side Table, the Waiters carrying to the Guests; and every one has the very same part of Meat carried to him, suppose a Wing and a Leg of wild Fowl, &c. lest any one take Exceptions that others were better us'd than he. The Italians, when they call any one at a distance, they make a Sign with their Fingers downward, moving them gently; for to do it with their Fingers upwards, as we do, wou'd be an Affront. A strange way they have to retort Affronts upon others, which is, by breaking a Bottle of Ink upon one, especially Women, or else over the Door of the House, so that it remains spotted with it, which is the greatest Note of Infamy that can be laid upon any one.

As to the DIET of the Italians, their Fleshmeat is not only naturally more lean and dry than ours, but they roast it also till it be ready to fall from the Bones, and there be little Juice left in it; and they do it generally with Coals underneath the Spit, that the Fat may drop upon 'em, and give the Meat a Tincture. They scrape Cheese upon all their Dishes, even of Flesh, reckoning it gives the Meat a good Relish. Snails boil'd, and serv'd up with Oil and Pepper put into their Shells, is very common, and in good esteem with them. Frogs is another great Dish with 'em; they usually fry 'em, and serve 'em up with Oil: but at Venice they eat only the Loins and hind Legs; as also at Florence, and that upon Fish-days. They eat all manner of small Birds, as well as the Germans, viz. Wrens, Stares, Titmice, Butcher-Birds, &c. and several other great Ones, which we touch not in England, as Magpies, Jays, Woodpeckers, Jackdaws, &c. And in Rome, its frequent to see Kites and Hawks lying on Poulterers Stalls. They have many excellent Fruits, many of which come to a greater Perfection than ours. Chesnuts roasted, and the Kernels served up with Juice of Lemon and Sugar, are much esteem'd; and roasted Chesnuts are a great part of the Diet of the poor Peasants in Italy. In their Second Courses, they commonly serve up Pine-Kernels, and, at time of Year, green Almonds; also a kind of Sweet-meat, or Confection, made up of Mustard and Sugar, which they call Italian-Mustard, to cool and refresh themselves. They often use Water-Melons; and for their Wines, they use Snow, or Ice, which they keep in Conservatories all Summer. They that are much used to this way, will not willingly drink without Snow in this Country, no not in Winter.

The Principal MORAL VERTUES of the Italians, setting aside some Excellencies I mention'd before, are I. Sobriety, both as to Eating and Drinking; and as to the latter, it is one of the greatest Affronts he can receive to be call d Imbriaco, or Drunkard; and it is a great Rarity to see any one Drunk in Italy, though they have such great variety of excellent Wines to tempt 'em. II. Frugality, which they have almost to excess; for it's an usual thing for Princes, and Cardinals, when they receive a Present of Sweet-meats, Fowls, or the like, to sell 'em to the Confectioners, Poulterers, &c. which wou'd be look'd upon here as the Effect of a covetous and miserable Temper. III. Civility to all Strangers, which they have to that degree, that a Stranger shall never be affronted by 'em, let his Garb, or his Actions be never so ridiculous.

Their Chief VICES are I. Revenge, which they have to the most extravagant Degree in the World, never forgiving an Injury, most secret and treacherous in the performance of their Revenge, and shewing no Signs of Anger till they find an opportunity; and then they're so implacable, that by no means they are to be trusted when they say they Pardon. And they prophanely say, That Vengeance is so sweet a Thing, that God will reserve it to himself, because he will have no Man share with him in so great a Good. II. Lust, both natural and unnatural, which rages in 'em in an extraordinary manner; but some think this proceeds rather from the Country than the Men. III. Jealousie, which strangely possesses these People, which is mostly the Effect of the last Vice; and this makes many of the Womens Lives very miserable. IV. Sweari•g, which is so common, that the Priests and Monks themselves can scarce abstain from it.

For their CLOATHS, most of the Italians, of any Fashion wear Black, or dark-colour'd Cloaths, and for the Fashion of them follow the French, but not too hastily; excepting those Countries that are under the King of Spain, where they use the Spanish Habit. I spoke before of the Women's yellowing their Hair, to which I may add their Painting, than which nothing is more common among 'em; and for all sorts of Ornaments and Decorations, they use as much as their Husbands, or Friends, will permit 'em. There goes a Saying of 'em, That they are Magpies at the Door, Saints in the Church, Goats in the Garden, Devils in the House, Angels in the Streets, and Syrens in the Windows.

The RELIGION of this Country is the Roman-Catholick, which is every where profess'd; and the Inquisition is kept up with that Severity in most Places, that it is very dangerous to be of any other: only some Jews are tolerated, upon the account of Trade. However, in the Valleys of Piedmont, there are many Protestants call'd Vaudois, about 15000 Souls in number, which have maintain'd the Purity of their Religion this 1200 Years; though they have been often Persecuted by the Dukes of Savoy, yet lately they have once more regain'd their Liberty.

No Country in the World ever produc'd more Learned Men and Heroes than this. Here flourish'd the fam'd Philosophers, Pliny, Cato, and Seneca; the great Orators, Cicero, Horte•sius, and Antonius; the renown'd Historians, Livy, Tacitur, and Sallust; the memorable Poets, Virgil, Lucretius, Ovid, Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius; the notable Comedians, Plautus, and Terence; the famous Satyrists, Horace, Juvenal, and Persius; with a vast Number of others. In latter Times they have had for Divines, Thomas Aquinus, Bellarmine, and Baronius; for Humanity, Rodolphus Volaterranus, and Picus Mirandula; for Philosophy, Ficinus, and Cardan; for Oratory, Panigarola, and Loredano; for History, Guicciardine, Bentivoglia, Davila, and Strada; for Poetry, Tasso, Ariosto, Petrarch, and Guarini; for Architecture, Brunelleschi, Palladio, and Fontana; for Painting, Raphael, Michael Angelo, Titian, and Sarto. But at present, Learning among the Italians seems to be in a decay, and the Monks and Jesuits more ignorant than formerly: And as for Languages, the Latin is much neglected by 'em of late, principally upon the Account of the love and fondness of their own Tongue; and as for the Greek, few or none have any tolerable Skill in it, as a modern Traveller observes.

I might have spoke of the famous Warriors and Captains of this Nation; but there hath been such a vast number of 'em, especially the old Romans, that the very naming of 'em wou'd too much trouble the Reader.

The Italian LANGUAGE is derived from the Latin, which the Goths, Vandals, Lombards, and many other Nations have corrupted with their different Jargons. The most polite manner of Expression is used chiefly in Toscany; but this Dialect ought to be pronounc'd by a Roman, who sets it of with a most delicate Accent; which gave occasion to a common Proverb among these People, Lingua Toscana, in Bocca Romana. Indeed the Italian is a very elegant Language, and deserves well to be studied by an ingenious Linguist. It is reckon'd the most harmonious, and most sonorous of all modern Languages, and the fittest for Songs. It is not spoken in all Italy; for in Savoy, and Piedmont, the French is most us'd.

There is not any Country to be seen throughout the World, in which the Cities are so magnificent, and well built, on which account it will be requisite to give a more particular Account of them, according to the situation of every Province; in the mean while, we may take notice of certain Epithets commonly attributed to some Places, such as these, viz. Rome the Sacred, Naples the Noble, Florence the Fair, Venice the Rich, Genoa the Stately, Milan the Great, Ravenna the Ancient, Padua the Learned, Bononia the Fat—, Leghorn the Merchandizing, Verona the Charming, Lucca the Jolly, Casal the Strong, &c. Moreover, it ought to be observ'd, that there are Twelve Principal Cities, every one of which is adorn'd with an University, viz. 1. Padua; 2. Venice; 3. Turin; 4. Pavia; 5. Sienna; 6. Bononia; 7. Rome; 8. Ferrara; 9. Macerata; 10. Fermo; 11. Naples; 12. Salerno.

ITALY hath been govern'd by divers Kings, and afterward became subject to certain Republicks, until at length it fell under the Dominion of the Roman Empire, which hath render'd it so famous. As for the Kings of Rome, they possess'd only a small part of the Country: The Consuls who succeeded them, subdued the neighbouring Nations only by degrees; and even the Roman Empire was not entirely Establish'd until the Reign of Augustus. Its Grandeur began to decline in the V. Century, when the Goths, Lombards, French, Normans, Saracenes, Germans, Spaniards, and many other People in their turns, reveng'd the Injuries that had been offer'd to them, and settl'd themselves in Italy at several times. But the Emperor Justinian expel'd the greater Part of these Barbarians in the VI. Century, through the means of his Generals Belisarius, and Narses, and erected an Exarchate in the City of Ravenna. However, the Lombards made themselves Masters thereof, and Founded the Kingdom of Lombardy, A. D. 508. in Gallia Cisalpina; which continu'd about 204 Years, and was utterly ruin'd by Charlemaign 774. Whereupon this Potent Monarch gave very considerable Territories to the See of Rome; as it shall be shew'd more at large in the Description of the Ecclesiastical State, or Patrimony of St. Peter. In the IX. X. and XI. Centuries, the Saracens made Incursions into Italy, and took Possession of the Island of Sicily; but were driven out from thence by the Normans, A. D. 1058 Afterward the French and Spaniards obtain'd the Government at different times. But at present all the Princes that possess Lands in Italy act at their Pleasure, and conformably to their particular Interests, depending either on the Pope, or the Emperor of Germany.

The Division of this Region hath been often alter'd from time to time, accordingly as the foreign Nations have fixed their Colonies therein; or as the Power of the Natives hath encreas'd, either through their Conquests, or Alliances. The Gauls having seiz'd on that Part of Italy, which is extended from the Alps, and the Apennine, to the River of Jesi that falls into the Gulph of Venice, near Ancona, the Romans attributed thereto the Name of Gallia Italica, Citerior or Cisalpina, and afterward added those of Circumpadana and Togata, to denote that it lay on the hither side of the Banks of the River Po, and that the Inhabitants wore long Robes in imitation of the Romans. In ancient Italy were reckon'd up 15 Provinces; and it is reported, That this Division was made in the time of Augustus, viz. 1. Latium; 2. Campania; 3. Apulia; 4. Messapia; 5. Lucania; 6. Brutium; 7. Samnium; 8. Picenum; 9. Ʋmbria; 10. Etruria; 11. Gallia Cis-alpina; 12. Liguria; 13. The Country of the Venetians; 14. Istria, and Gallia Transpadana. Afterward the Emperor Adrian divided the whole Continent of Italy into 17 Provinces, comprehending the Islands; which Account was also confirm'd in the Time of Constantine the Great. Some of these Provinces, as being most Fertile, were termed Annonariae; and others situated near the City of Rome, bore the Name of Suburbicariae. Under the Reign of the Lombards, 18 were enroll'd in the publick Register. Ptolomy hath taken notice of 45 different sorts of People, and Strabo of Eight Regions. Leandro Alberti hath in like manner enumerated 19 distinct Counties: But Italy may at present be divided according to the several Lordships, and the different Sovereigns that have Dominions therein. However, to the end that the Geographical Order may be more exactly observ'd, we shall distinguish it into Three Parts, as they are represented in the ensuing Table.

ITALY in PARTICULAR.

• 1. The Ʋpper, or Ancient Lombardy in Nine.
  • The Principality of PIEDMONT
    • Turin, Archb.
  • The Coasts of Genoa
    • Genoa, Archb.
  • The Marquisate of Montferrat
    • Casal, Bish.
  • The Dutchy of Milan
    • Milan, Ar.
  • The Dutchy of Parma
    • ...Parma.
  • The Dutchy of Mantua
    • ...Mantua.
  • The State of Venice
    • ...Venice.
  • Bishoprick and Principality of Trent
    • ...Trent.
• 2. The Middle in Four.
  • The Republick of Lucca
    • ...Lucca.
  • The State of Toscany
    • ...Florence.
  • The Ecclesiastical State
    • ...Rome.
  • The Republick of St. Marino
    • St. Marino.
• 3. The Lower in Two.
  • The Kingdom of Naples in Twelve Provinces,
  • On the Mediterranean Six.
    • The Land of Lavoro
      • Naples, Ar.
    • ...The farther Principality
      • Benevento, A.
    • ...The hither Principality
      • Salerno, A.
    • The Land of Basilicata
      • Cirenza, A.
    • The hither Calabria
      • Cosenza, A.
    • The farther Calabria
      • Reggio, A.
  • On the Gulf of Venice Six.
    • The hither Abruzzo
      • Chieti, A.
    • The farther Abruzzo
      • Penna, B.
    • The Capitanato
      • Menfredonia, Archb.
    • The County of Molisi
      • ...Molisi.
    • The Land of Bari
      • Bari, A.
    • The Land of Otranto
      • Otranto, A.
• The Islands in Six principal Parts.
  • Sicily
    • Palermo, Ar
  • Sardinia
    • Caglieri, A.
  • Corsica
    • Batio, Bish.
  • Capa di Logudori
    • Sessari, A.
  • Lipari
    • Liperi, B.
  • The Islands round about Sardinia
    • ...Santo Pietro.

CHAP. II. PIEDMONT, Pedemontium, in Italian Piémonte.

THE Principality of PIEDMONT, which appertains to the Jurisdicton of the Duke of Savoy, was heretofore compris'd within the Limits of Gallia Subalpina, and afterward in those of Lombardy. But at present it is bounded on the North by the Wallisland in Switzerland; on the West, by the Dutchy of Savoy, and the Province of Dauphinè; on the South, by the Republick of Genoa, and the County of Nice, which is generally reckon'd a part of Piedmont; and on the East, by the Dutchy of Milan, and the Marquisate of Montferrat. Its utmost extent from South to North consists of about 140 Miles from Ville Franche as far as the Alps, and 100 from West to East, from the hither side of Lauset to the Frontiers of Montferrat. This Province comprehends in particular the Principality of Piedmont, properly so call'd; the Dutchy of Aoste; the Marquisate of Ivrea, Susa, Seva, and Saluces; the County of Asti, the Lordship of Vercelli, and the Country of Canavese, together with that Part of Piedmont, subject to the Dominion of the French King, wherein are included Pignerol, Perusia, Lucern, and Briqueras. The Duke of Savoy as yet retains the Possession of some litttle part of the Country of Nice, and part of Montferrat, as we shall shew in its proper Place. The Country is very considerable on the account of its Fruitfulness, the clearness of its Air, and the Riches of the Inhabitants. The eldest Son of the Duke of Savoy, bears the Title of Prince of Piedmont.

All Provisions are Plentiful and Cheap here, the Country being very Rich and Fertil. It is esteem'd inferiour to no part of Italy for Pleasantness and Plenty of Corn, Cattel, Wine, Fruit, Hemp, Flax, Metals, and almost every thing necessary for Human Life; and withal is so populous, that the Italians us'd to say, That the Duke of Savoy has only one City in Italy of 300 Miles in Compass. The Inhabitants are so given to Husbandry, that no Country is better cultivated than Piedmont: which may be conveniently divided into these Ten Parts, viz.

• Piedmont Proper
  • Turin, Cap.
• French Piedmont
  • ...Pignerol
• The Lordship of Verceil
  • ...Verceil
• The Principality of Masseran
  • ...Masseran
• The Marquisate of Ivrea
  • ...Ivrea
• The County of Asti
  • ...Asti
• The Marquisate of Susa
  • ...Susa
• The Marquisate of Saluces
  • ...Saluces
• The Valleys of the Vaudois
• The County and Principality of Boglio
  • ...Boglio.

Proper PIEDMONT, Pedemontium proprie sic dictum.

PIEDMONT, properly so call'd, lies between the Territories of Montferrat, on the East; those of the Republick of Genoa on the South; the Marquisate of Saluces on the West; as also, the Marqisate of Susa, and part of Montferrat, on the North. Its Principal Cities and Towns are these, viz.

Aoste Dutchy.

• Turin
• Aoste Dutchy
• Fossano, Bish.
• Mondovi, Bish.
• Ceva, Marquisate
• Rivoli
• Carignan Princip.
• Vigon
• Savillano
• Coni
• Cherasco
• Chieri
• Moncalier
• Orbassan

TƲRIN, Taurinum or Augusta Taurinorum, is seated in a fruitful Plain, having the River Po on its right side, and the Duria on the left, at the distance of 20 Miles nigh East of Pignerol, 78 almost West of Genoa and Milan, 100 almost East of Grenoble and Chambery, 120 South-east of Geneva, 154 almost South-east of Lyons, 250 West of Venice, 360 South-east of Paris, and 340 North-west of Rome. It is a very fair City, and much enlarged of late Years, through the Magnificence of the Dukes, Victor Amadeo, and Charles Emanuel, being ennobl'd with a Senate, a Chamber of Accompts, the Seat of an Archbishop, and an University founded under the Popedom of Benedict XIII. A. D. 1405. This University boasts of being the first that brought Printing into Italy.

The Palace of his Royal Highness, who usually keeps his Court here, is very Ancient, and extremely Magnificent, wherein is admir'd a Gallery enrich'd with variety of curious Paintings, Statues, Arms, Manuscripts, and many other singular Rarities; particularly the Genealogy of the Dukes of Savoy, the Celestial Signs artificially represented, and 30000 Volumes in the Library. The Town has about 8500 Houses, and is also adorn'd with large Streets, spacious Market-Places, well built Houses, and stately Churches; more-especially the Cathedral of St. John, call'd the Dome, where a great number of Reliques are shewn; and among others, the Handkerchief, on which an Impression is made of the Face, and some part of the Body of Jesus Christ. There are also divers other magnificent Palaces in the Town, and a great number of Noblemen, of whom the Duke's Court is compos'd, as being one of the most Polite in Europe. Moreover, the Citadel of Turin, built by Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, in 1565, is a very strong and beautiful Fortification: for it is flank'd with five Royal Bastions, and erected according to the Model of that of Antwerp; nevertheless, the French Troops, under the Command of Count Harcourt, found means to surprize it, together with the Town, A. D. 1640. It generally contains Arms for 40000 Men. The Courts of Justice for this Province are held here. [As for the Dutchy of Aoste, we have given an Account thereof in the Description of Savoy.]

Fossano, Fossanum, is so call'd as it were Fons sanus, from the most wholsom Springs of clear Water that plentifully flow abroad in the neighbouring Fields, and was built in the Year 1236. It is seated on the Banks of the River Stura, having a Fortress between Saluces to the West, and Mondovi to the South-east, about 8 Miles North of Coni, 24 South of Turin, and 27 South-east of Pignerol. Pope Gregory XIII. not long since, founded an Episcopal See here, and render'd it subject to the Visitation of the Archbishop of Milan. The French Forces have often surpriz'd this City, during the Wars of Italy.

Mondovi, Mondevi, or Mondevis, Mons Vici, or Mons Regalis, is pleasantly situated, partly on the side, and partly on the foot of Mount Apennine, towards the Coasts of Genoa, and the Dutchy of Montferrat, being scarcely distant 2 miles from the River Tanaro, 13 East of Coni, 26 North-west of Final, and 27 South of Turin. It heretofore appertain'd to the Jurisdiction of Montferrat, in the time of Theodore II. Marquis of that Province, at whose Sollicitation it was erected into a Bishop's See, under the Metropolitan of Turin, A. D. 1388. Pope Pius V. some time exercis'd the Episcopal Function here, and bore the Name of Cardinal Michael Gislerio. Indeed, Mondovi is a large City, and the most Populous of Piedmont, after Turin, and is divided into Three Parts. A sort of White Marble is commonly dug out of an Hill, on which stands the Citadel built by Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, A. D. 1573; and a miraculous Image of the Virgin Mary is (as they say) preserv'd in a stately Church founded by Emanuel I. Moreover this City was formerly adorn'd with an University, which hath been since translated to Turin.

Ceva, a small Town guarded with a Castle, 8 Miles South-east of Mondovi. It is the Capital of the Countrey of the Langhes, a Name appropriated to certain little Hills that make the beginning of Mount Apennine, and dignify'd with the Title of a Marquisate. The adjacent Countrey, chiefly toward Tende and Montferrat, affords much variety of Game, more-especially Pheasants and Partridges.

Carignan, a considerable Town, bearing the Title of a Principality, stands on the Banks of the River Po, over which is erected a fair Bridge 8 Miles South of Turin. It is defended by a strong Castle, and its Soil abounds with Mulberry-Trees for Silk-worms. Thomas Francis of Savoy, Fifth Son of Charles Emanuel I. Duke of Savoy, and Catherine Michelle of Austria, was honour'd with the Titles of Prince of Carignan, and Great Master of France, and died A. D. 1656. In 1625, he took to Wife Mary of Bourbon, Daughter of Charles of Bourbon, and begat Joseph Emanuel, John Eugenius Mauritius Count of Soissons; Amadaeus, Ferdinand, Charlotte Christina, and Louise Christina, who was marry'd to Ferdinand Maximilian. The Town of Carignan was taken by the French, in the Year 1691; and re-gain'd in the same Year by the Duke of Savoy.

Savillano, or Savigliano, Savilianum, a large Town on the River Magra, between Fossano to the East, and Saluces to the West, 6 Miles from either, and 22 South of Turin. It is the Capital of a Territory of the same Name, and remarkable for its advantageous Situation between two Rivers, rendring it capable of being very well fortify'd; insomuch that Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, intended to make it the Metropolis of his Dominions.

CONI, Cuneum, is a strong Town and Castle built on an Hill at the Confluence of the Rivers Stura and Ges, 35 Miles South of Turin. It held out against Francis I. King of France; but was taken by the Count de Harcourt, under Lewis XIII. A. D. 1641. But Lewis XIV. not having been so successful, in 1691, was obliged to raise the Siege.

CONI in Piedmont.

Cherasco, or Quieras (according to the French pronunciation) is a small but strong Town on a Hill, near the River Tanare, 30 Miles South-east of Turin. It is chiefly noted for a memorable Treaty of Peace concluded there between the Emperor, the French King, the King of Spain, and the Dukes of Savoy and Modena.

Chieri, or Quiers, is a Town of considerable strength, •ledge•nd was formerly a fair City govern'd by its own Republick. It is now famous for the Fustian Manufacture, and certain Seeds that are us'd by Dyers. The Count of Harcourt gain'd a Battle over the Spaniards, near this Place, which is distant 7 Miles from Turin almost to the East.

French PIEDMONT, Pedemontium Gallicum.

That Part of Piedmont, which is now possess'd by the French, lies between Piedmont Proper, and the Valleys of the Vaudois, containing these Places of chief Note, Viz.

• ...PIGNEROL.
• ...Perusa.
• ...Briqueras.

PIGNEROL, Pinarolium, call'd Pinarolo by the Italians, is a well fortify'd Town, and a Place of very great importance, as situated at the foot of the Alpes, near the River Cluso, or Chiso, on the very Borders of the Province of Dauphiné, and secur'd with a strong Castle on a Hill that commands all the adjacent Valleys; 20 Miles almost South-west of Turin, 43 almost East Ambrun, 68 North of Nice, 57 nigh West of Casal, 94 almost East of Grenoble, and 350 South-east of Paris. Within its Walls are enclos'd divers fair Churches, and Religious Houses. The Citadel is as well naturally fortify'd as by Art, being built on a Rock; and its other Bulwarks are very regular. This Town formerly depended on the Dominions of the Duke of Savoy, and serv'd as an Inheritance for the Younger Sons of that Illustrious Family, until it was taken by the French Forces under the Conduct of Armand John du Plessis, Cardinal of Richlieu, A. D. 1630. Afterward Duke Victor Amadeo sold it, together with the Fort and Valley of Perusa, wherein stood ten or twelve other Towns and Villages, viz. Riva, Baudenasco, Bunasco, &c. to Lewis XIII. for the Summ of 494000 Crowns, to remain for ever under the Propriety and Sovereignty of the Kings of France: Whilst this Monarch, on the other hand, besides the said Summ of Money resign'd to the Duke the City of Alba, in the Dutchy of Montferrat, together with the adjacent Territories, conformably to the Articles of a Private Treaty, which was concluded by the subtil Artifices of Cardinal Richlieu at Cherasco, on the 31st. day of March, in the Year 1631.

There is a Fort call'd St. Brigide, which has Communication with the Citadel, by a cover'd way, and certain subterraneous Passages. The present Duke of Savoy, at the Head of the Confederate Forces, took it, in the Year 1693; and soon after demolish'd it, for want of Success: For His Royal Highness, instead of vigorously carrying on the Siege of the Town and Citadel, thought fit to engage Catinat, the French General, who lay encampt with 12 or 14000 Men between the Mountains of Fenestrelle and Bossa, 7 or 8 Leagues North-west of Pignerol: but having march'd so far, they perceiv'd they could not come at him; so that after much time lost, they went back and open'd the Trenches before Pignerol, in September. In the mean while, Catinat's Army being re-inforc'd with several Detachments out of Germany and Catalonia, the Confederates rais'd the Siege, blew up the Fortress of St. Brigide, and set forward to meet him near the Village Orbessan, in the Plain of Marseillane. The Battle was fought on the 4th. of October, 1693, with great Courage and Resolution on both sides: but at last, the Left Wing of the Confederate Army being over-power'd by the numerous Forces of the French, His Royal Highness commanded a Retreat, which was accordingly executed in very good Order. The French indeed gain'd the Victory, yet was their Loss greater than that of the Confederates; for their Army, which, before the Battle, consisted of 36000 Men, was, by their own Confession, reduc'd to 30000. That of the Duke of Savoy's amounted to 22000, of whom 5500 were only wanting, viz. 1500 of the Emperor's Troops, as many of His Majesty's of Great-Britain and His Royal Highness's Forces, and 2500 of the Spaniard's.

Briqueras, or Briquerasco, Briquerascum, is a considerable Borough, with a good Castle, about 4 or 5 Leagues from Pignerol, famous for the Sieges it sustain'd towards the end of the last Century, M. de Lesdiguieres, since Constable of France, took it, about the Year 1592, and caus'd it to be well fortify'd. Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, at first, in vain, attempted to recover it, but afterward found means to get it into his possession: For having made Preparations, during a Truce agreed upon, he besieg'd the Place, at the expiration of it, in 1694, with an Army of 10000 Men, and 18 Pieces of Artillery. The Burrough was taken by Assault; and the Castle having endur'd 8000 Cannon-shot, that made 5 Breaches, surrender'd on Composition, Octob. the 24th. Briqueras hath been likewise noted, during the Wars of Piedmont, in 1629. 1630, and 1631, and is at present possess'd by the French.

The Lordship of VERCEIL, Vercellensis Ditio.

This Lordship lies between the Countries of Montferrat, Ivree, and Milancse, being extremely fertile, and well peopled. The more remarkable Places are these: Viz.

• VERCEIL, Bish.
• ...Biela.
• Sautia, &c.

VERCEIL, or Vercelli, Vercellae, is water'd with the Streams of the River Sessia, on the very Confines of the Dutchy of Milan, whereto it formerly appertain'd, being situated between Milan to the East, and Turin to the West, at an equal distance of 40 Miles from each, as also 12 from Casal to the North, and as many from Novara to the West. It is a large Place, and at present retains the Title of a Lordship, affording a Seat to a Prelate, whose Metropolitan is the Archbishop of Milan. Moreover, it is well fortify'd with a Castle, Citadel, and other regular Works, and adorn'd with divers fair Churches, besides a famous Hospital. Pope Leo IX. conven'd here a Council against Berengarius, Archdeacon of Angers; who was cited, but did not appear. The Spaniards made themselves Masters of the Town of Verceil, A. D. 1638; yet it was restor'd again to the Duke of Savoy, by virtue of the Pyrenaean Treaty of Peace.

Biela, or Biella, Bugella, Gaumellum, and Laumellum, is a rich and populous Town, beautify'd with several Churches, being the Capital of a small Countrey thence call'd Bielese. It stands on a Hill 8 Miles West of Masseran, and 32 North of Turin. Francis II. Duke of Modena, died here, A. D. 1658.

The Principality of MASSERAN, Principatus Masseranensis.

This small Territory, dignify'd with the Title of a Principality, lies within the Lordship of Verceil, toward Milanese, and takes its Name from the chief Town: Viz.

MASSERAN, seated on a Hill near the Borders of the Countrey of Bielese, 18 Miles North-east of Ivrea, 22 North-west of Vercelli, and 37 almost North-east of Turin. The Prince thereof is descended from the House of Ferrara, and holds his Lands in Vassalage of the Pope.

The Marquisate of IVREA, Marchionatus Eporediensis.

This Marquisate is extended between the Lordship of Verceil to the East, the Dutchy of Aoste to the North, the Marquisate of Susa to the West, and part of Montferrat to the South. The only Place of Note here, is,

IVREA, Eporedia, standing between two Hills, on the Banks of the River Dorea Baltea, over which is erected a fair Stone Bridge, in the Country of the Ancient Salassii. It was built (as some Authors avouch) 100 Years before our Saviour's Nativity, and is distant 22 Miles from Turin to the North, 29 from Susa, and 32 from Vercelli to the West, enjoying the Title of an Episcopal See, the Prelate whereof is Suffragran to the Archbishop of Turin. It hath also given its Name to the Marquisate which was so famous in the time of Berengarius, who contended for the Empire with the French Princes descended of the Kings of Arles. This City is of great Importance to the Duke of Savoy, into whose Hands it came, A. D. 870, having for its Defence a Citadel, and an old Castle. It hath been for a long time Imperial and Free; but the Emperor Frederick II. and William Count of Holland, gave it to Thomas II. of Savoy, A. D. 1242. And in 1349, John, Marquess of Montferrat, granted to Amadei VI. part of his Right to the same Place; which was also taken by the French in 1554, and restor'd some time after to its proper Lords.

Between the City of Ivrea and the River Po, lies the Countrey of Canavese, which was formerly part of Montferrat, but now belongs to Piedmont, since it was left to the Duke of Savoy, by the Treaty of Cherasco, in 1631. In some Villages of this Territory excellent Cheeses are made; and the River Arche conveys thither its golden Sands. Pepper-Trees are likewise found growing in the small Hamlet of Ponto.

The County of ASTI, Comitatus Astensis.

This County is enclos'd in Montferrat, and contains only two remarkable Places, viz. Asti and Verua.

Asti, Asta, or Pompeia, is situated on the River Tanaro, on the Borders of Montferrat, and honour'd with the Titles of a County and Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Milan, being distant 15 Miles from Alba to the North-east; 16 from Casal, the Metropolis of Montferrat, to the South-west; and 26 from Turin to the East. It was at first a potent Republick; nevertheless, in process of time, it fell into the Hands of the Viscounts, and thus became part of the Dutchy of Milan: But being afterward separated from thence, it was at last granted by the Emperor Charles V. to Charles III. Duke of Savoy, A. D. 1531, and is at present divided into many Parts, viz. the City, Burrough, Citadel, Fort and Castle of St. Peter; all which are well fortify'd. The Town now seems to be in a decaying Condition, though the Fortifications are still new and good: nevertheless, the adjacent Fields are fertile, and bring forth excellent Fruits, more-especially a sort of Melons that are very much esteem'd.

Verua is water'd with the Streams of the River Po, and stands on a Rising-ground on the Frontiers of Montferrat, 16 Miles North-east of Turin, toward Casal. The Spaniards laid Siege to this Town, in 1625; but were oblig'd to decamp, without accomplishing their Design.

The Marquisate of SUSA, Marchionatus Susensis.

This Marquisate is bounded on the North by the County of Maurienne, in Savoy; as also on the East and South, by Piedmont Properly so called; and on the West, by Mount Genevre.

SƲSA, the Capital Town of the Marquisate of the same Name, is situated on the River Doria, at the foot of the Alpes Cottiae, or Mount Cenis; and Mount Genevre, that separate Piedmont from Dauphiné, being distant only 1 League from the Frontiers of France; 24 Miles from Turin to the North-west; as many from Brianson; and 19 from Pignerol to the North. It is guarded with a strong Fort built on a Hill, commanding all the Passage between the two Mountains, and hath long since enjoy'd the Title of a Marquisate. Here is still to be seen a Triumphal Arch which was erected in Honour of Augustus, in the 740th Year after the Foundation of the City of Rome: And some learned Men take this to be the Town where that Emperor set up his Trophy, fourteen Years before the Nativity of Jesus Christ; although others will have it fix'd at the foot of the Maritime Alpes, near a Place call'd Tourbie, by a corruption of the word Trophy; endeavouring to establish their Conjecture by a piece of Stone, on which are seen part of the letters composing these words, Sentes Alpinae Devictae, with the Names of some other Nations. Others affirm, That Augustus caus'd the same Trophy to be erected in two several Places, and by that means would reconcile both Opinions. Moreover, at Susa was found the Sepulchre of Cottus, from whom the Cottian Alpes took their Name. The adjacent Countrey is very fruitful, and abounds more-especially with Wine and Honey. The French took this Town, in 1630, and caus'd it to be strongly fortify'd; but it was afterward restor'd to the Duke of Savoy. However, it was again surpriz'd by them, in 1690, at the beginning of the late War between France and Savoy.

The Marquisate of SALUCES, Marchionatus Salutiensis.

This Marquisate, lying at the foot of the Alpes, is bounded on the East by Piedmont Proper; on the West, by Dauphiné; on the North, by the Valleys of the Vaudois; and on the South, by the County of Nice. It was formerly possess'd by the French Kings, until Henry IV. gave it to Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, in exchange for Bresse, Bugey, and some other Places on the hither side of the Alpes, A. D. 1600. The River Po takes its Rise in this Countrey, from the Mountain Viso, which is esteem'd the highest of the Alpes: and the Marquesses of Saluces have caus'd a famous Vault to be hew'd here out of a Rock, four Miles long, and in which the Mules may easily pass that transport Merchandizes from Italy to France. The Family of these Noble Marquesses (as it is reported) deriv'd its Original from one William, an Italian Count, who flourish'd in 910. This Marquisate contains above 50 Castles, besides the Towns, whereof the most considerable are these:

• SALƲCES, Bish. Cap.
• ...Carmagnola.
• ...Staffarda.
• ...Revel.
• ...Droner.
• ...Cental.
• ...Roquespariero.
• ...Bergues.

SALƲCES, Augustae Vagiennorum, or Salutiae, commonly call'd Saluzzo by the Inhabitants, is noted for its pleasant Situation on a Hill at the foot of the Alpes, scarcely 1 Mile from the River Po, 12 nigh South of Pignerol, and 22 South-west of Turin. It is the Capital City of the Marquisate of the same Name, and an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Turin; nevertheless, exempted from its Jurisdiction. The Cathedral Church is extremely Magnificent and Rich; and the Castle, built on a Hill, of no less Note, on account of its Regular Fortifications. This Place was both taken by the French, and recover'd out of their hands, A.D. 1691.

Carmagnola is a Place of great Importance, defended by a strong Fortress: It was taken, A. D. 1588, during the Civil Wars of France, by Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, wo in like manner subdu'd the whole Marquisate of Saluces, and had it afterwards left to him by a Treaty of Peace concluded in 1600. The French recover'd this Town in 1691, but lost it again the same Year. It stands 2 Miles from the River Po, and 9 South of Turin.

Staffarda is a small Town about 4 Miles North of Saluces, remarkable only for the Victory which the French obtain'd there over the present Duke of Savoy, in the Month of August, A. D. 1690. Indeed, this was the first Battle that His Royal Highness was ever present at: nevertheless, he shew'd therein many notable Proofs both of his Conduct and Valour; but his Forces being raw and undisciplin'd, were over-match'd. The Loss of the Confederates was about 800 Men kill'd, and as many wounded; that of the French not amounting to above 500.

The Valleys of the VAUDOIS, Valles Waldensium.

The VAƲDOIS have render'd themselves so Famous in the late War, by vigorously attacking and defeating considerable Parties of the French, in divers Rencounters, that it may not be improper to give some Account of their Original and Countrey. The Name of Vaudois was first impos'd on those poor People of Lyons, in France, the Followers of Peter Valdo, or Vaud, a rich Merchant of that City, about the Year 1160, who seeing a Friend of his die suddenly, began to enter into a serious Consideration about a Future State, and from that time diligently apply'd himself to the Study of the Holy Scriptures. Whereupon, having discover'd the Errors of the Church of Rome, he divulg'd them to his Friends, and instructed the Poor, distributing Benevolences among them with great Bounty and Charity; but had no thought of setting himself up for the Chief of a Sect or Party, until the Clergy Excommucating him, and persecuting some of his Disciples, they retir'd into the Valleys of Piedmont, and found there some ancient Christians that were also call'd Vaudes.

The Valleys of the Vaudois lie between French Piedmont on the West and North, Piedmont Proper on the East, and the Marquisate of Saluces on the South, being usually divided into Five remarkable Valleys: Viz.

The Valley of

• 1. Pragelas, or Cluson.
• 2. Perouse.
• 3. St. Martyn.
• 4. Angrogne.
• 5. Lucerne.

In the Year 1688, the Duke of Savoy was incited by the French King to persecute the poor Inhabitants of these Valleys; who having, in vain, endeavour'd to preserve their Religion and Liberties, were at last taken Prisoners, and cast into a noisom Goal, where a great number of them perish'd; the rest, at the Solicitation of the Reformed Cantons of Switzerland, being permitted to go wheresoever they thought fit, retir'd for the most part, into the Territories of the Elector of Brandenburgh; who entertain'd them with great Generosity and Charity, giving them certain Lands to cultivate. But in 1690, His Royal Highness the Duke of Savoy, on the Mediation of King William, graciously recall'd these Refugees to their native Country, and restor'd them to all their former Privileges and Immunties, &c.

The County of Boglio; or Bueil (according to the French Pronunciation;) Boleanus Tractus; lies between that of Nice, where it is united, and Provence, taking its Name from its chief Town, which was heretofore govern'd by its proper Counts, and is built amidst the Mountains, at the distance of 3 Leagues from Entrevaux to the East. Divers other Towns are also included within its Jurisdiction; viz. those of Lauset, Chateau-Neuf, St. Dames, Pojet, &c. To these may be added Oneglia and Tenda.

Oneglia, Onelia, or Ʋnelia, is seated on the Coasts of Genoa, in a most delightful and fertile Valley, abounding with Grapes, Olives, and other sorts of Fruit. It is dignify'd with the Title of a Principality, or Marquisate, and was formerly govern'd by its own proper Princes or Lords, until one of them, nam'd Hieronymo Doria, sold it to the Duke of Savoy, A.D. 1576. This Place, which is wash'd by the Mediterranean Sea, almost 36 Miles South of Coni, and 42 East of Nice, was bombarded by the French, A. D. 1692.

Tenda is a small Town with a strong Castle, in the County of Nice, and the Capital of a Territory of that Name. It stands on the Banks of the River Rodia, in the Apennine, 25 Miles North-east of Nice, and 19 South of Coni. In fine, the whole Principality of Piedmont contains about 50 Counties, 15 Marquisates, 52 Earldoms, 160 Walled Towns, and 20 Abbeys, besides a great number of Lordships. The Dukes ordinary Revenue is, by most, agreed to be 1800000 Crowns, of which Piedmont alone yields 1400000. He is able to bring into the Field 30000 Foot, and 5000 Horse, and yet leave enough at Home to guard his Country, (says Leti.) He may travel almost the space of 200 Miles through his own Dominions, from Evian on the Lake of Geneva, as far as Nice on the Mediterranean Sea.

CHAP. III. The Coasts of GENOA, Ora Genuensis.

THE Coasts of GENOA are extended from the River Var, that separates Provence, in France, from Italy, as far as the Magra, containing in Length, from East to West (setting aside Nice) about 155 Miles; in Breadth, from North to South, in the widest part, 30 Miles, and in many Places not above 10 Miles; and bounds them on the Eastern and Western sides, as the Dutchies of Montferrat, Milan and Parma serve as their Limits on the North, and the Sea on the South. On these wide Coasts are built many Towns subject to the Jurisdiction of divers Sovereigns, and others that appertain to the Republick of Genoa. The Country answers, in part, to that of the Ancient Ligurians, who dispersed themselves in Colonies as far as the Rivers Po and Arno: But at present, the Territories of this State are divided into the Eastern and Western Rivers, of which the City of Genoa, seated in the midst, is the proper Boundary. The Western Coasts bring forth abundance of Orange, Citron, Palm and Cedar Trees, together with excellent Vines: The Eastern is not so fruitful; and the Middle of the Country is rugged, full of Hills, and affords little Profit. But the Division thereof may be more distinctly perceiv'd by the ensuing Table.

The Coasts of GENOA

• 1. Part of the Coasts of Genoa, subject to divers Sovereigns,
  • NICE, Coun. and Bish. appertaining to the Duke of Savoy.
  • Ville-Francha, Port, appertaining to the Duke of Savoy.
  • Donas, Vil. appertaining to the Duke of Savoy.
  • Maro, Marq. appertaining to the Duke of Savoy.
  • Monaco, Princ. to the Prince of Monaco.
  • Final, Marq. to the King of Spain.
• 2. The Western Coasts,
  • St. Remo, Port.
  • Vintimiglia, Bish.
  • Albenga, Bish.
  • Noli, Bish.
  • Savona, Bish.
  • GENOA, Archb. Cap. Port.
• 3. The Eastern Coasts,
  • Sarzana, Bish.
  • Brugneto, Bish.
  • ...Rapallo.
  • La Vegna.
  • La Spezza.
  • ...Torreglia.

NICE, Nicaea, or Nicia, Ital. Nizza, is situated in a very fruitful Plain at the foot of the Alpes, and on the Sea-shore, at the distance only of 2 Miles from the mouth of the River Var, 68 South of Pignerol, 78 almost South of Turin, 72 East of Ambrun, 100 East of Aix, and as many West of Genoa. It sprang up out of the Ruins of Cemeleneum, or Cimella, and was built by the Inhabitants of Marselle, taking its Name, which signifies Victory, from the Conquest which those People, who had establish'd divers Colonies in those Parts, gain'd over the Ligurians. The Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Ambrun, was in like manner translated from Cimella to Nice, which is also the Metropolis of a County of the same Name. This City is great, splendid and populous, having a Cathedral, three Parishes, one College, and several Religious Houses, and much enrich'd by Traffick, being adorn'd with a capacious Harbour, and defended with one of the strongest Castles throughout Europe. Moreover, the Amphitheatre, Inscriptions, and other remarkable Monuments as yet to be seen therein, are a sufficient Testimony of its Antiquity. Pope Paul III. came thither, A. D. 1558. and an Interview was held in the same Place by His Holiness, the Emperor Charles V. and Francis I. King of France; whereupon a Teaty of Truce for 10 Years was concluded between these Two Princes.

The City of Nice was heretofore subject to the Kings of Burgundy, and afterward to the Counts of Provence, whence it was commonly call'd Nice de la Provence; but at length it fell into the Hands of the Dukes of Savoy, about A. D. 1365. and hath ever since remain'd in their Possession, together with the adjacent Province, or County, which is usually divided into 4 Vicariates, viz. those of Nice, Barcelona, Sospello, and Puerino. The Counties of Boglio and Tenda, do likewise depend on its Jurisdiction. The Place was taken by the French, from the Duke of Savoy, in the Year 1691.

Ville-Franca, Villa-Franca, or Olivula, had its station within the Limits of the County of Nice, in the midst, between Monaco to the East, and the City of Nice to the West, being 3 Miles East of Nice, and above 5 West of Monaco. This Sea-Port Town was built, A. D. 1295. at the special Command of Charles II. of Anjou, King of Sicily, and Count of Provence; and afterward a very strong Fort was added thereto, by the Order of Emanuel Philibert, Du•e of Savoy, who left it as an Inheritance to his Successors. The Place was taken by the French, in 1691. at the same time that Nice was.

Monaco, Monaecium, or Herculis Monaeci portus, corruptly call'd Mourgues by the Provencians, is a small Principality lying between the County of Nice and the Dominions of the State of Genoa, consisting only of 3 Places of no large Extent, viz. Monaco the Capital, Roccabruna, and Menton. The Town of Monaco is distant above 5 Miles from Nice, toward Albenga, and remains under the Government of its proper Princes, of the Family of Grimaldi, who having expell'd the Spaniards, A. D. 1641. were oblig'd to seek for the Protection of the French King, and constantly to entertain a Garrison of his Soldiers. The House of Grimaldi is one of the most Illustrious of Italy, and is divided into many Branches, that have obtain'd the Principalities of Salerno, Gieraci, and St. Catherine, together with the Dutchies of Euboli and Terranova. Indeed, Monaco is a small Town, but almost inaccessible, having a safe Harbour, and being defended with a strong old Castle founded on a Rock, and washed by the Waves of the Sea.

Final, Finalium, or Finarium, stands in the midst between Savona to the East, and Albenga to the West, on the Coasts of Genoa, and is dignified with the Title of a Marquisate, which is extended along the Sea-shore only for the space of 2 Leagues, where it hath two Points of Rocks for its Bounds The Town is Walled, and hath for its Defence a strong Castle, flank'd with 4 Towers, and erected on the top of a Mountain, the Avenues whereof are guarded with 2 Forts. At the distance of 1 Mile from hence is situated a Burrough call'd La Marina di Finale, which is in like manner fenced with 2 high Fortresses. This Sovereignty hath for a long time appertain'd to the House of Caneto, but the Spaniards surpriz'd the Town in 1602. and caus'd the last Marquis of that Family to be put to Death, to secure their Possession. It stands 37 Miles South-East of Coni, 40 nigh West of Genoa, and 60 almost South of Turin and Casal.

Maro, Marium, is a Town of a Marquisate and Valley of the same Name, on the Coasts of Genoa, appertaining to the Jurisdiction of the Duke of Savoy.

