Fesse

Sources from old books

1652. Cosmographie in four bookes by Peter Heylyn. OF BARBARY.

3. FESSE, & 4. MOROCCO.

THese Kingdoms I have joyned in title, because united for the most part in the storie and affairs thereof, and of late times making but one entire Estate under the Xeriffes of Morocco: and therefore handled both together in the point of History, though of a different consideration in the way of Chorography.

They contain in them the whole Country of Mauritania, truly and properly so called; divided antiently into Tingitana, and Sitifensis: Caesariensis being naturally a Numidian Region, the Masasyli and the rest of the Inhabitants of it, of Numidian breed; not laid to Mauritania, nor accompted any part thereof, till the death of Iugurth, when given to Bocchus King hereof, in reward of his treason for betraying that unhappy Prince into the hands of the Romans.

It took this name from the Mauri, the Inhabitants of it, when that name first given; the word Tania, signifying a Nation, being added to it; as in Britannia, Lusitania, Aquitania, and perhaps some others; and the name of Mauri given them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which signifieth amongst other things obscure or black, by reason of the darknesse of their complexion. Accompted in their times, an hardy, but a bloody people; carelesse of life, fearlesse of death; implacable, if once offended, their thirst of revenge not to be quenched but by blood. Mauri sunt genus hominum suapte nature cadis avidissimum, nibilque non facile audens, & desperatis similes, contemptu viz. mortis & periculorum: the character given of them in Herodians time, and it holds good still; notwithstanding the intermixture of Goths and Saracens incorporated into the same nation with them, and passing by the same name in the Writers of the middle time. Post baec Mauri totam Hispaniam & Provinciam Burgundiam &c. dominio suo manciparunt, as my Author hath it; where by Moors we are to understand the Saracens which came out of Africk.

Chief Mountains of this Country, 1. Atlas Minor, so called to difference it from the greater Mountain of that name, from which it is seven degrees more North, but shooteth as that doth with a point or Promontory into the main Atlantick Ocean, on the South of Salla. 2. Durdus, extended also into Caesariensis, 3. Diur, 4. Phocra, of which little memorable. Rivers of most note, 1. Sala, 2. Subur, 3. Zilia, 4 Phuth, 5. Diur, 6. Cusa; all falling into the Atlantick: this last the same, as I conjecture, which our modern Writers call Ommirabili. And for the rest, we must find amongst them, 1. Sifelmel, 2. Tensist, 3. Niffis, the names of the chief Rivers, as at this time called.

The old Inhabitants here of in the time of the Romans, were the Metagonita neer the Streits, giving name unto Metagonitis an adjoyning Promontory; the Succosii, Verbicae, Nectiberes, Vacuatae, Voli; and on the East-side the Mauresii. These last participating of that common name, in which all united. Called by the Latines, Mauri; by the Greeks, Maurusii: The Etymologie as before. Their descent originally from Phut, the son of Cham; whose memory preserved here in the River Phut. To that, the coming of the Chanaanites, of the same extraction, served but as an Accessory. From those two fountains sprang the whole Nation of the Mauri. Governed by Kings; the most considerable of which when first known to the Romans, was that Bocchus, who betrayed Jugurth his friend and son in law, into the hands of the Romans: gratified for that treacherie with the Country of the Masasyli, (reckoned for part of Mauritania from that time forwards) as Hiempsal one of his sons was, not long after, with the Kingdom of Numidia. The whole Estates of Bocchus, Syphax, and Masinissa, united by this means in the person of Juba one of his posterity; the most potent Prince of all these parts: who falling in the African war against Julius Casar, Numidia was forthwith made a Province of the Roman Empire; Crispus Salustius being made the first Governour of it. But Mauritania, extending at that time from the Ocean to the River Ampsagus, he gave to Bocchus and Bogud, two of his Confederares, but descended of the old Regal family. Bogud unluckily taking part with Mark Antony against Augustus, was by Bocchus, who declared for the other side, dispossessed of his part, (that which now makes the Kingdom of Fesse) in which confirmed for his good service, by the conquering Emperor. Juba the son of the former Juba, grown famous for his eminent learning, was of a Prisoner made a Prince; invested affect the death of Bocchus in all the Dominions of his father, except Numidia: and by the bounty of Augustus, a great Patron of Learning, advanced to the marriage of Selene, daughter of Antony and Cleopatra. After whose death, and the death of Ptolomy their son, murdered by Caligula, Mauritania was by Claudius added to the patrimony of the Roman Empire; divided into two Provinces, viz. Caesariensis, betwixt the two Rivers Malva and Ampsaga, now the Kingdom of Tremesen; and Tingitana, from the River Malva to the Western Ocean. This last divided into Tingitana, and Sitifensis, (the River now called Ommirobili being the boundary betwixt them) by the Emperor Constantine: who leaving Sitifensis to the Diocese of Africk, laid Tingitana (why I know not) unto that of Spain. Cained from the Romans by the Goths, after by the Saracens; they became members of those Empires; in the declining of the last, divided into the two Kingdoms of Fesse and Morocco, to the description and history whereof we do now proceed.

4. FESSE.

THe Kingdom of FESSE is bounded on the South with the Realm of Morocco, on the North with parts of the Atlantick and Mediterranean; on the East with Malva, parting it from the Kingdom of Tremesen; and on the West with the Atlantick wholly.

It takes this name from Fesse the chief City of it. Known to the Ancients by the name of Mauritania Tingitana, so called from the City Tingis (now Tanger) then of greatest note. Called also Hispania Transfretana, Spain on the other side of the Sea, because a part of that Diocese: and by some (Pliny amongst others) Bogudiania, from B•gud one of the Kings hereof, to whom given by Caesar: by others Ampelusia, from its abundance of Vines. The Inhabitants of it, by the Spaniards, now called Alarbes.

The Country of good temperature in regard of the Air, if not in some places of the coldest: but very unequally disposed of in respect of the Earth; here being in it many Desarts and large Forrests, not well inhabited; but intermixt with many rich and delightful Fields. So that taking the estimate in the gross, it may be said to be a rich and flourishing Country, hardly inferior unto any. The particularities of which are to be considered in the Characters of the several Provinces, into which it now doth stand divided, that is to say, 1 Temesna, 2 Fesse specially so called, 3 Elchaus or Chaus, 4 Garet, 5 Algara, 6 Erritis, and 7 Habat.

1. TEMESNA hath on the South the River Ommirabili, on the West the Ocean; extended in length from West to East 80 miles, and in breadth 70. A champain Country, very level; and once so populous, that it contained 40 Cities, and 300 Castles; most of them ruined by the wars, and the wild Arabians, the greater destroyer of the two. The principal of those remaining, 1 Teyeget, neer the River Ommirabili, once of greater note, but now inhabited only by poor people, and a few Smiths compelled to live there for the making of Iron-instruments to manure the land. 2. Thagia, on the course of the said River; much visited by those of Fesse, for the Sepulchre of an holy Prophet, who was there interred; the Fessans going thither in pilgrimage with such numbers of men, women and children, that their Tents seem sufficient to lodge an Army. 3. Adendun, more towards the Sea, but on a small River called Guirla, well walled, and fenced on one side by a Lake or Pool. 4 Amsa, on the shore of the Atlantick, once of great trade, and well frequented both by the English and the Portugals, by which last destroyed. 5. Munsor, destroyed in like manner by the wild Arabians. 6. Nuchaida, situate in so fertile and rich a soil, that the inhabitants would have given a Camels burden of Corn for a pair of shooes; Nothing now left of it but one Steeple, and a piece of the wall. 7. Rabut or Rubut, built by Mansor, or Almansor, a King of Morocco, neer the mouth of the River Burugrug, and by him made one of the best peopled Towns in Africk; built after the model of Morocco, but now so wasted, that there are not in it above 500 families; most of the ground within the wals being turned into meadows, vineyards and gardens. 8. Fanzara, on the River Subu, the Subur of Ptolomy, falling not far off into the other. 9 Mahmora, in the same tract also, once possessed by the Spaniards; neer which the Portugals received a great defeat by the King of Fesse, for want of good intelligence betwixt them and the Castilians. 10. Salla, the Sala of Ptolomy, by the inhabitants called Zale, in ordinary Maps by mistaking, Cale; at the mouth of the River Rebato, which the antient Writers called Sala, as they named the Town. Beautified by King Almansor (who is here interred) with a stately Palace, a goodly Hospital, a fair Temple, and an Hall of Marble, cut in Mosaich works: intended for the burial-place of his posterity. A town much traded formerly by the Christian Merchants, of England, Flanders, Genoa and the Golf of Venice. Took by the Spaniards An. 1287. and within ten dayes lost again: and of late times made a nest of Pyrates, as dangerous to those which •ailed in the Ocean, as the Pirates of Algiers to the Mediterrean. Whose insolencies the King of Morrcco not able to suppress for want of shipping, desired the aid of His Majesty Charles King of Great-Britain; by whom the Town being blocked up by Sea, and besieged to the Landward by the King of Morocco, it was at last compelled to yield, the works thereof dismantled, the Pirates executed, and 300 Christian Captives sent unto His Majesty, to be by him restored to their former liberty; to the great honour of His Majesty, and the English Nation, An 1632.

As for the fortunes of this Province, they have been somwhat different from the rest of this Kingdom; trained by a factious Prophet to revolt from the King of Fesse and Morocco, whose Estate they very much endangered, sending an Army of 50000 men to the Gates of Morocco. But being discomfited by Joseph, sirnamed Telephinus, he followed them into their own Country, which he wasted with great cruelty for ten moneths together, consuming above a million of them, and leaving the province to the mercy of Wolves and Lyons. Repeopled afterwards by Almansor with Arabian Colonies: Given about fifty years after that, by the Princes of the Marine family, to more civil Inhabitants, by whom the Arabians were expelled, and the Province consequently reduced into some good Order.

2. Westward of Temesna lieth the Province of FESSE, properly and specially so called. Extended in length from the River Burugrug to the River Inavis, for the space of 100 miles. A very fruitful Province, well stored with Cattel, and exceeding populous; the Villages hereof as big as the better sort of Towns in other places; but contrary to the custom of other Countries, better inhabited on the hils then amongst the vallies; the people making choice of the mountains for their habitation, as places of defence and safety; but husbanding the vallies which lie neerest to them. Places of most consideration in it, 1. Macarmeda, on the River Inavis, in a goodly Plain, but in a manner all ruined except the wals. 2. Gualili, memorable for the Sepulchre of Idris, the first founder of Fesse. 3. Peitra Rossa, where they have some Lyons so tame, that they will gather up bones in the streets like dogs, without hurting any body. 4. Agla, where they have brought their Lyons to so strange a cowardise, that they will run away at the voice of a child; whence a Bracchadochio is called proverbially a Lyon of Aga. 5. Pharao, by reason of the name thought by the Vulgar to be founded by some King of Egypt; but the Latine Inscriptions therein feund, declare it to have been some work of the antient Romans. 6. Maquille, of more antiquity then note. 7. Fesse, the Metropolis of this Province, and the chief of the Kingdom, supposed to be the Volubilis of Ptolomy, but much enlarged and beautified by some new Acces•ions. Situate for the most part upon little hillocks, and watered by a pleasant and gentle Rivers (derived by Aquaducts and Conduits, into all parts of the City) which they now call the River of Fesse, conceived by some learned men to be that which was anciently called Phuth, from Phut the first Planter of the African Nations. A City so beautifull and well seated, as if Nature and Art had plaid the Wantons, and brought this forth as the fruit of their dalliance. The Founder or enlarger of it, one of the Race of the false Prophet Mahomet, his name Idris, who built on the East side of the River; that on the West side, being the Work of one of his sons: both so increasing that at last they were joyned together. To these the Suburbs being added, have made a third. The whole called Fesse, from Fezian Arabick word, signifying Gold, whereof great quantity was found when they digged the Foundations: Divided into three parts, by the River, all of which contain 82000 housholds, and 700 Moschees, or Saracenicall Temples: the chief of which is Carne, or Carnven, being a mile and a half in compass. It hath 31 gates, great and high; the roof is 150 yards long, and 80 broad: round about are divers Porches, containing 40 yards in length, and 30 in breadth; under which, are the publike store-houses of the Town. About the walls are Pulpits of divers sorts, wherein the Masters of their Law read unto the people, such things, as they think to pertain to their salvation. The Revenue hereof is 200 Ducats a day of the old Rents; for so it was, Anno 1526. when Leo Afer wrote. The Merchants have here a Court, or Exchange, inclosed with a strong wall, with 12 Gates, and 15 streets. There is also a Colledge called Amarodoc, a most curious and delicate building. It hath three Cloysters of admirable beauty, supported with 8 square pillars of divers colours: The roof curiously carved, and the Arches of Mosaique work of gold and azure. The gates are of brass, fair wrought; and the doors of the private chambers of inlayed Work. This Colledge did cost the Founder, king Abuchenen, or Abu Henen, 480000 Crowns. Here are finally said to be in it many Hospitals, little inferior to the Colledges in building and beauty, all very liberally endowed; and about an hundred hot Bathes well built, with four Halls to each, and certain Galleries without, where they put off their clothes when they go to bathe themselves: and besides these 200 Inns, built three stories high, each of them having 120 Chambers in it, with Galleries before all the doors for their Guests to walk in.