S. Remo, Fanum S. Remul, or Remigli, a considerable Town and Port, is seated on the Coasts of Genoa, being distant about 11 or 12 Leagues from Nice, and 5 from Monaco to the East, between Vintimiglia and Oniglia. The adjacent Country is extremely fruitful of Oranges, Citrons and Olives.

Vintimiglia, Vintemelium, Albium Intimelium, or Albintemelium, is in like manner situated on the Sea-shore, on the Frontiers of the Dutchy of Savoy, and the County of Nice, at the distance of 17 Miles East of Nice, 40 South of Coni, and 48 nigh West of Genoa. It is the Seat of a Prelate suffragan to the Archbishop of Milan, and hath been subject to the Dominion of the Genoeses ever since the Year 1238. The Town is but of a small Compass; nevertheless, it is fortified with a strong Castle standing on a Hill, the foot whereof is water'd with the Streams of the little River La Rotta, which here dischargeth it self into the Sea.

Albenga, Albingannum, is an ancient and large City, but not very populous, by reason of the unwholsomness of the Air, being distant 10 Miles North-East of Oneglio, and almost 52 West of Genoa. It was erected into an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Genoa, by Pope Alexander III. A.D. 1179. and hath a very commodious Haven. Over-against this Place lies a small Island, or rather a Rock, commonly call'd l Isoletta di Albenga, and was heretofore known by the Name of Gallineria.

Noli, Naulum, or Naulium, is built in a verdant Plain, on the Western Coasts of Genoa, but destiute of an Harbour; between Savona to the North-East, and Albenga to the South-West; being about 1 Mile East of Final, and 35 West of Genoa. This small City, the Episcopal See whereof is subject to the Metropolitan of Genoa, was, in time past, the Capital of a peculiar Lordship, but at present is united to the Dominions of that Republick.

Savona, or Savo, stands on the Mediterranean, almost 15 Miles East of Final, 24 West of Genoa, and 22 from Acqui to the South. A Bishop's See, under the Metropolitan of Milan, hath been long since establish'd in this City, which is the Second of the State of Genoa, whereto it hath formerly given some cause of Jealousie, when favour'd by Francis I. King of France; insomuch that the Genoeses stopt up the Harbour, altho' it was one of the most commodious of these Coasts: It was a very populous City; and here are also to be seen divers stately Churches, 5 Gates, 2 Fortresses, and a Citadel. Moreover, Savona hath been the Place of Nativity of Three several Popes, viz. Gregory VII. Julius II. and Sixtus IV.

GENOA, Genua, Ital. Genoua, the Metropolis of the Republick, situated on the Coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, is the most famous City of Italy for Traffick; and the Seat of an Archbishop, erected by Innocent II. A. D. 1132. It is extended in compass for the space of 2 Leagues, rising up on an •ill with a gentle Ascent, in form of a Theatre. Its tall Streets, rising by degrees from the Sea, make the noblest Prospect in the World. It has about 17200 Houses, and is well fortify'd with firm Ramparts, strong Walls, and 5 Gates toward the Land, on which are planted divers pieces of Artillery. The Port is no longer dangerous, since it hath been shut up with a large Mole 600 Paces in length, over against which, a Promontory runs out, whereto is join'd another Mole of 500 Paces, which scarce is to be parallel'd, and a Watch-Tower of curious Workmanship, commonly call'd La Lanterna, where a very strong Castle formerly stood, but is now demolish'd. Here are a great Number of stately Edifices, among which, the Palace of Doria is more-especially remarkable, reaching from the Sea-shore to the top of a Mountain; the Apartments thereof are very regular and spacious, the Furniture very rich, and every thing therein appears extremely magnificent. Moreover, the Palace of the Signiory, where the Doge keeps his Court, that of the Casa del Imperial, the Arsenal, the Dome, or Cathedral Church of St. Lawrence, in which is to be seen a Plate made of a single Emerald; the Annunciado, the Church of the Jesuits, dedicated to St. Ambrose; and that of St. Cyrus, appertaining to the Theatines, are very much admir'd by Travellers. The old Streets in the midst of the Town are narrow and dark; but the others lately built are very broad and fair, especially that call'd the New-Street, which consists altogether of Palaces, and noble Piles of Building; insomuch, that it is not to be admir'd that Genoa hath acquir'd the Title of The Proud.

The Inhabitants are skilful in Maritim Affairs, and have signaliz'd their Valour on divers Occasions. They are very much addicted to Merchandizing, and Persons of Quality are allowed to drive an Wholesale Trade without any derogation to their Honour, as well as throughout all the other Provinces of Italy. It is reported, That there are above 20000 Families in this City, that gain a competent Livelyhood by making Stuffs, and Silk-Stockings. The State maintains a great number of Vessells and Galleys; and private Citizens are permitted to set many out to Sea for their own proper Advantage. Here are two sorts of Noblemen, viz. Some descended of an ancient Stock, and others newly created: the first of these are distinguished in 28 Families, whereof 4 are the principal; that is to say, those of Grimaldi, Fiesque, Doria, and Spinola: Among these there are several Lords so Rich and Potent, that 'tis dangerous to admit them to a share in the Government, lest they should tyrannically usurp it. This City must be very populous; for in one Plague they lost 80000 Souls: but in the Year 1684. the Bombarding this Place did a great deal of Mischief; this being the first City that had the Maidenhead of Bombs. This City is of very great Antiquity, mention having been made of it in History above 1800 Years agoe: The Romans subdued it among many other considerable Places, afterward the Lombards made themselves Masters thereof; and the Emperors of Germany have for some time since retain'd it in their Possession. Nevertheless, we do not find any memorable Transactions of its State recorded until the Year 1099. The French have found means to seize on the City of Genoa 7 several times; and it is probable, that so many Revolutions have not happen'd in any other Place throughout the World. And indeed, it hath been observ'd, that from the Year 1494. unto 1528. 12 different sorts of Governments have been establish'd therein: For the supreme Magistrates were 1. Counts or Earls; 2. Consuls; 3. Podesta's; 4. Captains; 5. Governours; 6 Lieutenants; 7. Rectors of the People; 8. Abbots of the People; 9. Reformers; 10. Noble Dukes; 11. Popular Dukes; and 12. Aristocratical States, whose Authority as yet continues; and the Chief of whom is called the Doge or Duke, who exerciseth the Functions of his Offices only for the space of Two Years.

However, the Genoeses have contributed much to the maintaining of the Wars against the Infidels, and have taken from them the Kingdoms of Corsica, Sardignia, and Cyprus, together with the Isles of Metelin and Chio, and the Towns of Caffa and Pera. The City of Genoa hath also brought forth divers Illustrious Personages, particularly 3 or 4 Popes, and that renowned Navigator Christophorus Columbus or Coloo. It is true indeed, that one cannot well rely on the Fidelity of these People, and that the Italians have not made those Proverbs concerning them without a Cause, viz. Gente Senza fede, Mare senza pesce, Monte senza legno, and Donne senza vergogna; that is, Men without Faith, Sea without Fish, Mountains without Wood, and Women without Shame. At present the City is govern d by a Doge, during Two Years, (as it hath been already intimated) who is assisted with 8 Senators called Governours, certain Procurators, and a Grand Council consisting of 4002 Noblemen, which is usually termed the Signiory. The Publick Revenue is said to be 120000 Crowns Yearly, and yet scarce sufficient to defray the publick Expences. The Inhabitants have heretofore acquir'd much Reputation, by Reason of their notable Exploits; and Genoa hath of late recover'd its Liberty through the Valour, and prudent Conduct of Andrea Doria, who deriv'd his Extraction from the ancient Race of Noblemen of this famous City, which is distant 65 Miles South of Milan, 78 almost South-East of Turin, 80 nigh West of Parma, 140 almost North-West of Florence, and 260 North-West of Rome.

Sarzana, Serezana or Sergianum and Luna Nova, is defended with a very strong Castle on the very Confines of Tuscany, and dignified with the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Pisa, although exempted from the Jurisdiction of the Archbishop of that Province. It sprang up out of the Ruins of the neighbouring City of Luna, and Pope Nicolas V. a Native of the same Place, caus'd the Bishoprick to be translated thither, A. D. 1450. It stands in the midst between Massa and Spetoia to the West, about 34 Miles from Lucca to the North-West, and 18 from Brugneto.

Brugneto, Brugnetum or Brunictum, is seated at the foot of the Apennine, and on the Banks of the River Verra, at the distance of 9 Miles from Pontremoli to the West; as many from Spezia to the North, and 44 from Genoa to the East. It is a City of a small compass, and ill built, yet honour'd with the Title of an Episcopal See, subject to the Metropolitan of Genoa.

Rapallo, Rapallum, is built on the Eastern Coasts of Genoa, and hath a safe Harbour, being distant only 3 Miles from Portofino, and about 23 from Genoa to the East toward Spezia, from whence a small adjacent Bay is called Il Golfo di Rapallo. But we must distinguish this Town from the Bishoprick of Rapallo, in the Province of Basilicata, in the Kingdom of Naples.

Lavagna, Lavania or Lebonia, is a small Town on the Sea-shore, near the Mouth of a River of the same Name, which was formerly, and even as yet, sometime called Entella, between Chiavari to the West, and Sestri di Levante to the East. The Counts of Fiesque, so much celebrated in History, deriv'd their Original from this Place, which still remains in the Possessions of their Family.

La Spetia, La Spezia, Spedia stands on the side of a Mountain, in a very delightful and fertil Country, which hath induc'd the Genoeses to build divers Houses of Pleasure therein. It is also defended with strong Fortresses, for the safety of those Vessels that ride in the Bay, called from thence Il Golfo della Spetia. This Town, being an ancient Patrimony of the House of Fiesque, is distant 7 Miles from Sarzana, and the Ruins of Luna, as also 4 from Porto Venere to the North, and 11 from Brugneto.

CHAP. IV. MONTFERRAT, Monsferratus, or Monsferranus.

THe Territories of MONTFERRAT lie between those of Piedmont to the North and West, the State of Genoa to the South, and the Dutchy of Milan to the East. Its Extent from North to South consists of about 62 Miles, and 48 from East to West. It is a very fruitful Country, including within its limits almost 200 Towns, Boroughs, and Castles, and enjoys the Title of a Marquisate and Dutchy. The Hills bring forth Corn plentifully, and Grapes, whereof are made excellent Wines, more-especially Muscadines. Moreover, in the Campaign of Alba and Acqui, is found good store of Patridges and Pheasants. This Country hath remain'd under the Dominion of its proper Lords ever since the beginning of the X. Century, until, by virtue of a Treaty concluded at Cherasco, A. D. 1631. it was divided between Two Soveraigns: for that Part thereof, which is extended on the hither side of the River Po, and beyond the Tanaro, was granted to Victor Amadeo, Duke of Savoy; and the rest of the Province appertains to the Jurisdiction of the Duke of Mantua, excepting Casal, which the present French King, Lewis XIV. purchas'd of the latter, A. D. 1682. as it appears more plainly in the ensuing Table:

Appertaining to

The D. of Savoy,	The D. of Mantua,	The French.
Alba, Bish.	Acqui, Bish. Cap.	CASAL, Bish. & Fort.
Turin	Ripalia
Legorn	Occimiano
Bianza	Belzola
Salugio
Verolongo

CASAL, Casale, or Bodincomagus, situated on the River Po, is the Metropolis of Montferrat, and one of the strongest Holds of Italy. Pope Sixtus IV. erected it into an Episcopal See, A. D. 1474. at the Request of Gulielmus Palaeologus, Marquis of Montferrat; who having abandoned his Seat at Occimiano, began to reside in this City, which is distant 38 Miles East of Turin, 42 West of Milan, and 56 almost North-West of Genoa. It is commonly call'd in Italian, Casale di St. Vaso for St. Evasio, from St. Evasius, the Patron thereof, to distinguish it from some other Towns of the same Name. It is defended on one side by a strong Citadel compos'd of 6 Bastions, with deep Ditches, firm Walls, Ramparts, and Half-Moons; and on the other side, by a Castle flanked with 4 large Towers, and as many lined Half-Moons that cover the Flanks, together with a wide Trench, a Counterscarp, and a Corridor. The Town is very pleasant, as being adorn'd with divers well-built Churches, and other fair Structures, but not much frequented, by reason of the unwholsomness of the Air. More-over, Casal is Famous on the account of the Sieges which it hath of late sustain'd, and for the Slaughter of the Spaniards; to whom it hath prov'd, as it were, a Stumbling-block: For their Forces, under the Command of Gonzales, besieg'd it in the beginning of the Year 1629. but were oblig'd to retire in the Night on the approach of the Army of the French King Lewis XIII. In the Year ensuing, they beleager'd it a second time under the Conduct of Ambrosio Spinola; but it was vigorously defended by the Marquis de Toiras. In 1640. the Spaniards being conducted by the Marquis de Leganez, appear'd again before Casal; but the Count de Harcourt put them to flight on the 29th. of April, and seiz'd on their Standards, Artillery, and Baggage, after having slain 2000 Men, and taken as many Prisoners. However, they were more Fortunate in 1652. during the Commotions of France, and made themselves absolute Masters of this City, which was afterward surrender'd to the Duke of Mantua, who kept a Garrison therein for some time, and at length sold it to the present French King, Lewis XIV. on the 30th. of September, 1681. In this late War, the Duke of Savoy block'd it up from March to October, 1693. although he wanted Troops to recruit his Army after the Battel of Marseillene.

Alba, Alba Pompeia, is water'd with the Streams of the River Tanaro, and affords a Seat to a Prelate suffragan to the Archbishop of Milan. It hath been often fortify'd, but is always commanded by the adjacent Hills, as well as Turin; insomuch that it hath lately suffer'd considerable Damage, and at present is inhabited by very few People. This Town is distant 15 Miles South-west of Asti, 23 South-east of Turin, and 24 West of Acqui.

Acqui, Aquae Statellae, or Statiellae, seated on the Banks of the River Bromia, near the Apennine, is in like manner an Episcopal See, subject to the Metropolitan of Milan, being distant 22 Miles South-east of Asti, 30 North-west of Genoa, and 27 South of Casal. It hath been much impair'd during the last Italian War, and began to decline ever since the Foundation of Alexandria della Paglia, which depended on its Jurisdiction. However, this Town is famous for its Baths of Hot Waters impregnated with Sulphur, whereto many Persons resort from divers Places, in the Months of May and September.

The Dutchy of MILAN, Mediolanensis Ducatus.

The MILANESE, or State of MILAN, is bounded on the West by the Principality of Piedmont, and the Marquisate of Montferrat: On the North, by the Country of Wallistand, the Bailiages of Logan, Locerno and Meadrisi, the County of Chiavenna, and part of the Valteline: On the East, by the State of Venice, and the Dutchies of Mantua and Parma: And on the South, by the Republick of Genoa. It is extended from East to almost West 155 Miles; and from North to South 115; which ought to be understood with respect to its greatest Length and Breadth. This Dutchy, bing one of the most Illustrious of Europe, appertains to the Dominions of the King of Spain, who holds it in Fee of the Emperor, as well as the Town of Final. The Governor bears the Title of Lieutenant, and Captain-General to His Most Catholick Majesty, and acts with very great Authority: which hath given occasion to a common Saying, That the King of Spain reigns in Sicily by Gentleness; in the Kingdom of Naples, by Subtilty; and in the Territories of Milan, by Arbitrary Power. It is also said of these Three Governments, That the First only Knows; The Second Eats; And the Third Devours. His Catholick Majesty draws from hence, every Year, the Summ of 3000000 Livres; besides a Million which the Inhabitants are oblig'd to pay to him during the time of the War; without reckoning the Governor's Revenue, and that which he extorts otherwise, which amounts to little less. It is certain, that almost all the Vice-Roys of Spain are petty Tyrants; and that no Government is more pernicious both to the Sovereign, and his Subjects, than the Triennial. Mr. Lassels says, This State, for a need, can raise 50000 Men.

In this Province are contain'd a great number of Lakes, Rivers, and fruitful Fields, that plentifully bring forth divers sorts of Grains and Fruit, more-especially Rice, and Grapes of a most delicious Taste. Cremona, in particular, affords vast quantities of Corn, Wine, Honey, Flax and Fruits. In the verdant Meadows round about Lodi, good store of Cattle are fed, more-especially large Oxen; and all kinds of Grains and Fruits are generally found there. The Country of Pavia is commoly call'd the Garden of Milan, yielding much variety of Game, both for Hound and Hawk, together with abundance of Domestick Fowls and Fishes. Como enjoys great Plenty of all Provisions, being well stor'd with many sorts of Merchandizes that are transported hither out of divers Provinces. In fine, Lodi is famous for excellent Cheeses, which are made there in great quantities. It is spoken proverbially in this Country, That the Women of Milan are very Honest and Generous; Those of Lodi, Superstitious; Those of Pavia, Covetous; And those of Cremona, Magnificent.

The Romans, after having subdued the Gauls, for a long time possess'd these Territories; and several Emperors have chosen Milan for the usual Place of their Residence. This Province hath been often expos'd to the Incursions of the Goths, and many other Barbarous Nations; and was subject to the Dominion of the Lombards, until the time of Charlemaign, who abolish'd the Kingdom of Lombardy. It was afterwards possess'd by divers Lords and Dukes, the Chief of whom were those of the Families of Visconti and Sforza. The Kings of France have pretended to have a Right of succeeding the former, by virtue of the Marriage of Valentina, the Daughter of G. Galeaceo Visconte, the First Duke of Milan, with Lewis of France, Duke of Orleans, and Second Son of King Charles V. which hath been the cause of many violent Wars: insomuch that the Emperor Charles V. to put an end to these Feuds, after the Death of Francisco Sforza, the Last Duke of Milan, in 1535, amus'd the French King, Francis I. for a long while, with the hopes of Installing one of his Sons in the Dutchy: But notwithstanding so fair a Promise offer'd even to the Electors of the Empire, he took care that the Investiture should be made in favour of his own Son Philip II. The earnest Desire of getting the Possession of this Country, hath caus'd a great number of Sieges to be laid, and many Battels to be fought▪ eight of which are more-especially remarkable, viz. 1st. The Battle of Caravaggio, Agnaldel, or Rivalta, gain'd by the French, in the Year 1509. 2d. That of Novara, in 1512. 3d. That of Marignan, in 1515, wherein the French, in like manner had the Advantage. 4th. That of Bicoque, in 1521. 5th. That of Pavia, in 1524. 6th. That of Ladriano, in 1528. 7th. That of Tesino, in 1636. And the 8th. That of Cremona, in 1648, where the French remain'd Masters of the Field. It hath been also observ'd, That the Capital City of this Dutchy hath been Besieged forty times, and Taken two and twenty.

The most considerable Cities and Towns of the State of Milan are these: Viz.

• MILAN, Archb. Capital.
• Pavia, Bish.
• Como, Bish.
• Novara, Bish.
• Lodi, Bish.
• Bobbio, Bish.
• Alexandria della Paglia, Bish.
• Cremona, Bish.
• Vigevano, Bish.
• Tortona, Bish.
• ...Mortara.
• ...Lecco.
• ...Caravaggio.
• ...Marignan.
• ...Ʋgogna.
• Casal Maggiore.
• ...Voghera.
• ...Anghiera.

MILAN, Mediolanum, is one of the four Principal Cities of Italy; the other three being Rome, Venice and Naples: It is situated in a verdant Plain, between the River Addua and Tesino, from which two Chanels are deriv'd, of very great use for the conveying of Merchandizes into the City, which is distant 43 Miles almost East of Casal, 65 North of Genoa, 72 North-west of Parma, 84 almost East of Turin, 84 West of Mantua, 106 almost North-west of Modena, 158 North-west of Florence, 168 West of Venice, and 192 North-west of Rome. It is the See of an Archbishop, and the Metropolis of the Dutchy whereto it hath communicated its Name, being govern'd by the Lieutenant of the King of Spain, and a Senate compos'd of a President and twelve Senators, three of whom are generally Spaniards by Birth.

This City (as it is believ'd) was built by the Gauls, who, under the Conduct of Bellovesus, settl'd themselves in Italy, about A. D. 170, and hath been often ruin'd by the Barbarous Nations. Bellisarius took it from the Ostrogoths, at the Solicitation of Dacius the Archbishop: But Vitiges King of the same Ostrogoths regain'd it, A. D. 539, when 300000 Persons perish'd by the Sword, or through Hunger. After the Reign of Charles sirnam'd the Great, or Charlemaign, MILAN, together with the adjacent Territories, was united to the Empire, and became so Rich and Potent, that it injuriously treated the other Towns with great Scorn and Contempt; insomuch that the Arrogance of the Inhabitants oblig'd the Emperor Frederick I. sirnam'd Barbarossa, to make Preparations for War, and to impose divers Tributes on them, after having defeated, their Forces, A. D. 1160. In a second Expedition which the said Emperor undertook into Italy, he made himself Master of their City, utterly ruin'd it, and caus'd Salt to be sowed therein, sparing only some few Churches. However, those Citizens who had esc•p'd the Slaughter, found means to re-build it, under the Protection of Pope Alezander III. and through the Assistance of their Neighbours. Afterward it fell into the Possession of several Lords, who were succeeded by the Dukes.

The Churches and Publick Buildings of Milan are extremely Magnificent, more-especially the Palaces of the Borromeo's, Visconti's, Sforza's, Trivulcio's and Marini's. Here are also reckon'd up 22 Gates, 230 Churches, 96 Parishes, 40 Monasteries of Monks, 50 Convents of Nuns, 100 Fraternities, and 10 Hospitals wherein are maintain'd 9000 indigent and sick Persons at the Expence of the State, above 4000 being reliev'd in the Grand Hospital alone. The City being of a round form, extends it self in compass for the space of about 10 Miles, and contains about 18500 Houses, and the Inhabitants are by some reckon'd 300000 Souls. The Artificers, lodged in several Quarters and Streets, are very expert in divers sorts of Mechanical Handycrafts, particularly in the casting of Cannons, and Hilts for Swords, and in making of Laces, Embroideries, &c. Indeed, the Shops of the Workers in Crystal which is brought thither from the Alpes, deserves to be view'd by Strangers, where they will meet with many Curiosities, as well as in those of the Enamellers of Gold and Silver. The Ambrosian Library is one of the most remarkable throughout the whole Country of Italy: It was dedicated to St. Ambrose, by its Founder Cardinal Frederick Borromeo, and contains about 40000 Volumes. A stately Gallery of Paintings is joyn'd to the same Fabrick, where are to be seen the Original Draughts of the most famous Masters of that Art. Moreover, the Library of the Dominicans is very considerable; as also the Gallery of the Canon Mantredo Settali, fill'd with all manner of Rarities both of Art and Nature. But that which surpasseth all the Wonders in this City, is, the Cathedral of St. Ambrose, commonly call'd the Dome, cover'd all over, both on the Inside and Outside, with White Marble; and environ'd with 600 Statues of the same Stone, every one whereof cost above a Thousand Crowns: Besides 160 Pillars of so great thickness, that three Men can scarcely grasp the Shanks of one of them with their Arms extended; they are esteem'd to be worth above Ten thousand Crowns a-piece. Among the Statues, that of Adam, and St. Bartholomow Flea'd, are chiefly admir'd. The Roof is of a prodigious height, more-especially over the middle of the Church, which is not at all inferiour to that of St. Peter at Rome, although a sixth part lesser, or to that of St. Sophia at Constantinople. It is enrich'd with a vast quantity of Reliques, and among others, the Bodies of St. Ambrose, St. Charles Borromeo, St. Gervace, and St. Prochasius. It is in like manner worth the while to take an exact view of the Chapel wherein St. Augustine was Baptiz'd; and of the Tombs of the Emperor Lewis, and Pepin King of Italy, both the Sons of Charlemaign; as also of the High Altar, together with its rich Crosses, valu'd at 200000 Crowns; and 14000 Marble Figures, all artificially Carv'd from the Life. The Foundation of this noble Structure was laid by Gio Galeaceo Visconti, the First Duke of Milan, on the 13th. of June, A. D. 1386; and the Building hath been since carry'd on above 300 Years: nevertheless, only some Parts of the Church are absolutely brought to Perfection; so that 'tis probable, the Design of the Chapter is never to finish the whole work, since it is not their Interest so to do; for the Legacies, and other Donations continually made for that purpose, bring them in vast Summs of Money, which they know how to apply to several Uses. The Pavement of this same Cathedral is firmer and more solid than that of St. Peter's at Rome; for the latter consists only of Leaves of Marble, which begin to crack already, and some time or other will be worn to pie•••; whereas here the Squares are much thicker. Indeed this Pavement is not yet finish'd; and (as they say) will cost 66290 Crowns, without comprehending that of the Quire, in the laying whereof 5250 Crowns have been already disburs'd. The Masons cut Stone, and the Women sow and spin, or sell Fruit in the midst of the Church; which, together with its obscurity, and considering that many things are still left imperfect, render the Prospect of the Inside not very delectable to the Eye.

The Fortifications of this City are no less admirable; and it must be acknowledg'd, that there is not any where to be found a stronger or more beautiful Castle than that of Milan; before which Fortress lies a spacious Plat of Ground, where almost all the Persons of Quality are wont to walk, as well as in the Street of the Court. The Counterscarp, which first offers it self to our sight, is very high, and well flank'd with a large Corrider or Covert-way on the side of the Town; together with several Trenches full of running Water, continually supply'd by three Rivulets; and six Royal Bastions lined with Brick; the principal Gate being defended by two Towers built after the ancient Method and Architecture, with Stones of a prodigious size. Afterward, we enter into a second Quarter, enclos'd with a Brick Wall of a great thickness, and rais'd very high; together some old Towers, and a deep Moat: round about this Wall runs a large Gallery cover'd and supported with Pillars of Brick, on which the Cannons are planted, at the distance of three Paces one from another, to the number of 200 Pieces of Artillery. There are also some Cavaliers erected that command the adjacent Country; and the Apartments underneath afford Lodgings to the Soldiers. From thence we pass to the Palace of the ancient Dukes of Milan, built of Brick, after a very magnificent manner, which serves as the Donjon, where are preserved in a large Hall many sorts of excellent Arms of great Value, and with which 10 or 12 thousand Persons may be well accoutred. The Court-Yard, an open Place, is so spacious, that a Body of 5 or 6 thousand Men may be easily drawn up in Battalia therein: and here are divers Mills for the grinding of Corn, from whence the Water that drives them cannot be taken away or dreined, by reason that the Spring riseth within the Castle it self. The Garrison consists altogether of Spaniards, who do not suffer any one to enter, more-especially French-men, without the Permission of the Governor; which is seldom granted. This Fortress takes up the space of a League and a half in compass, and maintains within its Bounds all sorts of Artificers. Lastly, the Suburbs form, as it were, one Body with the City, being in like manner encompass'd with Bastions, Ditches, Out-works, and other regular Fortifications: insomuch, that although Milan hath sustain'd many terrible Assaults, both of Plague and War, as having been 40 times Besieg'd, and Taken 22. Nevertheless, its Grandeur is so well re-establish'd, that it may be now reckon'd among the fairest and most flourishing Cities of Europe.

Pavia, Ticinum or Papia, and Papia Flavia, the Capital City of the Country of Pavese, and the S•cond in the Dukedom of Milan, is advantagiously seated on the Banks of the River Tesino within the Territories of Milan, from whence it is distant 15 Miles to the South; 32 West of Piacenza, 42 East of Casal, and 46 North of Genoa. It is adorn'd with an University, and an Episcopal See, depending immediately on the Jurisdiction of that of Rome. It hath been sometime well Fortify'd; and, among other Bulwarks, defended with a Castle in which the Kings of Lombardy kept their Court: Nature and Art then seeming to conspire to render it one of the strongest Holds of Europe. Some Authors affirm, that it was built by the Levi and Marici before Milan, and others are of Opinion, that the Gauls were the Founders thereof within a little while after. However, it was subdued by the Romans, sackt by Attala in the V. Century, and at length ruin'd by Odoacer, who besieg'd Orestes therein. The Lombards made themselves Masters of the Town, under the Conduct of their King Alboinus, who took it after a tedious Siege, and constituted it the Metropolis of his Dominions. The Emperor Charlemaign, or Charles the Great, storm'd it A. D. 774. and carried away Captive from thence Didier the last King of the Lombards. Afterward it fell into the Possession of the Kings of Italy, until the Emperor Otho I. seiz'd on it in 951. expelling at the same time Berenger and his Son. In the Year 100•. it was almost entirely burnt by a casual Fire; and in 1059. its Inhabitants wag'd a cruel War with those of Milan. Ever since which time it hath been subject to divers Tyrants, until the Dukes of Milan, of the Family of Visconti, annex'd it to their Territories. Francis I. King of France, having surpriz'd Milan, laid Siege to Pavia, and was there taken Prisoner, his Army being routed, A. D. 1525. But Odet de Lautrec, General of the French Forces, regain'd it in 1527. It was taken again and recover'd in the ensuing Year, until at last the Spaniards remain'd the absolute Lords thereof. The University was founded by Charlemaign, A. D. 791. and re-establish'd by the Emperor Charles IV. A. D. 1361. in the time of Galeaceo Visconti. Moreover, here were erected divers Colleges of the Pope, Cardinal Borromeo, the Grisons, the Marianos, and the Jesuits; together with a great Number of magnificent Churches, particularly that of St. Peter, belonging to the Augustin Fryers; wherein lies the Body of their Founder, St. Augustin: Besides a Stone-Bridge, built over the River Tesin, which hath a very rapid course, and is the largest of all those that fall into the Po. But this small City of Pavia hath entirely lost its ancient Lustre; so that after having taken a view •hereof, one would not, in the least, imagine it to have been the Place of Residence of 20 Kings, and the Capital of their Kingdom. The Castle is an old heap of Stones, as it were abandon'd; and the Fortifications of the Town are in a very ill Condition. The University, in like manner, seems to be much decay'd, but still consists of 5 Colleges; among which, that of Borromeo is chiefly remarkable for the Beauty of its Structure. The Students walk about the City in their Robes; and those of every College wear different Gowns. Over-against the Cathedral, which is an old, low, and obscure Building, stands a brazen Statue on Horseback, suspected to be that of the Emperor Antoninus Pius. It is commonly call'd the Regisol, but the Original of the Name is unknown, although it hath been retain'd ever since the time of Platina; who declares his Opinion, That it was brought from Ravenna, when that City was taken and sackt by King Lairprandus. The same Prince (as it is reported) brought from Sardinia to Pavia the Body of St. Augustin, and caus'd it to be buried in St. Peter's Church: but the certain Place where it was laid could never be found, and the sumptuous Marble Monument in the Chapel, on the side of the Church, is only an honorary Tomb erected by the Monks of that Order.

Como, Comum, or Novocomum, stands on the side of a Lake of the same Name, at the distance of 25 Miles almost East of Burgamo, 38 North of Milan, and 84 North-East of Turin. It hath communicated its Name to the adjacent Country of Comasco, and enjoys the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Milan, and the Jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Aquileia. We are inform'd by Justin the Historian, That it was built by the Gauls, during their Expedition into Italy, under the Command of their General Brennus. In the Year 1123. the Archbishop of Milan, nam'd Anselmo di Postorula, took this City, and caus'd great Alteration to be made in its State. It also suffer'd much Damage in the beginning of the XVI. Century, during the Wars of Italy. Moreover, the Emperor Charles V. subdued it in 1520. and his Troops committed many Outrages therein, by reason that the Inhabitants had admitted a Garrison of French Soldiers.

The Lake of Como, Larius Lacus, is extended for the space of 34 Leagues in compass, and surrounded with a great Number of Towns. The River Addua crosseth it from the North-East to the South-West; and on that side where it enters, is erected the Fort of Fuentes. The City of C•mo is Rich, and very Populous, having given birth to many illustrious Personages; particularly to Pliny the Younger, Paulus Jovius, and of late, to Pope Innocent XI. descended of the Family of Odescalchi.

Novara, Novaria, is situated on a rising Ground in a very fruitful Country, call'd from thence Il Novarese, and well Fortified, being distant 13 Miles East of Verceil in Piedmont, 18 North-East of Casal, and 28 West of Milan. It is a City of much Antiquity, as it appears from many Inscriptions on Marble found there, and at present the Seat of a Prelate, suffragan to the Archbiship of Milan: Which Episcopal See was sometime possess'd by Benedict Odescalchi, afterward advanc'd to the Papal Dignity, under the Name of Innocent XI. It was also the Place of Nativity of the famous Peter Lombard, Bishop of Paris, who was usually stiled The Master of Sentences. This City hath been often the Theatre of War: for the French took Lewis Sforza, Duke of Milan before it, A. D. 1500. In 1513. the Forces of the same Nation attempted to besiege it, but were defeated by the Switzers that attackt them during the Night. However, in 1515. the French put them to flight, and in 1522. they made themselves Masters of the Place a second time, under the Conduct of one Philip Torniel, a barbarous Wretch, and formidable for his Cruelty, who was afterward hang'd.

Lodi, Laus Pompeia or Laus Nova Pompeia, stands on the Banks of th• River Aadua, amidst very fruitful Pastures, between Milan and Cremona, 24 Miles from each, and 8 South-West of Crema. It was built by the Emperor Frederick I. sirnam'd Barbarossa. 46 Years after that the ancient Town of Laus Pompeia, which is as yet a large well-frequented Village, and retains the Name of Lodi Vecchio, and by Contraction Lodive, had been ruin'd by the Milaneses, A. D. 1158. This old Borough, where many notable Footsteps of Antiquity are still to be seen, was so call'd from Pompeius Strabo, the Father of Pompey the Great, who reestablish'd a Colony therein, and is seated on the Rivulet of Silaro, at the distance only of 5 Miles to the West toward Pavia, from the new City of Lodi, which is very large, well Fortified, and erected into an Episcopal See, subject to the Metropolitan of Milan. Here also are preserv'd the Relicks of Saint Basian, who was Bishop of this Diocess in the time of St. Ambrose.

Bobbio, Bobio or Bobi; Bobium is a City of a small compass, seated on the River Trebia, in a Plain between the Mountains, on the very Borders of the Dutchy of Parma, near the Confines of the State of Genoa, whereto it formerly appertain'd, and its Episcopal See, as yet, depends on the Metropolitan of that Province; being distant 35 Miles from Tortona to the South-East, as many from Genoa; about 25 from Placentia to the North, 35 from Padua, and 16 or 17 Leagues from Milan to the South-East. A small Abbey was heretofore erected in this Place by S•• Columbanus, through the Liberality of Theodolinda, Queen of the Lombards, which afterward grew up to a Town, (whilst the Monastery still remain'd in it's proper Station;) and, in process of time, became the Capital City of a Country call'd from thence Il Bobiese, having been the inheritance of the noble Families of the Malespini, Vermi, and some others.

Alexandria, or Alessandria Della Paglia, Alexandria Statiellorum, is divided into two Parts by the Streams of the River Tanaro, standing almost in the midst between Genoa to the South, and Turin to the West, at the distance of 44 Miles from each, as also 52 from Milan to the South-West, according to the computation of that able Geographer Philippus Ferrarius, a Native of the same Place; which the Inhabitants of Cremona, Milan and Placentia, that adher'd to the Party of Pope Alexander III. against the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, caus'd to be built, A. D. 1178. It was at first called Caesarea, and afterward Alexandria, in Honour of this Pope; but the Emperor, by way of Railery and Contempt, termed it Alexandria della Paglia, in regard that its Walls then consisted only of Straw and Wood cover'd with Earth. However, it vigorously sustain'd the Assaults of the Imperial Forces, during 6 Months, and at length oblig'd them to raise the Siege. The same Pope establish'd an Episcopal See in this City, under the Metropolitan of Milan, and made it the Capital of the adjacent Territories. Some rime after, it fell into the Hands of the Visconti's and Sforza's, Dukes of Milan, and was likewise possess'd by the French and Spaniards. It hath been much harrass d during the Wars in the preceding Age; but at present is well Fortified and furnish'd with all manner of necessary Provisions.

Cremona; Cremona is situated on the left side of the River Po, and joined thereto by the Channel of Oglio that fills its Ditches with Water. It is extended in compass, for the space of a League and an half on the Frontiers of the Dutchy of Parma, 15 Miles North-East of Piacenza, 25 North-West of Parma, 28 South of Brescia, 38 almost West of Mantua, and 45 nigh East of Milan. It is a very large City, but meaner and less inhabited then Placentia; yet two Things are very much cry'd up there, that is to say, the Tower and the Castle: A Tower built up the highest of any that are to be seen, and on that account reckon'd among the Wonders of Europe— A Rock the most Stupendous, Strong, and Formidable of any that are found in Italy. This is the Language of one of their Authors: So that People, who are not acquainted with the Italian Rodomantado's, would be very much startled, after having read of these Wonders, to find no such Thing upon their Arrival at Cremona. Indeed the Castle is an old rude Building half ruin'd, which could never be compar'd with a well built Fort, but might perhaps have gain'd some Reputation in the time of the Archers. As for the Tower, it is neither Fair nor High; and there are Thousands surpassing it, that were never mention'd in the World. It is reported, That the Emperor Sigismond, and Pope John XXIII. stood once together on the top of this Tower, attended by a certain Lord of Cremona, nam'd Gabrino Fondulio; and that the same Lord often declar'd afterward, That he repented he had not thrown them down headlong from top to bottom, for the Rarity of the Fact. This Report perhaps has given Occasion to the Remarks concerning the height of the Tower. However, the Streets are somewhat large and strait, and the Houses beautiful: There are also divers fair Churches and Market-Places. The Gate of the Cathedral stands on Columns of Marble; and the Workmanship of the High Altar is very curious. This City was first founded An. Dom. 445. some time after became a Colony of the Romans, and hath been since subject to many great Revolutions. For Hannibal pillag'd it in passing into Italy: the Goths committed horrible Outrages therein; and it was entirely ruin'd by the Sclavonians and Lombards, in 630. but was re-built in 1284. at the special Command of the Emperor Fredrick Barbarossa; who likewise caus'd the said high Tower to be erected. Afterward Cremona, which hath been dignified with the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Milan, was govern'd by its own Viscounts, until the French, Venetians, Dukes of Milan, and Spaniards, at several times made themselves Masters thereof; and it as yet remains under the Dominion of the King of Spain.

Viglevano, Viglebanum or Vergeminum, stands in the County of the same Name, on the Banks of the River Tesino, and is the Seat of a Prelate subject to the Archbishop of Milan, from whence it is distant 18 Miles almost to the West, and 12 almost South-East of Novara. The Dukes of Milan have formerly taken much delight in residing in this small City, although the adjacent Country is very barren; and the Town first took its denomination from thence, as it were Vilis Gleba, according to the Report of Gaudentius Merula.

Tortona, Dertona or Terdona, is the Capital City of a small Territory, called from thence Il Tortonese, and an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Milan; being distant 8 Miles from the Confines of the Sta e of Genoa to the North, and as many from the River Po; 26 Miles South-East of Casal, 32 almost South-West of Milan, and 35 North of Genoa. It was ruin'd by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, and re-built by the Milaneses; but never recovered its ancient Grandeur. Afterward the French made themselves Masters thereof, A. D. 1642. but the Spaniards re-gain'd it in the Year ensuing. The Town is well Fortified, and defended with a strong Citadel, which was founded A. D. 1654.

Mortara was formerly call'd Bella Sylva in Latin, and afterward Mortaria or Martuarium, from the Slaughter of the Lombards made by the Army of Charlemain, when this Prince took their King Didier Prisoner, and put an end to their Monarchy. It is the chief Town of the Country Lumellina, and built on the right side of the River Gogna, 9 Miles South of Navara, and 30 West of Pavia and Milan. It was taken by the French Forces, under the Command of Francis I. Duke of Modena, A. D. 1658; and restor'd to the Spaniards by virtue of the Pyrenean Treaty of Peace concluded in 1660.

Marignan, Merinianum, or Melignanum, is a little Town water'd by the Streams of the River Lambro, running through the midst thereof, at the distance of 8 Miles East from Milan, and as many from Lodi, being famous for the Victory which Francis I. King of France, gain'd over the Switzers, on the 14th. day of September, A. D. 1515.

The Dutchy of PARMA, Parmensis Ducatus.

THe PARMERAN, or Country of PARMA, which the Italians commonly call Il Parmegiano, or Lo Stato del Duca di Parma, lies between the Territories of Milan on the North and West side; those of Modena on the East; and those of the Republick of Genoa on the South: It is in Length, from East to West, about 65 Miles; in Breadth, from North to South, about 45, being somewhat of an Oval shape. This Region, besides the Dutchy of Parma, comprehends that of Placentia, and the Countries of Boseto and Vel di Taro, together with the Dutchies of Castro and Bonerglione; which two last are at present possess'd by the Pope. Divers Revolutions have happen'd in the State of Parma, since the declining of the Roman Empire, until at length it was incorporated into the Ecclesiastical, or Patrimony of St. Peter. Pope Paul III. before named Alexander Farnese, created his Son Pedro Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma, A. D. 1545; who was slain within two Years after by the Pallavicins, and some others, at the Solicitation of Charles V. Octavio Farnese, the Son of the former, was in like manner molested, and obliged to sue for the Protection of the French: But at last his Title was establish'd by his Marriage with Margaret the Natural Daughter of the same Emperor. This Sovereign Prince is a Vassal of the See of Rome, and pays thereto the Summ of 10000 Crowns, as an Ackowledgment of Homage. His Revenues (according to Lassels) is said to be 600000 Crowns Yearly; others say 400000, which is most probable: And he can raise in his Territories about 28000 Men upon case of necessity, but generally keeps 5000 in pay.

The most considerable Cities and Towns of his Dominions are these: Viz.

• PARMA, Bish. Cap. D.
• Placentia, Bish. D.
• Borgo S. Donino, Bish.
• ...B. Val di Taro.
• ...Chiesi di Taro.
• ...Zavatarella.
• ...Bosseto.
• ...Bossana.
• ...Fiorenzuola.
• ...Corigliano.
• ...Colornoro.
• ...S. Secondo.
• ...Soragno.
• ...S. Stephano.
• Masso, Dutchy.
• Carrara, Princ.
• Malespino, Marq.
• Fordiniovo, Marq.
• ...Filaterra.
• ...Gragnuola.

PARMA; Parma is situated on the River of the same Name, which divides the Town into two Parts, joined together by as many Bridges; being distant 26 Miles South-east of Cremona, 34 South-west of Mantua, as many almost West of Modena, 72 almost South-east of Milan, 86 North-west of Florence, 220 the same of Rome, 17 from the Bridge of Ensa, and 35 from Placentia. This City may be seen afar off, through a large and strait Road leading thither, from whence one may take a fair Prospect of the highest Steeples: The Avenues are very pleasant, as also the Town it self. On one of the Gates are plac'd the Arms of Pope Paul III. who created Lewis, his Natural Son, Duke of Parma and Placentia. The City of Parma hath been long since dignify'd with an Episcopal See, heretofore subject to the Metropolitan of Ravenna, and at present to that of Bononia; together with an University, founded A. D. 1599; and an Academy of ingenious Persons, call'd Gl' Innominati. It is also the usual Place of Residence of the Duke; and his Courts of Justice are kept therein. The most remarkable Things in Parma, which is extended for the space of three Miles in compass, are the Ducal Palace, although it is not very considerable; but a new one is a building, which will be much more large and regular: the Gardens, the Cathedral-Church, and the Citadel, built according to the Model of that of Antwerp, being flank'd with 5 Bastions, and defended with a great number of Cannons, 50 of which are planted on two Galleries; besides 8 distinct Apartments for the Soldiers, and Military Ammunition and Arms for 6000 Men. The Moats on both sides are dry, although a Channel runs through the midst of them, in form of a little Trench, filled with Water; and all the other Works are rais'd according to the exact method of Regular Fortifications. The Dome of the Cathedral is painted by the famous Coregio, a Native of Parma, as well as the Church of St. John, in one of the Chapels whereof are to be seen two Paintings drawn by the same curious Hand, that cannot be sufficiently valued, viz. a Picture of Jesus Christ taken down from the Cross, and another representing the Martyrdom of two Saints.

The Grand Theatre is a rare Piece of Architecture, the like not being found either in Venice or Paris. It is of an extraordinary largeness; nevertheless, one may be heard every where, though speaking never so low. Instead of distinct Boxes, there are Benches rais'd like an Amphitheatre round about the level Ground-plat, which is much larger than the usual Dimensions, and may be fill'd with Water to the heighth of above three Foot; so that many gilded Gondolo's or Barges are sometimes launch'd into this little Lake, which affords a very delectable Sight to the Spectators.

Besides the ordinary Schools of the University, there is a fair and spacious Building, commonly call'd the College of the Nobles, wherein Students of all Nations may be admitted, in case they are capable of the Discipline of the Knights of Malta. For here are to be learn'd all sorts of Exercises, as well as Sciences; so that the Salaries are different, according to the several Arts whereto the Scholars have a mind to apply their Study. These Students sit together at Table in the Refectory, and their number at present amounts to Two hundred and thirty.

Many Illustrious Families reside in the City, which contains within its Walls above 30000 Souls, and is of very great Antiquity; for since the declining of the Roman Empire, it hath been possess'd by divers Lords: but the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa was constrain'd to retreat from before it, after a Siege of two whole Years. Moreover, it may not be amiss to observe, that the Bodies of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, one of the most renowned Generals of his Time; and that of Mary of Portugal, his Wife, are interr'd in the Church of the Capucins.

The Soil of the adjacent Territory is extremely fertile, bringing forth abundance of all sorts of Fruits, more-especially Grapes and Olives, of which are made excellent Wines and Oils; besides great quantities of Cheese, very much esteem'd throughout all the Countries of Europe.