3. Eastward of the Territory of Fesse, lieth the Province of CHAUS. extended in length from the River Gurngrut, or Gurguigarn, by which parted from Temesna, and Fesse, to the borders of Tremesen for the space of 190 miles, and 170 miles in breadth. So that it is thought to contain one third part of the whole Kingdom: but meanly populous for the bigness, the Country being poor and barren, and the Inhabitants fierce and warlike; more given to prosecute their quarrels, then to Trade or Tillage. Chief Towns hereof, 1 Ham Lisnan, a Town built in the more mountainous parts of the Country by the old Africans. Famous for the Temple of an Idol here worshipped; to which at certain times men and women resorted in the night; where, after their devotions ended, and the Candles put out, every man lay with the woman he first touched; the exact platform of the Family of Love, if all be true which is told us of them; and anciently, but faisly, charged on the Primitive Christians. 2 Tezza, adorned with three Colledges, many Baths, and Hospitals, and some beautifull Temples; one of them larger, though not fairer then that of Fesse; in both Towns men of the same Trade have a street by themselves: for greatness, wealth, and numbers of People, esteemed the third City of this Kingdom. 3.Dubdu, an ancient Town, but not much observable. 4 Teurert, seated on the top of an Hill, in the midst of a Plain, but compassed about with Desarts. 5 Beni sesseten neighboured by Iron Mines, in which their greatest bravery and wealth consisteth: the women here wearing Iron-rings for ornaments to their ears and fingers. 6 Tezergui, subject to the Arabians. 7.Adaggia, the most Eastern Town of all this Region, situate in a Peninsula, made by the consluences of Muluso and Malva. In this Country is the head of the River Subur, which rising out of a great Lake in the woods of the Mountain Seligus, and receiving many lesser waters, with a large and Navigable stream falleth into the Ocean.

4. Northwards of Chaus lieth the Region called GARET, extended thence as far as the Mediterranean; and reaching East and West from the River Malva, where it bordereth on Tremesen, to that of Nochor, where it toucheth on Errif, and Algaria. The length hereof 25 Leagues, the breadth but twenty. The soyl in most places dry and delart, like the Sands of Nismidia: especially all along the banks of the Malva, neer unto which from the Mediterranean to Chaus, it is wholly desart and unpeopled, not well inhabited in the most fruitfull parts of it, being full of mountains; the worse for the ill neighbourhood of the Spaniards possessed of 1 Chesusa, and 2 Medela, two chief Towns hereof. 3 Pennon de Veles, by some called Velez de Gomenera, fituate on the shore of the Mediterranean, betwixt two high Mountains; built by the Africans or Gothes; but now in the possession of the Spaniards also. 4 Jasserin,situate on the Sea also, founded by the Mahometans of the Marine Family. 5 Tezzora standing on an hill, to which there is but one passage only.

5. Westward of Garet lieth ASGARA, extended from thence unto the Ocean: Shut up on the South east-side with the great Mountains Zalaga, Zaron, and Gomara, out of which last runneth the River Luccus, called Lix by Ptolomy. The Aire hereof very temperate, and the soyl as sertile; supplying with the over-plus of its Commodities, the mountainous parts of Fesse, and the Desarts of Garet. Once full of Towns, till ruined and destroyed by the wars. A Monument whereof, 1 Giumba, built by the ancient Africans, of which remains nothing but the Ditches. 2 Larache, in Latine Larissa, the Lixa of Ptolomy, situate at the mouth of the Lix or Luccus, and furnished with a good Port, but of difficult entrance, garrisoned when possessed by the Moors with 300 light horse, and 300 Harcabuziers; but better fortified then before, since possessed by the Spaniards, into whose hands it was put by Muley Sheck king of Morocco and Fesse, when worsted by Muley Sidan his younger Brother, in the beginning of the civil Wars betwixt them. 3 Cusar Elcubin given by Almanser to a poor Fisher, who had entertained him unknown, one night in his Cottage, when he lost his Company in Hunting: Adorned with many Temples, one Colledge of Students, and a stately Hospital.

6. On the North of Asgara is the Province of EL-HABAT, or HABAT coasting along the Atlantick Ocean to the mouth of the Straits, in length 100 miles, about 80 in breadth. The Country very plentifull of all manner of necessaries and very well Peopled; the mountains which are here of a great height, being well inhabited. In former times replenished with many Cities, both of the foundation of the Gothes, Romans, and old African Moors, now much diminished by the Wars. Those of most note. 1 Ezaggen, the Inhabitants whereof by an ancient Priviledge granted by the Kings of Fesse, were licensed to drink wine, though prohibited by the Law of Mahomet. Situate on a mountain, neer the River Guarga, about 35 leagues from Fesse: and garrisoned with 400 Horse for fear of the Portugals, who sometimes make their excuisions thither. 2 Basra, once a walled Town and the Walls still standing, but very little or no Town in them. 3 Homar, sometimes wel-peopled, but now little inhabited by reason of the ill neighbourhood of the Portugals, who command that Coast. 4 Banirendo, in a manner deserted for the same reason. 5 Alcazaer, to distinguish it from another of this name called Alcazer Guer, taken together with Arzilla and Tangier by Alfonso the fift of Portugal, Anno 1470. Night to which Town the three Kings Sebastian of Portugal, Mahomet and Abdemelech Competitors for this Kingdom, were slain in a day. There was also slain at the same time the great English Rebel Stuckley, who fled out of Ireland to Rome, Anno 1570. Where he was lovingly entertained by the Pope then being, as a good Son of the Church: by whom appointed for the Conquest of Ireland, and for that end furnished with 800 Souldiers paid by the King of Spain; and by his Holiness created Marquiss of Leinster, Earl of Wexford and Caterlogh, Viscount Murraugh, and Baron of Rosse. Thus furnished, he began his journey toward Ireland, Anno 1578. but hearing of these Wars, and desirous to make a party in them, he lost all his honours with his life. 6 Arzilla a Sea-Town, 70 miles distant from the Streits, now possessed by the Portugals. 7 Tanger a great Town, and very ancient, distant from the Streits about 30 miles, belonging to the Portugals also. In former times it was called Tingis, a Colony of the Canaanites, and by them built at their first coming thither, when they fled from the sword of Josuab, testisied by the two Pillars erected neer this City, which before we spoke of: and from that name caused all this part of Mauritania to be called Tingitania. Made afterwards a Colonie by the Emperour Claudius, who named it Traducta Julia; but the old name prevailed, and outlived the new. Neer to this Town it is said that Hercules overcame Antaus, a monstrous Giant of 64 Cubits high, as his Legend telleth us. And not far off was an high Mountain called Abyla, opposite to which in the coast of Spain was another called Calpe, on which the said Hercules placed his so famous Pillars. 8 Sexta, or Senta, situate on or neer that mountain unfortunately memorable for giving the title of an Earl to Julian, who first brought the Saracens into Spain, beautified in those following times with many Temples, Colledges, and I earned men: taken by the Portugals with the help of the English, Anno 1415. and now in the possession of the King of Spain. The only Town of all the Estates of Portugal, which in the late revolt of that Kingdom doth remain unto him. 9 Julia Constantia, so called, and made a Roman Colonie, by Augustus Casar. 10 Laxus, a Roman Colonie of the plantation of Claudius, in old times said to have been the Court or Palace of the Giant Antaus. Not far from whence (that Antaeus might not dwell alone) the old Geographers have placed the habitation of Gerion, as proper a Gentleman as himself, in a small Iland of the Streits called Gerionis Insula, and by some Erythia.

7. Eastward of Habat is the Province of ERRIF, extended from the mouth of the Streits, where it joyneth to Habat, as far as to the River Nochor (supposed to be the Meluchath of the Antient Writers) by which parted from Garet: A mountainous and cold Country in respect of the rest of Barbarie, full of Woods and Forests; but plentiful enough of Vines, Figs, and Olives; and not without some herds of Goats, though otherwise not well stored with Cattell. In length 140 miles, in breadth 40 onely; inhabited by a race of valiant men, but excessive Drunkards. The Towns hereof not many, though full of Villages; The chief of which, 1 Mazagon, neer unto the Streits; a very strong Town, and of great importance, but possessed by the Portugals; in vain besieged by Abdalla the first, with an Army of 200000 men, Anno 1562. 2 Mezemme, seated on a mountain. 3 Beni Jerso of like situation, once beautified with a goodly Colledge for the Professors of the Mahometan Law, who here publickly taught it, as in an University; the Inhabitants whereof were in that regard freed from all exactions. Destroyed together with the Library of it, by some wicked Tyrant, Anno 1509. the Books therein being valued at 4000. Ducats, 4 Terga. 5 Tegassa, 5 Gebbe; of which little memorable.

Thus having looked over the particular Provinces of these two Kingdoms, we must next look upon them also in the general story, from the time of the Saracenical conquest; First let into this Country by the Treason of Julian, and for a while subject to the great Caliph or Successor of Mahomet: afterwards to the King or Caliph of Cairoan, who extended his Empire to the Ocean. But that Kingdom being overthrown by the coming in of the Arabians, these Provinces with the rest were afflicted by them; till the rising of the kingdom of Fez: begun in the person of Idris, of the blood of Mahomet, by Hali, and his daughter Fatima: who persecuted by the opposite faction, fled into Mauritania, where he grew into such reputation, that in short time he got both swords into his hands, Dying about the 185 year of the Hegira, he left his power unto his son, of the same name with his father; the first founder of Fesse. Opposite whereunto on the other side of the water, one of his sons (but his name I find not) built another City, which in time grew into emulation with it: and raising by that means a faction in the house of Idris, gave opportunity to Joseph the son of Teifin or Telephine of the house of Luntune, then famous for bridling the Arabians, and founding the City of Morocco, to suppress that family: who killing the Princes of that line, and 30000 of their subjects, brake down the wals which parted the two Cities from one another, united them by bridges, and so made them one. Drawn into Spain by the diffention of the Saracens there amongst themselves, he added all which they held in that kingdom unto his dominions: held by his successors, as long as they were able to hold Morocco: the Catalogue of which Princes, called the house or family of the Almoravides, with that of the Race of the Almohades, is this which followeth.

The Kings or Miramomolims of Morocco.

1 Teifin, or Telephine, the first of the Almoravides, that reigned in Africk.

2 Joseph, sirnamed Telephinus, the son of Teifin, founded Morocco, subdued the Kingdom of Fesse, and added the Estate of the Moors in Spain unto his Dominions.

3 Hali, the son of Joseph.

4 Albo-Halis, the son of Hali, supposed to be the publisher of the Works now extant in the name of Avicenne, compiled at his command by some of the most learned Arabian Doctors: vanquished and slain by

5 Abdelmon, or Abdel-Mumen, the first of the Almohades; of obscure parentage, but raised to so great power by the practises of Almohad a jugling Prophet of those times, that he overthrew the king, and obtained the kingdom of the Almoravides both in Spain and Africk, An. 1150. to which he also added the Realm of Tunis and Cairoan.

6 Joseph II. or Aben-Joseph, the son of Abdelmon.

7 Jacob, or Aben-Jacob, sirnamed Almansor; a puissant and prudent Prince, of whom much before; son of Joseph II.

8 Mahomet, sirnamed Enaser, or the Green, the brother of Almansor: Discomfited by the Christians of Spain at the battel of Sier-Morena, An. 1214. lost his dominions; there being slain in this battel 200000 of the Moors, as some Writers say; who adde, that the Spaniards for two dayes to-gether burnt no other fewel but the Pikes, Lances, and Arrows of their slaughtered Enemies, yet could not consume the one half of them.

9 Caid Arrax, Nephew of Mahomet Enaser, by his son Buxaf: slain at the siege of Tremezezir, a Castle of Tremesin, which was held against him.

10 Almorcada, a kinsman of Caid Arrax, outed of his estate, and slain by Budebuz, of the same house of the Almohades.

11 Budebuz, the last of the house of the Almohades, setled in this Estate by the aid and valour of Jacob Aben Joseph the new King of Fesse: but dealing faithlesly and ungratefully with him, he was warred on by the said Jacob Ben Joseph, vanquished and slain in battel; the soveraignty by that means translated unto those of the Marine family, An. 1270. or thereabouts.