Placentia, Ital. Piacenza, is seated in a fruitful Plain, and enjoys the Title of a Dutchy, and of an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Bononia, being distant only 5 or 6000 Paces from the River Po, 14 Miles South-west of Cremona, 34 nigh West of Parma, 22 South of Crema, 38 South-east of Milan, and 20 from Cremona. Perhaps it might take its Name from the Pleasantness of its Situation, or the Beauty of its Churches, publick Buildings, Market-places, Streets and Fountains. Indeed, it is a very fair City, larger than Parma, though not very populous; the Houses being low, and for the most part built of Brick. The High-Street, call'd Le Stradone, is extended in a strait Line, and the Breadth of it all along equal: on each side there is a row of 300 Posts that maintain the Foot-passage near the Houses, after the same manner as at London, and these Posts are fix'd exactly ten Foot one from another. The Statue of Alexander Farnese, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands; and that of Ranucius I. his Son, are erected in the largest publick Place. There are some Paintings of Annibal Carache in the Cathedral; and one of the Virgin Mary, drawn by Raphael Angelo, in the Church dedicated to St. Sixtus. Placentia is a very ancient City, and hath been heretofore a Colony of the Romans. It was burnt and pillag'd by the Carthaginians, under the Conduct of their General Hamilcar (as Livy informs us,) and afterward became famous for the long Siege laid thereto by Totila, King of the Goths. But at present, the Dukes of Parma, descended of the Family of Farnese, retain it in their Possession, and have caus'd it to be very well fortify'd with large Ditches, Ramparts lined with Brick, and divers other Out-works; besides a regular Citadel flank'd with Bastions, and an old Castle. The Hall of Justice stands in a fair open Court; and the Duke's Palace hath 4 rows of Apartments, every one of which is six Story high. This City is likewise adorn'd with an University, and contains within its several Precincts almost 30000 Inhabitants, of whom 2000 are Monks, Nuns, and other Religious Persons. Among the Noble Families, those of the Scotti, Landi and Auguscioli are chiefly conspicuous. Perhaps it may not be amiss to observe, That the Coins, Weights and Measures at Placentia are different from those of Parma; and that many of the Gentry hereabouts use Coaches drawn with a couple of Oxen, instead of Horses. The Cheeses of Placentia are much admir'd, as well as the Parmizan, and some of them exceed 200 Pound weight. The Pomerium, or Territory round about it, is bounded with Ports, and no Building allow'd to be erected there: which Custom is also observ'd at Ligorne.

Borgo San-Donino, Fidentia, or Julia, or Burgus St. Donini, is a small dismantl'd City on the Frontiers of the State of Busseto, and the Dutchy of Placentia, from whence it is distant 18 Miles, and 15 from Parma to the West. Its Episcopal See, which had for a long time been interrupted, was restor'd by Pope Clement VIII. A. D. 1601.

The Dutchy of MODENA, Mutinensis Ducatus.

THE Dominions of the Duke of MODENA are bounded on the West by the Dutchy of Parma; on the North, by those of Mantua and Mirandola; on the East, by the Territories of Bononia, and part of the Dutchy of Ferrara; and on the South, by part of Toscany, and the Republick of Lucca. It is in Length, from North to South, about 84 Miles; and in Breadth, from East to West, about 46, being taken in the utmost Extent. This Country was erected into a Dutchy by the Emperor Frederick III. A. D. 1452, in favour of Borto of Esté, and is extremely fertile in Corn, Fruits and Cattel. It hath also given Birth to many famous Men, and among others, to Cardinal Sadolet, Segenius and Fallopius. In the Territories of the same State are comprehended 100 Towns or Boroughs, and a very great number of Castles. The Duke hath a Revenue of 350000 Crowns per Annum, his Ordinary Expences not exceeding 180000: He can levy Forces within the extent of his own Dominions, to the number of 20000 Foot, and 6000 Horse.

The Cities, Towns and Villages of chiefest Note are these: Viz.

• MODENA, Bish.
• Cap.
• Regio, Bish. D.
• Corregio, Princ.
• Carpi, Princ. Bish.
• ...Finale.
• ...Concordia.
• ...Gaya.
• Roli, County.
• ...Sassuolo.
• ...Spilimborgo.
• ...Carpeneto.
• ...Ferrazano.
• ...Vignola.
• ...Scandiano.
• ...Sestola.
• ...St. Andrea.
• ...Bersello.
• ...Montechio.
• ...Canossa.
• ...Castelnuovo di Carfagnano.
• ...Gualtieri.
• ...Frignano.
• Mirandola, a particular Dutchy.

MODENA, Mutina, in the Latit. of 43 deg. 52 min. and the Longit. of 33 deg. 15 min. is situated on the Aemilian Road, between the Rivers of Sechia and Panaro, and distant 35 Miles almost East of Parma, 44 almost South-east of Mantua, 58 North-west of Florence, 95 South-west of Venice, 106 South-east of Milan, and 200 North-west of Rome. It is a Place of much Antiquity, and was one of the twelve Colonies of the Etrurians or Toscans beyond the Apennine. Its Episcopal See heretofore depended on the Metropolitan of Ravenna, and is at present subject to that of Bononia. The Houses here are handsomly built with Brick, but not very high. Here are many Portico's and Arches to be seen, together with a great number of Fountains, and fair Mansion-Houses; but the Streets are very narrow and dirty. Neither are the Duke's Palace & Cathedral very magnificent Structures. But the new Palace, begun partly on the Foundation of the former, is much more regular; and when finish'd, will appear a very stately Pile of Building. This City, which was raz'd under the Reign of the Goths and Vandals, and re-built by the Posterity of the Emperor Charlemagne, is now become extremely Populous, as containing within its Bounds about 40000 Inhabitants. It is also defended by a strong Citadel, and encompass'd with firm Walls, deep Ditches, and other regular Fortifications, in which there is said to be Arms for 40000 Men.

Regio, Regium Lepidi, and Regium Lepidium, is the Capital City of the Dutchy of the same Name; and in like manner an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Bononia, standing 15 Miles East of Parma, 18 almost West of Modena, and 34 South of Mantua. It is somewhat less than Modena, but of equal Strength, and makes a finer Show. It was at first a Colony of the Toscans, and then of Lepidus; but owes its Restauration to the Magnificence of Charlemagne, after having been often ruin'd through the Incursions of the Goths, and many other Barbarous Nations. It is now inhabited by about 22000 Persons, and hath a strong Citadel for its Defence, being also beautify'd with divers publick Edifices, more stately than those of Modena, particularly the Cathedral Church, the Roof whereof is painted by the most famous Masters of that Art, as well as the Chapel of the Fraternity della Motta. The adjacent Territories of this City are very fruitful in all sorts of Commodities, and a considerable Traffick is establish'd therein for Silk. The Inhabitants endeavour to acquire some Reputation by their Manufactures of Bone and Spurs▪ as well as those of Modena, by making Masques and Vizards. Poor Shifts to render a Place Famous! The Bone-works of Regio are little sorry Rings sold for Six-pence a Dozen; Chess-men, Shrines, Agnus Dei's, or Crosses, and all these cut out with a small Bill or Hatchet.

Corregio, Corregium, Corrigium, is a very fair and large Town, distant 12 Miles North-east of Regio, and 14 North-west of Modena. It is fenced with a well built Castle, and dignify'd with the Title of a Principality, having been heretofore govern'd by its own proper Lords of the same Name; but at last became subject to the Dukes of Modena, ever since the Year 1635.

Carpi, Carpum, is remarkable for its Foundation on a Channel of the River Sechia, and on the account of its Title of a Principality and Bishoprick; being distant 14 Miles almost North of Modena, 15 North-east of Regio, and 15 South-west of Mirandula, having a very large Territory. Indeed, it is a small City; nevertheless, well fortify'd with a Castle, strong Walls, and Moats full of Water. The Collegiate Church here was first founded by King Aictulphus; and afterward more magnificently re-built, through the Liberality of Albertus Pius, then Prince. It doth not depend on any Diocess, but is exempted from the Pretensions of the neighbouring Bishops, through the means of a singular Privilege granted by divers Popes, more-especially Julius II. and Leo X. The Family of the Pio's possess'd this Principality, from the Year 1319, until almost A. D. 1550, when it fell into the Hands of the Dukes of Modena.

Finale, or Final di Modena, to distinguish it from another Town of the like Name within the Dominions of the State of Genoa, stands on the Banks of the River Panaro, and in the Confines of the Dutchy of Ferrara, from the Capital City whereof it is distant 18 Miles to the West, and about 15 from Modena to the North-east, being chiefly remarkable by reason of its regular Fortifications.

Mirandola, Mirandula, so call'd from its principal Town, is a Sovereign Dutchy lying between those of Ferrara, Modena and Mantua, and the County of Concordia that appertains to the same Jurisdiction. The City of Mirandola, seated in the Lower-Lombardy, at the distance of 23 Miles North of Modena, 26 South-east of Mantua, 28 West of Ferrara, and 30 North-west of Bologna, is fortify'd with seven Royal Bastions, as also a strong Citadel and a Fort named Bocca. The Family of Pici have retain'd the Possession of Mirandola for the space of about 5 or 600 Years; and this Prince hath a Right to Coin Money, which nevertheless is only current throughout his own Dominions. His Revenue is reckon'd 80000 Crowns Yearly. The Foundation of the City (as it is generally believ'd) was laid in the time of the Emperor Constans, the Son of Constantine the Great.

The Dutchy of MANTUA, Mantuanus Ducatus.

THE State of MANTƲA comprehends within its Bounds many others of a lesser extent; which the Duke holds in Fee of the Emperor, from whom he receives the Investiture. It is bounded on the North by the Country of Verona, depending on the Republick of Venice; on the West, by that of Bressano, and part of the Milanez; on the South, by the Dutchy of Modena; and on the East, by the Ecclesiastical State. It is in Length, from East to West, about 68 Miles; and in Breadth, from North to South, about 44 Miles. This Prince is descended of the House of Gonzagua, and hath possess'd these Territories ever since the Year 1327, or 1328. Luigi, or Lues, of Gonzagua, having put to Death Passerino Bonacolsa, Tyrant of the Country, first obtain'd the Lordship thereof, in Quality of Vicar of the Empire. Afterward, his Posterity often assum'd the Title of Captains, until the time of John Francis Gonzagua, whom the Emperor Sigismund created Marquis, A. D. 1433. At length, Charles V. erected it into a Dutchy; and the Dukes have been frequently assisted in maintaining their Right by the French Forces, more-especially under the Reign of Lewis XIII. in 1629, both before and after the concluding of the Treaty of Peace at Cherasco. This Country is extremely fertile, and yields a Revenue of about 400000 Crowns Yearly, but of late it is grown much poorer: It compriseth some Places os the Dutchy of Montferrat, which are likewise united to its Dominions.

The State of Mantua is divided into two Principal Parts.

• 1. In the Dutchy of Mantua are included these Principal Towns, &c. Viz.
  • MANTƲA, Bish. and Cap.
  • Castiglione della Stivere, Princip.
  • Bozzolo, Dutchy.
  • Sabioneto, Princip.
  • Guastallo, Dutchy.
  • ...Goito.
  • ...Solfarino.
  • ...Ostiano.
  • ...St. Martino.
  • Rodigo, County.
  • ...Serinido.
  • Luzzaro, Lordsh.
  • Gonzagua, Marq.
  • Borgo, Fortr.
  • Vadano, Marq.
  • ...Nuolare.
  • Dozolo, Marq.
  • Castel-Giofrido, Lordship.
• 2. Part of Montferrat, wherein are these Towns, Viz. These Places have been already described.
  • CASAL, Bish. now in the Posses. of the French.
  • ...Occimiano.
  • ...Balzola.
  • Acqui, Bish.
  • ...Ripalta.

MANTƲA, in the Latit. 44 deg. 30. min. and the Longit. of 33 deg. 10 min. is built on the side of a Lake, or rather a Pool made by the River Mincio, which flowing out of the Lake of Guarda, and meeting with low Grounds, enlarges it self to form a kind of Marsh, which is twelve or fifteen times longer than broad; insomuch that one cannot approach near the Town Walls, without passing over two Bridges erected on the same Marsh, one whereof is 600 Paces long. In coming hither from Cremona, you pass over a Causeway reaching only 2 or 300 Paces in length; but on the other side, as one goes to Verona, the Marsh, or Lake (if you please) is much larger. There are some Places where these Waters always run; but in others they stand, and so far infect the Air of Mantua, that during the excessive Heats of the Summer-season, all those Inhabitants that are able, depart out of the Place. The Situation of Mantua is not unlike that of Verona; but there is this difference, that the latter, besides its Marsh, is defended by a strong Fortification; whereas Mantua is only encompass'd with a simple Wall, although indeed the Citadel is a considerable Defence thereto. This City, which is moderately large, taking up almost 4 Miles in compass, was first founded (as it is generally believed) 430 Years before that of Rome, and is at present dignified with an Episcopal See, depending only on the Jurisdiction of the Pope, although it formerly appertain'd to that of the Patriarch of Aquileia, until A. D. 1453. It formerly bore the Title of a Marquisate, which was erected into a Dutchy by the Emperor Charles V. in 1530. It stands 34 Miles North-East of Turin, 23 almost South of Verona, 42 North-West of Modena, 84 almost West of Venice, 100 North-West of Florence, and 234 North-West of Rome, being adorn'd with 8 Gates, and including within its several Precincts 18 Parishes, 40 Monasteries for Religious Persons of both Sexes, and nigh 50000 Souls, which is scarce answerable to the Bigness, being rather in a declining Condition.

There are some Streets very large and streight, but the Houses are mean, and of an unequal height, excepting a very small number. The most remarkable publick Buildings are the Dome, or Cathedral, the Roof whereof is all Overlaid with Gold, and Painted; the Church of St. Dominick; the Duke's Palace, formerly very Famous for its costly Furniture and Riches, and the Town House; besides a great number of Mills and Magazines, in which are made considerable quantities of Silk, and other Manufactures. The City of Mantua was taken, on the 18th. day of July, A D. 1630. by Colalto, General of the Imperial Forces, when the Soldiers ruin'd all the incomparable Works, and entirely pillag'd the Prince's Palace, wherein were contain'd many things of an inestimable Value, viz. curious Paintings, Statues, Cabinets, Vessels of Gold and Silver, &c. Among these Rarities, there were also an Unicorn, and a pair of Organs of Alabaster; and six Tables, every one of which was three Foot long; the first was made altogether of Emralds, the second of Turquoises, the third of Jacinths, the fourth of Saphires, the fifth of Amber, and the sixth of Jasper.

The Duke of Mantua hath seven or eight Houses of Pleasure without the Walls, the chief of which are nam'd Favoria, Goto, Virgiliana, and Marmirolo. The last of these is situated at the end of a spacious Road, over-shadow'd on both sides with very high Trees, and distant about a large League and a half from Mantua. This most delectable Seat is adorn'd with a Rivulet as clear as Crystal, a pleasant Wood, and many Gardens, Orchards, Orange-Houses, Aviaries and Fountains: The several Apartments being in like manner well furnish'd with variety of Paintings, Antick Figures, and divers other Rarities. One cannot well leave Mantua, without calling to mind that Virgil, the Prince of Latin Poets, was born in the Village of Andes, near this City; which hath also given Birth to the Famous Italian Poet Tasso, and many other Illustrious Personages.

Castiglione delle Stivere, Castilio Stiverorum, is the chief Town of a small Territory of the same Name, bearing the Title of a Principality, and stands on the Frontiers of the Dutchy of Mantua, almost in the midst between this City and that of Brescia, at the distance of 6 or 7 Leagues; as also about 12 Miles from Peschiera. It is defended with a strong Fort, and govern'd by its proper Princes of the Family of Gonzagua.

Bozzolo is a small Town environ'd with a sort of Fortification, and appertains, together with a Territory of 4 or 5 Miles in extent, to a Duke, who takes his Title from thence, and is Lord of the Manour.

The State or Republick of VENICE, Ditio Veneta.

THe State of VENICE comprehends all those Territories which are possess'd by the Republick in Italy, and compose part of the Lower Lombardy, being bounded on the North by the County of Tyrol; on the West, by the Bishoprick of Trent, and Dutchy of Milan; on the South, by part of the same Dutchy, that of Mantua, and the Ecclesiastical State; and on the East by the Gulph of Venice, and the Province of Carniola. Its extent from East to West, that is, from Leceo, on the Frontires of Bergamasco, to Trieste, about 240 Miles; and from North to South 114 Miles. This State hath been governed ever since the Year of our Lord 697. by a supreme Magistrate, commonly call'd the Doge, or Duke, whose Office is perpetual, unless he be depos'd by the Senate; which Authority is very seldom excercis'd: Nevertheless, a President thereof hath not been wanting; as it happen'd to Francesco Foscari, to whom they denied the Satisfaction of dying invested with the Ducal Ornaments, although he had attain'd to the 84th. Year of his Age, and had render'd very signal Services to the Commonwealth. However, at present the Doge cannot abdicate his Office, although some have done it in former times. He is chosen by the Suffrages of the Noblemen assembled with very great precaution, and certain particular Circumstances. The Election is perform'd by Lot, without Fraud, and none dare presume to act otherwise. Immediately after, divers Medals are stamped with the Effigy of the new Duke. Then he is conducted from the Palace through the Streets, with general Applause, and joyful Acclamations, until his Arrival at the Court of St. Mark; where he enters into the Church, and takes the usual Oath, having first receiv'd the Ducal Crown and Vestments.

The Government of this Republick in the beginning was Democratical, under Consuls and Tribunes; but the Doges succeeded these last, of whom 34 or 36 were absolute Soveraigns. In the Year 1173. it return'd to a Democracy, until A. D. 1298. ever since which time an Aristocracy hath always prevail'd; that is to say, the whole Soveraignty is committed to a certain number of Families enrolled in the Golden Book, or Register of the Venetian Nobles. As for the Authority of the Doge, it is like to that with which the Prince of the Senate at Rome was heretofore invested, having only the Precedency above the other Magistrates. It is true indeed, the sumptuous Apparel with which he is clad, during the Celebration of publick Ceremonies, seems to make a kind of Majestick Show. In this State are establish'd Five principal Councils; the 1st. of these is termed the Grand Council, as comprehending the whole Body of the Noble Men: These elect almost all the Magistrates, and enact whatsoever Laws they judge to be necessary for the benefit of the Common-wealth. The 2d. nam'd Pregadi, determine all Matters relating to Peace or War, Alliances and Leagues, which we commonly call The Senate of Venice. The 3d. is the College, compos'd of 26 Lords that give Audience to Embassadors, and report their Demands to the Senate; which alone hath power to return Answers. The 4th. stiled the Council of Ten, decide all Criminal Matters, and is a most formidable Tribunal; for the 10 Noble Men, of whom it consists, are severe and inflexible Judges. This Court of Judicature is renewed Yearly, and 3 Inquisitors of State are chosen every Month from among these 10 Noblemen, every one of them executing the same Office in their turn. To which Triumvirate, so great Authority is assign'd, that they can take away the Life even of the Doge himself▪ as well as that of the meanest Mechanical Artificer of Venice, without giving any Account of their Proceedings to the Senate, provided that the Three Voices are unanimous; otherwise, all the 10 Judges must be concern'd to condemn him to Death. All Prelates and Ecclesiastical Persons, are for ever excluded from entring into the Councils, and bearing any Offices in the State; insomuch that it is impossible for the Court of Rome to form any correspondence capable of penetrating into the Secrets of the Senate. The 5th. is the Spiritual Council, in which presides the Patriarch of Venice, who is also Primate of Dalmatia, and Metropolitan of the Archbishops of Candia and Corfu, and of the Bishops of Chiozza and Torcello: but the Church of St. Mark doth not depend on his Jurisdiction, because it is, as it were, the See of a particular Bishop, called Pomocrise; who officiates with a Mitre, Cross and Ring, gives the Benediction to the People, and confers the Tonsure, together with the Four inferiour Orders. The Patriarch is nominated by the Senate, and the Primate of St. Mark by the Doge: They are both noble Venetians, as well as the Prelates of Candia, Corfu, Treviso, Padua, Vicenza, Verona, Brescia and Bergomo. As for the other Bishopricks, the Pope bestows them on Citizens, Country-Gentlemen and Monks. The Senate had, heretofore, a Right to the Nomination of all the Bishopricks and Abbeys of their Dominions, both by Sea and Land; but they renounc'd it in the Treaty of Peace, concluded An. Dom. 1510. with Poge Julius II. to disengage him from the League of Cambray: The prudent Senators judging that it was not the Interest of the Republick to interpose in the Collation of Bishopricks, in favour of the Noblemen, who might, by this Means; be induc'd to neglect the Service of the State.

The Dominions of the Venetians are of two sorts, viz. one in Lombardy called the State of the Continent; and the other on the Sea, or adjacent Territories, which is termed the Maritim State: The first of these comprehends many distinct Countries and Towns, namely those of La Marca Trevisane, Padouano, Vicentino, Veronese, Bergamasco, Cremonese, Bresciane, Polesino, or the County of Rovigo and Friuli. The Maritim State contains the Province of Venice or Il Dogado, part of Istria, Dalmatia, and Albania; the Islands of Corfu, Zante, Cephalonia, and Lerigo; some Places in Candia, and almost the whole Peninsule of the Morea, together with the Adriatick-Sea, or Gulph of Venice, which Andrea Morosini, a noble Venetian, calls Reipublicae Dominium. The annual Ceremony of espousing the Sea in the Presence of the Ambassdors of crowned Heads, is perform'd on Ascension-Day in the Port of Lido; where the Doge goes on board the Bucentaur, which is a very stately Vessel, or Barge, and casts a Ring into the Sea, after having pronounc'd these Words, Desponsamus te, Mare, in signum veri & perpetui Dominii; i. e. We Wed thee, O Sea, in token of a true and Perpetual Dominion; which is done in Memory of a notable Victory that the Venetians had gained over the Sclavonians, Normans, Pisans, and Genoeses, rather than as an acknowledgement of the fabulous Donation made to them by Pope Alexander III. When the Solemnity is finish'd, the Ring, ty'd to the end of a String, is drawn up again. Which oblig'd Hieronimo Donato, Ambassador at Rome, to return this Answer to Pope Julius II. who requir'd him, by way of Railery, to shew what Authentick Records the Republick had to prove their Right of Soveraignty over the Gulph. If your Holiness, said he, vouchsafe to search into the Original Draught of the Donation made by the Emperor Constantine to Pope Sylvester, you will find the Concession of the Adriatick Sea to the Venetians, indorsed on the back side of it. The General, or Governour of the Gulph, is the most ancient Marine Officer of the State: maintaining on that account, one of the principal Posts or Stations in the Sea-fights; together with this Privilege, That when the Generalissimo, or High-Admiral of the Fleet happens to dye, or to fall sick, he supplies his Place until the Senate hath nominated another. Moreover, his Office is perpetual; whereas that of the Generalissimo continues only during the Wars. The ordinary Revenues of this Republick amount to 5320000 Venetian Ducats Yearly, beside what they have from the Conquests.

The Republick of VENICE divided into Three States.

• 1. The State of the Continent, in Nine principal Parts or Countries,
  • Of BERGAMOSCO,
    • Bergomo, Bish.
  • Of Cremasco,
    • Crema, Bish.
  • Of Bresciano,
    • Brescia, Bish.
  • Of Polesino,
    • Rovigo, Bish.
  • Of Veronese,
    • Verona, Bish.
  • Of Padouano,
    • Padua, Bish.
  • Of Vicentino,
    • Vicenza, Bish.
  • Of Trevisano,
    • Treviso, Bish.
  • Of Friuli,
    • Aquileia, a Patriar. ruin'd.
    • Ʋdina, Patr.
• 2. The Maritime State, in five principal Parts,
  • The Province of VENICE, or Il Dogada,
    • Venice, Patr. Cap.
  • Part of Istria,
    • Capo d' Istria, B.
  • Part of Dalmatia,
    • Zara, Archb.
  • Divers Islands,
    • Corfu, Bish.
  • Part of Candia,
    • ...Spina Longa.
• 3. The Conquer'd Territories,
  • Almost the whole Peninsule of the Morea,
    • ...Patras.
  • The Country of Athens,
    • ...Athens.

The Country of BERGAMASCO, Bergomensis Ager, lies between the Valteline on the North, the Dutchy of Milan on the West, the Territories of Cremasco on the South, and those of Bressano on the East; comprehending from North to South, the space of about 46 Miles, and 32 from East to West. This Province or Territory, as well as that of Milanois, is water'd with many Rivulets that descend from the Alps, and which the Inhabitants divide into small Brooks throughout the whole Country, as occasion serves; insomuch, that by this means, the Inconveniences of two great Droughts are prevented, and the Soil is render'd wonderfully fruitful.

The Chief Towns are these, Viz.

• Bergamo, Bish Cap.
• ...Martinengo.
• ...Romano.
• ...Clusono.
• ...Calepio.

Bergamo, Bergomon, the Metropolis of Bergomasco, in the Latit. of 45 Deg. and the Longit. of 31 Deg. 30 Min. is seated on the side of a Mountain, the foot whereof is cover'd with very large Suburbs, between the River of Serio to the East, and that of Brembo, to the West, at the distance of 30 Miles North-Eeast of Milan, 34 almost West of Brescia, and 44 North-West of Cremona. It was first founded by the Orobii, an ancient People, together with Como and La Pieve d Incino, and is at present the Seat of a Prelate Suffragan to the Archbishop of Milan. It is well built, and very strong, as well by reason of its advantageous Situation, as on the account of its Walls, and the Castle call'd Capella, with other Bulwarks. The Streets are narrow, but the Houses fair. Upon the top of a Hill above the City stands the Castle, which, tho' it be but a small Place, is strongly situated, and commands the Town. In the Cathedral is shewn the Tomb of the Valiant Bartholomeo Cogtione, who was General of the Venetian Forces against the Milanese, and the first that brought a Train of Artillery into the Field. In the Quire of the same Church, the Stalls and Benches of In-laid Work are more-especially remarkable; which were made after the same manner, and by the same Hand as those of the Dominican's Church at Bononia. The Dialect or Jargon of the Inhabitants of Bergamo, is esteem'd so ridiculous, that all the Buffoons of Italy affect to imitate their Speech. But there is another thing among those People no less disagreable: For half of them have their Throats bloated up with an ill-favour'd Swelling that very much disfigures their Faces; but it is so natural to them, that they make it a doubtful Question, which ought to be reputed the greatest Defect, To have one of these Swellings, or to be free from it? The City of Bergamo hath been possess d by different Lords, and at length became subject to Philip Duke of Milan, about the Year 1419. After whose Death, the Inhabitants submitted to the Government of the Venetians. But Lewis XII. King of France, having defeated the Forces of the Republick, A. D. 1509, in the memorable Battle of Aignadel, took Bergamo: nevertheless, in 1516, the Place was restor'd to the Venetians, who have ever since retain'd it in their Possessions.

The Country of Cremasco, Cremasco Ager, is of a small extent, 16 Miles long, and 10 broad, lying to the South of Bergomasco, including within its Bounds only one considerable City, viz. that of Crema, which standing on the Banks of the River Serio, the Waters thereof fall into the Channel of the Addua, at their entrance into the Territories of Milan. An Episcopal See was erected therein by Pope Gregory IX. A.D. 1579, and render'd subject to the Metropolitan of Bononia. The Palace, Castle and Fortifications render it a Place of considerable strength; but it hath, at several times, remain'd under the Dominion of the Emperors, Viscounts of Cremona and Placentia, and Dukes of Milan, until at last it fell into the Hands of the Venetians. It is distant 23 Miles North of Piacenza, 18 North-west of Cremona, 25 South-west of Brescia, and 30 East of Milan; and is famous for fine Thread made here by the Nuns, and little Brushes made of the Roots of a kind of Grass call'd Capriole.

The Country of Bresciano, Brixianus Ager, hath the Bishoprick of Trent, and the Valteline, for its Northern Bounds; the Territories of Bergamasco on the West; those of Milan on the South; and those of Verona, and part of the Principality of Trent, on the East; being extended from South to North for the space of about 70 Miles, and 35 from West to East.

The most remarkable Towns are these:

• BRESCIA, Bish. Cap.
• ...Asala.
• ...Montchiaro.
• ...Salo.
• ...Isseo.
• ...Roca d' Anso.
• ...Ponte Vigo.
• ...Orzi Nuovi.
• ...Orchi Vecchi.

BRESCIA, Brixia, in the Latit. of 44 deg. 50 min. and the Longit. of 31 deg. 30 min. is situated in a Plain on the River Gotro, near that of the Mela, and enjoys the Title of an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Milan, being distant 34 Miles almost East of Bergamo, 28 North of Cremona, 45 almost North of Parma, 35 North-west of Mantua, and 110 East of Venice. It is a fair and populous City, with large Streets, through which run divers Brooks of clear Water, and is famous for Guns and Iron Works, the Fire-Arms made there being esteem'd the best in Italy. It is also fortify'd with a very strong Citadel founded on an adjacent Hill, which is as it were, the first Step of the Alps; as also, with certain Ramparts, though not very considerable, and an Arsenal. The Hall of Justice is a large and beautiful Edifice, built with a sort of Pietra Dura, or hard Stone resembling Marble, on the front whereof is this Inscription, Fidelis Brixia Fidei & Justiciae consecravit. Over-against this Palace stands a Portico 500 Paces long, and almost entirely fill'd with Armourers Shops. Lastly, the Neigbourhood of the Alps supplies the Town with a great Number of good Springs, and a Rivulet affording no small Advantage thereto. This City suffer'd much Damage through the Factions of the Guelphs and Gibelines. The Dukes of Milan made themselves Masters thereof, until it was subdued by the Venetians, and afterwards taken by the French King, Lewis XII. A. D. 1509. But Francis. I. resign'd it to the Republick of Venice, and it, as yet, remains in their Possession.

The Country of Veronese, Veronensis, Ager, which is very fruitful, more-especially of excellent Olives, lies between the Bishoprick of Trent on the North, Bresciano on the West; the Dutchy of Mantua on the South; and the Provinces of Vicentino and Padouano on the East. It is extended from South to North for the space of about 56 Miles, and of 35 Miles from West to East, and contains the ensuing Towns, &c. Viz.

• VERONA, Bish. Cap.
• ...Garda.
• ...Paschiera.
• ...Sirmione.
• ...Legnano.
• St. Bonifacio.
• ...Chiuse.
• ...Maliesano.

VERONA, Verona, in the Latit. of 45 deg. 50 min. and the Longit. of 33 deg. 20 min. is seated on the Banks of the River Adige, which divides the whole Town into two Parts, joyn'd together by 4 stately Stone-Bridges, at the distance of 24 Miles almost North of Mantua, 35 South of Trent, 40 East of Brescia, and 68 West of Venice. It is a fair City, 7 Miles in compass, excluding the Suburbs, which are very large too, and thought to contain 70000 Souls. It is strong by Situation, and extraordinary well fortify'd with Walls, Bastions, Towers, Bulwarks, and deep Ditches, and strengthned with 3 Castles, so that it is look'd upon as almost impregnable. But the Fortifications have been of late much neglected, and for the most part are not very regular. The Castle of St. Felix stands behind that of St. Peter, and both together command the Town, on one side whereof are large waste Grounds, the Grass growing in the very Streets, which are there unpav'd, and almost all of them are narrow and dirty. Indeed, there are some fair Buildings, but the Houses are generally low, and of unequal height, most of them having wooden Balconies, over-loaded so extremely with little Gardens in Boxes, and Flower-Pots, that it is not safe to pass under them. In a word, when one walks in this •ity, it is not very delectable; nevertheless, it is extraordinary large, its Situation being also wonderfully pleasant, and the Air round about it very healthful.

The Episcopal See of Verona is subject to the Patriarchate of Aquileia; and the Cathedral bears the Name of St. Zeno, one of its Prelates. It is a small dark Church, adorn'd with some Tombs, particularly that of Pope Lucius III. on which is engrav'd only this Epitaph, Ossa Lucii III. Româ pulsus invidiâ. But the Amphitheatre may well surprize those that have not been accustom'd to behold Works of the like nature. Indeed; the outward Wall of it is entirely ruin'd; but Care has been taken to repair the Benches or Seats, as they have fallen to decay, and they are 44 in number; the uppermost is 530 Paces in compass, and the lowermost 250; every Step is a Foot and an half high, and near 26 Inches wide: which distances could not be less, that those Spectators who sat behind might not offend the others with their Feet. At each end of the Amphitheatre, between the Seats, is a Gate 25 Foot high, for an entrance into it out of the Street; and over each Gate, a kind of Plat-form, 20 Foot long, and 10 broad, enclos'd before, and on the sides, with rows of Marble Ballisters. It is commonly reported, That this Work was founded by Augustus; but others attribute it to the Emperour Maximilian. There is also to be seen here a Triumphant Arch, and lome other ruins of ancient Monuments. Among other Curiosities, the Cabinet of Count Mascardo deserves well to be view'd by Travellers. It consists of a Gallery, and 6 Chambers, all fill'd with most wonderful Rareties, both of Art and Nature. The City of Verona hath been possess'd by the Venetians ever since the Year 1403. from whom it was taken by the Emperour Maximilian, A. D. 1509. but surrender'd to them again in 1516.

Chiusa is a very considerable Fort, the Situation thereof being like to another of that Name on the Rhone, between Geneva and Lions. It stands on the foot of a high Rock, and the Passage leading to it is cut out of the steep surface of the same Rock; on the other side is a Precipice, at the bottom whereof, the River Adige runs with a gentle stream.

The small Territory of Polesino, Rhodigena Penincula, is bounded on the North by the River Adige, and the Territories of Padouano; on the South, by the Dutchy of Ferrara; and on the East, by the Gulf of Venice; being extended only for the space of 60 Miles in length from South-West to North-East, and about 18 in breadth.

The chief Towns are these: Viz.

• Rovigo, Bish. Cap.
• ...Adria.
• ...Labadia.
• ...Lendavara.

ROVIGO, Rhodigium, is water'd with the River Adige, that encompasseth almost all its Territories, and is distant 22 Miles South of Padua, 24 almost North of Ferrara, and 33 South-West of Venice. This small Town hath been, for some time, the usual Place of Residence of the Bishop of Adria, and was heretofore subject to the Dukes of Ferrara; but at present is united to the Dominions of the State of Venice.

Adria, Hadria or Atria, is situated on the Sea-Coasts, and the side of the little River Tartaro, being distant 50 Miles from Ravenna to the North, 30 from Ferrara to the North-East, and 25 from Venice to the South; but scarcely 5 from the Confines of the Ecclesiastical State, and the Dutchy of Ferrara. It is a place of great Antiquity, as having impos'd its Name on the Adriatick-Sea, or Gulf of Venice, and is at present dignified with the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Ravenna. But in regard that the Town is now half ruin'd, and very much impair'd, through the violence of the Waves continually beating on it, the Bishop hath thought fit to remove his Palace from thence, and reside, for the most part, at Rovigo.

The Country of Padovano, Patavinus Ager, lies between that of Trevisano on the North, that of Vicentino on the West, that of Polesino on the South, and the Gulf of Venice on the East. Its utmost extent from South to North, consists of about 36 Miles; and of 46 from West to East.

The Towns, Villages, &c. of chiefest Note, being these: Viz.

• Padua, Bish. Cap.
• ...Este.
• Campo S. Pietro.
• ...Pieve di Sacco.
• ...Mirano.
• ...Orago.
• ...Citadella.
• ...Montagnana.
• ...Castelbanco.
• ...Monseace.

PADƲA, Patavium; in Italian, Padoua, in the Lat. of 45 deg. 10 min. and the Longit. of 34 deg. 20 min. is advantageously situated in a very fertile Country, near the Streams of the Rivers Brenta and Bachiglione, which fills its Trenches with Water, and render it the Bulwark of Venice, on the side of Lombardy; being distant 17 Miles almost East of Vicenza; 20 South-West of Trevigio, 22 North of Rovigo, 24 West of Venice, and 46 East of Verona. It is commonly reported, That this City is more ancient than Rome and Venice, and that its foundation was laid by Antenor, whose Tomb is erected in the Street of S. Lawrence. However, Padua is at present adorn'd with a Bishop's See, under the Patriarchate of Aquileia, and a famous University. It is a very large City, being 8 Miles in compass; but has much wast Grounds, and is in a decaying Condition, Houses being very cheap. It contains 8550 Houses, and about 38000 Souls. Which Mr. Ray thinks exceeds the just Sum, by at least 10000. It is usually divided into the old and new Town; the former, as yet, retaining its ancient Castles, Towns, Walls, and Moats. The Palace, wherein the Courts of Justice are kept, is a noble Pile of Building, and its Out-works are extreamly magnificent; within the Apartments thereof, is contain'd the most curious Library of Padua. Here is also to be seen a spacious Hall, called Il Palagio di Ragione, which extends its self in length 256 Feet, and in breadth 86, according to the Report of Schottus, and Angelo Portenari, and is not supported by any Pillars: It is open on 4 sides, and on every one of its Gates is plac'd the Statue of some Illustrious Personage of the State. The old Town is likewise beautified with the Cathedral Church, and the Colleges of the University. Moreover, the Houses are flanked with Portico's, so that one may securely walk under them, without being exposed to the injury of the Weather, although the Streets are thereby made narrow and dark. In the new Town stand the Church and Abbey of St. Justin, and that of St. Anthony of Lisbon, commonly call'd of Padua, because he dy'd, and was bury'd there. This last Church is very large, and fill'd with great variety of admirable Sculptures and Paintings, besides a great number of magnificent Tombs; and among others, that of Alexander Contarini, Admiral of the Republick of Venice, and Procurator of St. Mark; as also that of Count Horatio Sicco, who was slain during the last Siege of Vienna. Neither is there any where to be seen a more curious Piece of Painting in Fresco, than that of the Chapel of St. Felix, drawn by the famous Giotto, an excellent Artist in that sort of Work. But that which is most Remarkable in this Church, is the Chapel of the above-mention'd St. Anthony, the great Protector of Padua, styled, by way of Excellency, Il Santo, or the Saint; whose Body lies interr'd under the high Altar. The whole Chapel is lin'd with white Marble, wrought in Basso Relievo; where are represented the principal Miracles of the said St. Anthony, not to mention 36 large Silver Lamps, that burn Night and Day round the Altar. There are also divers Monasteries, and other well-built publick Edifices. The University (as 'tis believ'd) was founded by the Emperour Charlemaign, and re-establish'd in the Years 1179, and 1222, since which time, its Reputation hath been so far encreas'd, that it is every where highly esteem'd, and frequented by the most learned Professors throughout Europe. Here are also establish'd two Academies of ingenious Persons, Intituled, Gli recouverati, and Gli inflammati. In fine, the City of Padua, which heretofore gave birth to that renowned Roman Historian, Titus Livius, hath, in like manner, lately brought forth a great number of excellent Personages, particularly Paulus and Albertus, Paduenses, Petrus Appo, Speron, Speroni, Zabarella, &c. This City is very dangerous to such as walk in the Night-time, by reason of the Insolence of the Scholars, and others, who go about all Night, Arm'd with Pistols and Carbines. It fell into the Possession of the Venetians, A. D. 1406. and in 1519, all the Suburbs were demolish'd, in which were comprehended 10 Monasteries, 6 Churches, 7 Hospitals, and about 3000 Houses. The Amphitheatre of Padua was larger than that of Verona; but there remain only the miserable Ruins of its ancient Grandeur.

The Country of Vicentino, Vicentinus Ager, is bounded on the North by that of Trevisano, on the West by the Arch-bishoprick of Trent, on the South by the Territories of Verona, and part of those of Padouano, and on the East by the same Province of Padouano. Its extent comprehends about 44 Miles from South to North, and 32 from West to East. It is a very pleasant Country, and usually stiled, The Garden of Venice, more especially the Fields round about the City of Vicentia. But the Inhabitants are accused of being too revengeful, and frequently branded with the odious Name of The Assassines of Vicentia.

The most considerable Towns are these: Viz.

• Vicenza, Bish. and Cap.
• Morostica, or Marostico.
• ...Lonigo.
• ...Orgnano.

VICENTIA, or Vicenza, Vicentia, or Vicetia, is very advantageously situated near the confluence of 2 Rivers, viz. the Bachiglione, and Borone, in a verdant Plain, at the distance of 18 Miles almost West of Padua, 32 almost East of Verona, and 44 West of Venice: It is about 4 Miles in circuit, but considerably populous, containing 30 or 40000 Inhabitants; and it is encompass'd with a Brick-Wall, but not very strong. It is full of Nobility and Gentry, being said to have 200 Families worth 15000 Crowns per Annum each, and better. The Inhabitants drive a great Trade in breeding and feeding of Silk-worms; and in winding, twisting, and dying of Silk. Three or four small Rivers run by the Town, but none of them are Navigable. There are some good Paintings in the Cathedral, dedicated to St. Vincent; and a much-commended Work of in-laid Stones. The Church, that bears the Name of Coronata, is well Pav'd and Wainscotted; and that of the Nuns of St. Catharine is admir'd for its Three beautiful Altars. The Town-house is no extraordinary fair building, and yet cry'd up by the Inhabitants, (according to the Italian custom) for a rare Piece of Architecture, There are some Ruins of an ancient Amphitheatre at Vicenza, but the greater part of them (as they say) lie hid under the New-Buildings. But the Theatre in the Academy, call'd, of the Olympicks, was built by the famous Architect, Andrea Palladio: however, the Fabrick is none of the largest, and is us'd onely upon certain Occasions that seldom happen. The Triumphal Arch without the Gates, at the entrance of the Plain nam'd Campus Martius, is an imitation of the ancient manner perform'd by the same Palladio; besides a spacious Court-Yard for Tournaments, adorn'd with Portico's.

The City of Vicenza has the Title of a Bishop's See, under the Metropolitan of Aquileia; and after divers Revolutions, became subject to the Jurisdiction of the Venetians: But it was taken from them by the Emperour Maximilian I. Anno Dom. 1509. and at length restor'd, by virtue of a Treaty of Peace concluded in 1516.

The Country of Trevisano, or la Marca Trevigiana, Marchia Tarvisma, lies between that of Friuli on the North; the Bishoprick of Trent, and the Province of Vicentino on the West; that of Padoua on the South; and the Dogado, and part of Friuli on the East. Its utmost Extent, from North to South, includes about 68 Miles; and 48 from East to West. In this County are comprised the Territories of Trevisano, Bellunese, Feltrino, and Cenedra. The Air is extremely temperate; and the Soil fertile, producing great store of Grain, Fruit and Cattle.

The most considerable Cities and Towns are these: Viz.

• Treviso, Bish. Cap.
• Belluna, Bish.
• Feltri, Bish.
• Ceneda, Bish.
• ...Cadora.
• ...Conegliano.
• ...Orderzo.
• ...La Mota.
• ...Saravalle.

TREVISO, or Trevisi, Tarvisium, the Metropolis of La Marca Trevigiana, in the Latit. of 45 deg. 40 min. and the Longit. of 34 deg. 30 min. is seated on the Banks of the little River Sile, at the distance of 17 Mile North-West of Venice, and 20 North-East of Padua. An Episcopal See hath been a long time established here, under the Patriarchate of Aquileia. The Fortifications of the City of Treviso are considerable; and its Situation in a Marshy Ground renders it almost impregnable. However, the Emperour Maximilian I. took it from the Venetians, A. D. 1509. but was oblig'd to resign it to them within a little while after.

Belluna, or Cividad di Belluno, Bellunum, or Belunum, is a small City water'd by the River Pieve, 10 Miles North-west of Trevigio, and 15 South-East of Feltri, and dignified with the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Aquileia.

Feltri, or Feltria, stands on the Foot of a Mountain, and the Banks of the Brook Aso, which a little below falls into the Piave, at the distance of 13 Miles from the Frontiers of the County of Tyrol to the East, 25 Miles North-West of Trevigio, 35 North of Padua, and 44 North-West of Venice. It hath remain'd under the Dominion of the Venetians ever since the Year 1404.

Ceneda, Ceneta, or Ceneda Agathrae, a small but well-built City, is in like manner situated on the foot of the Mountains, near the Spring-head of the Brook Motegano, between the River Pieve to the West, and that of Livenza to the East, at the distance of 10 Miles from each; as also 17 Miles North-west of Trevigio, and 13 almost South of Belluno, and as many from Oderzo: The Episcopal See of which last Place, subject to the Metropolitan of Aquileia, was translated hither; but the Bishop usually resides at Serravelle, a neighbouring Town about 2 Miles from thence.

The Province of FRIƲLI, Forojulium, or Provincia Forojuliensis, is bounded on the North by that of Carinthia; on the West, by the Alps, that separate it from the Bishoprick of Trent; on the South, by the Marca Trevigiana, and the Adriatick Sea; and on the East, by Istria. It is extended from North to South for the space of about 55 Miles, and 85 from East to West. This Country heretofore bore the Title of a Dutchy, and was of a much larger compass than it is at present. It is reported, that Julius Caesar impos'd his Name on it, by reason that he maintain'd certain Legions therein. Indeed, the Province of Friuli hath always serv'd as a Passage to the Barbarous Nations that at several times laid waste Italy, and hath been subject to the Dominion of a great number of Masters; until at length, after many Revolutions, Luigi, or Leves Techio, its last proper Lord, entirely lost it, A. D. 1420. by rashly engaging in a War against the Republick of Venice.

The most remarkable Towns, &c. are these: Viz.

• AQƲILEIA, ruin'd Patr.
• Ʋdino, Patr.
• ...Venzona.
• ...Marono.
• ...Palma Nuovo.
• ...Cividat di Friuli.