But before I do proceed further with this Marine family, I must again look back upon Mahomet Enaser, whom I conceive (the putation of the time being so agreeable) to be the Admiralius Murmelius mentioned by Matthew Paris, to whom our king John, An. 1214. is said to have sent such a degenerous and unchristian Embassage. Which strange name of Admiralius Murmelius was by that good Writer unhappily stumbled at, instead of Miramomolim (which also is corrupted from Amir Elmumenim, that is to say, Princeps Fidelium) an Attribute which the great kings of the Saracen-Moors did much affect, and retained it long time amongst them. The story this, King John being overlaid by his Barons wars, and the invasions of the French, sent Ambassadors to this great Prince (then ruling over a great part of Spain and Barbary) for aid against them, offering to hold his kingdom of him, and to receive withall the Law of Mahomet. The Moor exceedingly offended at it, told the Ambassadors that he had lately read the book of Pauls Epistles, which he liked so well, that were he now to choose a Religion, he would have imbraced Christianity before any other: But every man (saith he) ought to die in his own Religion; the greatest thing which he disliked in that Apostle, being (as he said) the changing of the Faith in which he was born. This said, he called unto him Robert of London Clark, one of the Ambassadors (a man ill chose for such an Errand, if the tale be true) of whom he demanded the form of the English Government, the situation and wealth of the Country, the manners of the people, the life and person of the king, in which being satisfied, he grew into such a dislike of that King, that ever after he abhorred the mention of him. This is the substance of the story in Matthew Paris: But you must know he was a Monk, to which brood of men King John was held for a mortal Enemy; and therefore this Relation not to passe for Gospel. But whatsoever opinion King John might have of the power of this King (to whom tis possible enough he might send for aide) certain it is that he was grown so low in his Reputation, after the loss of that great battell in Siera Morena, that not onely the Spanish Moors withdrew their obedience from him (as a Prince unable to support them) but those of Africk did revolt also from the Crown of Morocco (extreamly weakned by that blow) after his decease. For Comoranca Aben Zein of the house of Abdaluad seized upon Tremesen, in the time of Caid Arrax his Successour; as Bucar Aben Merin of the noble Marine Family (descended from a Christian stock) did the like at Fez. Setled in his estate by the vanquishment of Almorcada the Miramomolim; he left it to Hiaja his son, under the governance and protection of a Brother of his called Jacob Ben Joseph. But the young Prince dying shortly after, left his new Kingdom to his Uncle: who aiding Budebuz (before mentioned) dispossed Almorcada of the Realm of Morocco: and afterwards having just cause of quarrell against this Budebuz invaded his Dominions, overcame and slew him; and once again transferred the Imperial seat from Morocco to Fez. In him began the Empire of the Marine Family, who held their Residence in Fez, as the first seat of their power; Morocco being Governed by an under-King, the rest of the Provinces of that Kingdom Cantonned into several States; the Sea-coasts in some tract of time being gained by the Portugals. And in his line (but with great confusions) the Royall dignity remained till the year 1500. and somewhat after. Three only were of note in the course of business, that is to say, 1 Jacob Ben Joseph, the advancer of the Marine Family to the Realm of Morocco; the establisher thereof in that of Fesse; and of great power and influence in the affairs of the Moors in Spain, where he held Algeir and Tariffe, Towns of great importance; slain treacherously by one of his familiar friends, at the siege of Tremesen. 2 Aben Joseph the second, a younger son of this first Joseph(the issue of Bucalo his elder brother being quite extinct) succeeded after Abortade, the fixt of the Marine Family in the Throne of his Father; and had added thereunto the Realm of Tremesen, if not diverted by the revolt of Alboali his eldest son, continually in Arms against him. 3 Alboacen, the son of this Aben Joseph and the eighth of the Marine Family, who after a siege of 30 moneths took the City of Tremesen, & with that the Kingdom. But not so fortunate in his Wars against the Christian Kings of Spain, against whom he led an Army of 400000 Foot, and 70000 Horse, with all other necessaries; but vanquished by the two kings of Castile and Portugal, with far lester forces (their Army consisting but of 25000 foot, and 14000 horse) at the River of Salado not far from Tariff, Anno 1340, Deposed soon after his return by his son Alboanen, who lost all which his Father and the first of the Aben Josephs had gained in Spain; their Empire after this declining even in Africk it self; the Kingdom of Tremesen, and the greatest part of the new Kingdom of Tunis, withdrawing themselves from their obedience in the East parts of Barbarie; as the Portugals prevailed upon them in the West. The Kingdom of the Marines thus approaching neer its fatal Period, it fortuned about the year 1508 that Mahomet Ben Amet a Native of Dara, in the further Numidia or Bilodulgerid, pretending a descent from their Prophet Mahomet, caused himself to be called Xeriff, the name by which the kindred and Successors of that Impostor use to call themselves; and being a poor Hermit only (with which Mountebanks and the high opinion of their Sanctity, this People have from time to time been extreamly fooled) plotted to make his sons the chief Princes of Mauritania. To this end he sent them in Pilgrimage to Meccha, whence they returned with such an opinion of Sanctity, that Mahomet King of Fesse made Amet the elder of them Governor of the famous Colledge of Amadurach; the second called Mahomet, Tutor to his Children; the youngest named Abdel staying at home with his Father. In those dayes the Portugals grievously infested the Provinces of the Realm of Morocco; to repress whose insolencies Mahomet and Amet obtained Commission; though much opposed therein by the Kings brother, who told him how unsafe it was to trust to an armed hypocrisie; assuring him that if they once came unto any power (which under color of Religion they might quickly raise) it would not be easie to suppress them. But this good counsel was rejected, and the war went forwards. Furnished with an Army, they discomfit Lopes Barriga, Commander of the Portugal forces under King Emanuel; compell that King to abandon all his footing there; they subdue Duccala, Sus, and Hea, three Provinces of the Realm of Morocco; enter that City poison the tributary King, and salute Amet King thereof by the name of the Xeriffe of Morocco, investing Mahomet the other brother in the kingdom of Sus. In the career of their successes died the king of Fesse; and Amet his successor, an improvident young Prince, confirms his Quondam-Tutors in their new Estates, conditioned they should hold of him as the Lord in chief, and pay him the accustomed tributes.

The Xeriffes of Morocco.

A. C. 1 Amet, denied both tribute and superiority to the King of Fez, whom he overthrew in a set field; and was after vanquished and dispossessed of his Kingdom, (upon some quarrell breaking out) by his brother Mahomet.

1554. 2 Mahomet King of Sus, having got A. C. the Kingdom of Morocco, united Fesse unto it also by the vanquishment of Amet the King thereof; slain after all his Victories by the Turks of his Guard.

1557. 3 Abdalla, the son of Mahomet.

1572. 4 Abdalla II. Sonne of the former had twelve Brothers, of which he slew ten. Hamet being spared by reason of his supposed simplicity, and Abdelmelech escaping to the Turks.

5 Mahomet II. Sonne of Abdalla the second expelled by Abdelmelech and the Turks, fled to Sebastian King of Portugal, who together with the two Competitors were slain in one day at the battel of Alcazar Guer, Anno 1578.