AQƲILEIA, in the Latit. of 45 deg. 42 min. and Longit. of 35 deg. 50 min. is situated between the Streams of the River Isonzo to the East, and those of the Ansa to the West, almost at equal distance of 32 Miles West of Trieste, and 52 North-east of Venice. It hath been long since dignified with the Ti•le of a Patriarchate, the See whereof is removed to Ʋdino. This City is now almost entirely ruin'd, although in time past so famous, that it was call'd the Second Rome: For it took up the space of four Leagues in compass, and serv'd as a Rampart to defend Italy from the Incursions of the Barbarians. Nevertheless, Attila King of the Huns storm'd and raz'd it, after a Siege of Three Years, A. D. 452. Then it was repair'd by Narses; but sackt again and burnt by the Lombards, in 590. Afterward it was built by Papo the Patriarch, and fell into the hands of the Emperor Charlemagne. Then the Kings of Italy, Dukes of Friuli, Patriarchs and Venetians, were successively Lords thereof. However, the Walls of the same noble City are now demolish'd, and it lies, in a manner desolate, by reason of its Ruins, and the unwholsomness of the Air; for scarcely Five and Thirty Houses remain entire together, with very few Inhabitants that reside therein, during the Winter-Season, excepting a certain Company of Fisher-Men.

Ʋdina, Ʋtinum, seated near the River Torre, is at present the Metropolis of Friuli, since the Patriarchal See of Aquileia hath been translated hither; being distant about 23 Miles West of Gorice, and 50 North-east of Venice. This City (as some Authors avouch) was founded by the Huns, and hath remained in the Possession of the Venetians, ever since the Year 1420. It is about 5 Miles in Compass, and contains 15000 Inhabitants.

The Province of VENICE, or the DOGADO, Ducatus Venetus, is a little Canton lying round about the City of Venice, from the Mouth of the River Lisonzo, as far as the Adige, which appears in form of a Crescent round the Gulf, and is of a small extent, being about 34 Miles long, and only 7 or 8 broad, comprehending within its Bounds the ensuing remarkable Towns: Viz.

• VENICE, Patr. and Cap.
• ...Chiozza.
• ...Torcello.
• ...Grado.
• ...Castel-Nuovo.
• Cahorle, or Caorle.
• ...Loredo.
• ...Lio.
• ...Rebba.
• ...Murano.
• Malamoco, or the Port of Venice:

VENICE, Venetiae, Ital. Venetia and Vinegia, in the Latit. of 45. deg. 10. min. and the Longit. of 34. deg. 50. min. the Metropolis of this State, is situated in the Gulf, or Lake, of the same Name, and founded (according to the common Report) on 72 Islands, which are extended 7 or 8 Miles in Compass, at the distance of 84 Miles almost East of Mantua, 95 North-east of Modena, 126 North of Florence, 168 East of Milan, 220 almost North of Rome, and 230 South West of Vienna in Germany. Its Foundation was begun A. C. 421. when Attila King of the Huns, after having ruin'd Aquileia, march'd forward with a numerous Army to ravage Italy; insomuch that the Paduans, and some other neighbouring People, dreading the approach of the Barbarians, retir'd into the Fens and Marshes of the Adriatick Sea, where they at first built some few Houses on the Isle of Rialto, afterward on 60 other adjacent Islands, and at length on 12 others; all which united together, form one of the strongest, most regular, richest and most flourishing Cities of Europe; which is likewise styl'd the Virgin-City, it not having been ravish'd or attempted by any Enemy for 1200 Years at least. But the Dukes had not as yet establish'd their Seat there, until A. C. 810. for some time after, a palace was erected for them, and another for the Bishop. However, these 72 Islands were separated one from another during 300 Years, and govern'd by certain particular Tribunes, whom every Isle elected yearly, according to their respective Customs; that is to say, this State was then only a Confederacy of many neighbouring Islands, which the common Interest had united for their mutual Defence against the Incursions of their Enemies; and forasmuch as every one of them had a Spiritual Pastor, as well as a Tribune, there were also 72 distinct Parishes. But a late* 1.1 Author professes not to understand where these several Islands were, and affirms that this Hypothesis gives us a false Idea of the Plan and Situation of the City:

For (says he) one would imagine, to hear talk of 72 Island•, that there were as many little Plots of Ground rais'd above the Surface of the Lake; all which being inhabited, became, in process of time, one entire Common-wealth: Which does not appear to have so happen'd, in regard that the whole City of Venice lies on a level, and is altogether built on Piles, the Water washing the Foundations of almost all the Houses, to the height of 4 or 5 Feet, and the breadth of the Channels being always equal. It is true, indeed, that many Spaces of a considerable largeness have been improved; which may induce us to believe, that there was heretofore some firm Land, but not 72 Islands. Furthermore (continues he) if all the Divisions made by the Channels should be counted for Islands, we shall find near 200, instead of 72. It ought also to be observed, That the number of these Islands might be encreas'd ad infinitum, by making new ones wheresoever the Inhabitants shall have a mind to fix Piles, and to build Houses on them. There are 18 or 20 of the like nature dispers'd in the Marsh or Lake of Venice, without reckoning Palestrina, Malamoco, and 8 or 10 others, that have a Bottom of solid Earth, and are real Islands.

Thus far our Author; who assures us, that Venice is seated in a Marshy Ground, which had been overflow'd by the Sea some time before its Foundation; and that this extent of Waters is on that account call'd Lacuna by the Venetians: neither are they, generally speaking, of any great depth, although Vessels of the largest size may sail in some Places, and those of 200 Tuns, come up to the very Keys. Therefore Care hath been taken to turn the Mouths of the Brenta, and some other Rivers, another way, that this Lake might not be choak'd up with Mud or Sand; and that the Earth might not again prevail above the Waters, which would be very prejudicial to the City, since its whole Strength and Security depends on its Situation: neither would it be altogether advantageous thereto, that the same Waters should be every where very deep; because in the state they remain at present, it is almost impossible to approach Venice in a Hostile manner, either by Sea or Land, as some have in Vain attempted. For when King Pepin had for a long time endeavour'd to drive out their Duke Maurice, and his own Son, who had taken part with him, he departed from Ravenna with his Fleet, imagining that he might easily pass every where with full Sails: But Maurice's Vessels, which were conducted through the Navagable Passages, were not dispers'd; whereas those of Pepin founder'd on all Sides in the Mud, so that he was extreamly harrass'd, and constrain'd to betake himself to flight, with the remainder of his Fleet. Somewhat above 300 Years ago, the Genoeses met with the like rude Entertainment. Indeed, it must be acknowledg'd as a very surprising Object, to see so large a City, without any Walls or Ramparts, continually assaulted with the Waves on all sides, and yet standing firm on its Piles, as it were a Rock, the Streets being every where water'd with Channels, on the sides whereof are erected many magnificent Palaces, and stately Houses. But the whole City is divided after such a manner by these Channels and Streets, that there is scarcely a House whereto one cannot go either by Land or Water: not that every Channel has a double Key, as in Holland, for the convenience of those that walk on foot; 'tis true, there are some, but the Channel very often takes up the whole space, reaching from one row of Houses to another. The Streets, which are narrow, run through the small Isles made by the Channels: and there are about 430 Bridges rais'd in divers Places, over all these Channels; so that all the small Passages and Turnings that must necessarily be made to find out the Bridges, render Venice a real Labyrinth.

St. Theodore was the first Patron of Venice, until the Body of St. Mark being transported thither from Alexandria in Egypt, in the beginning of the IXth. Century, this Evangelist was chosen for its principal Protector. The Patriarchal Church is dedicated to St. Peter; and that of St. Mark, notwithstanding its Riches, is only the Doge's Chapel. However, the Primicerio, or Dean of the Canons, wears a Bishop's Mitre and Robe, and does not depend on the Patriarch. He is always a Noble Venetian, and his Yearly Revenues amount to near 1000 Pound Sterling. The Church of St. Mark was first founded A.C. 829. and contains above 500 Pillars of Marble. It is a Greek Structure, almost Square, built in form of a Cross, and beautify'd with many Gothick Ornaments: Its Roof consists of several Domes cover'd with Lead, whereof that in the middle is the largest; and the whole Pavement is made of Jaspar and Porphyry, wrought in Mosaick-work. The High Altar, supported by four Columns, represents in Relief the History of the Old and New Testament. The Chapel of the Holy Sacrament is erected on four Pillars of Alabaster, which (as they say) had serv'd in the Temple of Solomon. In this place is preserv'd the Body of St. Mark; and that famous Treasure of Relicks, enrich'd with Pearls, Diamonds, and other Precious-Stones of an inestimable Value. This stately Church is likewise adorn'd with five Gates of Cast Metal; over the principal of which stand four Horses of Copper Gilt, of the same Workmanship, and of equal Bigness; which (according to the Opinion of some Antiquaries) are the very same that are joyn'd to a Chariot of the Sun, that serv'd as an Ornament to the Triumphal Arch which the Senate of Rome set up in Honour of Nero, after his Victory over the Parthians. For they assure us, That Constantine the Great transported these Horses from Rome to Constantinople, where they were placed in the Hippodrome, and that as last the Venetians having made themselves Masters of this City, brought them hither among other rich Spoils. Of a great number of Statues with which the out-side of the Church is inviron'd, there are only two very considerable, viz. those of Adam and Eve, which were made by Riccio, and are to be seen in going down the great Stair-case of the Palace.

The Grand Place or Court of St. Mark being 280 Paces long, and 110 broad, is bounded at the end by the same noble Pile of Building; and on both sides, by the stately Palaces built with a kind of Marble, and known by the name of the Procuracies, where the exact Symmetry of the Building, the Height of the Pilasters, the Largeness of the Portico's, and Richness of the Statues, are justly admir'd; besides a Clock of most curious Workmanship.

In turning to the Right-hand from the Church of St. Mark, you enter into another magnificent publick Place, commonly call'd the Broglio, leading to the Port of Malamoco, and affording a most Delightful Prospect. It is 250 Paces long, and 80 broad; the Procuraries being continu'd on one side of it, and the Duke's Palace facing it on the other. Near the Sea-shore are erected two stately Columns, which were brought from Constantinople in the time of Sebastian Ziani; the Statue of St. Theodore is set on the top of one of them; and on the other, the Lion of St. Mark. The Tower of St. Mark stands near the Angle of the Square on the In-side, and takes off somewhat from the Symmetry of the Place: It is 316 Foot high, in comprehending the Angle, which serves as a Vane, or Weather-cock. The whole Tower was formerly Gilt; so that when the Sun shone, it was discern'd above 30 Miles off at Sea; but the Gilding is now worn out, and scarcely any thing of it remains. The Broglio is the usual place of Rendezvous of the Venetian Nobility, where they pay Visits one to another, and transact divers Affairs; so that none is permitted to enter among them into that side where they walk, but the other side is left free to all Passengers. This Place is likewise so peculiarly appropriated to their Use, that when a young Noble-man has attain'd to the Age requisite to be admitted into the Council, and to wear the Robe, the first Day that he takes it, he is introduc'd here by four other Nobles, his Friends, with much Ceremony: And when any Person is banish'd from the Council, the Entrance into the Broglio is at the same time forbidden him.

The Palace of St. Mark, joyning to the Church, is a large Pile of Building after the Gothick fashion, and very magnificent: It hath been burnt four or five times, and its divers Reparations are the cause that the Structure is not uniform. That side of it toward the Channel is built with a certain hard Stone brought from Istria, the Design of it being much esteem'd: And indeed, if the other parts of this Fabrick were conformable thereto, it would be a very rare piece of Architecture. The Doge lodges in the same Palace; and there are assembl'd all the Councils of State, and Courts of Judicature. The several Apartments are large, high, and very well wainscoted, but somewhat dark, in comparison of the light which is now required: The Stair-case is made of Marble; and the Portico, supported by a winged Lyon; and the Statue of the Doge Foscari; besides two Colossus's of Mars and Neptune. The College-Hall, where the Affairs of State are transacted, is extremely Large, and adorn'd with curious Paintings; particularly the Portraictures of the Doges, the History of the Council of Constantinople, that of Pope Alexander III. and the Emperour Frederick Barbarossa, &c. But the publick Library is kept in the Procuracies, over against the Palace, on the other side of the Broglio. There are abundance of Greek Manuscripts, which were given by Cardinal Bessarion, who was of that Nation. But there is scarcely any very rare, excepting another Manuscript entituled de Consideratione Dei, and attributed to St. Augustine. However, if this Library is none of the best, or most numerous; yet by way of recompence, divers Paintings of Titian, and some other famous Masters, are found therein, which are infinitely valu'd: Besides a great number of Greek Statues of extraordinary Beauty, particularly those of Ganymedes, Venus, Apollo, two Gladiators, &c.

At one end of the City, on the Sea-shore, stands the Arsenal, and extends its self above 2 Miles in compass: It is reputed to be one of the fairest and largest in Europe, and generally acknowledg'd to be very considerable: but it ought to be consider'd, that the Venetians have no other in Italy; and that not half of what is commonly said of it, is true. They that shew it, would willingly make us believe that there are 2500 Pieces of Artillery, good Arms for 100000 Foot, and compleat Equipage for 25000 Horse. The words, indeed, are soon pronounc'd, but not so easily prov'd. We must also take notice, that within the Enclosure of this Arsenal, are contain'd all sorts of Naval Stores and Tackle, Forges, Casting-houses, Rope-yards, sheds for the Bucentaur, Galleys and Galleasses; Havens and Docks for the Building, Careening and Refitting of Vessels; so that a very large space of Ground must needs be taken up for these Uses. The Venetians have some Men of War, the greatest of which is Nam'd the Redeemer, carrying (as they say) 80 Pieces of Cannon, and 14 Pedereroes. The Galeasses generally have three Batteries in the fore-part, and two in the stern. The Bucentaur is a sort of large Galeasse, very richly adorn'd with Gilding and Sculptures, which serves only to carry the Doge, accompany'd with the Senate, and many other Noblemen, when they go on board every year, on Ascension-day, with great Solemnity to Espouse the Sea. This Ceremony was first Instituted by Pope Alexander III. to confirm to the Venetians the Soveraignty they before pretended to have over the Gulf: the Vessel then us'd on that occasion was called the Bucentaur, and the same Name hath been ever since retain'd: The Captain of this Galeasse takes an Oath, and engages upon his life to bring it back safe and sound into Harbour, although never so great Hurricanes or Storms at Sea should happen to arise. A great part of the Arsenal was burnt in the Year 1565; and the crackling of the Fire (as they say) was heard 40 Miles off. The Government of the Place is committed to three Noblemen▪ The Galeasses are likewise Commanded by Persons of Quality; and indeed, all considerable Employments every where pass through their Hands.

The City of Venice is divided into six Quarters, or Wards, call'd Sestiori; wherein are compris'd 54 Convents of Monks, 26 Nunneries, 17 Hospitals, 18 Chapels, or Stations for the 6 Grand Fraternities; 56 Tribunals, or Courts of Justice; and a great number of Market-places: besides 165 Marble Statues; 25 of Copper; and 8000 Gondola's, or little Boats, for the conveying of Persons and Merchandizes through the Channels. Over the chiefest of these, call'd the Grand Channel, being 1300 Foot long, and 40 broad, stands the famous Bridge of Realto, of one single Arch, adorn'd on both sides with Marble Ballisters. It is indeed generally very much cry'd up, and esteem'd the finest in the World: But this Admiration is the Effect of Prejudice, and the whole Wonder consists in the Dimensions of the Arch, which is somewhat larger than ordinary. The Centry of the Arch makes exactly the third part of a Circle; and there is 80 Foot distance from one end of it, lying even with the level of the Chanel, to the other; Whence it may be inferr'd, that the Arch is near 24 Foot high. This Bridge is very firmly built with large Squares of a kind of White Marble; and there are two rows of Shops, that divide it into three several Passages; the largest in the Middle; and the two lesser, between the Rails and the Back-side of the Shops. It is reported, that 300000 Inhabitants, either Natives or Foreigners, reside at Venice: But Mr. Ray proves, that there cannot be above 200000; as also, that the Republick receives from thence a Revenue of 1400000 Ducats yearly, not comprehending that which ariseth from the Imposts laid on Salt. The City is about as large as Amsterdam, and the number of Houses reckon'd 24870. Among the Magnificent Churches, besides the abovemention'd of St. Mark, those of St. Dominick, St. Zachary, St. George, and St. Saviour, are more especially remarkable.

Chiozza, or Chioggia, Clodia Fossa, is a small City, and the See of a Prelate Suffragan to the Patriarch of Venice, situated in a little Island of the Adriatick Sea, and having a safe Harbour near Brondolo, at the distance of 15 Miles from Venice to the South, toward Loredo. It was heretofore famous for the Victory of the Genoeses, who made themselves Masters thereof, A. D. 1380. But it is now subject to the Dominions of the State of Venice, whereto it affords a very considerable Revenue, by th• making of great quantities of Salt.

Torcello, Torcellum, is a very small Town, and not much frequented, by reason of the unwholsomness of the Air, being distant only 5 Miles from Venice to the North, near the Ruins of Altino, from whence the Episcopal See was translated hither, after the ancient City had been utterly raz'd by the Huns, A. C. 635.

Grado, Gradus, or Nova Aquileia, is seated on the Marshes of the Gulf of Venice, and owes its Foundation to the Inhabitants of Aquileia, who were setled here soon after their City was ruin'd by Attila. It was also, for a long time, the Seat of the Patriarch; and Pope Alexander IV. added divers new Privileges, A. D. 1256, to those which had been already granted to him by Leo IX. in 1050. But at length the Patriarchate was remov'd to Venice by Nicholas V. in 1455; and Lorenzo Giastiarani was the first that attain'd to this Dignity. The City of Grado is of a small compass, but well-built on a little Island of the same Name, next the Continent, at the distance of 12 Miles from Aquileia to the South, and 52 from Venice to the East. It heretofore depended on the Province of Friuli, but is now subject to the Jurisdiction of the Venetians.

The Province of Istria, or Histria; in High-Dutch Istareich; is stretched out in form of a Peninsle, between the Gulfs of Trieste and Quarnero; the Alps, or I Monti della Vena, and the Territories of Friuli, being about 56 Miles long from North to South, and 40 broad from East to West. The Air is not very healthful, more especially along the Sea-coasts: nevertheless, this Country brings forth abundance of excellent Grapes, Olives, Timber, and Marble. The Republick of Venice maintains a Governour in the same Province, and receives from thence a considerable Revenue.

The Chief Cities are these:

• Capo d' Istria, Bish. Cap.
• Cita Nuova, Bish.
• Parenzo, Bish.
• Pola, Bish.

CAPO D' ISTRIA, Justinopolis, or Caput Istriae, in the Latit. of 45 Deg. 30 Min. and the Longit. of 36 Deg. 20 Min. is a very small City on the Coasts of the Adriatick-Gulf, and the Bay of Trieste, yet dignified with the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Patriarchate of Aquileia; being distant 28 Miles almost South of Trieste, and 78 East of Venice, on the other side of the Gulf. It is built in an Island, within Three Arrows shot of the Continent, whereto there is a Passage over certain Draw-Bridges, that may be hoisted-up at pleasure. Moreover an old Fort stands in the middle, which is likewise joyned to the Town by a Bridge; and on the account of the Strength of the Place, is called, The Lion's Castle.

Cita Nuova, Aemonia, or Civitas Nova Istriae, is a small City, which sprang out of the Ruins of ancient Aemonia, from the Ruins whereof it is distant only 3 Miles, scarcely one from the Coasts of the Adriatick-Sea, and the Mouth of the River Quieto, with which it is water'd; as also, 22 Miles almost South of Capo d' Istria, and 70 East of Venice, cross the Gulf. It hath been for some time erected into an Episcopal See, under the Patriarchate of Aquileia, and subject to the Jurisdiction of the State of Venice, ever since the Year 1270. However, at present, it is inhabited only by a few Fisher-men, by reason of its unhealthful Air, and that too, during the Summer season; for in Winter it is altogether abandon'd, and left desolate.

Pola; Julia Pietas, or Pola, was Founded by the Colchi, and hath a very capacious Harbour on the Coasts of the Adriatick-Sea, being also the Seat of a Prelate, who is a Suffragan to the Patriarch of Aquileia. It is distant 6 Miles from the Promontory, call'd from thence Il Capo di Pola, to the North-West, 46 Miles almost South of Cabo d' Istria, and 80 North of Ancona. It hath for its defence a small Citadel, which is not very strong; and the Venetian Governour commands therein under the Title of a Count.

The Province of Dalmatia; Dalmatia being extended along the Coasts of the Venetian Gulf, is bounded on the West by Istria, on the North by Croatia, on the East by Albania, and on the South by the Adriatick-Sea; being in length about 240 Miles, and in breadth about 60 in the widest place. These Territories are possess'd partly by the Turks, and partly by the Venetians. The small Republick of the Regusa, which is the Epidaurus of the Ancients, is likewise establish'd therein. The Dalmatians speak the Sclavonian-Tongue, profess the Roman-Catholick Religion, and are well-vers'd in Military Affairs. This Country, in time past, bore the Title of a Kingdom; but the Venetians are now Masters of the ensuing Cities and Town, viz.

• Zara, Archb. Cap.
• Spalatro, Archb.
• Nona, Bish.
• Badua, Bish.
• Cataro, Bish.
• Scardona, Bish.
• St. Nicolo.
• Sebenico, Bish.
• ...Clossa.
• ...Salona.
• ...Almissa.
• ...Aagrigrado.
• ...Veicchio.

ZARA, Jadera; in the Sclavonian Tongue Zadar, in the Latit. of 44 Deg. 30 Min. and the Longit. of 30 Deg. 10 Min. is a Port of the Adriatick-Sea, and the Metropolis of Dalmatia, enjoying the Title of an Arch-bishoprick. 'Tis encompass'd on all sides with the Sea, and joyn'd only to the Continent by a Draw-bridge; being distant 80 Miles South-West of Jaicza, 116 North-East of Ancona, 165 North-West of Raguri, and 184 almost South-East of Venice. It is also fenced with 6 Bastions, and the adjacent Countrey is commonly called from thence, Il Contado di Zara. Ladislaus, King of Naples, (who had purchas'd this City for the Sum of 100000 Ducats, as we are inform'd by Johannes Lucius, a Learned Citizen of Trau,) sold it; together with Novigrad, and some other places appertaining to its Jurisdiction, to the Republick of Venice; and it, as yet, remains in their possession.

Spalatro, or Spalato; Spalatum, or Salonae Novae, is a large and well-fortified City on the Coasts of the Adriatick-Sea, where heretofore stood a Palace of the Roman Emperour Dioclesian; from whence it took its Name, and grew up out of the Ruins of Solana, which had been rais'd by the Sclavonians, and was distant from it only 4 Miles to the North. It was also erected into a Metropolitan See, in the room of the former, and presides over the Suffragan Bishopricks of Lesina, or Huar, Trau, Sebenico, Tine, and Almissa. The City of Spalato is adorn'd with a capacious and safe Harbour, and hath remain'd under the Dominion of the Venetians ever since the Year 1420. although the Turks have often, in vain, attempted to make themselves Masters thereof. It is distant 30 Miles South-East of Sebenico, 32 South of Bagnialuck, 74 South-East of Zara, and 92 North-West of Ragori. This place is remarkable for the Ruins of Dioclesian's Palace.

Nona, or Nin, according to the pronunciation of the Sclavonians; in Latin, Aenone, or Enonae, a small, but strong City, is environ'd, for almost altogether, with the Adriatick-Sea, over against the Island of Pago, from whence it is separated with a Streight 4 Miles broad to the West, being also distant 13 from Zara to the North, and about 35 from Segna. It hath, in like manner, a convenient Port, and is the Seat of a Prelate, Suffragan to the Arch-bishop of Zara.

Budoa, Butua, or Bulva, is situated on the Coasts of Albania, at the distance of 10 Miles from Antivari to the North-West, and 30 from Scutari, or Scodar to the West, between Castel Nuovo, or Lattaro, to the North, and Dolcigno to the South. It is an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Antivari, which was taken by the Turks, A. D. 1571. and hath been, in like manner, infested through the Inroads of those Infidels. It is also regularly Fortify'd; but hath suffer'd much Damage through the violence of an Earthquake that happen'd A. D. 1667.

Cataro, Caterum, or Cattara; seated on a Gulf of the same Name, is defended with a strong Castle, built on an Hill, and distant 30 Miles North-West of Scutari, and 50 South-East of Raguri; its Episcopal See having formerly depended on the Metropolitan of the same City; but is, at present, subject to that of Bari. The City of Cattaro, together with 17 Villages, appertaining to its Jurisdiction, hath been possess'd by the Venetians ever since the Year 1420.

Scardona; Scardona, or Scordona, is a ruin'd City, seated near the Lake of Prochlian, on an adjacent Mountain, at the distance of 9 Miles from Sebenico to the North, and 35 from Zara to the East, having an Episcopal See subject to the Metropolitan of Spalatro. It was sold, A. D. 1411. together with Ostrovice, for the sum of 5000 Ducats of Gold, by Sandaglius Waywood of Bosnia, to the Venetians, by whom it was also taken and raz'd in 1570.

Sebenico; Sebenicum, or Sibenicum, a well-fortified City, on the Coasts of the Adriatick-Sea, hath remain'd under the Jurisdiction of the State of Venice, ever since the Year 1412. whereas it was before only a Sea-Port Town of Croatia, until Pope Boniface VIII. erected it into an Episcopal See; under the Metropolitan of Spalatro. It is defended with a Castle built on an Hill, together with the strong Cittadel of St. Nicolas, and hath often repuls'd the Turkish Forces, that, in vain, endeavour'd to make themselves Masters thereof. It is distant 30 Miles North-West of Spalatro, and 44 South-East of Zara. Moreover, the Venetians possess many other Places on the Coasts of Albania, and among others,

Butrinto, or Butrotum, over against the Island of Corfu; as also, a great Number of Islands in the Gulf and Archipelago, on the Western Coasts of Greece; the Chief of which are these, viz.

• Corfu, Arch. Cap.
• Cefalonia, Bish.
• Zante, Bish.
• Currola, Bish.
• Ossero, Bish.
• Vegia, Bish.
• Alba, Bish.
• ...La Grande.
• ...Incorronada.
• ...Salta.
• ...La Brazza.
• ...Torta.
• ...Cherso.
• ...Pago.

The Island of CORFƲ; Corcyra, in the Longit. of 44 and 45 Deg. and the Latit. of 49. Deg. 40 Min. is situated in the Ionian Sea, to the West of the Continent of Greece, at the distance of 2 Leagues from the Coasts of Epirus; extending it self in length, from South to North-West, about 20 Leagues; 7 or 8 in breadth from West to East; and 46 in compass. It is divided into 4 Baronies, or Bailiages. The Air is extreamly healthful, and the Soil brings forth many Vines, Olive-Trees, Orange-Trees, Citron-Trees, &c. which grow there in great abundance; together with divers sorts of very rare Plants. The Metropolis of this Island bears the same Name, and the Title of an Arch-bishoprick. The Inhabitants thereof are Christians, partly of the Greek, and partly of the Latin Church. It hath a commodious Harbour, and a well stored Arsenal; being also fortifyed with two strong Castles erected on a Mountain, wherein is maintain'd a considerable Garrison. This City fell into the Hands of the Venetians, A. D. 1382. and was in Vain besieged by the Turks, in 1537.

The Island of Cefalonia, Cephalenia, between the 37 Deg. 15 Min. and the 47 Deg. 45 Min. of Latit. and in 45 Deg. of Longit. lies in like manner in the Ionian Sea, between that of Lucada to the North, and Zante to the South: It includes about 20 Leagues from South to North-east, 14 from West to East, and 51 in compass. The Capital City of the same Name is founded on an Hill, and very well fortifyed, being also dignified with the Title of an Episcopal See, Suffragan to that of Corfu. The other places, which were heretofore Cities, are at present only Boroughs and Villages. On the Southern Side of the Isle, toward that of Zante, is situated a very capacious and safe Harbour, called The Port of Argostoli. The Inhabitants generally observe the Rites of the Greek Church.

Zante, Zacynthus, is distant 18 Miles from Il Capo Tornese, a Promontory of the Morea to the West, and 12 from the Island of Cefalonia to the South. It is usually divided into Three Parts, termed La Montagna, Il Piedimonte, and La Pianura, in which are contained 48 Towns; the Principal whereof is likewise named Zante, and hath been, for some time, the Seat of a Prelate, suffragan to the Arch-bishop of Corfu. Here also stands a Fortress, in which the Venetians maintain a strong Garrison; and the Natives drive a very great Trade in Currans.

The Island of Corzola; Corcyra Melaena or Nigra, in the Latit. of 43 Deg. and the Longit. of 41 Deg. 30 Min. is extended in length for the space of 25 Miles on the Coasts of Dalmatia, near the Frontiers of the Republick of Ragusa, to the Jurisdiction whereof it was heretofore subject. Five Towns or Villages are included within its compass, the chief of which bears the same Name as the Island, and therein is established an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Ragusa.

Ossero; Absorus, Apsorrus or Absyrtium, between the 44 and 45 Deg. of Latit. is an Island of a very small Compass, lying at the Distance of 6 Miles from that of La Vogio to the South, and 30 from Segna, a City of Croatia. It is extended from the South to North-West, for the space of about 10 or 11 Leagues, and 4 from West to East.

Vegia or Veglia, Curicum, Curictum and egin, call'd Kirk by the Sclavonians, is situated on the Coasts of the Adriatick-Sea, and stretched out for the space of 30 Miles from South-East to North-West. The principal Town of this Island, of the same Name, seated on the Western Part thereof, was formerly subject to the Counts of Frangipani, and fell into the possession of the Venetians, Anno Dom. 1430. It also hath been, long since, erected into an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Zara.

Arbe, Arba or Arbum, named Rab in the Sclavonian Tongue, is distant 13 Miles from Segna to the South, and extends its self only for the space of 15 Miles from East to West. Its principal Town is known by the same Name, and affords a Seat to a Prelate, suffragan to the Arch-bishop of Zara. In sailing from hence toward the South-East, we meet with the Isles of Pago, Malaral, Grande, L'Incoronado, St. Archangelo, Sotta, Lesina, La Brazza, Lissa, St. Andrea, Malisola, Cura, &c. As for the Island of Candia, the Peninsle of the Morea, the Territories of Athens, and the Archipelago, where the Venetians possess some Places, a particular Account shall be given of them in the Description of the respective Countries, whereto at present they appertain.

The ECCLESIASTICAL STATE, Ecclesiastica or Pontificia Ditio.

THat Territory which commonly bears the Title of the ECCLESIASTICAL STATE, or Patrimony of the Church, is an extent of Lands depending on the Jurisdiction of the See of Rome, and is so much the more Remarkable, in regard that the Pope is both Spiritual and Temporal Sovereign thereof, who is usually styled by the Roman Catholicks, The Chief of all Christendom; the Patriarch of Rome and the West; the Primate and Supreme Governour of Italy; the Metropolitan of the Bishops, suffragan to the See of Rome, and the Bishop of St. John of Lateran. This Country was heretofore, as it were, the Centre of the Roman Empire, which far surpass'd in Grandeur and Power all the other States of the Universe: Its extent was then bounded on the West by the Atlantick Ocean, on the East by Armenia and Persia, on the North by the Seas of Ireland, Scotland, Germany, and the Baltick; and on the South by Aethiopia. It was absolutely predominant over the whole Mediterranean See, and an almost infinite number of Islands, the greater part whereof form as many Kingdoms. But the Dominions, at present appropriated to the Pope, are of a small Compass, being limited on the North, by the Territories and Gulph of Venice, on the West by the Dutchies of Mantua, Modena, and Toscany, on the South by part of Toscany, and the Mediterranean Sea; and on the South-East, by the Kingdom of Naples, and part of the Gulph of Venice. They are extended in Length, from South to North-West, for the space of about 240 Miles, viz. from Terracina, as far as the Frontiers of Polesino, on the Banks of the Gulf; and 134 Miles in Breadth, from South-West to North-East, viz. from Civita Vecchia to Ancona: In one place (particularly in the province of Romagnia) they are not above 20 Miles broad. The Air is thick in many places, and unhealthy round about the City of Rome, by reason of the Fenns, pools of standing Water, and Marshy Grounds; (but much more by the Severity of the Government, which has almost dis-peopl'd many Parts, and gives People no Incouragement for Care and Tillage) which, nevertheless, afford good Pastures, and are very fertile in all sorts of Grain, Grapes, and other Fruits.

The whole Principality is commonly divided into the 12 ensuing Provinces: Viz.

• 1. The Campaign of Rome,
  • Rome, Patr. Cap.
• 2. The Patrim. of St. Peter,
  • Viterbo.
• 3. The Dutchy of Castro.
  • Castro.
• 4. The Countr. of Orvietano,
  • Orvieto, Bish.
• 5. The Country of Perugino,
  • Perusia.
• 6. Ombria,
  • Spoleto, D.
• 7. La Sabina,
  • Narni.
• 8. La Marca d' Ancona,
  • Ancona.
• 9. The Dutchy of Ʋrbin,
  • Urbino, Arch-b.
• 10. Romagnia,
  • Ravenna.
• 11. The Countr. of Ferrarese,
  • Ferrara, D.
• 12. The Countr. of Bolognese,
  • Bolognia, Arch-b.

The Campaign of ROME, Latium, or the Country of the Latins, is bounded on the North by Terra Sabina; on the South by the Mediterranean-Sea; on the East by the Kingdom of Naples; and on the West by the Patrimony of St. Peter. Its utmost extent from North to South consisting of about 40 Miles, and 60 from East to West.

The principal Cities and Towns of this Province, are these, viz.

• Rome, Patr. Cap.
• Trivoli, Bish.
• Frescari, Bish.
• Ostia, Bish.
• Palestrina, Bish.
• Terracina, Bish.
• Veletri, Bish.
• Segni, Bish.
• Anagni, Bish.
• Albano, Bish.

ROME, Roma, in the Latit. of 41 D. 33. Min. and the Long. of 36 D. 30 M. the Metropolis of the whole Country of Italy, is seated on the Banks of the River Tyber, at the distance of 12 Miles from its Mouth, and the Coast of the Toscan Sea to the North; as also, 104 Miles North-West of Naples, 132 South-East of Florence, 220 almost South of Venice, 260 South-East of Genoa, 290 of Milan, 400 South of Vienna, 560 almost South of Cracow, 680 South-East of Paris, 756 from Amsterdam, 840 from London, 900 West of Constantinople, and 960 East of Madrid. This most famous City was founded, (as it is generally believ'd) by Romulus and Remus, about A. M. 3301. in the 4th. Year of the VII. Olympiad, and 754 before the Nativity of Jesus Christ, according to Petavius's Computation. It was built in a somewhat square form, and comprehended only the Mount Palatin, whereto six others were afterward added, viz. The Capitoline, the Aventine, the Coelius, the Esquiline, the Viminel, and the Quirinal or Mons Caballus, now well known by the name of Il Monte Cavallo, on which account it was usually termed Ʋrbs Septicollis, or The City on Seven Hills; although Five other have been since taken in, viz. Janiculus, Pincius, the Vatican, Citorio and Giordano. However, you must not imagine these to be so many high Mountains, but only Hills, with an easie, and almost insensible, ascent. Thus Rome, though very small and inconsiderable in the beginning, encreas'd by Degrees more and more, untill at last it became the largest City that ever was in the whole World, either before or since, both for Number of Houses, Inhabitants, and Extent of Ground, it being sometime near 50 Miles in Circuit, and the Capital of the Roman Empire. It is also, at present, the Seat of the Popes, having been subject to them for many Ages, and as yet extends its self 13 Miles in Compass. Its Walls are flanked with 360 Turrets, the number whereof, in the time of the First Emperors, amounted to 740, although many of them are now decayed and fallen to ruin. Indeed those Walls are larger than those of any City in Europe, but they take in a great deal of waste Ground; so that not above a Third part of their whole Extent is inhabited; the Two other Thirds, on the Eastern and Southern Sides, consisting only of Gardens and Ruins: Nevertheless, there are 31200 Houses; which are considerably more than in any other place in Italy, or Europe, (except London, and Paris; or perhaps Moscow and Constantinople;) but the City is not so populous as either Venice, Milan, or Naples, there being reckon'd about 120000 Souls, besides Strangers, who are here very numerous. The Tyber divides it into Two unequal Parts; of which, that on the right side, commonly called Trastevere, is at least five or six times less than the other. This River runs from North to South, and makes a small Island; which was heretofore suppos'd to take its Original from a Shock of Corn thrown into the channel, by the Order of Tarquinius Superbus. The greater part of the Houses are built with Brick, plaster'd over, and whiten'd on the out-side; they have generally Arched Roofs, but the Angles of the Rafters are very obtuse. There were, at the first, only 3 or 4 Gates at Rome, but their Number afterwards encreas'd to 16, being all built large and Stately, besides several other of lesser note; of these 20 now remain, and 5 Bridges over the Tyber, one of which is partly demolish'd. The whole City is divided into 14 Quarters or Wards, commonly call'd Li Rioni; and the Suburbs are very large, enclos'd with Walls, and Fortify'd by Pope Ʋrban VIII.

The High-ways that led to this great City, were made at the publick Expence, with incredible Labour and Charge, and pav'd with large square Stones, 3 or 4 Foot long, reaching a great many Miles in the Country, a particular Stone being set up for a Mark at the end of every Mile; so that no Cost was spar'd that might contribute to their Lastingness, or the Convenience of Travellers, though it were sometimes necessary for that purpose, to level Mountains or fill up Valleys. Of these, the Appian Road was most noble, extending it self from the Gate Cupena, to Capua, and so to Brundusium, about 350 Miles; and some of their Remainders are still to be seen in divers Places. The Buildings were, in like manner, the most noble in the World, as having been built by the most able Architects that Greece or Asia could afford: and as for the publick Edifices, they did; undoubtedly, surpass all other Parts, as it plainly appears from the august Ruins of the Amphitheatre, the Circus Maximus, the Baths, Vaults, triumphal Arches, Pillars, Obelisks, Aqueducts, Statues, and other rare Monuments of Antiquity. And indeed, one cannot walk 50 Paces, either within the Walls of the City, or the adjacent Territory, without meeting with some Remains of its ancient Grandure.

There are about 300 Churches within the several Precincts of Rome, for the most part very magnificent Structures; and among others, that famous ancient Temple call'd the Pantheon, in time past, and now La Rotonda, by the common People, from its round form. Boniface IV. dedicated it to the Virgin Mary, and all the Martyrs, under the Name of S. Maria ad Martyres; and afterwards, another Pope thought fit, that all the Saints in general should be comprehended with the Martyrs. It was built by Agrippa, in the time of Augustus, and consecrated (as is suppos'd) to Jupiter, and all the other Heathen Gods; which gave occasion to the Name of Pantheon, or perhaps only to Jupiter and Cybele, the Mother of the Gods; since (according to the Testimony of Varro) above 30000 Deities were ador'd at Rome. Indeed this Temple, although much defac'd is one of the fairest and most entire ancient Edifices in Italy, being in breadth 144 Foot, and as many in heighth, cas'd with Brass, and beautify'd with many noble Statues. In the Castle of St. Angelo is shewn a Cannon that carries a Ball of 70 Pounds weight, and was cast as well as the 4 Columns of the High-Altar in St. Peter's Church, only of the Copper Nails, with which the covering of the Portico was fasten'd. The Pillars of this Porch are of the Corinthian Order, and of one entire Piece, but not altogether of an equal thickness, there being some inches difference, more or less. They are 15 Foot in compass, according to the English measure; and the square of Stone, out of which the entrance of the great Gate is cut, is likewise of a considerable largeness; that is to say, 40 Foot high, and 20 Foot broad. The Two Lyons of Porphyry, under the same Portico, serv'd before as an Ornament to the Front of the Temple of Isis. Raphael Ʋrbin, the Renowned Italian Painter, lies buried in this Church.

But the Cathedral of St. Peter, is justly esteem'd the most stately Pile of Building throughout the whole World, either with respect to its largeness, or the exact symmetry and proportion observ'd in all its Parts; insomuch that the oftner one views it, the greater Admiration will be continually excited. It was first built by the Emperor Constantine the Great, until, when fallen to decay by the Injury of Time, Pope Julius II. began to re-edifie it from the very Foundation: afterward, his Successors carried on the Work; and at length it was brought to Perfection by Paul. V. Thus was it help'd forward by 23 Popes, having cost 40000000 of Crowns; and there is still a Revenue of 20000 Pounds a Year for the repairing of it. The Cupolo is of that marvellous height and bigness, (the Diameter thereof being 144 Foot, equal to the Pantheon) sustaining on the top a vast stone Lanthorn, with huge stone Pillars about it, that it may well be counted the boldest Piece of Architecture the World e'er saw. Brumante under Julius II. and Michael Angelo under Paul III. were the principal Architects of this most noble Fabrick, which is entirely built with Free-stone, hewen out of the Quarries of Trivoli, &c. and beautify'd with all manner of most sumptuous Ornaments.

It may not perhaps be amiss to subjoin its exact Dimensions as they were taken on the Place, by a late Ingenious Author.

	Feet.
The length of the Church on the out-side, comprehending the wideness of the Portico, and the thickness of the Walls	722
The length of the in-side of the Church without including the Porch, or the thickness of the Walls	594
The length of the Cross of the Church on the out-side	490
The length of the Cross on the inside	438
The breadth of the Body of the Church	86
The perpendicular hight of the same Body	144
The bigness or circumference of the Dome on the out-side	620
The Diameter of the Dome on the in-side	143
The breadth of the Front of the Church	400
The entire height of the Church from the Ground to the top of the Cross above the Ball	432
The Diameter of the Ball	8
The height of the Statues, which are plac'd on the Cornish of the second Order of the Front	18

In the in-side of this admirable Structure, scarcely any thing is to be seen but▪ rich Gilding, rare Paintings, curious Figures in Basso Relievo, Statues of Copper and Marble; and all these dispos'd in so exact and regular Order, that the abundance of them does not cause Confusion. The in-side of the Cupolo consists altogether in Mosaick Work; the Roof of the Body and Quire is compos'd of Stuck, having Compartments in Relievo gilt; the Pavement is made of Marble, inlaid with divers Figures; and 'tis design'd to case the Pilasters, as well as all the other Parts of the in-side of the Church with the same sort of Stone. The Pulpit of St. Peter, supported by the Four Doctors of the Church, whose Statues are of Copper gilt. The Tombs of Pope Ʋrban VIII. Paul III. Alexander VII. and the Countess Matilda, or Mawd, the* 1.2 inseparable Companion of Gregory VII. are Works of extraordinary Beauty and Magnificence. On the Monument of Paul III. are two Marble Statues, so curiously wrought to the Life, that it became necessary to cover them with a Brazen Drapery, to take away an occasion of Scandal, given some time since by two Spaniards, who had fallen in love with them. The High-Altar stands exactly under the Dome, in the middle of the Cross, and is a kind of Pavilion, or Canopy, sustained by four Columns of wreathed Brass, adorned with branched Work, and sprinkled with Bees, which were the Arms of P. Ʋrban VIII. Above every Column appears an Angel of Copper gilt, 17 Foot high, and Boys playing and walking over the Cornish. This Altar-piece is infinitely valu'd, and the heighth of the whole is 90 Foot. From hence we desscended by a Stair-case, to come to the Chappel, where (as they say) lies the Body of St. Peter, and to visit the other Holy Places in divers Quarters throughout the Vaults of this spacious Church. The double row of Pillars composing the Cloister of the open Place that lies before, and leads to the same Church, through a double Portico, on each side, is a rare and surprizing Ornament. Here are also two magnificent Fountains, that cast forth Water at a great Distance. The Obelisk in the middle, consisting of one entire piece of Marble, weighs 956148. Pounds; and is 78 Foot high, without comprehending either the Pedestal, on the Cross which Pope Sixtus V. caus'd to be fix'd on the top of it, when he rais'd up again this ancient Monument, A. D. 1586. It is commonly reported, that the Brazen Ball which formerly belong'd thereto, contain'd the Ashes of the Emperour Augustus: But it is a Mistake; for Dominico Fontana, an able Architect, employ'd by the same Pope Sixtus V. having examin'd this Globe, found that it was not capable of serving for such an use, and that it was only a simple Ornament; although indeed, the Obelisk was consecrated to Augustus and Tiberius, as it appears from an Inscription as yet to be read distinctly on it.

Divo Caesari, Divi Julli F. Augusti.Tiberio Caesari, D. Aug. F. Augusto Sacrum.

The Palace of the Vatican, so call'd from certain Vaticinia, i. e. Oracles that were some time deliver'd there, joyns to the Cathedral of St. Peter, and is well seated for the Pope's Convenience; otherwise, the too near neighbourhood of this Palace occasions a disagreeable Confusion: for if the Church stood clear by its self, and the Fields lay open on all sides, its Situation would be much more advantageous, especially since the Pope resides, for a great part of the Year, in the Palace of Mount Quirinal, or Monte Cavallo. The Vatican is not a very regular Building, as being compos'd only of divers fair Apartments ill united together: however (as they say) above 12500 Halls, Chambers and Closets are contain'd in it; as one may easily discern in the wooden Model which is there shewn to Strangers. The excellent paintings of Raphael Ʋrbin, Michael Angelo, Julius Romanus, Pinturicchio, Polydore, John of Ʋdina, Daniel of Volaterra, and many other renowned Masters, are generally as much admir'd here, as the other Beauties and Rareties of this Palace. The Belvedere is an Apartment of the Vatican, so nam'd, by reason of the delightful Prospect discover'd from thence, and beautify'd with most pleasant Gardens, and great variety of curious Statues; among which, that of Laocoon, as also the Trunks of Antinous, Apollo, and Cleopatra, are chiefly remarkable. The famous Library of the Vatican is not only enlarg'd with that of Heidelburg, but also with that of the Duke of Ʋrbin. The princi¦pal Paintings with which it is enrich'd, represent the Sciences, the Councils, the Inventers of Arts, the most considerable Libraries, and some passages of the Life of Pope Sixtus V. from hence one may pass to the Arsenal, where (according to the Common Report) are kept Arms for 20000 Horse, and 40000 Foot: But it is well if half of what is said on that Account prove true; and besides, all these Arms are in an ill Condition; neither indeed are they the principal Thunders of the Vatican.