1578. 6 Hamet II. the Brother of Abdalla the ad. who added parts of Libya, and Numidia, to the Realm of Morocco, not absolutely subdued before.

1603. 7 Muley Sheck the eldest son of Hamet, opposed in his Succcession by Boferes and Sidan his two younger brethren; in which War he dyed; as did also Boferes his Brother. From whom Abdalla, II. son of Muley Sheck had regained Morocco.

1607. 8 Sidan the third son of Hamet, immediately on the death of his Father caused himself to be proclaimed King of Fez, (where he was with his father when he died) and having won Morocco from Abdalla the son of Muley Sheck, became master of that kingdom also. Stripped afterwards of Fesse and Morocco both by the opposite factions; distressed by Hamet Ben Abdela a Religious Hermit, who hoped to get all for himself; and aided by Side Hean one of like hypocrisie, who seemed to aim but at a Limb of that great Estate; by whose assistance he was once more possessed of Morocco. These tumults on the Land being pacified in long tract of time, and the Country brought to some degree of peace and quietness. (though never absolutely reduced under his command, as in former times) a Rabble of Pirats nest themselves in Salla. a Port-town of the Realm of Fesse: creating thence great mischief to him both by sea and land; and not to him only, but to all the Merchants of other Countries, whose busines led them towards th•se Seas. Unable to suppress them for want of shipping, he craved aid of King Charles of England: by whose assistance he became Master of the Port, destroyed the Pyrates, and sent Three hundred Christian Captives for a Present to his Sacred Majesty, An. 1632. Nor staid he here; but aiming at the general good of Trade, and Mankind, he sent a Letter to His Majesty to lend him the like aid against those of Algiers, who did as much in•est the Mediterranean, as the Pirats of Salla did the Ocean. The tenor of which Letters, as savouring of more piety then could be possibly expected from a Mahometan, and much conducing to the honour of his Sacred Majesty, I have here subjoyned.

The Letter of the King of Morocco, to the King of England.

WHen these our Letters shall be so happy as to come to your Majesties sight, I wish the Spirit of the righteous God may so direct your mind, that you may joyfully imbrace the Message I send, presenting to you the means of exalting the Majesty of God, and your own Reward amongst men. The Regal power allotted to us, makes us common Servants to our Creator; then, of those People whom we govern: So that observing the duties we owe to God, we deliver blessings to the World; in providing for the publike good of our States, we magnifie the honour of God, like the Celestial Bodies, which though they have much veneration, yet serve only to the benefit of the World. It is the Excellencie of our Office, to be Instruments whereby happiness is delivered unto the Nations. Pardon me Sir! this is not to instruct, (for I know I speak to one of a more cleer and quick sight then my-self) but I speak this, because God hath pleased to grant me a happy Victory over some part of those Rebellious Pirats that have so long molested the peaceful Trade of Europe, and hath presented further occasion to root out the generation of those who have been so pernicious to the good of our Nations: I mean; since it hath pleased God to be so auspicious to our beginnings in the Conquest of Salla, that we might joyn and proceed in hope of like success in the war against Tunis, Algier, and other places (Dens and Receptacles for the inhumane villanies of those who abhor Rule and Government.) Herein whilest we interrupt the corruption of malignant Spirits of the World, we shall glorifie the great God, and perform a Duty that will shine as glorious as the Sun and Moon, which all the Earth may see and reverence: A work that shall ascend as sweet as the perfume of the most precious Odours in the nostrils of the Lord; A work gratefull and happy to men; A work whose memory shall be reverenced so long as there shall be any that delight to hear the Actions of Heroick and magnanimous Spirits; that shall last as long as there be any remaining amongst men that love and honour the piety and vertue of Noble minds. This Action I here willingly present to You, whose piety and vertues equal the greatness of your power: that we who are Servants to the Great and mighty GOD, may hand in hand triumph in the glory which this Action presents unto us. Now because the Ilands which you govern, have been ever famous for the unconquered strength of their Shipping, I have sent this my trusty Servant and Ambassador to know whether in your Princely wisdome you shall think fit to assist me with such Forces by Sea, as shall be answerable to those I provide by Land: which if you please to grant, I doubt not but the Lord of Hosts will protect and assist those that fight in so glorious a Cause. Nor ought you to think this strange, that I who much reverence the Peace and accord of Nations, should exhort to a VVar. Your great Prophet CHRIST JESUS was the Lion of the Tribe of JUDAH, as well as the Lord and Giver of Peace: which may signifie unto you, that he which is a lover and maintainer of Peace, must always appear with the terror of his Sword, and wading through Seas of blood, must arrive to Tranquillity. This made JAMES your Father of glorious memory, so happily renowned amongst all Nations. It was the noble fame of your Princely vertues, which resounds to the utmost corners of the Earth, that perswaded me to invite you to partake of that Blessing, wherein I boast my self most happy. I wish God may heap the riches of his blessings on you, increase your happiness with your dayes, and hereafter perpetuate the greatness of your Name in all Ages.

Such was the Letter of that King; whose motion in all probability might have took effect, had not the Troubles which not long after brake out in Scotland, put off the design. And therefore laying by the thoughts of his future purposes, let us take a view of the Revenues and Forces of this mighty Empire, before the late distractions made it less considerable. And first-for the Revenues of it, the Xeriffs are the absolute Lords of the whole Estate, and of his Subjects goods and bodies. The tenth and firstfruits of all sorts of Fruits, Corn and Cattel, he demands of course, though many times contented in the name of the first-fruits with one in twenty. The fifth part of a Ducat he receiveth for every Acre of Land throughout his Dominions; the other four parts for every Fire, and as much for every Head whether male or female, which is above fifteen years of age. In Merchandise he receiveth of every Native two in the hundred, of an Alien ten; and hath a large Impost also upon every Mill. When any of his greater Officers or Judges die, he is sole Heir of all their Goods; and yet advanceth great sums by the sale of those Offices. And in the levying of such Taxes as are extraordinary, he useth to demand more then he means to take; that the People finding him content to abate somwhat of his Due, may think themselves to be fairly dealt with.

As for their Forces, it is evident in matter of Fact, that Abdulla the first, at the siege of Mazagon, a Town held by the Portugals, An. 1562. had no less then 200000 men; and that Abdel-Melech at the battel of Alcazar Guez, against king Sebastian, had 40000 Horse and 80000 Foot, besides Voluntaries, and wild Arabians; it being supposed that he might have raised 30000 Horse more (notwithstanding the strong party which was made against him) had he thought it necessary. It is said also that Abdalla kept in constant pay 60000 Horse, of which 15000 were quartered in the Realm of Sus, 25000 in Morocco, and the other in 20000 in the kingdom of Fesse: out of which he called 5000 of the best and ablest for the guard of his person, well mounted and as richly furnished. Besides these he hath bodies of Horse in continual readiness, maintained according to the manner of the Turks Timariots: and by Pensions given amongst the Chiefs of the Arabians, who live like Outlaws in the mountains, and up and down in the skirts of of his Country, is furnished at his need with supplies from them. Well stored with Ammunition also, there being 46 Quintals of Gun•powder laid up monethly, in his famous Arsenal at Morocco: and yet not able to stay long (not above 3 months) upon any action, in regard that all his Souldiers live on his daily allowance; which maketh them, when his Provisions are consumed, to dissolve and scatter.

1682. Cosmography and geography in two parts by Richard Blome.

THe Kingdom of FEZ lies between that of Morocco and the Mediterranean; and between the Ocean, and the Kingdom of Telensin or Argiers▪ Its Provinces are Temesne, Fez and Azgar on the Ocean;* Habat on the Streight; Errife and Garret on the Mediterranean Sea; and Chaus, all up in the Land.

Temesne extends its self from Mount Atlas, unto the Ocean, hath formerly been so flourishing, that it numbred 40 Great Cities, more then 100 middle sized, and 300 little ones, besides an infinite number of Villages.

Besides the Intestine Wars of the Country, the Portugals have divers times level'd and ruined the fairest Cities of the Coast as Anfa and Al-Mansor in 1468. and afterwards Rabatt likewise suffered their Incursions and Plunders. Rabatt and its Fortress, are on a Rising ground between the River of Buragrag, and the Se•. King Mansor caused it to be built after the Modell of Morocco; but much less, and made it one of the most considerable places of all Barbary, erecting many Palaces, Temples, Hospitals, Colledges, Baines, Shops, &c. and without the South Gate a Tower as high as that of Morocco; it was very populous and of a good Trade. And because the Waters round about were salt, he made an Aquaeduct as beautiful as those about Rome. But at present these fair Edifices are almost ruined, it being possessed with not above 500 families, and much souldiery because of the Neighbourhood of the Portugals; most of the ground within the Walls being turned into Gardens, Vineyards, and Meadows.

Anfa on the Coast, and in a delightful Plain, hath been one of the most famous Cities of Africa, for its Trade with the English and Portugals; but its being addicted to Pyracy, was the cause of its ruine, as of that of Al-mansor on the River Guir.

Within the Land, Muchaila on the Guir, and in the Road from Morocco to Rabat, hath been rich, well built, with a great Territory, and fruitful in Grain. It was ruined by the Kings of Morocco; and is not known at present, but for the Tomb of one of their Morabuts whom they esteem a Saint, and where the Country people lay in pledg their Ploughs and Instruments of labour, which no persons dare touch. They have another Morabut near Thagia, whom they believe to work Miracles, and to preserve them when they are met by Lions; a place much frequented by those of Fez, as being the Sepulcher of one of their Prophets to which they go in exceeding great numbers in Pilgrimage. Adendum towards the Sea, well walled, and fenced on one side by a Lake or Pool. Tegeget above the Ommiraby hath store of Grains, where the Arabs have a Toll, once of great note.

The Ornament of this Province, and of the whole Kingdom (nay we may say of all Barbary) is Fez, which the Mahometans call the Court of the West: It is 100 Thousand paces from the Ocean, and as much from the Mediterranean. Its form is a long square, of which the middle is in a Plain, the two ends on Hills; and without several Suburbs, some of 500, some 1000, and others of 2000 Houses. This City bears the name of Fez, from the abundance of Gold which was found in the digging the Foundation thereof. It hath 12 principal Quarters or Regions, 62 great places for Trade, and much frequented by Merchants, of divers Nations who are allowed a publick meeting place for their Commerce, and lodging for their residence, and also Store-Houses for their Commodities; this place may rather be called a Court, than an Exchange, it being inclosed within a strong Wall, in which are 15 fair Streets, for several Nations to meet and reside for the better negotiating of their affairs; to this inclosure there are 12 Gates which every night are shut up and kept guarded at the Cities charge for the security of their Goods and Persons. Its Houses are well built, hath abundance of Temples, amongst which about 50 are well built, and beautiful. The greatest and most sumptuous of all, is seated in the heart of the City, containing about a Mile in Circuit, hath 31 great high Gates; and round about are several Porches containing 40 yards in length, and 30 in breadth, under which are the publick Store-houses of the City: The Tower is sustained by 35 Arches in length, and by 20 in breadth: All the Temple hath 900, and almost all these pieces enriced with Marble. Its Revenue is 200 Duckats a day, others say 400, which are either 75 or 150 thousand Duckats yearly. Within and without the City there are above 200 Hospitals, of which 25 are for the sick people of the Country, among which one can daily provide for 2000 Persons, others are for strangers; but their Revenues are much squandred, and they give nothing but the Bed and Coverlet, but in some Food for three daies. There is likewise 200 Banias or Stews, 200 Inns, of which some have more then 100 Chambers, 400 Mils which daily work 1200 Mules. Among its Colleges, the building of that of King Hahu Henon cost 500 thousand Duckats, being a most curious and delicate Building, all enriched with Mosaicque work of Gold, Azure and Marble; its Gates are of Brass. In this Colledge are abundance of stately Buildings, as Cloisters, Halls, Baines, Hospitals, &c. It hath a stately Library, in which besides other Books are 20000 Volumes in Manuscript. They have 150 publick necessary houses built so commodiously, that the Waters carry away the ordure. To its Walls it hath 86 Gates which serve for entrance into the City.

South East of the old Fez is the new City,* 1.20 at a Mile or 1200 paces distance; this is almost only for the House, and for the Officers of the King. The Palace where he ordinarily resides, and the Palaces of the principal Lords, the Mint, a stately Temple, &c. are in the first quarter. The Officers of the Court, and the Captains of the guard hold almost all the second, and the Kings Guards alone had formerly the third. Now a good part of this last quarter is possessed by Jews and Goldsmiths; and part of the second, by divers Merchants and Artisans.

In this City of Fez, (as generally throughout these parts) they have abundance of Conjurers, Fortune-tellers, Juglers, and Inchanters, who are in some War esteem amongst them. Its People are of a duskish or blackish complexion, of sly, Stature tall, and well proportioned; they are of an active disposition for and Horse-manship, otherwise excessive idle; they are very subtle; close, perfidious, inconstant, proud, much addicted to Luxury, and therefore by consequence very jealous of their Wives, whom they keep with great severity, and that the more according to their external graces; they are very revengeful if injured, and hard to be reconciled. In their gait they have much of the Spaniard in them; in their Apparel they go very sumptuous and rich, but their Food is but very gross.