As the Pope on one side, can descend out of this Palace to St. Peter's Church; so, on the other, he may easily retire incognito into the Castle of St. Angelo, Alexander VI. having made a Gallery of Communication for that purpose; and really a Person of so ill Repute as this Pope was, had some reason thus to provide for his own Safety. Ʋrban VIII. fortify'd the Castle with four Bastions, and impos'd on them the Names of the four Evangelists. In the Chappel is to be seen a Picture, wherein Pope Gregory I. is represented prostrating himself with his Triple-Crown, before an Angel that appear'd to him on the Top of the Rampart, or Tomb of the Emperor Adrian, and seem'd to put up a Sword into his Scabbard: which was (as the Story goes) to intimate to that Pope, that the City of Rome was about to be deliver'd from the Pestilence which had a long time raged there. Thus this noble Monument took the name of the Castle of St. Angelo. In the same Castle is preserv'd the Papal Mitre, or Triple-Crown: and in a small Arsenal, or Guard-Chamber adjoyning, is shewn an Armory fill'd altogether with prohibited Arms, almost all the owners of which are Condemn'd to Death, and accordingly Executed; particularly the Pocket-pistols of the young Prince, Ranucio Farnese, Son and Heir of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, and Governour of the Low-Countries, who found means to escape from hence with much difficulty.

The Church of St. John of Lateran is very large and magnificent, and assumes the glorious Title of The Head and Mother of all the Churches. It is the Seat of the Patriarchate, and was in part repair'd by Pope Innocent X. The name of the Place came from Plancius Lateranus, a Roman Lord, whose Gardens were situated thereabout. He was the same Person who had been nominated Consul, and was slain by the Order of Nero. Near this Church is the Sancta-Scala, i. e. the Holy Stair-Case; being an Apartment whereto have been transported 28 Steps of White Marble very much worn, and on which (as they say) Jesus Christ went up to Pontius Pilate. At present, no Persons are allow'd to ascend on them, otherwise than on their Knees: but as an ample Recompence for their Trouble, they gain three Years Indulgencies, and as many Quarantines, for every step: nevertheless, on each side there are two lesser Stair-cases, where one may go up at pleasure. The Chapel on the top of this Stair-case is call'd Sancta Sanctorum, or the Holy of Holies, by reason of an Image of our Saviour, which is pretended to have been made by Angels, and there most religiously preserv'd; neither are Women permitted to enter into it; but this Statue is deform'd, and very ill made. The Church of St. Mary Maggiore is a vast and stately Edifice, first founded by Pope Liberius, and a certain Roman Lord, A.C. 355. The Chapels of Sixtus V. and Paul V. are in like manner very noble Structures: The former was built by the Architect Dominico Fontana, and (as it is reported) cost 700000 Roman Crowns. In the latter is kept the Manger of Bethlehem; and an Image of the Virgin-Mary, made by St. Luke. Not far from thence stands the little Church of St. Antony, on whose Festival all the Horses of the Town go to receive a Benediction at the Gate of this Church.

The Gardens of the Pope's Palace on Monte Cavallo are well situated, but their Order is irregular, and every thing seems to be very much neglected. The two Horses of Marble that are plac'd before this Palace, and which Pope Sixtus V. caus'd to be transported thither from the Baths of Constantine, have always pass'd for the Works of Phidias and Praxiteles, the names of those famous Carvers being engrav'd on them. It is also reported, and many have written, that these Horses are two different Statues of the Bucephalus, or noted Horse of Alexander the Great, which those two excellent Artists carv'd on purpose to out-vie one the other. But there must needs be some mistake in the matter; for since Alexander lived 50 Years after Praxiteles, and Praxiteles a whole Age after Phidias, if the Statues belong to them, they were not made for the Bucephalus; or otherwise, if they were made for this Horse, they are not the Workmanship either of Phidias or Praxiteles. The two other Marble Horses to be seen in the Capitol, were taken out of the Theatre of Pompey. But the Brazen Statue on Horse-back, in the same place, was fix'd there by Pope Paul III. and is suppos'd to be that of the Emperour Marcus Aurelius. The Capitol, which heretofore carry'd the greatest Name of any other Heathen Temple in Rome, was chiefly dedicated to Jupiter, having been begun by Tarquinius Priscus, and finish'd by Tarquinius Superbus. It was founded on a high Rock of Mount Capitoline, and richly adorn'd with the Spoils of the conquer'd Nations. But the present Capitol is a Modern Building rais'd on its Ruins, and even partly on its Foundations, which in some places are manifestly apparent. Indeed, every Corner is full of remarkable Pieces of Antiquity, a particular Description whereof would even require a whole Volume; among the chief of these may be reckon'd the CopperWolf giving suck to the Illustrious* 1.3 Twins; on which may be observed the Thunder-stroke mention'd by† 1.4 Cicero. The four large Pieces of Basso Relievo, where many Passages of the History of Marcus Aurelius are represented. The Columna Rostrata of Consul Duillius, who was the first in Rome that obtain'd the Honour of a Naval Triumph. The Courier that drew a Thorn out of his Foot, after having brought good Tydings to the Senate, chusing rather to endure Pain in his Journey, than to retard the Publick joy. The half Statues of Cicero and Virgil. The four ancient Measures, viz. one for Oil, two for Wine, and the other for Corn. Nero's Nurse, holding that little Monster by the Hand. The Goddess of Silence. The God Pan. The Three Furies. The Statue of Caesar in Harness. Those of Castor and Pollux. The remainder of the Colosses of Apollo, Domitian, and Commodus. The Lyon that devour'd a Horse. Certain Trophies, which some attribute to Trajan, and others to Marius, &c. The Paintings in Fresco, of the Grand-Hall, were drawn by Cavalier Gioseppi, and seem to express the first Battle between the Romans and Sabines. Here is also shewn a Pillar call'd Milliarium, being of white Marble, eight foot and a half high. The Figure [1] is mark'd on its Capital, on the top whereof is fix'd a Brazen Globe about two Foot in Diameter. It is commonly reported, that this Column stood in the midst of the City, and that from thence distances were computed, which were divided at the end of every Mile by other Stones set up in all the Roads of Italy.

A vast number of remainders of ancient Buildings are dispers'd on all sides behind the Capitol; and among others, the Arch erected for Titus, after the taking of Jerusalem, its remarkable for its Ornaments in Basso Relievo, representing the Candlesticks, Table, Trumpets of the Grand Jubilee, and some Vessels brought out of the Temple. The Arch of Constantine is almost entire, excepting that the Heads of some Statues have been taken away; whereof Lorenzo de Medicis is accus'd, who (as they say) caus'd them to be remov'd to Florence. The more skilful Antiquaries likewise observe, That the Basso Relievo's of this Monument are not of an equal Beauty; which causes a Suspicion, that the best Pieces were par'd off when it was plac'd here. The Prodigious Amphitheatre, commonly call'd the Colosseo, from a Colossus, or huge Statue, that was fix'd before it, is of a round form without, although the Ground-plot in the in-side is Oval. It contain'd 85000 Spectators; that is to say, four times more than the Amphitheatre of Verona, without reckoning those termed Excuneati that stood upright in the Passages, and the number of whom amounted to 20000. The Pillars of Trajan and Antoninus are most famous and magnificent Monuments, both adorn'd with Figures in Basso Relievo, ascending in Spiral Lines from the Ba•is to the Capitals. The first of these admirable Columns was erected by the Senate of Rome, in Honour of the Emperour Trajan, and serv'd also for his Tomb, his Ashes having been set upon it in a Golden Urn; in the room of which, Pope Sixtus V. introduc'd a Statue of St. Peter, made of Copper gilt. This Pillar (according to Boissard) is compos'd of 24 Stones, every one of them containing 8 Steps: Its in-side is 128 Roman Feet high, which come near to 124 of England; and the Stair-case hath 123 Steps. The second Pillar, consisting of 28 Stones, was in like manner rais'd by the Senate for Antoninus Pius. The Statue of this Emperor was set up on the Top; but at present, the Image of St. Paul takes its place, being also made of Copper gilt, as well as that of St. Peter. The Stair-case contains 206 Steps; and the Body of the Column is 160 Roman Feet high, which are equivalent to 155 of our English Measure.

The stately Obelisks that were heretofore transported from Egypt to Rome, may well be reckon'd among the chiefest Ornaments▪ of this City. They are all of a Square Form, and end in a sharp Point, resembling, as it were, the Beams of the Sun, that grand Deity which the Egyptians likewise ador'd, under the name of Osiris, and wherein they plac'd the Genius's, or Souls of the Universe. The Four Angles of these Obelisks fac'd the four Quarters of the World, and signify'd the Four Elements: They are all made of Granite, which is a kind of Marble extremely hard, and very lasting; nay, some Naturalists affirm, that it is capable of resisting the force of Fire for a long time; so that it is not to be doubted, but that the firmness of these Materials, was the cause of their choice for such purposes. For the Obelisk of St. John of Lateran hath subsisted above 3000 Years; and that of St. Peter is 900 Years older. But the former being the largest of all, weighs (as the Report goes) 956148 Pounds; and is 108 Foot high, without comprehending the Pedestal and Cross. The Tomb of Cestius is in like manner a very beautiful and rare Monument: it is a square Pyramid, and ends in a sharp point at the Top; its Height consisting of 26 Feet; and its Breadth, in the Basis, of 94 Feet. The whole Mass of this Monument is made of Brick, but lin'd with squares of White Marble. It was repair'd by Pope Alexander VII. in the Year 1673, and appears almost in its former Beauty. One may perceive by the Inscriptions which are well preserv'd, that it was erected for Caius Cestius, one of those Seven Officers, who had the Charge of preparing the Feasts of the Gods. The entrance into the same Tomb lies through a low and narrow Passage, which crosseth its thickness into the middle, where is a little vaulted Room 19 Foot long, and 13 broad, and 14 high: The Roof of this Chamber is cover'd with a white and well polish'd Stuck, or Mortar, on which remain many Figures of Women, several sorts of Vessels, and other Ornaments.

At the distance of 200 Paces from the Pyramid of Cestius stands the Hill commonly call'd Il Dolioto, or Il Monte Testaceo, that is to say, the Mount of broken Pots, reaching about half a Mile in Compass, and 150 Foot in perpendicular height: But whence so vast a Heap of shatter'd Earthen Vessels came, cannot easily be determin'd; the general Opinion is, That the Hill being situated near the River Tyber, the Potters wrought hereabouts, as well for the convenience of Water us'd in their Works, as for the more easie Transportation of those Wares; and that they were wont to cast the broken pieces on one particular place.

It may not perhaps be improper here to give some Account of the two famous Images of Pasquin and Marforio, so much talk'd of among Travellers. The former is a Statue altogether mutilated and disfigured, which (as some say) was made for a Roman Soldier, and stands in a corner of one of the most considerable Cross-ways of the City, leaning against the side of a House. Indeed, Pasquin was the Name of a certain Taylor, who dwelt in that Neighbourhood, and whose Shop was the ordinary Rendezvous for News-mongers: This Taylor was a Man of a sharp Wit, and jolly Humour; insomuch, that his Satyrical Jests were styl'd Pasquinado's; and all the Sarcasms, or Lampoons of the Town, were generally attributed to him. Moreover, to perswade the World, that these Gibes proceeded from the same stamp, they were usually fasten'd to the present Statue, which was set before his Door; and thus the Statue, by degrees, assum'd the Name of Pasquin. Marforio is in like manner a maimed Figure, lying along in one of the Courts of the Capitol, which (according to the Opinion of some Persons) was heretofore a Statue of Jupiter; although others affirm it to have been that of the River Rhin, or the Nera, that runs to Turni. All this is uncertain, as well as the Etymology of the Names of these two Censors. However, it is very probable, that the Pasquinado's were formerly affix'd to the Trunk of Pasquin; but this Practice is no longer in use, all Satyrical Libels being now undoubtedly ascrib'd to the same Pasquin, who is suppos'd to Answer to the Interrogatories of his Comrade Marforio.

Among the Modern Palaces of Rome, the most considerable are those of Giustiniani, Chigi, Farnese, Altieri, Barberino, Colonna, &c. besides an ancient Academy, and a great number of Colleges. The Palace of Giustiniani is full of innumerable Rarities; and that of Cardinal Chigi, one of the finest in the whole City, all the Openings of the Gates being cas'd with green Marble; the most noted Statues therein are the two Venuci, Marsyas flea'd, and the Gladiator expiring. Michael Angelo was the chief Architect of the Palace Farnese, which was begun by Antonio de S. Gallo. The Front of this beautiful Building is 180 Foot wide, and 90 high; the Gates, Cross-works, Corners, Cornishes, and all the principal Stones, are the Spoils of the Colosseo, or Amphitheatre; so that we may observe by the way, that a great part of this wonderful Monument has been of set-purpose destroy'd on such occasions: For almost the whole Palace of the Chancery was in like manner built of it, as well as the Church of St. Lawrence; nay, the Town-walls, in some places, have been repair'd with the same Materials. Thus, instead of restoring and preserving those precious Remainders of Antiquity, as Pope Sixtus V. hath done, to whose care Rome owes the greater part of her Beauty, some disaffected Persons have endeavour'd utterly to deface and ruine them. Innocent VIII. broke in pieces the Gordian-Arch to build a Church: Alexander VI. demolish'd the fair Pyramid of Scipio, to pave the Streets with its Stones; and many other venerable Monuments have met with the like rude usage. The Library of the Palace of Altieri is full of many fair Volumes, and choice Manuscripts; the Stair-case is stately; and the several Apartments are spacious, richly furnish'd, and adorn'd with rare Paintings. The Palace Barberino, in Palestrina, is (as they say) the largest in Rome after the Vatican; and among the chief Pieces of Antiquity, worthy to be view'd there, we mav reckon a little Image of Diana, made of Oriental Alabaster; another of Talisa, the Daughter of Servius Tullius, and Wife of Tarquinius Superbus; and a third of the God Osiris, with his Hawk's Head on a Human Body. This last Statue was found, together with the Obelisk of Minerva, under the ruins of the Temple of Isis. In the other Palace, Barberino, near Tre Fontane, is contain'd a vast Treasure of Rareties, and the Library is thought to consist of 40000 Volumes. In the outermost Courts of the Palace Col•nna are to be seen the Portraitures of 2 Popes, 19 Cardinals; and 54 Generals, or Commanders of Armies, all descended from that Ancient and Noble Family. In the same Palace are 9 large Apartments, 8000 Original Pictures, or Paintings, a little Magazine of Statues, ancient Works in Basso Relievo, and other Curiosities, a great quantity of rich Furniture, &c.

Before we leave Rome, it would be requisite to take some notice of the famous Catacombs, or Caverns under Ground, which turn, go sloping and cross one another, as it were so many Streets of a Town, on all sides, under the whole extent of the Suburbs; whereas those of Naples are onely in one particular place. But these last are cut out of a Rock, and extended very far on all sides: Every Cave is usually 15 or 18 Foot large, and the height of the Vault is from 12 to 15. On every side, in the Walls, are certain Niches, or hollow Cabins, of all sorts of Dimensions, standing in rows one above another; so that the dead Bodies may lie exactly in them, without any Coffins. Afterward, these little Grotto's were clos'd up with flat Stones, or very large Tiles, cemented with Chalk and Sand, as it plainly appears in some places. The principal Catacombs in Rome are those of St. Sebastian and St. Agnes: The Vaults are as high as those of Naples; but the Wideness of the Caves is only about two Foot and a half, because they are supported only with Sand, and the former are made out of the solid Rock. It is very probable, that these vast subterraneous Caverns were the Puteculi, or Publick Burying-places of the Ancient Romans, where the Slaves, and ordinary sort of people were usually interr'd. But the Roman Catholicks stiffly maintain, without any just grounds, that the Christians themselves dug all the said Caverns; That they were wont to celebrate Divine-Service in them, in the Primitive Ages of the Church; That these Places serv'd them onely for Sepulchres, and were never us'd by the Pagans; that a great number of Saints and Martyrs were buried therein; and consequently, that a vast Treasure of Relicks is to be found there, which is the main end and scope of all their Pretensions. Neither can any Argument be reasonably drawn in favour of their Opinion, from the several sorts of Paintings and Altars found there; since the later Popes, having always look'd upon their Catacombs as a Source and Magazine of Relicks extremely conducing to their Advantage, have from time to time made such Alterations as they thought fit, on purpose to enhance the Reputation of them, and the better to perswade Pilgrims, that come from all parts, to visit those Holy Places.

The City of Rome, as it hath been for a long time the Mistriss of the whole World, and triumph'd over many People; so it has often fallen as a Prey to different Nations: For it was taken, First, By the Galli Senones, Commanded by their General Brennus, A. C. 362. in the Third Year of the XCVIIth Olympiad. Secondly, By the Goths, under the Conduct of their K. Alaricus, A. C. 410. Thirdly, By the Vandals, under Gensericus, in 455. Fourthly, By Odoacer, King of the Heruli, in 467. Fifthly, By the Ostrogoths, in 487. Sixthly, By Totila, King of the Goths, about 12 years after. Lastly, It was Storm'd, and miserably laid waste by •he Spanish Forces, under the command of the Emperour Charles Vth, on the 6th day of May, A. D. 1527.

The Seven KINGS of ROME.

About A. M. 3301. in the 4th Year of the 6th Olympiad, •96•. of the Julian Period. 431. since the taking of the City of Troy; and 753. before the Christian Account of Time.

	Years.
1 Romulus Reigned	38
A M. 3339. A. U. 39. an Interreign	1
2 Numa Pompilius, A. M. 3340. A. U. 40.	43
3 Tullus Hostilius, A. M. 3383. A. U. 83.	32
4 Ancus Martius, A. M. 3414. A. U. 114.	24
5 Tarquinius Priscus, A. M. 3439. A. U. 139.	38
6 Servius Tullius, A. M. 3477. A. U. 177.	44
7 Tarquinius Superbus, A. M. 3521. A. U. 221.	24

Afterward, the Two first Consuls, Brutus and Collatinus Govern'd the State. A. Ʋ. 245. after having Expell'd the Kings on the 24th Day of February.

Of the Emperours of Rome, from Julius Caesar, to Augustulus.

1 JULIUS CAESAR began to Reign A. Ʋ. 705, or, A. M. 4005, and was Assassinated March the 5th, A. Ʋ. 710.
2 Augustus began his Reign, A. Ʋ. 711. possess'd the Empire 57 Years, the MONARCHY 43; and Died A. C. 14.
	A. C.	Y.	M.	D.
3 Tiberius	14	22	06	00
4 Caligula	37	3	10	8
5 Claudius I.	41	13	8	10
6 Nero	54	13	7	28
7 Galba	68		6	7
8 Otho	69		3	5
9 Vitellius	69		8	5
10 Vespasianus	69	10	wanting 5 Days.
11 Titus	79	2	2	20
12 Domitianus	81	25		25
The Title of Caesar is usually attributed to the Twelve First Emperours.
13 Nerva	96	1	4	11
14 Trajan	98	19	6	15
15 Adrian	117	10	11
16 Antoninus Pius	138	22	6
17 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus	161	19		10
18 Lucius Verus	161	9
19 Commodus	180	12	9	4
20 Hebrius Pertinax	193		2	26
21 Didius Julianus	193		2	5
22 Septimius Severus	193	17	8	3
23 Antoninus Caracalla	211	6	2	5
24 Opilius Macrinus, and his Son	217	1	2
25 Antoninus Heliogabalus	218	3	9	4
26 Alexander Severus	222	13		9
27 Maximinus, and his Son	235	2, and some Months.
28 Pupienus and Balbinus	238		10, or 11 Months.
29 Gordiani	238	5 or 6 Years.
30 Philippus, and his Son	444	5, and some Months.
31 Decius and his Son	249	about 03	00	00

32 Gallus, and his Son Volusianus	251	2	4
33 Valerianus	254	6 or 7 Years.
34 Galienus	259	about 8	0	0
35 Claudius II.	268	about 2	0	0
36 Aurelianus	270	5 or 6 Years
37 Tacitus	275		6	6
38 Probus	276	6	4
39 Carus	282	1
40 Carinus	282	slain, about 1
41 Numerianus	282	slain, about 2
42 Dioclesianus	284	20
43 Maximianus Herculeus	285	18
44 Constantius Chlorus	304	2	3	25
45 Maximianus Armentarius	304
46 Constantine the Great	306	30	9	27
47 Constantius, together with his Brothers Constantine and Constans	337	25	5	13
48 Julian the Apostate	361	1	7	27
49 Jovianus	363		7	22
50 Valentinianus the Great	364		8	22
51 Gratianus	375	7	9	12
52 Valentinianus II.	383	8	8	21
53 Theodosius the Great	392	2	5
54 Honorius	395	28	7
55 Constantius	421		7
56 Valentinianus III.	425	about 30
57 Maximus	455		2	17
58 Avitus	455	about 1
59 Majorianus	457	4	4	2
60 Severus	461	3	8	27
An Interreign of about 2 Years.
61 Anthemius	467	4	11	0
62 Olybrius	472		6 or 7 Months.
63 Glycerius	473	about 1	0	0
64 Nepos	474	about 1	3	0
65 Augustulus	475	about 1	0	0

[The Succession of the Emperors of the West, shall be explained in the Description of Germany; and that of the Eastern, under the Article of Constantinople: it being sufficient here only to intimate, That all the 65 Emperors above-mentioned Reign'd at Rome.]

A Table of the Succession of the POPES.

	A. C.	Reigned Y.	M.	D.
1 S. PETER	43 Jan. 18.	24	5	10
2 S. Linus	67 Jun. 30.	11	2	23
3 S. Cletus	78	12	7	2
4 S. Clement I.	91	9	6	6
5 Anacletus	101 Apr. 23.	9	3	10
6 S. Euaristus	110 Apr. 26.	9	3
7 S. Alexander I.	119 Nov. 23	10	5	20
8 S. Sixtus I.	130	9	10	8
9 S. Telesphorus	140 Apr. 8.	11	9
10 S. Hyginus	152 Jan. 13.	3	0	28
11 S. Pius I.	156 Jan. 15.	9	5	24
12 S. Anicetus	165 Jul. 25.	7	8	24
13 S. Soter	173 May 14.	3	11	21
14 S. Eleutherius	177 in May.	15	0	23
15 S. Victor I.	192 Jun. 1.	9	1	28
16 St. Zephyrinus	201 Aug. 8.	18	8
17 S. Callistus I.	219 Sept.	5	1	12
18 S. Urban I.	224 Octob. 21.	6	7	4
19 S. Pontianus	231 Jan.	4	6	0
20 S. Anterus	235 Dec.		1
21 S. Fabianus	236 Jan. 15.	25	6
22 S. Cornelius	251 Apr.	2	4	17
23 S. Lucius I.	253 Oct. 21.	1	4
24 S. Stephen I.	255 Apr. 9.	2	3	22
25 S. Sixtus II.	257 Apr. 2.	1	1	13
26 S. Denys.	258 Sept.	12	3	22
27 S. Felix I.	270 Dec. 31.	4	4	29
28 S. Eutychianus	275 June 4.	8	6	4
29 S. Caius	283 Sept. 17.	12	4	5
30 S. Marcellinus	296 May 13.	7	11	26
31 S. Marcellus I.	304 Nov.	4	1	25
32 S. Eusebius	309 Feb. 5.	2	8	21
33 S. Melchiada	311 Octob. 3.	2	5	17
34 S. Sylvester	314 Feb. 1.	2	11	0
35 S. Marcus	316 Jan. 16.		8	12
36 S. Julius I.	336 Octob. 27.	15	5	17
37 S. Liberius	35• May 8.	15	4	2
38 S. Felix II.	361	1	3	3
39 S. Damasus I.	367 Sept. 15.	17	2	28
40 S. Syricius	385 Jan. 12.	13	1	14
41 S. Anastasius I.	398 March 14.	4	1	13
42 S. Innocent I.	402 May 18.	15	2	10
43 S. Zosimus	417 Aug. 19.	1	4	7
44 S. Bonifacius	418 Dec. 28.	4	9	28
45 S. Caelestin I.	423 Nov. 3.	8	5	3
46 S. Sixtus III.	432 Apr. 26.	7	11
47 S. Leo. I. sirnam'd The Great	440 May 10	20	1
48 S. Hilarius	461 Nov. 12.	5	9	19
49 S. Simplicius	467 Sept. 20.	15	5	10
50 S. Felix III.	483 March 8.	8	11	22
51 S. Gelasius I.	492 March	4	8	19
52 S. Anastasius II.	496 Nov. 28.	1	11	23
53 S. Symmachus	498 Dec. 2.	15	7	27
54 S. Hormisdas	514 Jul. 26.	9	10
55 S. John I.	523 Aug. 13.	2	9	14
56 S. Felix IV.	526 in Jul.	4	2	18
57 S. Boniface II.	530 Oct. 15.	2	2
58 S. John II.	532 in Jan.	2	6
59 S. Agapetus I.	535 in Jul.		10	18
60 S. Sylverius	536 Jun. 20.	4
61 S. Vigilius	540	15	6
62 S. Pelagius I.	555 Apr. 16.	3	10	18
63 S. John III.	559 Jul. 27.	12	11	16
64 S. Benedict	573 May 16	4	2	15
65 Pelagius II.	577 Nov. 10.	12	1	27
66 S. Gregory I. sirnam'd The Great	590 Sept. 3.	13	3	10
67 Sabinianus	604 Sept. 1.		5	19
68 Boniface III.	606 Feb. 15.		8	23
69 Boniface IV.	607 Sept. 18.	6	8	13
70 Deodatus I.	614 Nov. 13.	2	11	26
71 Boniface V.	617 Dec. 24.	7	10	1
72 Honorius I.	626 May 14.	1	4	27
73 Severinus	639 Aug. 2.		2	4
74 S. John IV.	639 Dec. 31.	1	9	6
75 Theodorus	641 Nov. 25.	7	5	20
76 S. Martin I.	649 July 1.	5	4	12
77 Eugenius I.	655		6	23
78 Vitalianus	655 July 1.	13	4	17
79 Deodatus II.	669 April 9.	7	2	17
80 Domnus	676 Nov. 1.	1	5	10
81 S. Agatho	678 June 16.	3	6	26
82 S. Leo II.	683 Aug. 15.		10	14
83 S. Benedict II.	684 Aug. 20.		8	17
84 S. John V.	685 July 22.	1	11
85 Conon	686 Octo. 20.		11	23
86 S. Sergius I.	687 Dec. 26.	13	8	14

87 S. John VI.	701 Octob. 30.	3	2	12
88 S. John VII.	705 March 1.	2	7	17
89 Sisinius	708 Jan. 18.			20
90 Constantine	708 March 7.	6	1	2
91 Gregory II.	714 May 20.	16	8	20
92 Gregory III.	731 Feb. 16.	10	9	12
93 S. Zachary	741 Dec. 6.	10	3	10
94 Stephen II.	752 March 20.			4
95 Stephen III.	752 May 30.	5	10	20
96 Paul I.	757 May 28.	1	10
97 Stephen IV.	758 Aug. 3.	3	5	17
98 Adrian I.	762 Feb 9.	23	10	17
99 Leo III.	795 Dec. 16.	20	5	17
100 Stepen V.	816 June 20.	1	7	3
101 Paschal I.	817 Jan. 27.	7	3	16
102 Eugenius II.	824 May 19.	3	2	23
103 Valentin	827 in Aug.			4
104 Gregory IV.	827 Sept. 24.	15	4
105 Sergius II.	844 Feb. 10.	3	2	1
106 Leo IV.	847 April 10.	8	3	5
107 Benedict III.	855 July 21.	2	6	10
108 Nicholas V. sirnam'd The Great	858 April 24.	9	6	10
109 Adrian II.	867 Dec. 14.	4	10	17
110 John VIII.	872 Dec. 14.	10	1
111 Martin II.	882 Dec. 28.	2		20
112 Adrian III.	884 Jan. 20.	1	3	29
113 Stephen VI.	885 in May	6	some D.
114 Formosus	891 May 31.	6	6
115 Stephen VII.	897 Jan. 8.	3
116 Theodorus II.	901	0	0	20
117 John IX.	901	3	11	0
118 Benedict IV.	905	some M.
119 Leo V.	906			40
120 Christopher	906		7
121 Sergius III.	907	3	4
122 Anastasius III.	910	2		20
123 Landon	912		4	28
124 John X.	913 Jan. 24.	15
125 Leo VI.	928		6	15
126 Stephen VIII.	929	2	1	15
127 John XI.	931	4	10
128 Leo VII.	936	3	6
129 Stephen IX.	939	3	4	5
130 Martin III.	943	6	4	13
131 Agapetus II.	946	9	7	10
132 John XII.	955	9	10
133 Leo VIII.	962 in Nov.	3
134 Benedict V.	964	1
135 John XIII.	965	6	11	50
136 Domnus II.	972 Sept. 20.		3
137 Benedict VI.	972 Dec. 20.	1	3	& some Days.
138 Benedict VII.	975	9
139 John XIV.	984	1 and some Months.
140 John XV.	985	10	4	12
141 Gregory V.	996 Jun. 13.	2	8	6
142 S. Sylvester II.	999	4	2	3
143 John XVI.	1003		5
144 John XVII.	1003 Nov. 20	5	7	28
145 Sergius IV.	1009 Aug. 31.	2	8	13
146 Benedict VIII.	1012 Feb. 27.	12
147 John XVIII.	1024	9
148 Benedict IX.	1034	10
149 Gregory VI.	1044 in April	2	8
150 Clement II.	1046 in Dec.		9
151 Damasus II.	1048			23
152 S. Leo IX.	1049 in Feb.	5	2	7
153 Victor II.	1054	2	6
154 Stephen X.	1057 Aug. 2.		8
155 Nicolas II.	1059	2	6
156 Alexander II.	1061 Octob. 1.	11	6	22
157 Gregory VII.	1073 April 22.	12	1	3
158 Victor III.	1086 May 24.		10
159 Urban II.	1087 Mar. 2.	11	4	18
160 Paschal II.	1099 Aug. 12.	18	5	4
161 Galesius II.	1118 Jan. 25.	1	4
162 Callistus II.	1119 in Feb.	5	10	13
163 Honorius II.	1124 Dec. 21.	5	1	17
164 Innocent II.	1130 Feb. 14.	13	7	10
165 Celestin II.	1143 Sept. 25.		5	13
166 Lucius II.	1144 March 9.		11	14
167 Eugenius III.	1145 Feb. 25.	8	4	13
168 Anastasius IV.	1153 July 9.	1	4	24
169 Adrian IV.	1154 Dec. 3.	4	8	29
170 Alexander III.	1159 Sept. 6.	21	11	21
171 Lucius III.	1181 Aug. 29.	4	2	18
172 Gregory VIII.	1187		2
173 Clement III.	1188 Jan. 6.	5	2	10
174 Celestin III.	1191 April 12.	6	8	28
175 Innocent III.	1199 Jan. 8.	18	6	9
176 Honorius III.	1216 July 17.	10	8
177 Gregory IX.	1227 March 20.	14	5	3
178 Celestin IV.	1241 Sept. 22.			18
179 Innocent IV.	1243 June 24.	11	5	14
180 Alexander IV.	1254 Dec. 21.	6	5	4
181 Urban IV.	1261 Aug. 29.	3	1	4
182 Clement IV.	1265 Feb. 5.	3	9	15
183 Gregory X.	1271 Sept. 1.	4	4	10
184 Innocent V.	1276 Feb. 22.		9	5
185 John XIX.	1276 July 12.		8	8
186 Nicolas III.	1277 Nov. 25.	2	9	2
187 Martin IV.	1281 Feb. 22.	4	1	7
188 Honorius IV.	1285 April 2.	2		1
189 Nicolas IV.	1287 Feb. 22.	4	1	14
190 Celestin V.	1294 July 5.		5	1
191 Boniface VIII.	1295 April 24.	8	9	18
192 Benedict XI.	1303 Octob. 22.		8	17
Seven Popes who resided successively at Avignon, during Seventy Two Years.
193 Clement V.	1305 June 5.	8	10	6
194 John XXII.	1316 Sept. 5 or 8.	18	3	18
195 Benedict XII.	1334 Dec. 20.	7	4	6
196 Clement VI.	1342 May 7.	10	6	19
197 Innocent IX.	1352 Dec. 18.	2	8	20
198 Urban V.	1362 Octo. 28.	8	1	23
199 Gregory XI.	1376 Dec. 29.	7	2	24
The See Re-establish'd at Rome.
200 Urban VI.	1378 April 7.	11	6	6
201 Clement VII.	1388 Sept. 21. dyed in 1394.
202 Boniface IX.	1389 Nov. 2.	14	11
203 Innocent VII.	1404 Oct. 17.	2		22
204 Gregory XII.	1406 Nov. 23.	2	6	14
205 Alexander V.	1409 June 26.		18	8
206 John XXIII.	1410 May 17.	5		15
207 Martin V.	1417 Nov. 11.	13	3	10
208 Eugenius IV.	1431 March 3.	15	11	20
209 Nicolas V.	1447 March 6.	8		19
210 Callistus III.	1455 April 8.	3	5	19
211 Pius II.	1458 Aug. 19.	5	11	27
212 Paul II.	1464 Aug. 29.	6	10	26
213 Sixtus IV.	1471 Aug. 29.	13		5
214 Innocent VIII.	1484 Aug. 9.	7	10	27
215 Alexander VI.	1492 Aug. 11.	11		8
216 Pius III.	1503 Sept. 22.			26
217 Julius II.	1503 Octo. 30.	9	3	21
218 Leo X.	1513 March 11.	8	8	20
219 Adrian VI.	1522 Jan. 9.	1	8	6
220 Clement VII.	1523 Nov. 19.	10	10	7
221 Paul III.	1534 Oct. 13.	15		28
222 Julius III.	1550 Feb. 8.	5	11	16
223 Marcellus II.	1555 April 9.			21
224 Paul IV.	1555 May 23.	4	2	24
225 Pius IV.	1559 Dec. 26.	5	11	15
226 Pius V.	1566 Jan. 7.	6	3	24
227 Gregory XIII.	1572 May 13.	12	10	29
228 Sixtus V.	1585 April 24.	5	4	3
229 Urban VII.	1590 Sept. 15.			13

230 Gregory XIV.	1590 Dec. 5.		10	10
231 Innocent IX.	1591 Octob. 29.		2
232 Clement VIII.	1592 Jan 30.	13	1	3
233 Leo XI.	1605 April 1.			27
234 Paul V.	1605 May 17.	15	8	12
235 Gregory XV.	1621 Feb. 9.	2	5
236 Urban VIII.	1623 Aug. 6.	20	11	22
237 Innocent X.	1644 Sept. 15.	10	4	22
238 Alexander VII.	1655 April 6.	12	1	16
239 Clement IX.	1667 June 20.	2	5	19
240 Clement X.	1670 April 29.	6	2	23
241 Innocent XI.	1676 Sept. 21.	13	10
242 Alexander VIII.	1689 Octob. 6.
243 Innocent XII.	1691 now reigning.

Thirty One Anti-Popes.

	A. D.
1 Novatian, an Arch-Heretick	251
2 Ursicinus, or Ursimus	367
3 Eulalius, an Arch-Deacon	418
4 Laurentius, an Arch-Deacon	498
5 Dioscorus	530
6 Peter and Theodorus	686
7 Theodorus and Paschal	687
8 Theophylactus, an Arch-Priest	757
9 Constantine	768
10 Zinzimus	824
11 John, a Deacon	844
12 Sergius, and Boniface VI.	890
13 Romanus Gallesinus	897
14 Leo VIII.	962
15 John XVI.	990
16 Gregory	1013
17 Sylvester III. and John XX.	1043
18 John Mincius, sirnam'd Benedict	1059
19 Cadolus, call'd Honorius II.	1065
20 Guibert, nam'd Clement III.	1080
21 Maurice Burdin, nam'd Gregory VIII.	1118
22 Theobald, nam'd Callistus III.	1124
23 Peter of Leon, nam'd Anacletus II.	1130
24 Gregory, sirnam'd Victor	1138
25 Octavian, call'd Victor IV.	1159
26 Guy of Crema, nam'd Paschal III.	1164
27 Joh•, Abbot of Struma, nam'd Callistus III.	1170
28 Clement VII. suppos'd to be an Anti-Pope.	1378
29 Peter de la Luna, nam'd Benedict XIII.	1394
30 Giles, nam'd Clement VIII.	1424
31 Amadeo VIII. Duke of Savoy, nam'd Felix V.	1439

Tivoli, Tibur, is pleasantly situated on a Hill near the Cataracts of the River Teverone, at the distance of 18 Miles from Rome to the East, 12 from Frescati to the North, and as many from Palestrino. The Antiquities of this Place are very much to be admir'd, particularly the curious Paintings, Fountains and Gardens: together with the Duke of Modena's Country-House, commonly call'd the Palace of Cardinal D'Este; because it is appropriated to the Use of the Cardinals of this Family, when there are any. It seems to be a large and very noble Building, but the Apartments and Furniture are not very considerable. The Three Chambers painted in Eresco by Raphael Ʋrbin, and some ancient Statues, are its chiefest Ornament. The Garden is not very spacious, but pleasantly divided by Terrass-Walls. The Water-Engines very much surpass those of Frescati, and are even reported to be the best in all Italy; nevertheless, at present they are but in an ill Condition, the greater part of the Channels being stopt up. The Cascade of the Teverone is the most remarkable thing in this small City; and indeed, that River makes a fine Work, but the Fall is not very high. The Montain of Tivoli hath, time out of Mind, furnish'd the greater part of the Stone us'd in Building at Rome, and is corruptly call'd Travertin, instead of Tybu•tin. The whole Amphitheatre was lin'd, and the Front of St. Peter's Church built with the same sort of Stone, which wears well, but is yellowish and porous; so that this Quarry is inferiour to those of Portland, Pa¦ris, and Caen. The City of Tivoli is dignify'd with the Ti•l• of a Metropolitan See, under the Patriarchate of Rome, and gave Birth to Pope John IX. but Eugenius III. died there, A. D. 1153.

Frascati, or Frescati, Tusculum, or Frascata, is seated in a fertile Country on the side of a Hill near the ancient Tusculum of Cicero, and distant only 12 Miles East from Rome, whereto its Episcopal See is subject, which was establish'd by Pope Paul III, A. D. 1537. the Bishop being always one of the six Eldest Cardinals. Indeed, the City is not very fair, nor much inhabited; but the Palaces, Gardens, and great number of Houses of Pleasure, deserve well to be view'd by Travellers: Among these, the Palace of Aldobrandini, commonly call'd La Belvedere de Frascati, belonging to Prince Pamphilo; that of Monte Dracone, to Princess Borghesi; and that of Villa Ludovisia, to the Dutchess of Guadagnola, Sister to the Constable Colonna, are the Three principal. The Cascades of the first and last are very fine, but the Furniture of all these Three Houses is not very considerable.

Ostia is a very ancient Town, built by Ancus Martius, King of the Romans, on the Coasts of the Toscan Sea, at the Mouth of the River Tyber; but was ras'd by the Saracens, and at present lies in Ruins, being peopl'd only with some few Inhabitants, by reason of the unhealthiness of the Air. However, it is the See of a Prelate who is always Dean of the College of Cardinals. St. Monica, the Mother of St. Augustine, died in this Place, which is distant 8 Miles from Rome to the South, and scarcely 2 from Porto to the East.

Palestrina, Praeneste or Polystephano, another Town of great Antiquity, near the small River Osa, stands at the distance of 24 Miles from Rome to the East; 12 from Tivoli to the South-east, 8 from Segni, and 16 from Anagni. It was heretofore founded both on the top of a Mountain, where an old Castle is yet to be seen; and on the foot of the same Mount, where many Monuments of decayed Vaults and Walls still remain under the Temple of Fortune, which was erected here after a very magnificent manner. But Boniface VIII. caus'd this ancient City to be demolish'd, and rebuilt it in the Plain. It is also dignify'd with the Title of a Principality, appertaining to the Family of Barbarini, and an Episcopal See, which is usually conferr'd on one of the six Senior Cardinals.

Terracena, or Tarracena, or Anxur, is in like manner a Bishop's See, built on the foot of a Mountain, on the top whereof stands an old Castle, or Fort, known by the Name of La Rocca di St. Angelo: not far from whence the River Il Portatore dischargeth it self into the Toscan Sea. This City was formerly adorn'd with a capacious Harbour, which Antoninus Pius caus'd to be cleansed and repaired, (as we are inform'd by Spartianus in the Life of the same Emperor;) but at present, few Inhabitants reside there, in regard that the Air is very unhealthy, by reason of the Adjacent Marshes of Pontine. It is distant only 2 Miles from the Confines of the Kingdom of Naples to the West; 15 from Cajeta; 9 from Fondi; and about 48 from Rome.

Velitri, Velitrae, is a very ancient and fair City, but at present of little Note, its Episcopal See being united to that of Ostia. It is distant 5 or 6 Miles from Albano and Ariccia; as also 18 from Rome to the East; 17 from Anagni; and 14 from Segni. It stands on a well cutivated Hill, and is encompass'd with a Wall. The Inhabitants give it out, That their Town was honoured with the Birth of Augustus; but are much mistaken: For Suetonius expresly declares, that this Emperor was born at Rome, in the Quarter or Ward of the Palace. It is true, indeed, that his Family, viz. that of the Octavii, deriv'd its Original from Velitri, and that he was put to Nurse in the Neighbourhood of this little City, in the midst of the Market-place whereof is erected a fair Copper Statue of Pope Ʋrban VIII.

Segni, Signia, is seated on a Mountain of the same Name, at the distance of 28 Miles from Rome to the East; 6 from Anagni; 12 from Palestrina to the South; 5 from Paliano; 12 from Sermoneta; 18 from Alatri; 20 from Nettuno; 18 from Subiaco; and 14 from Velitri. This City enjoys the Title both of a Bishoprick and a Dutchy, appropriated to the Noble Family of Sforza. It is also famous for giving Birth to Pope Vitalianus, and on the account of the invention of those Organs and Musical Notes that are used in the Church of Rome.

Anagni, Anagnia, hath been heretofore a very considerable City, although now almost ruin'd, and of a small extent, being situated on a Hill, and distant 32 Miles from Rome to the East; 10 from Ferentino; 14 from Alatri; 22 from Sora; 12 from Palestrina; as many from Frosilone; 20 from Piperno; 20 from Terracina; 18 from Subiaco; and about 17 from Velitri. Marcus Antonius having divorc'd Octavia, the Sister of Augustus, took Cleopatra to Wife in this Place: which hath also brought forth divers Popes, viz. Innocent III. Gregory IX. Alexander IV. and Boniface VIII. Moreover, Adrian IV. dyed here, A. D. 1159.

Albano, Albanum, a small City of Campania, was at first call'd Villa Pompeia; and afterward erected into an Episcopal See, which is always allotted to one of the 6 Senior Cardinals by Option (as they term it,) and is only subject to the See of Rome, from whence it is distant 12 Miles to the East, towards Velitri; and only 1 from Castel Gandolfe. It is more especially remarkable for a sort of excellent Wine made therein, and bears the Title of a Principality appertaining to the Family of Sabello. The famous City of Alba once took up this space of Ground, and extended it self (according to the common Opinion) from the Lake of Castel Gandolfa to new Albano, where is to be seen a kind of an old decayed Tower, suppos'd to be the Tomb of Ascanius. Not far from hence are the Ruins of an Amphitheatre, on which grow many large Trees, the Roots of which are interwoven after a wonderful manner between the best cemented Stones and Bricks; so that they have cleft the very Walls, and their Branches are enlarg'd, notwithstanding all Obstacles. The adjacent Territory of Albano and Gensana is very sertile in divers sorts of good Fruits, and the Inhabitants still retain their ancient Custom of planting Garlick and Onions.

The Patrimony of St. Peter, Provincia Patrimonii, or Patrimonium Sancti Petri; in Ital. La Provincia del Patrimonio, hath those of Ombria and Orvietano for its Northern Bounds; the Mediterranean Sea on the South; the Campaign of Rome and Terra Sabina on the East; and the Dutchy of Castro on the West. This Province is about 48 Miles long, and 34 Broad.

The Principal Cities and Towns are these: Viz.

• VITERBO, Bish. Cap.
• Civita Vecchia, Bish. and Port.
• ...Montefiascone.
• ...Bolsena.
• ...Orta.
• ...Nepi.
• Sutri, Bish.
• Bracciano, a Dutchy.
• ...Corneto.

VITERBO, Viterbium, in the Latit. of 42 deg. and the Longit. of 35 deg. 40 min. is situated on the foot of a Mountain, and water'd with a great number of clear Brooks and Springs, at the distance of 14 Miles South-east of Orvieto, and 28 North-west of Rome. It is one of the fairest Cities of the Ecclesiastical State, built altogether with Stone, encompass'd with a Wall, and adorn'd with divers most stately Palaces. Besides the Steeples of the Churches, eight or ten high square Towers are discern'd afar off, and make a very odd show. These Forts, and places of Retreat, were erected by the Citizens, close to their Houses, during the Ravages that the Factions of the Guelfs and Gibelins committed in Italy. This City contains 620 Houses, and its Episcopal See depends immediate on that of Rome. Pope Alexander IV. died here, A. D. 1261. and Clement IV. in 1268.

Civita Vecchia, Centum Cellae, or Trajanus Portus, is a Sea-Port Town, lately well fortify'd by the Popes, more especially Ʋrban VIII. and Innocent XI. and distant 38 Miles almost West of Rome, and 24 South-east of Castro. It was in former times an Episcopal See, and hath as yet a convenient Harbour, defended by an old Castle, but is not much inhabited, on the account of the unhealthiness of the Air.

Montefiascone, Mons Falisca, or Mons Flasc•nis, is built on an High Hill, near the Banks of the Lake of Bolsena, being distant 8 Miles South of Orvieto, 9 almost West of Viterbo, and 42 North-west of Rome. It is a City of a small Compass, and ill built: However, Pope Ʋrban V. erected it into an Episcopal See, translating that of Corneto, a maritime and unhealthy Town hither, A. D. 1369. neither is it subject to any Metropolitan. This place is also famous for the making of Muscadine Wines, which are every where much admir'd.

Bolsena is now only a poor little Village, its Episcopal See being translated to Orvieto. Behind this Place, on a Rising-Ground, appear the Ruins of the ancient Town of Volsinium, which (according to the Report of Pliny) was burnt to Ashes by Lightning. The Lake of Bolsena is of an Oval Figure, and (as they say) 40 Miles in Compass. Its two Islands are nam'd Martana and Passentina; in the former whereof, Amalatonta, the Daughter of Theodorick King of the Goths, was banish'd and put to Death by the Order of the Ungrateful Theodatus her Cousin, whom she had associated to the Government.

Orta, Hortanum, is seated on an Hill near the Confluence of the Rivers Tyber and Nera, on the very Confines of Ombria, near Otricoli; 26 Miles from Rome to the North, toward Todi; and 16 from Viterbo to the East. It is, indeed, an Episcopal See; but hath been always united to that of Citta di Castello, ever since the Year 1437. according to the Order of Pope Eugenius IV.

Nepi, Nepet, or Nepita, stands near the side of the River Pozzolo, almost in the midst between Rome and Viterbo, at the distance of 8 Miles from Sutri to the East; 5 from Monterosi; and 14 from Rome to the North-west. Its Bishoprick was annexed to that of Sutri, by Pope Eugenius IV. A. D. 1436. and exempted from the Jurisdiction of all other Episcopal Sees.

Sutri, Sutrium, or Colonia Julia Sutrina, is a small City seated on the River Pozzolo, and encompass'd on all sides with Rocks, being distant 3 Miles South-east of Romigliane, and 18 North-west of Rome. It hath been, for a long time, a Bishop's See, depending immediately on that of Rome.

Bracciano, Braccianum, or Arcenum, is built on the side of a Lake of the same Name, about 8 Miles o• the Sea. and 18 West of Rome. It is a Town of a small extent, yet well built, and dignify'd with the Title of a Dutchy, appropriated to the Family of Ʋrsini.

The Dutchy of Castro, Castrensis Ducatus, lies between the Province of Orvietan on the North, the State of Toscany on the West, the Mediterranean Sea on the South, and the Patrimony of St. Peter on the East; extending it self from North to South for the space of about 30 Miles, and 22 from East to West. Pope Paul II. conferr'd the Territories of Parma and Placentia on his Son Peter Lewis Farnese, Duke of Castro. Afterward, Inoncent X. caus'd the City of Castro to be ruin'd; but in the Year 1649, made an Agreement with the Duke of Parma, that this Dutchy should be restor'd to him, on Condition that he should pay a very considerable Sum of Money: Nevertheless, upon default of Payment, it was incorporated into the Apostolical Chamber. However, by Virtue of a Treaty concluded A. D. 1664. between Pope Alexander VII. and the French King, Lewis, XIV. it was agreed, That His Holiness should revoke the Alienation granting the term of 8 Years to the Duke of Parma, for the payment of a certain Sum; which (as it is believ'd) was accordingly disburs'd.

Castro, Castrum, sprang up out of the Ruins of the ancient Town of Volciae, and stands on the Borders of Toscany, 13 Miles off the Sea, 30 South-west of Orvieto, and 54 almost West of Rome. Its Episcopal See formerly depended immediately on that of Rome, but was translated to Aquapenden, e, A. D. 1649. by reason that the Inhabitants had slain Christophero Giarda, a Bishop deputed to them by Pope Innocent X. The adjacent Country is termed Lo Stato di Castro, and includes some other Towns within its Jurisdiction, particularly those of Farnese, Ronciglione, and Pitigliano.

Orvietano, Ʋrbevetanus, or Orvietanus Ager, a Province of a small compass, 34 Miles long, and 18 broad, is extended between those of Ombria, Perugino, the Territories of Siena, the Dutchy of Castro, and the Patrimony of S. Peter.

The Chief Towns are these: Viz.

• ORVIETO, Bish. Cap.
• Aquapendente, Bish.
• ...Bagnarea.

ORVIETO, Oropitum, Herbanum, Ʋrbeventum, Ʋrbevetanum, or Orvietum, is advantageously situated on a Mountain near the River Paglio, which a little above receives the Waters of the Chiana into its Channel, and 3 Miles below falls into the Tyber. It is also fenced on all sides with steep Rocks and Precipices, at the distance of 27 Miles South of Perugia, 38 almost West of Spoleto, and 45 North-west of Rome; scarcely 15 from the Frontiers of the Dominions of the Grand Duke of Toscany, and the Country of Siena, to the East.

Aquapendente, Acula, or Aquula, is built on a rising Ground, and takes its Names from the Springs of Water that flow from thence in great abundance. It is a very large Town, but not well inhabited, being distant 12 Miles South-west of Orvieto, and 54 North-west of Rome. It was erected into an Episcopal See, after the demolishing of the City of Castro by Pope Innocent X. A. D. 1650.

The Province of Perugino, Perusinus Ager, lies on the North of that of Orvietano, and is 35 Miles long, and 27 broad, deriving its name from that of the Capital City of this Country.

The Principal Towns are: Viz.

• PERƲSIA, Bish. Cap.
• ...La Frata.
• ...Piene.

PERƲSIA, in Ital. Perugia, a large well-built City, is paved with Bricks, and fortify'd with divers Bastions, and a strong Citadel, which was erected on a Hill, by the Order of Pope Paul III. It was one of the twelve first Colonies of the Toscans, and is distant 27 Miles North of Orvieto, 34 almost North-West of Spoleto, 38 South of Ʋrbine, and 61 almost North-West of Rome. It was heretofore famous for the Siege which Lucius Antonius, the Brother of the Triumvir, sustained against the Forces of Augustus; but he was at length compell'd to surrender, through Famine. The Town was afterward burnt by the Soldiers. Moreover, its University and Colleges are at present much esteem'd in Italy, being also an Episcopal See, and the usual place of Residence of one of the Pope's Legates.

Ombria, Ʋmbria, is extended on the hither side of the Apennine, and call'd also the Dutchy of Spoleto. This Province was formerly much larger than it is at present, being bounded on the North by La Marca d' Ancona, and the Dutchy of Ʋrbin; on the West by the Territories of Perugino and Orvietan; on the South, by the Patrimony of St. Peter and La Terra Sabina, and on the East, by the Kingdom of Naples. Its utmost Extent, from North to South, consists of about 38 Miles; and 68 from East to West.

The most considerable Cities and Towns are these:

• SPOLETO, Bish. Cap. D.
• Rieti, Bish.
• Faligno, Bish.
• Todi, Bish.
• Nocera, Bish.
• Terni, Bish.
• Assisi, Bish.
• Amelia, Bish.

SPOLETO, Spoletium, or Spoletum, in the Latit. of 42 deg. 20 min. and the Long. of 36 deg. 30 min. is situated on the side of a craggy Hill, and the Banks of the River Moragia, enjoying the Title of a Bishoprick and Dutchy, at the distance of 7 Miles from Pesignano, 34 South-East of Perugia, 38 nigh East of Orvieto, 42 North of Rome. It is a mean City, ill built, and not very populous. It is defended with a Castle; and has a fair Cathedral dedicated, to the Virgin Mary, the Pavement of which is curiously wrought with In-laid Marble, much after the same manner as that of St. Mark's Church at Venice; and the whole Front of the Gate is adorn'd with fine Mosaick Work, on a Ground of Gold. About 500 Paces beyond the Town stands a Temple heretofore consecrated to the Goddess Concord, and at present call'd the Chappel of the Holy Crucifix. Here are also to be seen a Triumphal Arch half ruin'd, the Remainder of an Amphitheatre, divers Marble Stones, and some other ancient Fragments. The Bishop's See was translated hither from Spello, and Cardinal Mapheo Barberino some time exercis'd the Episcopal Functions there, until at length he was advanced to the Papal Dignity, under the name of Ʋrban VIII.

Rieti, Reate, stands on the Frontiers of the Kingdom of Naples, and the farther Abruzzo, almost in the midst between Aquileia to the East, and Narni to the West; at the distance of about 28 Miles from both; as also 26 almost East of Spoleto, and 37 North-east of Rome. It is water'd with the Streams of the River Velino, well built, and dignify'd with the Title of an Episcopal See, depending immediately on that of Rome; but the Air is somewhat unhealthy, by reason of the adjacent Marshes.

Foligno is only remarkable for its advantageous Situation in a most delightful Plain, which is environ'd with rich Hills, water'd with many clear Rivulets, beset with pleasant Houses, and extremely well cultivated. However, this Town, though otherwise inconsiderable, has (as they say) a somewhat greater Trade than most others of the Ecclesiastical State: For here are divers Manufacturies of Cloth, Gold and Silver Lace, &c. besides some Traffick in Silk and Spice. But the Goths having often ravag'd these Parts, there does not remain any Monument of Antiquity.

Assisi, Assisium, or Aesisium, is seated on a Hill 4 Miles from the River Asius, or Chiasco, from whence it takes its Name; as also 12 East of Perugia, 24 North-west of Spoleto, and 60 North of Rome. It hath been long since the Seat of a Prelate, who is not subject to the Jurisdiction of any Metropolitan. This Place is more especially remarkable for giving Birth to St. Francis, the famous Patriarch of the Franciscan Fryars; and to St. Clara. The Relicks of the former are kept under the High Altar of the Cathedral, but no Soul living is permitted to see them. It is reported, That a certain Bishop of the Island of Corsica, assuming a greater Privilege than others, was immediately struck dead on the place; although indeed, through the Intercessions that were made in his Behalf to the Saint, he reviv'd within a little while after.

The Province of Sabina, Terra Sabina, lies between that of Ombria on the North, the Patrimony on the West, the Campaign of Rome on the South, and the Kingdom of Naples on the East; including the space of 40 Miles from North to South, and 25 from East to West.

The Chief Towns are these: Viz.

• MAGLIANO, Bish. Cap.
• Narni, Bish.
• Otricoli, Bish.
• ...Vasecovia.

MAGLIANO, Maglianum or Massa Manliana, hath its Foundation on an Hill near the River Tyber, and is distant 20 Miles from Rome to the North, and 4 above Civita Casteliana to the North-East. Its Episcopal See is always possess'd by one of the Six Senior Cardinals; and its Cathedral Church was remov'd hither out of a Plain, by the Order of Pope Alexander VI. A. D. 1495.

Narni, Narna or Narnia, stands on the foot of a Mountain, and the Banks of the River Nera, toward the Confines of Sabina, being in the Province of Ombria about 7 Miles from Terni, 14 South-West of Spoleto, and 28 North of Rome. This was one of the 12 Towns that refus'd to send any Supplies to the Romans against Hannibal, and the place of the Nativity of the Emperor Nerva. It seems to promise somewhat extraordinary at a distance, by reason of the pleasant Hills round about on that side toward Terni; but having once enter'd the Gate, you'll be much surprized to find the Streets dirty and narrow, and the Ground so uneven, that one can scarce advance three Steps without ascending or descending: neither is any thing to be seen in the Windows, but pieces of torn Paper; which seems to argue the mean Condition of the Inhabitants, and that the Houses are as it were abandon'd. However, there are 2 very fine Fountains of Copper; and not far from the Town appear the Ruins of a stately Bridge, suppos'd to have been erected in the time of Augustus. The large quarters of Marble, with which it was built, are joyn'd together dry, without Cement, or Cramp-irons. Indeed it is of a great height, and formerly united the Mountain of Spoleto to another adjacent Hill, leading to the Road of Perugia. Of 4 Arches one alone remains entire, and the largest is broken in its centry. This Arch (according to the Report of credible Persons) is 170 Foot wide; and on that Account goes far beyond that of the famous Bridge of Rialto at Venice.

La Marca d' Ancona, Marchia Anconitana, is bounded on the North by the Adriatick-Sea, on the West by the Dutchy of Ʋrbin, on the South by Ombria, and on the East by the farther Abruzzo, from whence it is separated by the River Tronto. It is a very fruitful Country, and of a large extent, comprehending part of the ancient Picenum, and enclosing the space of about 55 Miles from North to South, and 80 from East to West.

The most Remarkable Cities and Towns are these:

• ANCONA, Bi. Cap.
• Fermo, Arch-b.
• Loretto, Bish.
• Recanati, Bish.
• Ascoli, Bish.
• Macerata, Bish.
• Osimo, Bish.
• Jesi, Bish.
• S. Severino, Bish.
• Tolentino, Bish.
• Acoli, Bish.
• Montalto, Bish.
• Camerino, Bish.
• Ripatransone, Bish.

ANCONA; Ancona, in the Latit. of 43 Deg. 25 Min. and the Longit. of 37 Deg. is situated on two Hills, at the end of a Promontory, over the Gulf of Venice, and has an Harbour extremely commodious for the maintaining of Traffick, with the Inhabitants of Sclavonia, Dalmatia, and Greece; where is a Mole reaching 200 Paces into the Sea; But this Port is not very safe for the Anchoring of Vessels. However, Trade which was sometime very considerable in these Parts, is now extreamly decay'd. The Streets of Ancona are narrow, and consequently dark; neither are the Houses, Churches, or publick places very beautiful. The Cittadel commands the Town and Port; and on a Hill that makes the point of the Cape, stands the Church of St. Cyriacus, the Front whereof is indeed cas'd with fair Marble, but without any regular Order of Architecture or Ornament. At the entrance of the Mole is a triumphal Arch of very fine white Marble, erected for Trajan, by Order of the Senate of Rome, as it appears from the Inscription; which is as yet preserv'd very perfect, and shews that it was done by way of Acknowledgment, because this Prince had repair'd and improv'd the Harbour at his own proper Charge. The Exchange where the Merchants meet, is as it were a Portico of a reasonable largeness; and at the four corners of its Arch stood as many Statues, representing Faith, Hope, Charity and Religion: but an Earthquake which happen'd some Years ago, shook them, and caus'd that of Religion to fall. It is a place of great Antiquity, as having been first founded by the Syracusans that fled to avoid the Oppression of the Tyrant Dionysius; and is at present a Bishop's See, subject to the Metropolitan of Fermo, from whence it is distant 30 Miles to the North, and 60 East of Ʋrbin, and 105 almost North of Rome. Pope Pius II. dyed here, A. D. 1464.

Fermo, Fermum or Fermium, a very fair City, is seated on a Hill, at the distance only of 20 Miles East of Macerata, 23 North of Ascoli, 30 South-east of Ancona, and 92 almost North of Rome. It was erected into an Arch-bishoprick, A. D. 1589. by Pope Sixtus V. who had before exercis'd the Episcopal Functions therein, and includes within its Jurisdiction 60 Manours or Castles.

Loretto, Lauretum, is a Town of very small extent, although dignify'd with the Title of a City and an Episcopal See, establish'd by Pope Sixtus V. A. D. 1586. whereto that of Recanati was united in 1591. It stands at the distance only of 3 Miles from the Coasts of the Adriatick-Sea, 15 almost South-east of Ancona, 16 North-west of Fermo, and 95 almost North-east of Rome, being well fortify'd against the Incursions of the Turks, or other Enemies, and adorn'd with a magnificent Palace and Church. In the chief publick Place is to be seen a very curious Marble-Fountain, enrich'd with brazen Statues; and among others, that of Sixtus V. which the Inhabitants erected in his Honour, as an Acknowledgment for divers Privileges he had granted to them. But the most remarkable thing in Loretto, is the famous Chapel of our Lady, commonly call'd La Sancta Casa; or, The Holy House; which the Romanists avouch to be the very same wherein the Virgin-Mary was born, where she was betrothed and marryed to Joseph, and where the Annunciation of the Angel was made, as also the Incarnation of the Son of God.

This House (as they endeavour to perswade the World to believe) was at first transported by Angels from Nazareth to Dalmatia, and set on a little Mountain, call'd Tersatto, on the 10th. of May, An. Dom. 1291. It remained there only during 3 Years and 7 Months; at the end of which Term, the Angels took it up again, and carry'd it into the middle of a Forest, in the Territory of Recanati, in the Marshes of Ancona; where the neighbouring Inhabitants being alarm'd with the celestial Melody, ran from all Parts, and saw the Miracle, by the means of a great Light that shone round about the little House. Then (as they add) Nature her Self leap'd for joy, and the very Trees of the Forest bow'd their Tops by way of Homage, wanting only the Voice of those of Dodona. Thus the House having continu'd 3 whole Months in this Place, the frequent Robberies committed in the Neighbourhood began to be so offensive, that it was remov'd a third time, about a Mile from thence, to the very same Hill where it now stands. But immediately after its arrival, there arose a great Contest between two Brothers, to whom the Land appertain'd, each of them striving to have the House for his share; insomuch that within 4 Months after, the Angels lifted it up once more, and fixt it a few Paces off, in the midst of a High-way; from whence it hath never stir'd since that time. Moreover, to prevent the Inconvenience of another Movement, a stately Church was built in the same Place, in the midst whereof this House stands secure from any future Danger: Besides that 4 Walls have been since rais'd, which encompass and shut it up as it were in a Box or Case, nevertheless without touching it, lest the two separate Walls being united, in process of time might be confounded one with another; although some Persons affirm, That the Stones themselves flew backward with violence, and wounded the Masons that endeavour'd to joyn them to this sacred Building.

However, all the most able Architects of the last Age were employ'd in contriving and beautifying this Work, which is of the Corinthian Order, made altogether of White Marble of Carraro, with Figures in Basso-Relievo, representing the whole History of the Virgin. There are also Two rows of Niches one above another between the double Columns; the Statues of the 10 Prophets being plac'd in the lower, and those of the Ten Sibyls in the upper. Within these Walls is enclos'd the Santa-Casa, consisting only of one single Chamber, or rather Hall, 32 Foot long in the in-side, 13 Broad, and about 17 high; the out-side of it cannot be seen, and consequently its Dimensions are unknown. The Stone-work lies almost every where open; but there still remain some fragments of Painted Plaster, by which one may judge the whole Structure to have been formerly cover'd with the like Materials; the Image of the Virgin holding the little Child Jesus in her Arms, appearing in five or six Places on the remainder of these Paintings. This Sacred Tabernacle is situated from East to West, the Chimney of the little Chamber being placed at the Eastern end; and above, in a Niche, the Grand Lady of Loretto: The Statue (according to the common report) is made of Cedar; and an infinite Number of Revelations discover it to have been the Workmanship of St. Luke: It is about Four Foot high, and the Ornaments, with which it is laden, are of an infinite value; for you must observe, that our Lady has many Changes of Garments, and Seven different Mourning Habits us'd in the Holy Week: But whensoever she is dress'd, or undress'd, it is always done with very great Ceremonies. Her Triple Crown is cover'd all over with precious Jewels, and was presented by the French King, Lewis XIII.

On each side of the Niche are 2 Presses full of the Ancient Ornaments of the Statue; and in a little Cupboard made in the Wall, on the Southern-side, are kept certain Earthen-Dishes, which (as they say) serv'd the Holy Family. Over against our Lady's Image, at the Western end of the Room, is the Window through which the Angel enter'd, being about Three Foot high, and somewhat less broad. It is not now known what became of the Old Roof, nor the Little Belfry observ'd in the Ancient Paintings, that shew the several parts of this House; for the present Roof is of a later Fabrick: As for the Bells they are still retain'd, and their use should be, by Ringing, to allay all manner of Hurricanes or Storms; but they are no longer us'd, for fear of wearing them out. There are also two other Remarkable Things suppos'd to have been transported at the same time with the House, viz. The Altar made by the very Hands of the Apostles, and the Stone on which St. Peter celebrated his first Mass, which is cas'd with Silver, and preserv'd among the Relicks under the common Altar. The Pavement consists in squares of White and Red Marble; but it is not the Ancient: for it is reported, that the Angels left that at Nazareth. The entrance into this Sacred Place is through Three Doors, two whereof are toward the Eastern end, affording a Passage from North to South, and through these the Pilgrims are generally introduc'd; the other Door is likewise on the South-side, but toward the East, and leads into the Sanctuary; that is to say, the space between the Altar, and the end of the Chamber, wherein is fix'd the Image of the Blessed Virgin.

It would be too tedious and difficult to give a particular Account of the Riches contain'd in this Place; so that it may be sufficient only to declare in general, that the eyes of the Beholders are every where dazled with the sight of so vast a number of precious Stones, with which the Mantle of the Statue is beset all over; neither is any thing to be seen round about, but Lamps, Statues, and other Figures of Gold and Silver, not to mention the Candlesticks of Silver and Vermilion, being 28 in Number; there are also Twelve of Massive Gold, and Two of them weigh 37 pound each. The great resort of Pilgrims hither, is at Easter, and about the time of the Virgin's Nativity, which is assign'd to the Month of September. And indeed, one can scarcely be perswaded to give Credit to that, which is nevertheless averr'd to be certainly true, viz. That in the Years of the greatest concourse, above 200000 Pilgrims have been reckon'd up during these Two Festivals. But all the Wealth of the House is nothing in comparison with that of the Treasury-Chamber, which is a spacious Room, the Wall thereof being lin'd with 17 large Presses, having double folding Doors; the Roof made of Stuke is divided into several gilded Compartments, and enrich'd with fine Paintings. These Presses are fill'd altogether with pure Gold, Precious Stones, or Vessels and Ornaments more precious than Gold; neither is any Silver Plate now thought worthy to be admitted, but confusedly scatter'd up and down in several Places. Among the Jewels, a Pearl in form of a Gondola is very much esteem'd, on which (as they say) the Image of the Blessed Virgin is naturally imprinted. If enquiry be made, by what means these immense Riches were heap'd up togethet, it ought only to be consider'd, that all the People, Soveraign Princes and States, who acknowledge the Pope's Authority, have incessantly contributed thereto for 400 Years, and even still strive to out-strip one another.

The pretended Miracle of the Transportation of the House happen'd in the time of Pope Boniface the VIII. a Person represented in History as the most Subtil, most Ambitious, and most Covetous of all Men that ever liv'd in the World; who, after having counterfeited Angels, that terrified Celestine his Predecessor, and oblig'd him to return to his Hermitage, made use of the same Angels (as it is very probable) for the Expedition of Loretto. The principal Traffick of which little City, has ever since consisted in Medals, Rosaries, Beads, Images, Agnus-Dei's, Measures of the height of the Blessed Virgin; and other Merchandizes of the like nature.

The Dutchy of Ʋrbin, Ducatus Ʋrbinus, is bounded on the North by Romandiola, and the Adriatick-Sea, on the South by Perugino and Ombria, on the East by La Marca d' Ancona, and on the West by Toscany: It is 70 Miles long from East to West, and 56 broad from North to South. This Province comprehends the Dutchy of Ʋrbin, properly so call'd, the County of Monteseltro, the Territory of Gubio, the Lordship of Pezaro, and the Vicariate of Senigaglia. The Country is extreamly fertil, and contains many fair Towns, besides Five Ports, Eight Fortresses, and about 350 Burghs or Villages. The Dutchy of Ʋrbin hath been for some time possess'd by the House of Ravero, until this Family being extinct, it at length devolv'd on the See of Rome, under the Pontificate of Pope Ʋrban the VIII.

The Principal Cities and Towns are these, viz.

• Ʋrbin, Archb. Cap.
• Bezaro, Bish.
• ...Fossombrone.
• S. Leone, Bish.
• Cagli, Bish.
• Senigaglia, Bish.
• Citta di Castello, B.
• St. Angelo, Bish.
• Rimini, Bish.
• St. Marino, Rep. B.

ƲRBINO, Ʋrbinum, in the Latit. of 41 Deg. 20 Min. and the Longit. of 35 Deg. 40 Min. is situated almost in the midst of the Province, near the source of the River Foglia, at the distance of 25 Miles nigh South of Rimino, 58 West of Ancona, 78 East of Voreme, and 92 North of Rome. It is a considerable City, and one of the most Ancient in Italy, built in the Fashion of a Mitre, and is the Birth-place of Polydore Virgil, as also of Raphael d' Ʋrbin, the famous Italian Painter.

Pesaro•, Pisaurum, is seated near the Sea, in a Plain water'd by the River Foglio, and surrounded with pleasant Hills, abounding in Pastures, Vineyard-Plats, and Orchards. Indeed it is a fine and Populous City, reasonably well fortified with Bulwarks, though somewhat old fashion'd, and a strong Castle, which formerly serv'd as a Mansion-House to the Dukes of Ʋrbin, and at present to the Pope's Legate. The Houses are generally very fair; and there is a curious Fountain in the Publick Place, together with a Statue of Ʋrban the VIII. under whose Popedom this Town, and the whole Dutchy of Ʋrbin, was re-united to the Ecclesiastical State. The Fruits of Pesaro are excellent, more-especially the Olives; but the Figs are most delicious, and esteem'd the best in Italy. The Sea and Rivers supply the Inhabitants with all sorts of choice Fish, and all manner of Provisions are extreamly cheap, Meat being commonly sold here for less than a Half-penny a pound. This City is distant Eighteen Miles North-East of Ʋrbin, 48 nigh East of Ancona, and 108 North of Rome.

Senigaglia is encompass'd with firm Walls, and defended by some Bastions; but all its Fortifications are very irregular. It hath been heretofore a Town of good Note, although there are not now left any Footsteps of its Antiquity.

St. Marino stands at the distance of Ten or Twelve Miles from the Villages of Catholica, toward the Apennine, on the top of a Mountain, at the Foot whereof are the limits of the Republick of the same Name. Indeed this State, as it were a little swarm of Bees, hath supported it self for many Ages, and still continues to flourish, as being out of the reach of Envy, or Jealousie.

Romagna, or Romandiola, Romandiola Ecclesiastica, is bounded on the North by the Territories of Ferraresi, on the South by Toscany, on the East by the Dutchy of Ʋrbin and the Adriatick-Sea, and on the West by the Country of Bolognese: It is extended from North to South for the space of 38 Miles, and about 66 from East to West. In this Province is comprehended the greater part of the ancient Aemilia, and Flaminia.

The most considerable Cities and Towns are these, viz.

• Ravenna, Archb. C.
• Frenza, Bish.
• Sarsina, Bish.
• Rimini, Bish.
• Cesena, Bish.
• Imola, Bish.
• Forli, Bish.
• Bolognese, Bish.
• Berfruero, Bish.

RAVENNA; Ravenna, in the Latit. of 44 Deg. and the Longit. of 35 Deg. Ten Min. is represented by the Ancient Geographers, as situated much after the same manner as Venice, and built upon Piles in the midst of the Waters. It is also well known to have been the principal Sea-port Town the Romans had on the Adriatick-Gulf; and the Seat of certain Governours call'd Exarchae, whom the Emperours of Constantinople nominated to preside over these Territories; until it was taken by the Lombards, Anno Dom. 744. But its capacious Harbour is now altogether choak'd up with Sands; and the Sea retires Three Miles from the Coasts. The adjacent Marshes are likewise dried up; and this Country, which lay so long under Water uncultivated, is now become one of the most fruitful in Italy. But the City has been so often laid wast by frequent Wars, that few Marks are left of its former Antiquity and Splendour. Indeed it is at present very meanly built, and extreamly depopulated, as well as Ferrara; nevertheless it is dignified with the Title of a Metropolitan See, and a Traveller may still find therein many things very Remarkable.

Without the Walls, near the old Port, is to be seen a Tomb, which the Princess Amalasonta erected for her Father Theodoricus, King of the Ostrogoths, who usually kept his Court here. But this Building is now chang'd into a little Church nam'd the Rotondo, and that which deserves chiefly to be observ'd in it, is a Stone cut in form of a Cup or Bowl, turn'd with the brim downward, being 38 Foot in Diameter, and 15 thick; the Tomb of Theodorick was fix'd on the top, and in the middle of this little Dome, amidst the Statues of the Twelve Apostles, that were plac'd round about. These Statues were broken when Lewis XII. King of France, took Ravenna, A. D. 1512. And the Tomb made of Porphyry was in like manner overthrown. But it is now set in the Wall of an old Palace in the Town, and there expos'd to publick view. The Cathedral is an ancient Church, the Body whereof is supported by 56 Marble Pillars, making a double row on each side. The Roof of the Quire is adorn'd with fine Mosaick Work; and one of the Stones with which St. Stephen was put to death, is kept there with great Veneration. The great Gate of this Church is made with Vine-Planks, some whereof are Twelve Foot high, and Fourteen or Fifteen Inches broad. Indeed, the Soil hereabouts is so proper for the growth of these Trees, that even in the Places that were formerly overflow'd by the Sea, they spread out to a prodigious size. To this purpose, Olearius, in his Travels, informs us, That near the Caspian-Sea he sound some Trunks of Vines as thick as the Body of a Man.

There are very fine Pieces of Marble and Porphyry in the Churches of St. Vitalis, St. Apollinarius, St. Romualdus, and St. Andrew: These were all brought out of Greece, and apparently belong to the time of the Exarchate. The Tomb of Galla Placidia, Sister to the Emperours Arcadius and Honorius, stands in the Church of St. Celsus, between those of the same Honorius and Valentinian. Moreover, in the Cloister of the Franciscans, one may see the Sepulchral Monument of the famous Poet, Dante Alighieri, a Person of Quality and great Merit, who dy'd in Exile at Ravenna, in the 56 Year of his Age, A. D. 1321. In the grand Market-place is a very curious Copper Image of Pope Alexander the VII. And in the other end of the same place, two Pillars, on which were set the Effigies of the Ancient Protector; and the Arms of Venice, when Ravenna was subject to this State, according to their usual Custom of erecting the like Columns in all the Towns of their Dominions. But the Pope hath set on these Pillars the Statues of St. Victor and St. Apollinarius, who are the Patrons of this City. Not far from hence, under a Portico, lie certain Brazen Gates, and some other Spoils that the Citizens of Ravenna carry'd away from Pavia, and which they keep as a Memorial of that successful Expedition. At the distance of about an hours Journey from the City is a Forest of Pine-Trees, from whence the Pine-Apple Kernels (as they say) are distributed throughout the whole Countrey of Italy. Ravenna is situated 44 Miles South-East of Ferrara, 46 East of Bononia, 51 North-East of Ʋrbin, 64 North-east of Florence, and 148 almost North-west of Rome.

Rimini is a small Town, and very poor, though seated in a rich and well cultivated Country. It was formerly fortify'd by Sigismondo Pandolpho Malatesta, but at present is only encompass'd with a ruinous Wall. The Marble Bridge which the Emperours Augustus and Tiberius caus'd to be built (as it is evident from two Inscriptions very well preserv'd) and the Triumphal-Arch erected for Augustus, are the two principal Ancient Monuments of this Town. There are also to be seen the Ruins of an Amphitheatre behind the Gardens of the Capuchins: And about 500 Paces farther, without the Walls, a Brick-Tower, which was the Pharus of the Old Port; but the Sea hath since retir'd a Mile and a half from the Place, and the Watch-Tower is now environ'd with Gardens. Moreover, P. Malatesta ruin'd the Works of the Port, that was once esteem'd one of the finest in Italy, to build the Church of St. Francis with the pieces of Marble taken from thence. Indeed, this Church might well pass for a fair Building, if it were finish'd, and is more-especially remarkable for an Image of the Virgin-Mary there kept, which serves onely to procure Rain, or cause it to cease, when there happens either too little, or too much; neither are any Petitions preferr'd to this Lady, but on these two Occasions. The Library of the Count de Gambalonga is extremely numerous, but does not contain any very considerable Rarities. In the Middle of the Market-place one may observe a kind of Marble Pedestal, on which are engrav'd these words; Caius Caesar Dict. Rubicone superato civili bel. Commi•it. suos hic in foro Ar. allocutus. The Brazen Statue of Pope Paul the V. appears in another publick Place; and very near it a Marble Fountain, the Workmanship whereof is highly esteem'd.

The Province of Ferrarese, Ferrariensis Ducatus, is bounded on the North by that of Polisino; on the West, by the Dutchy of Mantua; on the South, by Bolognese and Romagnia; and on the East, by the Gulf of Venice. Its Extent, from North to South, consists of about 42 Miles; and 70 from East to West: The River Po traverseth the whole Country, which is one of the finest in Lombardy, and stands in need only of good Tillage.

The Chief Cities and Towns are these: Viz.

• FERRARA, Dut.
• ...Cento.
• ...Buondeno
• ...Comacchio.
• ...Lagoscure.
• ...Francolino.

FERRARA, Ferraria, in the Latit. of 44 deg. 10 min. and the Longit. of 34 deg. 20 min. is seated in a Plain on the least Arm of the River Po, commonly called Po-Morto (from whence a Channel is cut for the space of 6 Miles, as far as Francolino) near the Frontiers of the State of Venice, in the midst between Comacchio to the East, and Mirandola to the West; 26 almost North-east of Bologna, 44 North-West of Ravenna, 12 North of Florence, and 190 North-west of Rome. It is a very large Place, being 7 Miles in compass, and advantageously situated in a Fenny Level. Some say it was call'd Ferrara, quasi fere aurea, by reason of the Richness of its Traffick; but at present, it is poor enough, and lamentably desolate; insomuch, that one may stand in a Cross-way, where four Streets meet, for a considerable time, without seeing any Person on one side or other, there being a greater number of Houses than Inhabitants. This Town is fenc'd with Walls, and a strong Citadel, flank'd with 6 Bastions, built by Pope Clement the VIII. which is still kept in good Order, but the other Fortifications are altogether neglected. Albert, Marquess of Ferrara, founded an University here, A.D. 1590, but it is now reduc'd to a sorry College of Jesuits. And indeed, the whole Town soon fell to decay, after it was alienated from its proper Prince; having been subject to the Popes Jurisdiction, together with the whole Dutchy, ever since the Year 1598. We are also inform'd by Sohraderus, That in 1570, it endur'd 160 shocks of an Earthquake, within the space of 40 Hours, and was almost entirely ruin'd.

Near the Cathedral are some brazen Statues on Horse-back, one whereof (as they say) was made for Duke Bozolo: And over against the Palace of the Nobles is likewise to be seen that of Duke Hercules II.

On the Pedestal of this last is Engrav'd an Ordinance granting a Sanctuary to Criminals, 20 Paces round about. Besides the Cathedral, there are many other considerable Churches, Convents, and Fair Buildings, not to mention the Ducal Palace, and a Mansion-House of the Marquess de Villa; together with the Tomb of the Poet Ariosto, which hath been lately repair'd, in the Church of the Benedictines.

The Province of Bolognese, Bononiensis Ager, is bounded on the North by that of Ferrarese; on the South, by Toscany; on the East, by Romagna; and on the West, by the Dutchy of Modena: being extended from North to South, for the space of 60 Miles; and about 42 from East to West. It is a Country extreamly fruitful in all sorts of Grains and Fruits.

The Chief Cities are these: Viz.

• BONONIA, Archbish. Cap.
• Bentivoglio, Bish.
• St. Pietro, Bish.
• Vergate, Bish.

BONONIA, Ital. Bologna, in the Latit. of 43 deg. 50 min. and the Longit. of 34 deg. 10 min. is very pleasantly situated on the foot of the Apennine, at the very entrance of a Plain, which is the most fruitful of any in the whole Continent of Italy, whence the French took an occasion to call this Place Bologne la Grassa, being distant 25 Miles from Modena to the East, 26 almost South-west of Ferrara, 48 almost West of Ravenna, 50 North of Florence, and 170 North-west of Rome. It is a large, very rich and populous City, and the second in the Papacy, extending it self 7 or 8 Miles in compass, and containing 12400 Houses; together with about 80000 Inhabitants, whose Trade consists chiefly in the Silk Manufacture, there being 400 Silk-Mills in the Town. They also deal in Wax, Canvass, Flax, Gamons of Bacon, Sausages, Savonet, Tabacco, Perfumes, &c. Bononia was erected into a Metropolitan See, in the Year 1582, by Pope Gregory XIII. and its Archbishop usually assumes the Title of a Prince of the Empire. But it is surrounded only with a single Wall, and wants a Citadel. The Houses generally consist of Brick and Stone mix'd together, and are Plaster'd all over: Some of them are also built with Free-stone, but almost all have Portico's, after the same manner as at Padua; but these Porches are much more large and high, resembling those of Covent-Garden, in the Suburbs of London. The Streets are likewise very fair and streight.

The Palace of General Caprara is one of the finest in the City, and contains many rich Spoils taken from the Turks by that valiant Commander. The Cardinal-Legate, and the Gonfalonnier, or Governour, have their several Apartments in the publick Palace, over the Gate whereof is set a Brazen Statue of Pope Gregory XIII. and on the Side, that of Boniface VIII. Here are also two fine Closets of Curiosities, viz. one of the famous Ʋlysses Aldrovandus, and another of the Marquiss de Cospi adjoyning thereto. But the most surprising Object among all the Rarities of these Cabinets, is, to see in a Chamber on one side of them, 187 Volumes in Folio, all Written by Aldrovandus his own Hand; together with above 200 Sacks, of several sizes, all full of torn Leaves; although, indeed, the Margins are large, and the Lines at a considerable distance one from another. The large and beautiful Fountain over-against the Palace, is the Work of the renowned John of Bononia, a Flemish Architect and Carver. The Grand Church of Bononia is dedicated to St. Petronius; where one may observe the Meridian-Line of the noted Astronomer Cassini, which is engrav'd on a Copper-Plate let into the Pavement, and is 222 Foot long, being so contriv'd, that a Sun-beam darting thorough a Hole made on the top of the Body of the Church, marks the Solstices and Equinoxes on the said Line. In the Church of Corpus Domini is shewn an Embalmed Corps, which, (as they say) is that of a She-Saint, nam'd Catharine Vigri, who still continues to work many Miracles. She sits in an Elbow-Chair, dress'd in divers sorts of Attire, and has many Rings on her Fingers: Her Nails and Hair (as it is commonly given out) grow, as when she was alive, and from hence, probably, the Opinion of her Sanctity first proceeded; but her Aspect is so Ghastly, that it strikes Terror into the Beholders.

The Church of the Dominican Fryars is more especially remarkable for its Magnificent Chapel, and the Tomb of their Patron St. Dominick, the Stalls of the Quire being made of Wood, with In-laid Work, which is very much esteem'd, and was done by Fryar Damian, of Bergamo. In the same Church is erected the Tomb of Hentius, otherwise call'd Enzelin, King of Sardinia and Corsica, and Natural Son to the Emperour Frederick II. who liv'd here 22 Years, 9 Months, and 16 Days in Captivity, but maintain'd like a Prince, at the charge of the Republick; and died in the Month of March, A. D. 1272. Near the great Tower Assinelli stands another, which leans on one side, as that of Pisa, and was nam'd Garisenda. The former was made by Gerard Asinelli, A. D. 1109. and is 376 Foot high. The other, being 130 Foot high, and bowing forward 9, was Rais'd by Otho, and Phil. Garisendi, in 1110. This last is built with square Bricks, and joynted as those of Sienna and Viterbo. The general Opinion is, that it was so contriv'd on purpose: On which account, the Inhabitants admire le grand Ingegno del Arthitecto; i. e. the extraordinary Ingenuity of the Architect; and deride the simplicity of certain Monks, who had abandon'd their Convent, because it stood under the stooping side of this Tower. The shining Stones, known by the Name of Bononia Stones, are taken up within 3 Miles of this City; and Signior Bartholomeo Zanicholi is the onely Person that has the Secret of Preparing them. In Travelling not far from hence, you'll also meet with swarms of shining Flyes, that stick on the Hedges in vast numbers, and render them, as it were, so many burning Bushes; the Ground and Trees are no less cover'd with them, and the Air seems to shine as if it Rain'd Stars. These small Insects are like May-Buggs in shape, and their shining part is under the Belly, consisting in little tufted Hairs, of a Citron Colour, that spread at every motion of the Wing, and at the same time cast forth a fiery Ray very sparkling.

The Famous University of Bononia was founded A.C. 425, by the Emperour Theodosius the Younger, but did not attain to the Meridian of its Glory, until the time of Charlemagne; on which account, the Current Coin here is stampt with this Inscription, Bononia Docet.

The City, after divers Revolutions, became subject to Pope Julius the II. who had been before Bishop of the same Diocess, and expell'd thence the Noblemen of the Family of Bentivoglio, the proper Lords of the Mannour. Perhaps it may not be amiss to observe, that this was the Place of Nativity of Honorius the II. Lucius the II. Gregory the XIII. Innocent the IX. and Gregory the XV. And, that Alexander the V. died there, A. D. 1410.

Bentivoglio, Bentivolium, is a small Town, distant 18 Miles North of Bologna, and 16 South of Ferrara. It hath been formerly much more considerable than it is at present, having imparted its Name to one of the most Illustrious Families of Italy, that hath for a long time held the Principality of Bononia.

TOSCANY, Tuscia or Hetruria.

THE Dominions of the Grand Duke of Toscany have the Ecclesiastical State for their Northern and Eastern Bounds, the Mediterranean Sea on the South, and the Republick of Lucca, and the Dutchy of Modena on the West. Their utmost extent from North-West to South-East, is about 170 Miles; and 120 from North-East to South-West. Toscany was heretofore of a much larger compass, and known by the names of Etruria, Thuscia, and Tyrrhenia: Indeed it is a very fruitful Country, water'd with a great number of Rivers; once extreamly populous, but now much dis-peopl'd, and in a decaying Condition, by reason of the severity of the Government. The House of Medicis acquir'd the Lordship of Florence, A. D. 1531. wherein are comprehended the Territories of Florence, properly so call'd, together with those of Pisano and Sienese, which were govern'd in form of Republicks, before the time of Cosmo de Medicis, whom the Emperour Charles V. created Duke of Toscany under the Popedom of Pius V. and his Successors have always retain'd the same Title. This Soveraign Prince is the richest and most powerful in Italy, being able to raise 40000 Foot, and 3000 Horse; and can put to Sea, upon occasion, 12 Galleys, 2 Galleasses, and 20 Ships of War. His ordinary Revenue amounts to 1500000 Crowns, some say 2000000; then his Expences being small, and his Merchandize large, he is thought to have in his Treasury 20000000 Pies of Gold, besides his Jewels and moveable Goods of an extraordinary Value. Moreover, there are mineral Waters in many Places of these Dominions, and natural Baths, proper for the curing of several sorts of Diseases: The Country in like manner affords abundance of Olives, Citrons, Oranges, Flax, Woad, and Saffron; there are also made divers kinds of Manufactures, viz. Serges, Woolen-Cloaths, Silks, Tapestries, Linsey-woolsey, gilded Leather, and very curious earthen Vessels.

The Principal Rivers of TOSCANY are the Arno, the Serchio, the Cecinna, and the Ombrone.

TOSCANY divided into Three Parts.

• 1. The Territories of Florence, wherein are included these Cities and Towns, viz.
  • FLORENCE, Archb. Cap.
  • Pistoia, Bish.
  • Prato, Bish.
  • Cortono, Bish.
  • ...Scarparia.
  • Borgo S. Sepolchro, Bish.
  • Empoli, Bish.
  • Arezzo, Bish.
  • Fiesoli, Bish.
• 2. Pisano, in which are
  • Pisa, Archb.
  • Leghorn, Port.
  • Volterra, Bish.
  • Campiglia, Bish.
• 3. Sienese, in which are
  • Siena, Archb.
  • Pienza, Bish.
  • Mont Alcino, Bish.
  • Piombino, Port. Bish.
  • Orbitello, Bish. appertaining to the Spaniards.
  • Massa, Bish.
  • Grosseto, Bish.
  • Porto Hercole, appertaining to the Spaniards.

FLORENCE, Florentia, call'd Fiorenza and Firenze, by the Italians, in the Latit. of 43 Deg. and the Longit. of 34 Deg. 20 Min. the Metropolis of Toscany, and the usual place of Residence of the grand Duke of this Name, is situated on the River Arno, as it were in the middle of the Ground-plat of an Amphitheatre, being environ'd for the space of Four or Five Miles, except on the side of Pistoia, with very fruitful Hills that rise up insensibly, and are joyn'd to the high Mountains. The great number of Houses with which these Hills are cover'd, as well as the Plain, afford a most delightful Prospect to the Eye, and in taking a view from the top of one of the Towers, of this vast Level beset with Villages and Houses of Pleasure, one would imagine it to be only one continued Suburbs. And indeed, it may well be affirm'd, that this rich and delicate Valley is one of the best peopl'd Places in the World. The City is built in a round form, and extends it self about 6 Miles in compass, but includes much wast Ground, the River dividing it in two unequal Parts, over which are erected 4 Stately Stone-Bridges. Within the Walls are contain'd (as it is credibly reported) 8800 Houses, and 60000 Souls, as also 22 Hospitals, 90 Convents, 84 Religious Societies, 152 Churches, 18 Halls or Merchants Houses, 72 Courts of Justice, 17 publick Places, 6 Pillars, 2 Pyramids, 4 Bridges, 7 Fountains, and 160 Statues, besides a famous University. The Pavement of the Streets altogether consists in very large Squares of a greyish Stone, commonly call'd Pietra-forte, and hew'n out of the neighbouring Quarries. A considerable part of the Houses are rais'd with the same sort of Stone, many of them being of an extraordinary largeness and Beauty. In fine, some Persons avouch the Palaces of Florence to be the best built in Italy; so that it seems they had good reason to impose on this City the Epithet of The Fair.

The Palace Pitti, where the grand Duke resides; is a magnificent Building, and cry'd up by the Inhabitants even beyond measure; but the Court-yard seems to be much too little in proportion to the largeness of the Structure. Near the Gate of this Palace lyes a huge Load-stone, which has been spoil'd by Fire, and (according to the report of Monsieur Spon) weighs 5000 Pounds. Over-against the old Ducal Palace, wherein all those Rareties are preserv'd that are so much talkt of in the World, stand divers Statues of admirable Workmanship; and among others, that of Cosmus I. made by John of Bononia: The 3 pieces of Basso-Relievo, on the Pedestal of this Statue, represent the said Cosmus kneeling before the Pope, of whom he receiv'd the Title of Grand-Duke; the same Prince likewise making his publick Entry at Florence in a kind of triumphal Chariot, and the Senate performing certain Ceremonies when they invested him with the Sovereign Authority. The great Gallery of this Palace is near 400 Foot long, the Cieling is painted, and there is a fine Walk between two rows of Statues, which are almost all Ancient: Higher against the Wall on one side, are plac'd the Images of the ancient Philosophers; and on the other, those of the renowned Generals of Armies. From this Gallery we pass into many Chambers all full of Rarities: In the first of these; one may observe a branched Candlestick made with great pieces of Amber, a fine Column of oriental Alabaster, a Rhinoceros's-Horn of an extraordinary large size, a vast Number of Works in Basso Relievo, and other ancient Sculptures; as also, of Medals, Idols, Sepulchral Lamps, Stones, Minerals, and other natural Curiosities: In the second are only contain'd abundance of fine Pictures: The Third is call'd The Mathematical Chamber; where, among other Things, are Globes and Spheres of 7 Foot in Diameter: The Fourth is furnish'd with more choice Paintings than those of the Second; there is also the Ebony Cabinet, with its Ornaments of Amber, Ivory and precious Stones; the large rough Emeral fix'd in its Rock; the Table of Lapis Lazuli, on which is describ'd the Plan of Leghorn; and the Portraictures of Illustrious Personages of the present Age, are the principal Ornaments of the Fifth Chamber. Among the Generals and renowned Commanders, are three of the English Nation, viz. Oliver Cromwell, General, Monk, and the late Earl of Ossory. In the Sixth Chamber are 137 Portraictures of the most famous Painters, done by their own Hands. The Seventh is adorn'd with Vessels of Porcelain; and the Five following are all fill'd with great variety of all manner of Curiosities.

But the most precious Utensils are kept in the octogonal Hall, which is 20 Foot in Diameter, and has a Dome for its Roof; the Pavement consisting of different Marble-Stones very artificially inlaid: The Walls are hung with Crimson-Velvet, and beautify'd with many rare Ornaments: The Windows are of Crystal, and the inside of the Dome lin'd with Mother of Pearl; neither is any thing laid up in this Place that is not of a very great Value, and of exquisite Beauty. Among the Diamonds is to be seen here, that which is described by Monsieur Tavernier, weighing 139 Caracts and an half, may deservedly be plac'd in the first Rank. There are also many other Rarities, particularly an Ancient Head of Julius Caesar, made of one Torquoise as big as an Egg: A Press fill'd with Vessels of Agate, Lapis Lazuli, Rock-Crystal, and Cornelian: A large Table and Cabinet of inlaid Work, entirely compos'd of oriental Jaspar, Chalcedonies, Rubies, Topazes, and other precious Stones curiously wrought▪ A Collection of very rare Medals: A vast Number of little pieces of ancient Sculptures and Gravings extreamly well preserv'd. Many choice Paintings, or rather Master-pieces of the most excellent Artists: Six Greek Statues, the beauty of which exceeds imagination: Two Men a Wrestling: The Country-man that whetted his Bill or Hatchet when he heard of Catiline's Conspiracy: The Images of Faunus and Cupid sleeping: One of Venus 6 Foot high, and another of the same Goddess, less by one Foot; but both made of white Marble. From hence one may pass through a little Gallery of Communication to the old Palace of the Republick, where is the Wardrobe, and a rich Coach that serv'd at the nuptial Solemnities of the Grand Duke. The great Hall of this Palace is 172 Foot long, and 74 Broad.

The Cathedral of Florence is a very large and noble Pile of Building, although the Architecture, in many of its Parts, is according to the Gothick Fashion, being cas'd both on the out-side and in-side, and pav'd all over with polish'd Marble of different Colours: Its length consists of 490 Feet, and its heighth from the end of the Cross on the Globe of 180. Among the Statues in this Church, the most considerable are that of St. James (carv'd by Sansevino) leaning against one of the Pillars which support the Dome; and of Adam and Eve (by Bandinello) behind the high Altar; as also those of St. Peter and Christ dead, plac'd on the same Altar, and made by the same Artificer. The Paintings of the Dome represent the Resurrection, and are the Workmanship of Frederick Zucchero. This Cupolo was the first Model of all the rest in Italy, and is the largest, except that of St. Peter's at Rome. The Steeple is a square Tower 180 Foot high, cas'd all over with Squares of red, black and white Marble, and adorn'd with a great number of Statues. The Church of St. Laurence is, in like manner, a very large and sumptuous Structure; and it may be truly affirm'd, That the famous Chapel, which has been so long in Building, will be the most magnificent in the World: It is of a very considerable largeness and heighth; in the middle of every Front of its Hexagon is erected a double row of Jaspar Pilasters, with double Capitals of Cast-Copper gilt; the Cornish and whole Entablature consisting of the same Materials: On the Pedestal of every Pilaster are divers devices in precious Stones, inlaid with all the Art imaginable: In the six Angles or Corners are as many stately Tombs of Porphyry, and of the most rich sort of Marble: On the top of every Tomb is fix'd a large Jaspa• Pillow or Cushion enrich'd with precious Stones of all sorts, and on every Cushion a Crown of much greater value: The Pedestal or Base that supports these Monuments, is lin'd with Porphyry and Chalcedony, and the Epitaphs of those Princes for whom they are design'd, will be added; their Statues of Brass Gilt, twice bigger than the Life, will be also plac'd in the niches of black Marble, prepar'd for that purpose, in the Wall above the same Tombs: The Ceiling of the Dome will be of pure Lapis Lazuii, with Roses; and some other gilt Ornaments: All the rest of the Walls are divided into Compartments of fine Agates, Marbles, Onyx-stones, &c. every Pannel being set off with Squares, and other Embellishments of Copper gilt; besides the Altar, which will surpass all the other Parts in abundance of costly Furniture. Moreover, the Library of St. Laurence is remarkable for its rare Manuscripts, and the Church of the Holy Cross for the Tomb of Michael Angelo; which, nevertheless, seems not to be altogether worthy of so great a Personage.

The City of Florence was first founded by the Soldiers of Sylla, A. U. 645. and a Colony was establish'd there by the Triumvirs, Augustus, Marcus Antonius, and Lepidus. Afterward it was raz'd by Totila, but repair'd by Charlemagne, and very much enlarg'd by the ruins of Fesulae, or Fiesoli, a neighbouring Town. It is defended by the Arsenal and Citadel of St. John Baptist, which are very strong and in good Condition; but the two Forts of Belvedere, and St. Miniato are as it were abandoned. Florence has given birth to many Popes, particularly to Leo X. Clement VII. Clement VIII. Leo XI. and Ʋrban VIII. but Victor II. dy'd there. A. D. 1057. and Stephen X. in 1058. Here was also held a famous Council conven'd by Eugenius IV. wherein John Palaeologus, Emperor of Constantinople, was present, A. D. 1439. This noble City stands 50 Miles South of Bononia, 60 South-East of Modena, 90 of Parma, 104 of Mantua, 126 almost South of Venice, and 132 North-West of Rome.

Pistoia, Pistoria or Pistorium, is seated in a Plain at the foot of Mount Apennine, and on the Banks of the little River Stella, at the distance of 14 Miles from the Ecclesiastical State, and the Province of Bolognese to the South, 20 from Lucca, and as many from Florence to the West; its Episcopal See being subject to the Metropolitan of this last City. It was also the Place of Nativity of Pope Clement IX. but its Trade is very inconsiderable; so that it subsists altogether on the fruitfulness of the adjacent Country, which is well cultivated, yet not sufficient to enrich it. And indeed, one shall scarce meet with a poorer or more deserted Town, especially since it has lost its Liberty.

However, it is larger than Lucca, the Streets being •lso broad and straight; and one may perceive that it has been formerly a flourishing City. The Inhabitants of Pistoia have a particular Veneration for Saint James, by Reason of some Relief they had obtain'd from him, and because they have a great many of his Relicks. In the Chappel dedicated to this Saint, in the Cathedral Church, is engrav'd a Prayer, wherein he is styled the First of the Apostles. The Altar is cover'd with Silver, and Surrounded with Lamps of a great value.

Prato Pratum, is water'd with the River Bisentio, and well built in a pleasant Country, in the midst, between Florence to the East, and Pistoia to the West; whereto its Episcopal See is always united.

Cortona, Corto, Cortona or Cyrtonium, a small but fair City, is founded on the top of an high Mountain, on the Confines of the Ecclesiastical State, and the Province of Ombria, 5 Miles from the Lake of Perusia to the North, 14 from Arezzo, and 8 from the Marshes of China. Pope John XX. establish'd a Bishop's See in this place, under the Metropolitan of Florence, A. D. 1325. whereas before it was part of the Diocess of Arezzo; but it now depends only on that of Rome.

B•rgo-San-Sepolchro, Biturgia or Burgum Sancti Sepulchri, hath its Situation near the River Tyber, and the Frontiers of the Ecclesiastical Patrimony, whereto it formerly appertain'd; but it was pawn'd by Pope Eugenius IV. to the Florentines, and remains at present in the possession of the Grand Duke of Toscany. It is distant 50 Miles from Florence to the East, as also 10 from Citta di Castella to the North, and was erected into an Episcopal See by Pope Leo X. A. D. 1515.

Empoli, Emporium or Empolice, a small Town on the River Arno, nevertheless dignify'd with the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Florence; from whence it is distant about 20 Miles to the South-West, and 32 from Pisa.

Arezzo, Aretium, stands on the side of a Mountain, in the midst of a fertile Plain, scarcely 3 Miles distant from the Fenn of Chiana, which a little below dischargeth it self into the River Arno, as also 28 Miles from Siena to the East, 30 from Perusia to the North-west, 40 from Florence, and 16 from Citta di Castello to the West. It owes its Foundation (as they say) to Aretas, the Son of Janus; and was one of the 12 first Colonies of the Toscans: It is also the Seat of a Prelate, suffragan to the Arch-bishop of Florence, but free from his Jurisdiction.

Fessole or Fiezzoli, Fesulae or Fesula, was in like manner one of the first Colonies establish'd by the Toscans in these Territories, and was ruin'd by the Goths. It was also taken through a Stratagem by the Florentines, A. D. 1010. and utterly demolish'd: Whereupon the Inhabitants were commanded to repair to Florence, from whence it is distant about •2 Leagues to the North-East; insomuch that there as yet remains only the Cathedral Church, together with some few Houses and a Monastery erected on an Hill.

PISA, Pisae or Pisa, in the Latit. of 42 Deg. 30 Min. and the Longit. of 33 Deg. 10 Min. is seated in a spacious Plain that brings forth abundance of Corn and excellent Grapes, and on the Banks of the River Arno, over which stand 3 fair Bridges, about 4 Miles from the Sea-coasts, 14 North of Legorn, 8 almost South-West of Lucca, 53 West of Florence, and 170 North-West of Rome. It was heretofore a free City, and a potent Republick▪ which took the Island of Sardinia from the Saracenes, subdu'd Carthage and the Isles of Majorca, and was very serviceable to the Eastern Christians. Afterward Pisa was storm'd by the Florentines, and was restor'd to its former Liberty by Charles VIII. King of France. But it fell again into the Possession of the Florentines, and so at last became subject to the Grand Duke. It is at present a very large City, the Second of Toscany, and the usual Place of Residence of the Knights of the Order of St. Stephen, whom Cosmus I. instituted in the Year 1561. on purpose to defend the Coasts of the Toscan Sea against the Incursions of the Foreign Enemies: These Knights wear a red Cross on a black Mantle, with a Fire-colour'd Girdle, and their Church is fill'd with Flags, Lanthorns, and other Spoils taken from the Turks: The Statue of the same Grand Duke Cosmus is erected in the Court yard over against this Church. The Streets of Pisa are broad, straight, and pav'd with large Stones, and the Houses are generally well built. The River Arno being Navigable, and twice as broad as the Tyber at Rome, divides the Town into two Parts, which are not very unequal: but they are extreamly decay'd and forsaken, yet contain at present about 2290 Houses, although Grass grows in the midst of the Streets in divers Places. This desolate Condition is without Doubt the effect of the last War with the Florentines, who sack'd, and almost ruin'd the City, when they had made themselves Masters thereof; neither can it be deny'd, but that the Town of Legorn, which was founded within these few Years on the Port of Pisa, has drawn away many of its Inhabitants.

However, here still remain some stately Edifices, particularly the Palace, Town-House, Citadel and Cathedral Church, which is supported with 26 Marble Pillars, and built much after the same manner as that of Siena; but it is larger, and its situation in the middle of a spacious Court-yard is much more advantageous. The Baptistery, and famous bowing Tower, are likewise very remarkable Buildings, which may be seen at one view with the Church, and stand only at the distance of 30 or 40 Paces in the same Publick Place, as also on the same Level on each side, being altogether cas'd with fine Marble, and of an Uniform Architecture. The Baptistery, is of a round form, about 180 Paces in compass, and has a Cupolo on the top, as the Dome of St. Peter's Church at Rome: There is also an Echo, which very much augments any sound; so that if one strikes a Blow, or cries out, it lasts as long as that which proceeds from the chiming of a large Bell. As for the Tower, some say it was built stooping of set purpose by the Architect; others, that it does not really stoop, but only seems so to do, deceiving the sight by a new and secret Device of Architecture; others again avouch, that it seems to lean on all sides according to the station of the Beholders: but all these Persons are much mistaken, and seek for a Mystery where never any was; for the bowing of the Tower happen'd only accidentally, its Foundation being sunk on one side, as it will plainly appear to any one that examines the Matter. The heighth of this Tower is 188 Feet, and its Shape is exactly that of a Cylinder: The Platform or Terrass on the top is encompass'd with Ballisters, and the Stair-case consists of 193 Steps.

The Church-yard call'd Campo Santo, by reason of certain heaps of Earth which the Pisans caus'd to be brought thither out of the Palestine, A. D. 1228. when they sent supplies to the Emperour Frederick Barbarossa who took Jerusalem, is a kind of Cloister, 190 Paces long, and 66 broad, in comprehending the wideness of the Portico's, where are erected a great number of Tombs; and one may observe an ancient Inscription, set in a Wall of one of the Porches; it is a Decree of the City of Pisa, whereby it was ordain'd, Nunciata morte Caesaris, &c. That is, The Death of the Emperor being declar'd, That the People should wear a mourning Habit, during a whole Year, and abstain from all manner of publick Divertisements. This City was dignified with the Title of a Metropolitan See, through the special Favour of Pope Ʋrban II. A. D. 1092. and an University was founded there by Lorenzo de Medicis, in 1472.

Legorn, in Ital. Livorno, Ligurnus or Liburnus Portus, is a famous Sea-port Town, situated in a Flat Country, on the Coasts of the Toscan-Sea, at the distance of 12 Miles from the Mouth of the River Arno, 24 almost South of Lucca, 56 almost South-West of Florence, and 160 almost North-West of Rome: It formerly appertain'd to the Jurisdiction of the Republick of Genoa, but was granted in the preceeding Age to the Grand Duke of Toscany, in exchange for the City of Serzana, which then remain'd in his Possession. Indeed, that of Legorn, as it hath been lately re-built, is a very considerable Place, on the account of its Traffick and great resort of foreign Merchants; for before it was only a small and unhealthy Town, by reason of the standing Waters and adjacent Marshes. It contains about 3560 Houses, and is well fortify'd with Walls, Bastions, and a deep Trench round, except on the Sea-side. It is likewise defended with 3 Fortresses, and hath a very capacious and safe Harbour, which is divided into two Ports, viz. the Greater and the Lesser; the former hath been render'd extreamly commodious, through the means of a large Mole, and the other having a very strait entrance, serves to receive the Gallies. The Streets are very broad, all running parallel in a straight line, and the Houses generally of an equal height, almost all painted on the out-side: The Ducal Palace, and Arsenal, are likewise very fair Buildings. Here is also erected a House, or kind of Hospital, on purpose for the Galley Slaves, wherein they lie; which Custom is not observ'd any where else.

Volterra, Volaterrae, is a place of very great Antiquity, and one of the 12 first Colonies of the Toscans, standing on a Mountain in a very fruitful Country, about 34 Miles from Florence to the South, and 37 from Legorn to the East: It is more especially remarkable for its Springs of Medicinal Water, and hath been long since dignified with the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Florence.

Siena, Senae or Sena, in the Latit. of 42 Deg. 30 Min. and the Longit. of 34 Deg. 40 Min. is seated in the midst of divers Hills, and on a kind of Platform, being distant 28 Miles nigh South of Florence, 64 East of Legorn and Pisa, and 104 North-West of Rome: It is almost 4 Miles in Compass, including much wast Ground, and contains 1820 Houses, being a fair and great City, well fortify'd with a Citadel, built in form of a Pentagon, and 15 or 16 Square Towers like those of Viterbo: It is also adorn'd with an University, and a Metropolitan See establish'd by Pope Pius II. A. D. 1459. The publick Edifices, Palaces and Churches, are very magnificent, more especially the Cathedral, which is almost entirely cas'd, both in the inside and outside, with Marble; the Ornaments of the Architecture being the finest in their kind: The Pavement of the Quire consists likewise of black and white Marble, wrought in Mosaick Work, and enrich'd with curious Figures, representing divers Histories of the Old and New-Testament. This Work was begun by Duceio, and finish'd by Dominico Beccafumi: but that part next the Quire is best preserv'd, shewing the Sacrifice of Abraham, and the Passage of the Red-Sea; the Roof is Azure, set with Golden-Stars, and supported with two rows of Pillars. The Hospitals, the Monasteries of the Dominicans, and Cordeliers, and some other publick Buildings, are likewise very remarkable. The Situation of the great Market-Place is somewhat deep, so that it may be fill'd with Water, sufficient for the extinguishing of any Fire that happens in the Town. Siena was, in time past, a Free-City, and during some Ages, the Capital of the Republick; but, at length, being taken by the Spaniards, A. D. 1554. it was resign'd to the Duke of Toscany, who, as yet, possesseth it, together with all the adjacent Territories.

Piombino, Plumbinum, is a well-fortified and large Town on the Coasts of the Toscan-Sea, lying almost in the midst between Orbitello to the South-East, and Legorn to the North-West, at the distance of 50 Miles from both, and somewhat more from Siena, and 14 from the Island of Elba, which is subject to its Jurisdiction: It sprang up out of the Ruins of Populonia, an ancient ruin'd Town in the Neighbourhood, and is Govern'd by its own proper Prince, of the Family of Lodovici, although defended by a Garrison of Spaniards.

Orbitello, Orbitellum and Ʋrbatellum, is seated near the Sea-shore, at the Foot of Mount Argentaro, 40 Miles from Civita-Vecchia to the West, and 50 from the Isle of Elba to the East. This Town formerly depended on the Dominions of the Republick of Siena, since the Year 1451. but when the latter fell into the Hands of the Grand-Duke of Toscany, the Spaniards retain'd the Possession thereof, together with some other small Towns, viz. those of Telamone, Porto Hercole, Porto Stephano, and Mount Argentaro, fortifying them with Garrisons and Castles; whence the adjacent Country is call'd by the Inhabitants Lo Stato delle Presidii.

Massa, Massa, a very small and ill-built City, is Founded on an Hill, and distant 3 Miles off the Sea, 13 South-East of Sarsana, 24 North-west of Pisa and Lucca, and 66 West of Florence. However, it hath been the See of a Prelate, Suffragan to the Arch-bishop of Siena, ever since the decay of Populonium, and includes within its Diocess the Islands of Elba and Caprara.

The Republick of LUCCA, Lucensis Ager, or Respublica Lucensis.

THE Territories of the Lordship or Republick of LƲCCA, are enclos'd within those of the Grand Duke of Toscany: Their utmost extent being 34 Miles long, and 28 broad. And indeed, these Dominions, although of a small compass, are nevertheless very populous, and the Inhabitants acknowledge the Emperour for their Protector, although their Government be Aristocratical. The Country affords great quantities of Wine and Oil, but brings forth little Corn. The Chief Magistrate, termed Gonfalonnier, is elected from among the Nobles every Two Months, and assisted by Six Elders, who are chang'd as he is, six times every Year.

The Grand Council is compos'd of 120 Burgesses. The Publick Revenue is about 100000 Crowns a Year; and upon Occasion, they can raise 30000 Men in a short time.

The Chief Towns are these:

• LƲCCA, Bish. Cap.
• ...Comasore.
• ...Montignose.
• ...Minuxiano.
• ...Castiglione.
• ...Viareggio.

LƲCCA, Luca, in the Latit. of 42 deg. 50 min. and the Longit. of 33 deg. 20 min. stands on a Branch of the River Serchio, in the midst of a fruitful Plain, which is extended every way 15 or 20 Miles, and bounded with rich and well inhabited Hills. Its first Foundation (as it is suppos'd) was laid by the Toscans, A. M. 1469. and it is at present a Free City, govern'd with excellent Laws in form of a Common-wealth, together with some other adjacent Places. It is only 3 Miles in compass, containing nigh 1800 Houses, but is very populous, having about 30 or 40 thousand Inhabitants, and this number daily encreases. It is also well-fortify'd with 11 regular Bastions, and their Curtains, all lin'd with Brick, and environ'd with very deep Trenches; the Ramparts being adorn'd with several rows of Poplar-Trees set close together. There are also many stately publick Buildings, and among others, the Cathedral dedicated to St. Martin, the Church of St. Fredian, and that of our Lady delle Miracole; besides a great number of Palaces, and Houses of Pleasure round about the City, richly furnish'd, together with their Gardens, and various Apartments; not to mention the Arsenal, which contains Arms kept in good order, and a sufficient quantity of them for so small a Republick.

But the Cathedral is more especially remarkable for the famous Chapel of Volto Santo, which was built on this Occasion: It is reported, That Nicodemus having undertaken to paint a Crucifix, and not being able to perform it, certain Angels that saw him at Work, took the Pencil out of his Hand, and finish'd the Picture. Indeed, it is not well known how this Crucifix was first brought into the Church of St. Fredian; but it is certain (as they say) that it was transported from thence to the Cathedral of St. Martin, and stood in the Air, over the very same Place where it is now to be seen, until an Altar was built for it, on which it immediately alighted, and took up a setled abode. Whereupon a Magnificent Chapel was soon after erected, and the Altar plac'd in the middle of it. This Image does not work so many Miracles as some others, yet every thing done by it is most surprising; and it is the great Object of Devotion among the Luccheses, being stampt on their Coin, with the Arms of the Republick.

In the Church of St. Fredian is shewn a Marble Table 17 Foot long, almost 6 and a half broad, and 14 Inches thick, the History whereof is compris'd in the following Inscription; Whosoever thou art, O Reader, thou art thy self a Stone, unless this Stone excite thee to the Admiration and Worship of St. Fredian, who having got this huge Mass out of the Mountains, four Miles off, for the building of this Church; and being destitute of Strength, but fervent in Spirit, with wonderful facility heav'd it with his own hands and Shoulders, and those of the Canons, into a Cart, to be drawn by a yoke of untam'd Heifers. Afterward, he caus'd the sacred Monument to be plac'd in this Church, in the VIth Century. In the middle of the same Church stands a flat Tomb, on which these words are Engrav'd, Hic jacet Corpus Sancto Riccardi Rega Angliae; i. e. Here lies the Body of St. Richard, King of England: But it is hard to determine who this Prince should be, since Richard the I. Sirnam'd •aeul de Lion, died of a wound in France, after his Voyage to Jerusalem, and was Interr'd in the Abbey of Fontevraut. Richard the II. Depos'd by the Duke of Lancaster, was Stabb'd at Pontefract, brought to St. Paul's Church in Langley, and at last to Westminster-Abbey, where his Tomb is to be seen, Richard the III. was slain in Battel at Bosworth, in Leicestershire, and buried in the Town of Leicester. Neither does it appear that there ever was any King in England nam'd Richard, before the Uniting of the Saxon Heptarchy.

The Inhabitants of Lucca are very much enrich'd by their Trade in Silks, whereof they make divers sorts of Manufactures; and the Government of the City is purely Aristocratical, the Sovereign Authority residing in a Council of 240 Noblemen; but they are divided into Two Bodies, and succeed every half year; having a Gonfalonnier for their Head, who lodges in the Publick Palace, together with his Nine Counsellors, nam'd Anziani. These usually partake of the same Bed and Board there, although their Wives and Families remain in their private Houses. The Office of the Gonfalonnier, or Supreme Magistrate of the Republick, is very like that of the D•ge's of Venice, or Genoa, excepting that it continues only for Two Months, and the Person invested with this Dignity, receives no other Profit from thence than that of his Table. However, he wears the Barretto and Stole, with the Robe of Crimson-Velvet, and the Name of Prince is attributed to him; But he is congratulated only with the Style of Excellency. After an Interval of Six years he may be Elected again, and a Band of 60 Switzers serves for his Ordinary Guard. The City of Lucca stands Eight Miles North-East of Pisa, 24 almost North of Legorn, 46 West of Florence, and 168 North-West of Rome.

Viareggio, Viaregium, is seated on the Coasts of the Toscan-Sea, and defended with a Tower, having also a very small Haven; and indeed it is the only Port of the Republick of Lucca, being distant about 15 Miles from this Metropolis to the West.

The Kingdom of NAPLES, Regnum Neopolitanum.

THE Kingdom of NAPLES, being the largest of all the States of Italy, is bounded on the North by the Gulf of Venice; on the South, by the Toscan-Sea; on the East, by the Mouth of the Gulf of Venice, and the Ionian-Sea; and on the West, by the Territories of the Ecclesiastical-State. It is extended, from South-East to North-West, for the space of about 340 Miles, viz. from the Mouth of the River Tronto as far as Cape del Armi; and 120 from South-west to North-east, from Massa to Rodia, in the Province of Capitanato. The Air is always gentle, temperate, and very healthful, although indeed the Heats in some places are excessive. The Soil brings forth all manner of Commodities that can be desir'd, and the Country enjoys, as it were, a perpetual Spring: For here are gather'd vast quantities of Almonds, Small-Nuts of an excellent Taste, Olives, Figs, Citrons, Oranges, Grapes, Corn, Hemp, Line, Pulse, Anise-seed, Coriander-seed, and other sorts of Fruit. These Territories depend on the See of Rome, and can devolve only on the Male and Legitimate Issue of the King of Spain, who causeth a White Horse, together with 9000 Ducats, to be presented every Year to the Pope, as an Acknowledgment of the Homage which he is obliged to doe to His Holiness. The whole Revenue of this Prince, in the Kingdom of Naples, amounts Yearly to the Sum of nigh •000000 Ducats. It can raise (according to Mr. Lassels) 150000 Foot, and 100000 Horse; and its ordinary Squadron of Galleys are but 20. Here are 148 Cities, 20 Arch-bishopricks, 128 Bishopricks, 87 Princes, 122 Dukes, 159 Marquesses, and 7 Earls. It is a noble Country, but the poor People are miserably oppress'd. In the IXth and Xth Centuries, the Saracens, although they were often repuls'd, render'd themselves very potent throughout those Dominions, until the Normans entirely expell'd them, in the XIth Century. Afterward, the Inhabitants of Schwaben, the French, Arragonians and Spaniards Govern'd successively, and have always holden them of the Pope, as a Fee of the Church of Rome. His most Catholick Majesty sends thither every year a Vice-Roy, who is usually a Grandee of Spain.

A Chronological TABLE of the Succession of the Kings of Naples and Sicily, according to the several Families that have Reign'd in those Dominions.

The IX Norman Kings of Naples and Sicily.

1 RObert Guichard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, died A. D. 1085
2 Roger I. and Boemond, the Sons of Robert Guichard		Years
3 Robert, sirnam'd The Crooked	1085	Reigned 17
4 Roger II.	1102	27
5 Roger III.	1129	24
6 William I. the Red	1152	14
7 William II. the Good	1166	23
8 Tancred the Bastard	1189	3
9 William III.	1192	2

Constantia.

The IV Kings of the House of Schwaben, through the Marriage of the Princess Constantia with the Emperour Henry VI.

10 The Emperour Henry VI.	1194	3
11 The Emperor Frederick II.	1197	52
12 Conrad	1250	7
13 Manfred the Bastard	1257	8

In the Year 1265. Pope Clement IV. gave the Investiture of these Two Kingdoms to Charles of France, Count of Anjou and Provence, who was Crown'd in 1266.

The IV Kings of the House of France, of the First Branch of Anjou.

14 Charles I.	1266	19
15 Charles II. the Lame	1282	25
16 Robert the Wise	1309	34
17 Q. Joanna I.	1343	39

Queen Joanna I. adopted, by her Last Will and Testament, made on the 29th of June, A. D. 1380, or 1381, Lewis of France, Duke of Anjou, the Son of King John, who form'd the Second Branch of Anjou; nevertheless, Charles of Duras, the Cousin of Queen Joanna, Ʋsurp'd the Throne, which caus'd a War to break forth.

18 Charles III. the Little	1382	4
19 Ladislaus the Victorious	1386	28
20 Q. Joanna II. or Januetta	1414	20

Q. Joanna II. adopted King René, which gave him a double Right to the Crown.

The V. Kings of Naples and Sicily, of the Second Branch of Anjou.

21 Lewis I. of France	1382	2
22 Lewis II.	1384	23
23 Lewis III.	1417	17
24 René the Good	1434	46
25 Charles III.	1480	1

It ought to be observ'd here, That Peter III. King of Arragon, Marry'd Constantia, the Daughter of the Bastard Manfred, A. D. 1262; and caus'd all the French in Sicily to be Massacred in 1282, to Establish himself on the Throne: but he died Excommunicated, within 4 Years after this execrable Action, which is commonly call'd, The Sicilian Vespers.

The IX. Kings of Naples and Sicily, of the House of Arragon.

26 Peter I. of Arragon	1282	4
27 James I.	1286	41
28 Frederick	1327	1
29 Peter II.	1328	1•
30 Lewis	1342	12
31 Frederick the Simple	13•5	13
32 Mary, the Wife of Martin	1368	34
33 Martin, the Widower of Mary	1402	7
34 Martin II.	1409	1
35 Blanche, the Relict of Martin	1410	2
36 Ferdinand of Castile, The Just	1412	4
37 Joanna II. Queen of Naples	1420

This last Princess adopted Alphonsus King of Arragon, but disinherited him within three Years after, by reason of his Ingratitude.

The XIII. last Kings of Naples and Sicily.

38 Alphonsus V. King of Arragon	1420	38
39 Ferdinand I. the Spurious	1458	36
40 Alphonsus II.	1494	1
41 Charles VIII. King of France	1495	some Months.
42 Ferdinand II.	1495	10
43 Frederick, dispossess'd	1496	5
44 Lewis XII. King of France	1501	2
45 Ferdinand V. King of Aragon	1503	13
46 Charles V. Emperour	1516	42
47 Philip II. King of Spain	1558	40
48 Philip III.	1598	23
49 Philip IV.	1621	44
50 Charles II.	1666	now Reigning.

The Kingdom of Naples is usually divided into Twelve small Provinces: Viz.

• Six on the Mediterranean Sea,
  • 1 The Province of Lavoro,
    • Naples, Archbish. Cap.
  • 2 The Farther Principality,
    • Benevento, Archbish.
  • 3 The Hither Principality,
    • Salerno, Archbish.
  • 4 Basilicata,
    • Acerensa, Archbish.
  • 5 The Hither Calabria,
    • Cosenza, Archbish.
  • 6 The Farther Calabria,
    • Regio, Archbish.
• Six on the Gulf of Venice.
  • 7 The Farther Abruzzo,
    • Aquila, Bish.
  • 8 The Hither Abruzzo,
    • Chieti, Archbish.
  • 9 The County of Molise,
    • ...Molise.
  • 10 The Province of Capitanato,
    • Manfredonia, Archbish.
  • 11 The Province of Bari,
    • Bari, Archbish.
  • 12 The Province of Otranto,
    • Otranto, Archbish.

The Province of LAVORO, Campania Felix, is bounded on the North by that of Abruzzo; on the South, by the Hither Principality; on the East, by the County of Molise, and the Farther Principality; and on the West, by the Toscan Sea, and the Campagne of Rome. It is extended in length, from North-west to South-east, for the space of 74 Miles; and 40 in breadth. It is a Country very proper for Tillage, and takes its Name from thence. It was also call'd Campania Felix by the Romans, by reason of the Fruitfulness of its Soil. Capua was heretofore the Metropolis thereof; but Naples hath now obtain'd that Advantage: About 8 Miles from whence stands the Mountain Vesuvius, or di Somna, which casts forth Flames, after the same manner as Mount Aetna, or Gibel, in the Island of Sicily.

The most Considerable Cities and Towns are these:

• NAPLES, Archbish.
• Capua, Archbish.
• Sorrento, Archbish.
• Pozzuolo, Bish.
• Mola, Bish.
• Cuma, Bish.
• Massa, Bish.
• ...Aversa.
• ...Gaeta.
• Vico, Bish.
• Aquino, Bish. County.
• Sora, Bish.
• Monte Cassino, Bish.
• ...Venafri.
• ...Cajazzo.
• ...Alifi.
• ...Calvi.
• ...Tiano.

NAPLES, Neapolis, Ital. Napoli, in the Latit. of 40 deg. 45 min. and the Longit. of 38 deg. 20 min. was ruin'd (as it is recorded in History) and afterward re-built by the Cumans, who gave it the Name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or The New City; to distinguish it from the remains of the Upper Town, which was nam'd, or became at the same time, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or The Old City: But both had been formerly call'd Parthenope, by reason that Ʋlysses and his Companions having escap'd the Inchantments of the Siren Parthenope, that Sea-Nymph threw her self down headlong from the top of a Rock, and was bury'd at Palaeopolis: Although others affirm, That one Parthenope, the Daughter of Eumelus King of Thessaly, and Grand-Daughter of Admetus and Alceste, brought a Colony thither, and impos'd her own Name on the City, which before bore another, at present unknown. However (as it is evident from these Greek Names) Naples was built by the Graecians, and is situated at the distance of 104 Miles South-east of Rome; 225 South-west of Ragusa, in Dalmatia; 230 almost North-east of Palermo, in Sicily; 234 South-east of Florence; and 300 almost South-east of Venice, on a small Gulf of these Coasts, having a very capacious and safe Harbour. And indeed, it is one of the largest, strongest, and most beautiful Cities of Italy, surpassing all other in the multitude of Inhabitants. It lies on the Sea-side, under Hills, in form of a Theatre; its figure and station much like Genoa, but bigger▪ and much more populous: It is above 7 Miles in compass within the Walls; besides, it has large Suburbs, having above 300000 Inhabitants: It is said to be one of the noblest Cities in Europe; and if it is not above half as big as Paris, or London, yet it has much more beauty than either of them. It is also the See of an Archbishop, and the usual Place of Residence of the Nobility of the whole Kingdom. It is bounded on one side with a fertile Plain, pleasant Hills, most delightful Gardens, and magnificent Palaces; and on the other, hath a fair Prospect into the Sea. In fine, It is fortify'd with firm Walls, regular Bastions, large Towers, deep Moats, and many Castles or Fortresses, viz. 1. That named Il Castello di Sant Elmo, founded on a steep Rock that commands the adjacent Places, by the Order of the Emperor Charles V. 2. The New Castle, Il Castello Nuovo, which was built of Free-stone, in form of a Square, by Charles I. Duke of Anjou, and enlarg'd by Ferdinand of Aragon: This Fort is likewise defended with 4 Bastions, strong Ramparts, a double Ditch of a vast depth, fill'd with the Sea Water, and 5 large Towers. 3. Il Castello del Ovo, or The Castle of the Egg, so call d from its Oval form, which is erected on a Rock in the Sea, and ows its Foundation to William III. Duke of Normandy: Here is to be seen a Cannon of Cast Metal, nam'd Magdalen, which carries a Ball of 26 Pound, and weighs it self 21000 Pounds. 4. The Tower of St. Vincent. 5. That of the Carmelites, or Il Torrione del Carmine, seated on a Place fortify'd during the last Commotions, A. D. 1648. 6. Il Castello Capouano, or the Capuan Castle, wherein are held the Assemblies of the Citizens, and the Courts of Justice. 7. The Castle of St. Erasmus. 8. The Vice-Roy's Palace, a most noble Fabrick, built by the famous Signior Fontana, and andorn'd with three Orders of Architecture, being almost 400 English Foot long. 9. The Arsenal, standing along the Banks of the Sea, and presenting it self to the view of Sailers at a great distance. 10. The Port, together with its stately Mole, extended for the space of a quarter of a Mile into the Sea; and a Watch-Tower at the end, in which issues forth a Spring of fresh Water. Not to mention the stately Mansion-Houses of the Dukes of Matalona, Gravina, Airola, della Forre; those of the Princes of St. Agatha, Mont-milet, Botera, and Cellamara; together with a great number of Convents, Hospitals, Magazines for Naval Stores, &c.

The whole City is divided into 29 Precincts, term'd Ottine; and hath 7 large Suburbs. The Churches are extremely magnificent, and amount to the number of 300, of which 40 are Parochial. The Cathedral is dedicated to St. Januarius, one of the twelve Patrons of this Place; and the Church of the Jesuits, more-especially remarkable for its admirable Structure, being beautify'd on all sides with most sumptuous Ornaments; as also are those of Santa Maria del Annonciada, Santa Maria la Nuova, St. Severino, St. Paul, St. Dominick, &c. The Streets are, for the most part, even and broad; but the chiefest of these is that of La Strada di Toledo, pav'd with Free-stone, and adorn'd with a great number of Palaces, and fair Buildings. The greater part of the Houses are high and uniform, cover'd with Platforms, on which the Inhabitants are wont to walk in the Evening, besides divers spacious Courts, where the Noblemen frequently take the Air, which are all encompass'd with Iron Ballisters, and curiously painted on the in-side. Here are also establish'd three Academies of Ingenious Persons, known by the Name of Gl' Ardenti, Gl' Otiosi, Studi Nuovi; as also an Universiry founded by the Emperor Frederick II. wherein the States of the Realm hold their five Sessions, call'd I Seggi di Napoli. Lastly, it may not be amiss to observe, that Naples hath furnish'd the See of Rome with several Popes, particularly Boniface V. Ʋrban VI. Boniface IX. John XXIII. Paul IV. &c. But this noble City hath been so often pillag'd, and fallen into the Possession of so many Masters, that the greatest part of its Antiquities lie bury'd under its Ruins. However, the Front of the Church of St. Paul major is that of an ancient Temple of Apollo; which was afterward dedicated to Castor and Pollux, by one Tiberius Julius Tarsus, a Free-man of Augustus, as it appears from his Name, as yet to be read very distinctly on one of the Frizes of the said Front. And indeed, the Portico is supported with eight channeled Pillars of the Corinthian Order; and on the Front appear certain Figures in Basso-Relievo, representing the Heathen Deities. The Columns of the Church of St. Restituta (as they say) were in like manner taken out of a Temple of Neptune. There are also to be seen some Ruins of an Amphitheatre; an ancient Statue of the River Nile, leaning on a Crocodile; the Head and entire Neck of a Brazen Horse, heretofore erected in one of the Market-places; and a great quantity of old Ruins on the side of St. Cosmo and St. Damian, where the Palaeopolis, or Old Town, is usually placed by Antiquaries.

Capua is seated on the River Valtorno, in a very fruitful Plain, and defended with a strong Castle, being distant only 2 Miles from the Ruins of Ancient Capua to the West, very near the Mountains; as also 14 from Naples to the North; 17 from Sessa to the South-east; and 12 from the Coasts of the Toscan-Sea. It is now but a mean Place, though formerly of great fame, and was erected into a Metropolitan See by Pope John XIII. A. C. 968. Nevertheless, a great number of Inscriptions, and Monuments of Antiquity, are to be seen there, that have been brought from Old Capua; out of the Ruins of which some time most stately City the Town of St. Mary was almost entirely built, where as yet remain divers small Temples, an old Castle, some part of two Amphitheaters, one of the Gates of the City, together with many broken Pillars, and other fragments of Architecture.

Sorrento, or Sorriento (according to the Pronunciation of the Neapolitans,) is in like manner the Seat of an Archbishop, and stands in a very fruitful Country, on the Confines of the Hither Principality, about 24 Miles from Naples to the South, and 6 from Il Capo Campanella to the North-east. The adjacent Hills, mention'd by Columella, are from thence commonly call'd La Montagna di Sorrento.

Pozzuolo, Puteoli, was heretofore a famous City; and still enjoys the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Naples, being situated on a Hill near a Bay of the same Name, where were built divers noble Seats of the Roman Emperors: But the fury of Wars, Earthquakes, Inundations of the Sea, and even Time it self, which consumes every thing, hath almost entirely destroy'd this noted Place, although a great number of august Ruins, as yet remaining, are a sufficient Testimony of its ancient Grandeur and Magnificence. Almost adjoyning to the Church of St. James, are to be seen those of an Amphitheatre, which was built of Free-stone, and stood in the midst of the Old City. A Tradition goes current, That St. Januarius, together with six other Christians, were there expos'd to wild Beasts, and that they were ador'd, instead of being devour'd by them. However, some time after, these Seven Champions were Beheaded near Solfatara, in a Place where, at present, stands a Church dedicated to St. Januarius. The Cathedral, bearing the Name of St. Proculus Martyr is built on the Ruins of a Temple of Jupiter, and, in part, of the proper Materials of the same Temple, more-especially the Front, on which is read an ancient Inscription shewing that it was founded by Calfurnius Luc. Fil. Between the Town and the Amphitheatre lie the Ruins of a Temple of Diana; and near the Cloisters of the Dominicans, of Jesu-Maria. The tempestuous Sea often casts up new marks of the former magnificence of these publick Buildings, among which are usually found divers sorts of Precious-stones, viz. Cornelians, Agats, Jaspars, Amethysts, &c. Moreover, the Arches of a famous Bridge, or Causway, 3900 Paces long, are still apparent: Which Work is suppos'd to have been rais'd by the Emperor Caligula, and reach'd as far as Baia, from whence this small City is distant 3 Miles, and as many from Miseno.

In travelling from the Suburbs of Naples toward Pozzuolo, we meet with the Hill Pausilypus, remarkable for a Cavern commonly call'd the Grotta of Pozzuoli, being partly cut out of the Rock, and partly through the Sand. It is almost a Mile long, from 30 to 40 Foot high, and about 18 broad; so that two Chariots may easily pass one by another. There is no Light admitted but only at the two ends, and through a small Hole in the middle, above an Oratory wrought on one side in the Rock, by somewhat enlarging the Road on that side. But this Light is very inconsiderable; and the clouds of fine Dust that arise at every step, are ready to put out the Eyes of Passengers; insomuch that it is necessary either to wrap up the Head, or cover the Face with a Handkerchief, if one would avoid the sucking in of Earth, instead of Air. Moreover, one can discern so little in this Dungeon, that when a Man hears afar off those that are coming to meet him, he must cry out to them to keep to the right or left, that they may take the opposite side, and prevent the falling foul one on another. This ancient Work is attributed to one Cocceius, and mention'd by Seneca, who in like manner complains of the Darkness and Dust.

A little beyond Mount Pausilypus the Lake of Agnano spreads it self between the Hills, being almost round, and only a good Mile in compass: The Water is very clear, and hath no ill Taste; it is seen to boil and bubble every where, without perceiving any Heat; nevertheless, abundance of Tenches and Eels are bred therein. On the side of this Lake are two very considerable things; that is to say, the Caves commonly call'd The Bagnio's of St. German, and The Dog's Grotto. In descending three or four steps into these Baths, one feels a Heat which hath a sulphurous smell, and immediately causeth the whole Body to sweat; so that Persons afflicted with the Gout, and other Distempers, resort thither from all Parts, and (as they say) receive much Benefit. The Dog s Grotto is a little Cavern at the bottom of a Hill, from nine to ten Foot long, four and a half broad, and five high: Here arises a subtil and penetrating Exhalation out of the Earth, without any Smoak, which stops the Breath, and suffocates in an instant: For if a Dog be let down to the bottom, the poor Creature is soon seiz'd with Convulsions, rolls his Eyes about, stretches himself out without crying, grows stiff, and is taken out of the Cavern as dead: but if he be immediately thrown into the Lake distant only twenty Paces from thence, he recovers his spirits in less than a minute, swims out of the Water, runs about, and cries, as it were, for Joy. The like Experiment hath been some times made on Men, and all sorts of Animals, and the same thing hath happen'd. There is nothing to be fear'd within two Foot of the Ground, and even nearer, the Vapours being rarify'd and dispers'd; but the lower one stoops, the greater is the danger, by reason that these subtile and violent Vapours break forth impetuously in great abundance.

Nola is a well built City, and the See of a Prelate suffragan to the Archbishop of N•ples, being distant from thence 14 Miles to the East, 8 from Sarno, and 6 from Acerra. Many Monuments of Antiquity are as yet in this Place, which is more-especially remarkable for the Death of Augustus Caesar, who expir'd here, or in the adjacent Territories; and for giving Birth to its renowned Bishop St. Paulinus.

Cuma, Cumae, was at first founded by the Euboeans, and at length utterly raz'd by the Saracens, A. D. 1207. Its Ruins are now call'd Cuma distruttae, lying betwen Linternum and Miseno, two demolish'd Towns. It hath been, for some time, an Episcopal See, which was afterward united to that of Aversa. Nor far from hence stood the Village of Cumanum, mention'd by Cicero; and the Den of the famous Cuman Sibyl.

Massa, Massa Lubrensis, or Massa di Sorriento, to distinguish it from some other Towns of this Name, was built after the decay of Old Massa, in a certain adjacent Place named Lubra, and on that account may be more truly termed New Massa. It is seated on a rising Ground, well fortify'd by Nature, and distant 4 Miles from Surriento to the South-west; as also as many from Cape Campanella, and the Isle of Caprea; and 20 from Naples to the South.

Aversa, or Adversa, was built by Robert Guichard, Duke of Normandy, on the Ruins of Atella; and an Episcopal See of the same Town was translated thither by Pope Leo IX. Charles I. King of both Sicilies, caus'd this small City to be raz'd; but it was afterward repair'd, and hath its station at present in a most verdant Plain, in the midst between Capua to the North, and Naples to the South.

Gaeta, Cajeta, or Cajetta, is remarkable for its Situation in a Peninsula on the side of a Rock, the foot whereof is wash'd by the Waves of the Toscan-Sea, at the distance of 55 Miles from Rome, 14 from the Frontiers of the Ecclesiastical State, and only 4 from Naples. It is one of the strongest Holds of this Kingdom, defended by two Forts, wherein are maintain'd considerable Garrisons of Spanish Soldiers. It has also a very commodious Harbour, and is dignify'd with an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Capua, although exempted from its Jurisdiction, whereto those of Mola and Minturni have been for some time annexed. In the Cathedral, among other things, is a pretended Pillar of Solomon's Temple; as there are also four others of the like nature that support the High-Altar of St. Marks Chapel in Venice. But the ancient Vessel of white Marble, which serves as a Font in the Baptistery of this Cathedral, is a most accurate piece of Work, and very well preserv'd. It is made in form of a Bell, being about four foot high, and its Ornaments in Basso-Relievo are much admir'd. The little Bacchus just issuing out of Jupiter's Thigh, is there deliver'd into the Hands of Ino; and round about the Vessel are represented Satyrs, and Bacchantes or Revellers, together with Fauns playing on two Flutes at once. Near the Garden of the Franciscans Zoccolanti is a Bush of Thorns, which (as they say) grow almost all without Points, ever since the Seraphick St. Francis roll'd himself on them, to allay the Heat of his Youthful Passion: And near the Place call'd della Foglia is shewn a Bank on which he preach'd to Fishes.

In going up through the lesser Gate of the Bishop's Palace, over-against the Altar of the Holy Sacrament, you'll meet with a Marble Statue of an Old Man setting his Feet on a little Dog; under the Dog is a Block, a Serpent with its Tail lying on the same Dog, twisted between the Legs of the Old Man, and leaning on his Head; and an Eagle standing on that of the Serpent's. There are many different Opinions concerning this Figure; but the most generally receiv'd, is, That the Old Man represents Aesculapius, with his Serpent; That the Dog signifies Watchfulness and Diligence, requisite in a Physician; That the Eagle denotes the Dominion of the Deity over Men, or perhaps, of the God of Physick in particular: And, That the Block is an Emblem of Humane Nature, subject to the same Deity. The Complication of Figures is four Palms high. Here is also to be seen the Tombs of Charles of Bourbon, Constable of France, slain in the sacking of Rome; and the ancient Mausoleum of Munàtius Plancus, by whose Advice (as we are inform'd by Suetonius) Octavius Caesar preferr'd the Name of Augustus before that of Romulus, which some Persons would have persuaded him to assume, as the Restorer of the City of Rome. This ancient Monument is commonly call'd Roland's Tower.

It is also worth the while to take a view of the Cleft Mountain, which at present bears the Name of la Speccata, being a huge Rock, separated even from its highest top to its bottom in the Sea. The distance of this Separation is from four to five Foot at the Place where one enters, but is somewhat wider toward the Top. One may also discern from the concave and convex part of the Rock, that it has really open'd it self. It is reported, that this was one of the Prodigies that happen'd when our Saviour gave up the Ghost; so that Steps are made to descend between the Clefts of this double Rock; and a little Chapel hath been for some time cut out of its forepart, which is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Indeed, it is a famous Pilgrimage; all the Barques, Galleys, and other Vessels that pass by, never failing to pay Devotion to the Holy Mountain.

Vico, or Vico di Sorrento, Vicus Aequeasis, stands on a Hill on the Bay of Naples, and was founded A. D. 1300, by King Charles II. near the Ruins of the Town of Aequa, in the midst between Castel' à Mare di Stabia & Sorrento, at an equal distance of 4 Miles from both; as also 18 from Naples to the South, and 10 from Amalfi to the West. It is the See of a Prelate suffragan to the Archbishop of Sorrento.

Aquino, Aquinum, is water'd with the Streams of the Brook Melfo, not far from the River Garigliano, and only 5 Miles distant from the Confines of the Ecclesiastical State. It was ruin'd by the Emperor Conrad, insomuch that it hath retain'd very few Inhabitants, and scarcely includes 35 Houses within its Walls. However, it bears the Title of a County appertaining to the Duke of Sora, and of an Episcopal See subject to the Metropolitan of Capua, but its Bishop resides in the neighbouring Town of Ponte-Corvo. Moreover, this small City gave Birth to the Poet Juvenal, and to the famous Casuist Thomas Aquinas.

Sora is a well built City, seated on the Banks of the River Garigliano, about 16 Miles from Monte-Cassino to the North-west, 6 from Arpino, and 10 from the Lake of Celano to the South; as also 55 from Rome to the East, 22 from Anagni, and 13 from Alatri. It is dignify'd with the Title of an Episcopal See, independent on any other; and the Title of a Dutchy, appropriated to the Family of Boncompagno. It was also the Place of Nativity of the Learned Cardinal Baronius.

Monte Cassino, Cassinum, Casinum, or Mons Cassinus, an ancient City, hath now given Place to the Town of St. Germano, which sprang up out of its Ruins, where an old Theatre, and many other footsteps of its Grandeur still remain, being distant 5 Miles from the River Garigliano to the North, 6 from Aquino to the North-east, and 12 from the Frontiers of the Ecclesiastical State. Not far from hence stands the famous Abby of Mount Cassin, founded by St. Benedict: The Abbot of the same Place formerly exercised the Episcopal Functions, through the special Order of Pope John XXII. but this Bishoprick was suppress'd 40 Years after, by Ʋrban V.

Mount Vesuvius, Mons Vesuvius, call'd Il Monte di S•mma by the Italians, from a neighbouring Village of the same Name, is distant about 8 Miles from Naples to the East, that is to say, from this City to the top of the Mountain, which was heretofore very pleasant, the greater part thereof being beset with Vines, but hath been for a long time altogether barren, by reason of its frequent Conflagrations, the chief of which have been observ'd at twelve several times, since the Nativity of Jesus Christ, and always caus'd very great Devastations: But the Flames broke forth so impetuously, on the 16th. of Decemb. A. D. 1631. and continu'd so outragious for the space of some Days, that they seem'd to threaten the utter Destruction of the City of Naples. The like Accident hath often happen'd since, but with less Violence.

In travelling from Naples, through the four first Miles we meet with many fair Villages seated along the Sea-Coasts. Indeed, these Parts are well cultivated, and do not seem to have been ever expos'd to the ravages of the Mountain, although it hath often so happen'd; only some huge Stones lie in divers places, that have been roll'd thither. When one hath pass'd through the last Village, call'd Resina, the Road lies open to the left, and the Ascent begins. One may also travel on Horse-back for two large Miles, or two ordinary Miles and an half farther, yet always in the midst of loose Rocks, and heaps of parch'd Earth thrown up by the Eruption of the Mountain: but as you advance forward, you'll find the Ground more and more hollow, dry, burnt, and cover'd with several sorts of calcin'd Stones, which are so many Testimonials of the Vehemence of the Conflagration. Moreover, one may observe the Beds through which the Torrents of Sulphur and Bitumen have often flow'd from this Mountain. Thus, after divers little Rests, which must of necessity be made, you at length arrive, as it were, at the first Stage that makes a Circle round about the Mouth of the ancient Gulf, and is near a Mile in Diameter. One may also descend, in some Places, about 100 Paces below this steep Circumference on the side of the Mountain, which constitutes the whole depth of the ancient Opening. But this vast Abyss hath been almost fill d, by an extraordinary Eruption, with a mixture of Sulphur, Bitumen, Alum, Saltpetre, and melted or vitrify'd Earth; so that all these Matters ceasing to boil together, form'd a kind of thick hard Crust, which hath caus'd a Level in the Gulf 100 Paces below its sides. Afterward, a violent shaking of the Mountain hath broken the said Crust, or harden'd Matter, and thrown the pieces one upon another, much after the same manner as when Ice in a Pond hath been broken, a sharp Frost soon fastens the pieces together. This rugged Surface is every where beset with burning Holes, from whence a perpetual Smoke exhales; so that in some places the Heat may be felt through one's Shoes, only in passing over them. Moreover, exactly in the middle of this Extent, which is almost round, a furious Eruption hath open'd a Passage, and cast up a new Mountain, which is likewise round, and a quarter of a Mile high, being full of smoaking Clefts. In divers Places is to be seen Sulphur almost entirely pure, and as it were a kind of Sal Armoniack, of a Citron colour. In others is found a reddish and porous Matter, like the Dross of Iron taken out of a Smith's Forge; but there are some of all manner of colours, shapes and Sizes. The Top of the lesser Mountain hath its Opening as well as the greater, and there is at present the Mouth of the dreadful Abyss, which may be about 100 Paces wide, from whence issues forth a torrent of Smoak that almost fills the whole circumference; which being blown by the Wind, sometimes on one side, and sometimes on another, gives an opportunity clearly to discover the Top of the Opening. The swift Eruption of the Flames is not much to be fear'd; but the Shaking of the Mountain precedes the most violent Outrages, and almost always happens on a sudden, so that many have been surpriz'd, and pay'd dear for their too nice Curiosity; as Pliny, the famous Naturalist, was soon overtaken, though at a great distance, and unfortunately lost his Life amidst those horrible Torrents of Fire and Brimstone.

Monte Nuovo, or Di Cencre, Mons Novus, is a certain Mountain which was brought forth by the Earth in the Night between the 19th. and 20th. Day of September, A. D. 1538. and hath ever since been known by the Name of the New Mountain. They that have taken its Dimensions affirm, that it rises up 400 Fathom in perpendicular height, and extends it self for the space of 3000 Paces in compass. Naturalists have observ'd several different ways whereby some Mountains have been produc'd, viz. sometimes by Earthquakes, sometimes by violent Winds or Hurricanes; and at other times by subterraneous Eruptions, much after the same manner as when a Mole thrusts forth the Earth, and raises those small Hillocks which are commonly call'd Mole-hills. Thus, by this last means, Monte Nuovo was form'd, as well as the other New Mountain in the midst of the ancient Cavern of Mount Vesuvius. Monte Nuovo (as they say) hath in like manner a Gulf of 50 Paces diameter in the middle of its top, which sufficiently proves its Original from an Eruption, but it does not cast forth either Flame or Smoke; neither hath it committed any Outrage, since those that were caus'd by so prodigious a travel of the Earth, which then shook violently: whilst the Sea at the same time retir'd back, the Lake Lucrinus was almost fill d, the Churches and Houses were set on fire and swallowed up, and a great number of Men, together with abundance of of Cattle, miserably perish d during that terrible Overthrow.

On the other side of the Lake Lucrinus stands another noted Mountain, nam'd Il Monte di Christo, on this Occasion: The Tradition goes, That the Earth having been heretofore toss'd with an extraordinary shock, was mov'd even from its Foundation, and a Cleft made, reaching even from its Surface to the Limbus Patrum: Whereupon, Jesus Christ descending into these dark Recesses, where the Souls of those Persons who had been predestinated to Celestial Happiness, so long waited for his Coming, brought them in Triumph through this Passage under Ground, and carry'd them up into Heaven from the top of the Mountain, where the Mouth of the Cavern is shewn, as a Proof of this pretended History.

The FARTHER PRINCIPALITY, Principatus Ʋlterior, hath the County of Molise, and the Province of Lavoro, for its Northern Bounds; the Hither Principality on the South; the Capitanato on the East; and the Toscan Sea on the West. It is extended from North-west to South-east for the space of about 54 Miles, and 34 from East to West.

The Principal Cities and Towns are these: Viz.

• BENEVENTO, Archbish. Cap.
• Conza, Archbish.
• Artuno, Bish.
• St. Agatha, Bish.
• Trevico, Bish.
• Avellino, Bish.
• Bisaccia, Bish. and Dutchy.
• Cedogna, Bish.
• Monte Marano, Bish.
• Monte Verde, Bish.
• Nuseo, Bish.

BENEVENTO, Beneventum, heretofore call'd Maleventum (according to the report of Pliny,) in the Latit. of 41 deg. and the Longit. of 39 deg. is situated on the Confluence of the Rivers Sabato and Calore, in a very fertile Country, at the distance of 28 Miles from Capua to the East, as many from Salerno to the North, and 32 from Naples to the North-east. It was built by Diomedes, together with Arpi in Apulia, and erected into a Dutchy by the Lombards. It hath also been, for a long while, the See of an Archbishop, and was granted to Pope Leo IX. by the Emperor Henry III. sirnam'd The Black, A. D. 1053. depending ever since that time on the Jurisdiction of the See of Rome. Moreover, this City hath given Birth to Pope Victor III. and Gregory VIII. and is famous for the slaughter of Manfred King of both Sicilies, who was overcome here by Charles Duke of Anjou, A. D. 1266.

Conza, Compsa, or Consa, is seated on the foot of Mount Apennine, near the Source of the River L'Ofanto, and the Confines of the Hither Principality, being distant 18 Miles from Melfi to the West, 56 from Naples, 28 from Salerno, and 25 from Benevento to the South-east. It is a City of a very small compass, scarcely containing within its Precinct 70 Houses, and 120 Persons; insomuch, that it seems to be almost reduc'd to a Hamlet, and nevertheless retains the Title of a Metropolitan See.

Ariano, Arianum, stands on a steep Hill near the foot of the Apennine, and is distant 12 miles from Benevento to the East, toward Trevico; and 25 from Nocera to the South, toward Avellino. It is subject to the Dominion of the Duke of Bovino, who is Count of this Place; and its Episcopal See depends on the Metropolitan of Benevento.

St. Agatha, or Sant' Agatha de Goti, Agathopolis, or Fanum S. Agathae Gothorum, is a small City on the Frontiers of the Province of Lavoro, almost in the midst between Benevento to the East, and Capua to the West, at the distance of 14 Miles from both, and 9 from Telese. It is the See of a Prelate suffragan to the Archbishop of Benevento.

Trevico, Trevicum, is distant 18 Miles from Conza to the North; and an Episcopal See, in like manner subject to the Metropolitan of Benevento.

Avellino, Abellinum, is built in the midst between Benevento to the North, and Salerno to the South, 16 Miles from each of these Cities; as also 30 from Naples; 4 from Monte Vergene, and only 1 from the River Sabato. It is dignify'd with the Title of a Principality appertaining to the Noble Family of Caraccioli, and of a Bishop's See under the Metropolitan of Benevento, which nevertheless is united to that of Fricenti.

Bisaccia, Bisacium, is a small Town enjoying the Title of a Dutchy, and of an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Conza. It is distant only 3 miles from Cedogna, and 7 from Monte Verde.

Cedogna, Laquedonia, or Alcidonia, stands in a Plain on the foot of the Apennine, about 12 miles from Melfi to the South-west, and 9 from Conza. It is partly demolish'd, and possess'd by very few Inhabitants: However, it is an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Conza, although its Diocess comprehehends only one Place besides the City it self, which was heretofore call'd Aquilonia in Hirpinis, (as it is prov d by Celsus Citadinus, and Lucas Holstenius.)

Monte Marano, Mons Maranus, is a very small Town on the Banks of the River Calone, near Vulturara, about 10 miles from Avellino to the East, and 6 from Nusca; nevertheless, it is the See of a Prelate suffragan to the Archbishop of Benevento.

Monte Verde, Mons Viridis, another City of a small extent, is seated on the River L'Ofanto, on the Frontiers of the Province of Capitanato and Basilicata, between Melfi and Cedagna, 13 miles from Conza to the East, and 23 from Acerenza to the North-west. It is an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Conza, although always annex'd to that of Nazareth.

Nusco, Nuscum, hath its Foundation on the foot of the Apennine, between Monte Marano and St. Angelo, at the distance of 18 Miles from Benevento to the South-east, 10 from Conza, and 23 from Salerno to the North-east. The Episcopal See of this small City depends on the Jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Salerno.

The HITHER PRINCIPALITY, Principatus Citerior; in Italian Il Principato Citro, hath the Farther Principality for its Northern Limits, together with part of Campania Felix; the Toscan Sea on the West and South; and the Province of Basilicata on the East; extending it self from North-west to South-east for the space of about 78 Miles, and 38 from East to West. It is the Country of the ancient Picentini, and part of Lucania.

The Chief Cities, &c. of this Province are these: Viz.

• SALERNO, Archb. Cap.
• Amalfi, Archb.
• Acerno, Bish.
• Campagna, Bish.
• Scala, Bish.
• Policastro, Bish.
• Nocera, Bish.
• Minuri, Bish.
• Capaccia, Bish.
• Caggiana, Bish.

SALERNO, Salernum, in the Latit. of 40 deg. 30 min. Longit. 38 deg. 45 min. is advantageously situated on the Sea-shore, in a small Plain environ'd with Hills that are the most pleasant and fruitful of all throughout the whole Country. Its Harbour was also very considerable, before that of Naples was so much frequented, from whence it is distant 28 Miles to the South-east, as many from Cape Campanella to the East, and 30 from Benevento to the South. Pope Boniface VII. establish'd an Episcopal See in this City, A. D. 974, and therein (as they say) is preserv'd the Body of St. Matthew the Apostle. It was, in time past, successively govern'd by 19 of its own proper Princes; and at present it is remarkable on the account of its famous School of Physick.

Amalfi, Amalphis, is in like manner seated on the Sea-coasts, at the distance of 2 Miles from Scala to the West, 6 from Ravello to the East, 12 from Salerno to the South-west, and 24 from Naples to the South-east. It appertain'd, at first, to the House of St. Severino; afterward, it became a Royal City; and in the present Age, it hath been erected into a Dutchy, in favour of Octavio Picolomini, one of the most renowned Generals of his Time. It likewise enjoys the Title of a Metropolitan Sea, although it be only of a small extent, and ill built. It is reported, that the Body of St. Andrew the Apostle is here entomb'd; and, that the Mariner's Compass was first invented by one Grovanni, or Flavio Giaia, a Native of this Place.

Acerno, Acernum, is a small Town standing on the foot of the Mountains, and bearing the Title of an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Salerno, from whence it is distant 15 Miles to the North-east toward Conza, and 8 from Volturara to the South.

Campagna, Campania, hath its Station on the Confluence of the Rivers Atro and Tenza, about 16 Miles from Salerno to the East, and 11 from the Coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. The Title of a Marquisate is appropriated to this Place, together with that of a Bishop's See annexed to that of Sutrianum, and subject to the Metropolitan of Conza. It formerly depended on the Jurisdiction of the Prince of Monaco.

Scala, Scalae, or Camae, is founded on a Hill about 2 Miles from Amalfi to the East, and its Episcopal See is possess'd by a Prelate suffragan to the Archbishop of this Metropolis. It was some time a large City, as it plainly appears from its Ruins; but at present is of a very small compass, scarcely containing 150 Houses, and seems daily to decay.

Policastro, Policastrum, or Palaeocastrum, is a small Town almost deserted, and reduc'd to the form of a Village, on the Coasts of the Toscan Sea; together with a Bay of the same Name; about 8 miles from the Confines of the Province of Basilicata, 17 from the Promontory of Palinuro to the East, and 55 from Salerno to the South-east; nevertheless, it still retains the Title of an Episcopal See, under the same Metropolitan of Salerno.

Nocera, Nuceria, Ital. Nocera di Pagani, is in like manner dignify'd with the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Salerno; and that of a Dutchy, appertaining to the Family of Barberino, being situated between Sarno and Cava, at the distance of 10 miles from Amalfi to the North, 8 from Salerno to the North-east, and 22 from Naples.

Minori, or Minuri, Minora, is founded on the Gulf of Salerno, about 8 miles from this City to the West, 3 from Amalfi, and 22 from Naples to the South. It is a Place, at present, of little Note, yet affords a See to a Prelate suffragan to the Archbishop of Amalfi.

Capaccia, or Capaccio, Caput Aqueum, hath been lately rebuilt in a Plain, whereas it stood on an adjacent Hill; together with a strong Fort, before it was raz'd by the Emperor Frederick I. sirnam'd Barbarossa, A. D. 1249. the Ruins whereof still bear the Name of Capaccio Vecchio. Its Episcopal See depends on the Metropolitan of Salerno, from whence it is distant 22 Miles to the South.

The Province of BASILICATA is bounded on the North by that of Capitanato, and part of that of Bari; on the South, by Calabria; on the East, by the Gulf of Tarento; and on the West, by the two Principalities; being extended from North to South for the space of 82 miles, and 60 from East to West. It comprehends the greater part of the ancient Lucania, but is not very fruitful, nor well inhabited.

The Principal Cities, &c. are these: Viz.

• ACERENZA, Archb. Cap.
• Melfi, Bish.
• Rapolla, Bish.
• Muro, Bish.
• Lavello, Bish.
• Venosae, Bish.
• Tricarico, Bish.

ACERENZA, or Cerenza, in the Latit. of 40 deg. 40 min. and the Longit. of 40 deg. is seated on the foot of Mount Apennine, where it is divided into two Parts near the River Bradano. Its Metropolitan See hath been always united to that of Matera, in the Province of Otranto, from whence it is distant 28 miles to the West, and 10 from Venosa to the South-east.

Melfi, Melphis, or Melfia, is situated on the Banks of the River la Molpa, on the Frontiers of Capitanato, and the Farther Principality, near Rapolla, and Monte Verde; 15 miles from Conza to the East, 65 from Naples, and 30 from Tarento.

It is a large and well built City, defended by an old Castle built on a Rock. Its Episcopal See depends on the Metropolitan of Acerenza, but is altogether free from its Jurisdiction.

Rapollo, or Rapello, Rapellum, is a small Town near Mount Apennine, and the Borders of the Farther Principality, being distant only 1 mile from Melfi to the South-east, 5 from Venosa, and 20 from Conza to the East. Here hath been, long since, establish'd an Episcopal See, subject to the Visitation of the Archbishop of Siponto; but it was annex'd to that of Melfi by Pope Clement VII. A. D. 1528.

The HITHER CALABRIA, Calabria Citerior, lies to the South of Basilicata, and to the North of the Farther Calabria; its utmost Extent consisting of the space of about 90 miles from North to South, and 64 from East to West.

The most Considerable Cities and Towns are these:

• COSENZA, Archb. Cap.
• Rossano, Archb.
• Cassano, Bish. and Princip.
• Bisignano, Bish. and Princip.
• Strongoli, Bish. Pr.
• St. Marco, Bish.
• Mont-Alto, Bish.
• Amantea, Bish.
• Martotano, Bish.
• Cariati, Bish.
• Ʋmbriatico, Bish.
• Tarlia, Princip.
• Cyrisano, Princip.
• Catiglione, Princip.
• ...Pablo.

COSENZA, Cosentia, in the Latit. of 39 deg. 5 min. and the Longit. of 40 deg. 40 min. is situated in a Plain near the Confluence of the Rivers Grati and Vasento, at the distance of 12 miles from the Coasts of the Toscan Sea to the East, 40 from the Ionian, and 30 from Rossano to the South. It is one of the principal Cities of the Kingdom of Naples, and the See of an Archbishop, being fortify'd with a a Castle built on an Hill, wherein Isabel of Arragon, the Wife of Philip the Hardy, King of France, died A. D. 1270.

Rossano, Rossianum, or Ruscianum, stands on a stony Ground, environ'd on all sides with Rocks, and is scarcely distant 3 miles from the Gulf of Taranto, 16 from Bisignano to the East, 35 from Cosenza to the North-east, and 12 from the Ruins of Thurium to the South. It enjoys the Title of a Metropolitan See, and is famous for giving Birth to Pope John VII.

Cassano, Cassanum, Cosanum, and Cosae, is a small Town near the Rivulet of Lyone, about 10 miles from Mount Apennine, as many from the Gulf of Taranto, and 20 from Rossano to the North, toward the Confines of Basilicata. It hath been erected into an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Cosenza, and also bears the Title of a Principality, but at present is a Place of little Note.

The FARTHER CALABRIA, Calabria Ʋlterior, lies to the South of the Hither, and forms, as it were, the Toe of Italy; including, from North to South, the space of about 105 Miles; and 54 from East to West. Its Soil is not equally fruitful in all Places, no more than that of the other Calabria.

The most remarkable Cities and Towns are these:

• REGIO, Archb. and Cap.
• S. Severino, Archb.
• Cotrone, Bish.
• Isola, Bish.
• Belcastro, Bish.
• Taverno, Bish.
• Nicastro, Bish.
• Monte Leone, Bish.
• Roccella, Prin.
• Seiglio, Prin.
• S. Agatha, Prin.
• Squillaci, Bish.
• Melito, Bish. & Pr.
• Oppido, Bish.
• Girace, Bish.
• Bova, Bish.
• Nicotera, Bish.
• Mida, Prin.
• Sarriona, Prin.
• ...Seminara,
• ...Gioia.

REGIO, Regium Julium, or Rhegium, in the Latit. of 37 deg. 48 min. and the Longit. of 40 deg. 10 min. is situated in a Plain over-against the Island of Sicily, at the distance of 10 miles from Messina to the South-east; 28 from the Promontory call'd Il Capo Bianco, or Il Capo Bursone; and about 90 from Cosenza to the South. It was first founded by the Chalcedonians, and hath been long since erected into a Metropolitan See, being as yet a very fair City, although it hath been often storm'd and pillag'd by the Turks.

S. Severino, San Severinum, stands on the Frontiers of the Hither Calabria, and is likewise dignify'd with the Title of a Metropolitan See, being distant about 87 miles from Regio to the North-east.

The Province of the FARTHER ABRƲZZO, Abrutium Ʋlterius, is bounded on the North by the Gulf of Venice; on the South, by that of Sabina; and the Campaign of Rome; on the East, by the Hither Abruzzo; and on the West, by L' Marca d' Ancona, and Ombria. It is extended from North to South for the space of about 68 miles; and 46 from East to West. It was heretofore the greater part of the Region of Samnium, and a portion of that of Picenum. The Air is temperate; and the Soil every where extremely fertile, abounding in all sorts of Fruits, more-especially Saffron, insomuch that (as it is reported) the Inhabitants of the Territories round about Aquila raise every Year, through the planting of this Drug, the Summ of 40000 Ducats of Gold.

The chief Cities, &c. are these: Viz.

• AQƲILA, Bish. Cap.
• Civita di Pena, Bish.
• Teramo, Bish.
• Atri, Bish.
• Campli, Bish.

AQƲILA, in the Latit. of 42 deg. 10 min. and the Longit of 37 deg. 20 min. is seated on the side of a Mountain near the River Pescara, being distant 60 miles from Rome to the South-east, 70 from Ancona to the South, and about 90 from Naples. It was built, or enlarg'd, by the Lombards, out of the Ruins of Amiternum and Forconia, two demolish'd Towns in the Neighbourhood; and its Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Civita Chieti, although free from its Jurisdiction, was translated hither from Forconia, by Pope Alexander IV. in the Year 1257.

Civita di Pena, or Pinna, is distant 10 miles from Civita di Chieti to the West, and 8 from Atri. Its Episcopal See depends on the Metropolitan of Chieti, although exempted from its Jurisdiction; and that of Atri was united thereto by Pope Innocent IV. A. D. 1252. This City also appertains to the Dominions of the Duke of Parma.

Teramo, Interamia, is in like manner an Episcopal See subject to the Metropolitan of Civita di Chieti, near the River Trontino, about 15 Miles from Ascoli to the South-west, 24 from Chieti, and 14 from the Coasts of the Adriatick Sea to the West.

The HITHER ABRƲZZO hath the Gulph of Venice for its Northern Bounds; the Province of Lavoro on the South; the County of Molise on the East; and the Farther Abruzzo on the West. Its Extent is 60 miles long, and about 42 broad.

The Principal Cities are these:

• CIVITA di CHIETI, Archb. Cap.
• Lanciano, Archb.
• Sulmone, Bish. Pr.
• Ortona, Bish.
• Cazoli, Pr.

CIVITA di CHIETI, Teatea, or Teate, in the Latit. of 40 deg. 57 min. and the Longit. of 38 deg. 50 min. is situated on an Hill near the River Pescara, on the Frontiers of the Farther Abruzzo, almost in the midst between Lanciano to the South-east, and Atri to the North-west, at the distance of 14 miles from both; as also 8 from Pescara to the South-west, and the Coasts of the Adriatick Sea. It is the usual Place of Residence of the Governor of the Province, and was erected into an Archbishoprick by Pope Clement VI. Hence certain Regular Monks are call'd Theatines, in regard that Gio Pedro Caraffa, one of the Founders of their Order, was then Bishop of Chieti, and afterward andvanc'd to the Papal Dignity, by the Name of Paul IV.

Lanciano, Anxanum, and Lancianum, is seated on the Rivulet of Feltrino, near the Coasts of the Adriatick Sea, from whence it is distant 5 miles; as also 7 from Ortona to the South; about 15 from Il Guasto to the East; and as many from Cita di Chieti to the West. It is a very large City, and well frequented, by reason of the Fairs that are kept there in the Months of May and August. It hath also been the Sea of an Archbishop, ever since the Year 1562.

Sulmone, Sulmo, is a fair City, remarkable for its Situation in a verdant Plain encompass'd with Mountains, between two Rivers that spring out of the Apennine, at the distance of 8 miles from the Frontiers of the Farther Abruzzo to the East, 30 from Venafro to the North, and 26 from Aquila to the South-east. It grew up out of the Ruins of Corfinium, or P•ntina, an adjacent Village, and hath been for a long time the See of a Prelate suffragan to the Archbishop of Chieti, united many Ages ago to that of Valva. It is also dignify'd with the Title of a Principality appertaining to the Family of Borghesi. Moreover, this City is famous for giving Birth to the Poet Ovid, and to Pope Innocent VII.

The County of MOLISE lies between the Gulf of Venice on the North-east; the Province of Lavoro on the South; that of Capitanato on the East; and the Hither Abruzzo on the West; enclosing the space of about 36 miles from North to South, and 43 from East to West.

The Chief Towns are these:

• BOIANO, Bish. Cap.
• ...Molise,
• Trivento, Bish.
• ...Isernia.

BOIANO, Boianum, or Bovianum, in the Latit. of 41 deg. 25 min. and the Longit. of 38 deg. 40 min. is seated on the River Biferno, at the foot of Mount Apennine, in the Confines of the Province of Lavoro, being distant 23 miles from Capua to the North, 18 from Trivento, and 13 from Isernia to the East. It is a City of a very small extent, and not well built; nevertheless, it enjoys the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Benevento.

Molise, Molisia, is a small Town which hath impos'd its Name on the whole Province, and is distant 10 miles from Iserna to the East, and as many from Boiano to the North.

Trivento, Triventinum, or Treventinum, and Triventum, hath its Foundation on a Mountain, and is water'd by the R ver Trigno, about 17 miles from Boiano to the North, and 20 from the Coasts of the Adriatick Sea. The Episcopal See of this City depends on the Metropolitan of Benevento.

CAPITANATO, Apulia Daunia, is bounded on the North and East by the Adriatick Sea; on the South, by the Territories of Bari, together with those of Basilicata, and the Farther Principality; and on the West, by the County of Molise. This Province is extremely fruitful, and one of the most considerable of the Kingdom of Naples. It is 76 miles from East to West, and 64 from North to South.

The Principal Cities, &c. are these:

• MANFREDONIA, Archb. Cap.
• Monte S. Angelo, Archb.
• Troia, Bish.
• Ascoli, Bish.
• Lucera, Bish.
• Vieste, Bish.
• Forenzuola, Bish.
• Volturata, Bish.

MANFREDONIA, Sipontum Novum, in the Latit. of 41 deg. 30 min. and the Longit. of 40 deg. was so call'd from Manfred King of Naples, the Son of the Emperor Frederick II. who founded it about the Year 1256. Not far from hence, within the space of 2 miles, at the foot of Mount Gargano, appear the Ruins of Ancient Sipontum, the Metropolitan See whereof was translated hither. The City of Manfredonia hath a very capacious Harbour, and is defended with a strong Fortress on the Coasts of the Gulf of Venice, at the distance of 12 miles from the Mouth of the River L'Ofanto to the North, and 25 from Lucera to the East. It was formerly taken by the Turks, and miserably ruin'd; but it hath been since repair'd, and remains in the Possession of the Spaniards.

Monte S. Angelo, Mons S. Michaelis, stands on Mount Gargano, about 7 or 8 miles from Manfredonia, and is so named from the Apparition of St. Michael in that Place. Here is to be seen an admirable Grotto, cut out in the Rock; and the Devotion of the People hath given Occasion to the Building of a great number of Churches in the City, which is the Sea of the Archbishop of Sipontum, and united to that of Manfredonia.

The Province of BARI hath the Adriatick Sea for its Northern and Eastern Limits; that of Capitanato on the West; and those of Basilicata and Otranto on the South. It is extended from North to South for the space of about 26 miles, and 80 from East to West.

The Chief Cities, &c. are these:

• BARI, Archb. Cap.
• Trani, Archb.
• Andria, Bish.
• Juvenazzo, Bish.
• Ruvo, Bish.
• Bitonto, Bish.
• Conversano, Bish.
• Monopoli, Bish.
• Polignano, Bish.
• Molfeta, Bish.

BARI, Barium, Baris, Bario, and Barietum, in the Latit. of 41 deg. and the Longit. of 42 deg. hath a very convenient Haven on the Coasts of the Adriatick Sea, and is well fortify'd, being distant 20 miles from Polignano to the East, about as many from Trani to the West, 24 from Barletta to the East, 27 from Matara to the North, and 120 from Naples. It is a very ancient City, and took its Name (according to the Testimony of Festus) from a small Island near Brundusium, or Brindesi, the Inhabitants of which Place were the Founders thereof. However, it is dignify'd with the Title of a Metropolitan See, and (as they say) the Body of St. Nicholas, Bishop of Myra, in Lycia, was brought thither when that Country was ravag d by the Barbarians, in the Year 1087.

Trani, Tranium, or Tranum, is seated in a very fruitful Country, and heretofore had a commodious Harbour on the Coasts of the Adriatick See, which is now almost entirely stopt up with Sand. It is scarcely distant 6 miles from Andria, and 24 from Bari. The Inhabitants affirm from an old Tradition, That their City was founded by Trajan the Roman Emperor; and even some time call'd Trajana, from his Name. Indeed, it is defended with a Castle built by the Emperor Fr•derick II. and hath been long since erected into an Archbishoprick.

The Province of OTRANTO, Hydruntina Provincia, is a Peninsula environ'd with the Adriatick and Ionian Seas, and by the Territories of Bari and Basilicata, extending it self for the space of 105 leagues from East to West, and only 28 from North to South. It is reported, that this Country is very obnoxious to the Devastation of the Grashoppers, which are usually driven away by certain peculiar Birds of these Regions. The Turks have often made Descents on this Province, and it hath been no less frequently pillag'd through the Incursions of Pirates.

The most Remarkable Cities and Towns are these:

• OTRANTO, Archb. Cap.
• Brindesi, Archb.
• Tarento, Archb.
• Lecce, Bish.
• Matera, Bish.
• Gallipoli, Bish.
• Matola, Bish.
• St. Maria di Leuca, Bish.

OTRANTO, Hydruntum, in the Latit. of 40 deg. 6 min. and the Longit. of 42 deg. 20 min. is situated on the Sea-coasts, near the mouth of the Gulf of Venice, at the distance of 45 miles from Brindesi to the South, 20 from Lecce, and 24 from Gallipoli to the East; as also about 60 from the nearest Coasts of Epirus, and 19 from the Promontory of St. Maria di Leuca to the North. This City bears the Title of a Metropolitan See, and is well fortify'd with a very strong Castle built on a Rock. However, Mahomet II. Emperor of the Turks, storm'd it, after an outragious manner, A. D. 1480. but the Christians as valiantly recover'd it some time after; and it is as yet subject to the Dominion of the King of Spain, together with the adjacent Province of the same Name, whereof it was formerly the Metropolis, but at present it falls very much to decay.

Brindesi, Brundusium, is in like manner the See of an Archbishop, and was first founded by the Aetolians who accompany'd Diomedes, (as we are inform'd by St. Isidorus.) It is distant 36 miles from Tarento to the East, 15 from Oria, 45 from Brindesi to the North, 20 from Lecce, and 64 from Bari to the East. This City hath a very safe and capacious Harbour, which is defended by a strong Castle built in the Sea, and by some other small Forts.

Tarento, Tarentum, is seated on a Bay of the same Name, and had in time past a very large Harbour, which is now so far choak'd up with huge Stones, that it is only capable of receiving Vessels of a small size. This City, which hath been erected into a Metropolitan See and Dutchy, is distant about 32 miles from Brindesi to the West; 35 from Matola to the East; 20 from Metapontum, a demolish'd Town; and 90 from the Promontory of St. Maria di Leuca. It was built by the Spartans, and heretofore the Capital of a Republick that rais d a War against the Romans, A. U. 472. but became one of their Colonies, in 631. (as it is related in the History of Velleius Paterculus.) Indeed, it is of a small compass; nevertheless, well built, and fenced with a considerable Fort, wherein is maintain'd a strong Garrison of Spaniards. This Place hath imparted its Name to certain little Animals commonly call'd Tarantula's, the Biting of which, is only cur'd through the Sound of Musical Instruments.

Lecce, Aletium, or Litium, is a large and well built City, and at present the Capital of the Province of Otranto, surpassing all the others, even throughout the whole Kingdom, in the Number of Inhabitants, excepting that of Naples alone. It is also an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Otranto, from whence it is distant 20 miles to the South, about as many from Brindesi to the North, 7 from the Coasts of the Adriatick See to the West, 15 from Nardo, and almost 50 from Tarento the East.

CHAP. V. The Islands situated on the Coasts of Italy.

THE Islands that depend on the Jurisdiction of the Continent of Italy, by reason of their Neighbourhood, or the Conformity of Language and Manners, are very Considerable, some of them bearing the Title of a Kingdom: On which account it will be requisite here to subjoyn a Description of the Chiefest of them:

• ...SICILY,
  • Palermo, Archb.
• ...Sardinia,
  • Cagliari, Archb.
• ...Corsica,
  • ...La Batia.
• The Isles of Lipari,
  • ...Lipari.
• The Islands round about Sardinia,
  • S. Pietro.
• The Isle of Elbe, and others adjacent,
  • Cosmopoli, Bish.
• ...Capri,
• ...Ischia,
• ...Ponza,

Divers other Islands.

THE Islands of LIPARI, Lipareae Insulae, heretofore call'd Aeoliae and Vulcaniae, are situated to the North of that of Sicily. The Poets feign'd them to be the Country of Vulcan, and Aeolus King of the Winds.

They are Nine in number: Viz.

• 1. LIPARI, Bish. Cap.
• 2. Palmaria, or Felicur.
• 3. Volcano.
• 4. Stromboli.
• 5. Alcudi, or Alicar.
• 6. Ʋstica.
• 7. Salino.
• 8. Panaria.
• 9. Parc-Roto.

The Island of LIPARI, Meligunis, or Lipara, is extended for the space of 18 miles in compass, and hath a small yet fair City of the same name, which is built on a steep Rock, at the distance of 40 miles from the Northern Coasts of Sicily to the North, and 50 from those of the Farther Calabria to the West. It is defended by a very considerable Fortress nam'd La Pignatara; and was nevertheless runin'd by Barbarossa, Commander of the Turkish Fleet, A. D. 1544. but hath been since very well repair'd. Its Episcopal See was first establish'd by Pope Eugenius III. A. D. 1151. and was exempted from the Jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of Messina, under the Pontificate of Ʋrban VIII. in the Year 1627.

Among the Islands that lie round about that of Sardinia, the Six ensuing are chiefly remarkable: Viz.

• 1. St. Pietro.
• 2. St. Antiocha.
• 3. Di Vacca.
• 4. Di Toro.
• 5. Tavolato.
• 6. Asinaria.

The Isle of St. Peter, or St. Pietro, Insula S. Petri, lies to the South of Sardinia, and is distant about 2 or 3 Leagues from its Coasts. Moreover, along those of Italy, from the Islands of Lipari as far as Genoa, are situated many others:

The Chief of which are these: Viz.

• CAPRI, or Capra, Bish.
• Ischia, Bish.
• ...Ponza.
• ...Gianuti.
• ...Giglio.
• ...Elba.
• ...Monte-Christo.
• ...Formiche.
• ...Pianosa.
• ...Capraia.
• ...Maloria.
• ...Gorgona.

The Island of CAPRI, Capreae, is seated almost over-against Cape Campanella, in the Hither Principality, and the City of Massa, from whence it is separated by a narrow Streight only 3 miles broad, call'd Le Boche di Capri. It is extended in compass for the space of 12 miles; and on the Southern Coasts thereof stands a small City of the same Name, dignify'd with the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Amalfi. But the Bishop's Revenue consists altogether in Quails and Partridges that are taken here twice every Year in great abundance; whence this Island is facetiously termed, by some Persons, Il Vescovato delle Quaglie, or, The Bishoprick of Quails. The Emperor Tiberius took much Delight in this Place, and caus'd a magnificent Palace to be built therein, the Ruins of which are as yet to be seen. The City of Capri is fenced with a strong Fortress founded on a steep Rock, and is distant 25 miles from Naples to the South, and 8 from Sorrento to the North-east.

The Island of Ischia, Pithecusa, or Aenaria, is very remarkable, on the account of its Situation, as being encompass'd with inaccessible Rocks, excepting on one side, where few Men being advantageously posted, may easily defend it against the Attacks of a whole Army. It is extended for the space of 20 miles in compass, over-against the Town of Cuma, in the Province of Lavoro, only 3 miles from the Coasts of Cape Miseno; as also 18 from Naples to the West. The Marquiss of Guasto was some time Lord thereof, and caus'd it to be adorn'd with a stately Palace. This Island is full of Sulphur, which took fire within the Bowels of the Earth, in the time of Charles II. King of Naples, and burnt throughout the Country after an horrible manner, as far as Ischia, the Capital City, for the space of about half a League, which Place is called Cremata, and altogether barren. The City of Ischia, enjoying the Title of an Episcopal See, is defended by a strong Citadel erected on a Rock in the Sea, and joyn'd thereto by a Bridge, which serv'd as a Place of Refuge to Ferdinand King of Naples, when Charles VIII. King of France, had subdued all his Dominions, A. D. 1495.

The Island of Ponza, Pontia, lies in like manner on the Coasts of the Kingdom of Naples, over-against Gaeta, at the distance of 13 miles from the Circean Promontory, or Il Monte Circello, to the South; 6 from the Isle of Palmaruolo; 8 from that of Pardataria a Santa Maria to the West; and 20 from Terracina. It was heretofore desart and uninhabited, being famous for the Banishments of the Roman Citizens; but a Town and Tower were built therein, A. D. 1583. and it hath ever since remain'd in the Possession of the Dukes of Parma.

The Isle of Elba, Aethalia, or Ilva, is situated on the Coasts of Toscany, over-against Piambino, from whence it is distant only 10 miles, and extending it self for the space of 40 Italian miles in compass. It formerly appertain'd to the Jurisdiction of the Inhabitants of Sienna, but at present is subject to the Prince of Piombino: nevertheless, it is under the Protection of the Spaniards, who are Masters of Portolongone, a strong Fortress built on an Hill; while the Grand Duke of Toscany retains only the Possession of the Harbour and Town of Porto Ferraro, which is, as it were, the Capital City. The Island is divided into five or six Parishes, and abounds in Mines of excellent Iron.