As to their Religion they are either Mahometans or Heathens; and are for the most part inclined to Literature and Arts.

In this City are four sorts of Magistrates: one for the Canon-Law, one for the Civil-Law, another for Marriages and Divorcements; and another as an Advocate, to whom they make their appeal. In the Administration of Justice they are more or less severe, according to the hainousness of the offence.

In their Marriages they observe many Ceremonies; as being agreed, they are accompanied to the Church by their Parents, Relations, and Friends; which Ceremony being ended, they are invited to two Banquets, the one at the Bridegrooms cost, and the other at the Brides Relations; which being done, the Bridegroom causeth the Bride to be conducted to his House with Musick and Torches, being accompanied with their Friends; and being entred the House, she is immediately lead to the Chamber door; and delivered by her Father, Brother, or some of her Kindred to his Mother (if living) who there waits for her coming, who immediately is redelivered to him; who forthwith conducts her to a private Chamber, where he enjoyeth her; and if she is found to be a Virgin, which will appear by the blood which will proceed, which perceiving they drie up with a Napkin, and carry in their hands to shew the Company, with great joy; and then they make Feasts, and are very merry: But if she be contrary, and that no blood is caused, then they judge her Virginity lost; and thereupon the Marriage is frustrated, and with great disgrace she is turned home to her Parents. This with several other Ceremonies are omitted in the Marriage of a Widow.

Here the Women at the death of their Friends assemble themselves together, habit themselves in Sack-Cloth and Ashes, and sing a Funeral Dirge to the praise of the Deceased; and at the end of every verse, howl and crie; and this they do for seven daies together; during which time her Friends send in Provisions, and come and comfort her; for their custom is not to have any meat drest in the House of Mourning, during the said time, especially untill the Corps is interred.

1. The City of Mahmora fell into the hands of the Portugals in 1515, was presently retaken by the King of Fez, who defeated 10000 Christians, and gained 60 pieces of Artillery, The Kings of Spain likewise made themselves Masters of it 1614 and have fortified it because of the goodness of the Port. 2. Sala or Sally, hath been the residence of some Kings of Fez. It is composed of two Cities, the Old and the New; and hath a great Trade with the English, French, Hollanders and Genoueses. Its Fortress is on a rising ground, with a high Tower which discovers the Sea. In the Castle the King Mansor, and others his successors, have their magnificent Tombs.

The place was taken by the Castilians, and retaken from them some years past; and afterwards abundance of the Moors of Granado driven from Spain, retiring thither, have fortified and enriched it with their Piracies. 3. Mechnese between Sally and Fez, is in the middle of a Plain, where for 5 or 6000 paces, there is only Gardens filled with excellent Fruits. The City is well built, its Streets large and well ordered. Its Inhabitants liberal, and civil, but alwaies in jealousie against those of Fez. Divers Aqueducts bring water to the City, and furnish the Temples, Bains, Hospitals and Colledges, and private Houses.

Asgar is a Province between the Rivers of Suba,* 1.23 and Lusus or Lixa, on the Coast; it extends itself far up the Land, towards the City of Fez, and hath fair and fertile Fields, with an Air so pleasant, that formerly the Kings of Fez passed here a part of the Spring in Hunting. 1. Elgiumha or Elgiuhma, in the way from Fez to Larrache, and formerly the fairest of the Provinces; serves now only as the Granary, where the Arabs store up their Corn. 2. Casarel-Cabir, a place of pleasure which Mansor caused to be built between the Fens, the Forests, the Sea, and the River, may now have about 1500 Houses, adorned with a stately Hospital, a Colledg, and many Temples. The Battel which Don Sebastian King of Portugal lost, was here fought. In which it is observable, that the three Chiefs of the Armies, which that day met, all died, viz. Don Sebastian of Portugal, in the field of the Battel; Muley Mahomet of Fez, in favor of whom Don Sebastian passed into Africa, was drowned passing the River of Mucazin to save himself in Arzile; and Abdelmelech of Morocco, the Conqueror, died with labour and pains, or with the sickness with which he was seised before the Battel; all three competitors for this Kingdom; with several others of eminent quality. 3. Lharais or Larrache, once Lixos; which some among the Ancients say, was greater then the Great Carthage, and hath made the Royal Residence of Antaeus, whom Hercules defeated, and from whence he brought the Golden Apples, gathered in the Hesperides Gardens. It is at present one of the principal Fortresses of the Kingdom, and hath often been attempted by the Portugals and Spaniards.

The Province of Habat is part on the Ocean, part on the Mediterranean Sea, and holds all the streight of Gibraltar on the African side, opposite to Spain in Europe.

The principal Cities of this Province are, Arzila, which the Portugals took in 1471, carrying away all its inhabitants, and among the rest Muley Mahomet el Oataz, then seven years old, after King of Morocco, who remembring more his imprisonment, then the liberty he had from Spain, in the year 1508 raised 10000 Moors, besieged, and took the City of Arzila, and the Castle, the Portugals hardly defending themselves in a Tower, which was yet relieved, the City and Castle retaken, and the Moors well beaten. The Portugals afterward, and under some pretext, abandoned this place, which Muley Mahomet called the Black, returned it to Don Sebastian, King of Portugal in 1578, but which the Xeriffs retook again, and do at present possess. The City is great and strong, with a Port on the Ocean; the soyl produces more fruits and Pulse, then Grain and Wood. 2. Tangier, of old Tingis, hath been the most famous among the Ancients, builded, as they say, by Antaeus; and so renowned, that the neighbouring Mauritania took from it the name of Mauritania Tingitana and the Streight, of Fretum Tingitanum; yet were its Bishop and Government united not long since to that of Ceuta, where they had their residence, till the dis-union of the Estates of Portugal and Castile; Ceuta remaining in the hands of the Spaniards; Tangier and Cazar Ezzaghir returning to the Portugals. The former of the two last is now delivered into the hands of the English upon the marriage of Donna Catharina, Infanta of Portugal, with our Soveraign Lord King Charles the Second, of happy memory. Where we have a good Fort and Mold, for the convenience of shipping; by which means, it may be in time a place of a considerable Trade. It is made a very strong place since the English have been masters of it, and doth contain about 1500 Houses well built; they have pleasant Gardens. Near to this place it is said, that Hercules overcame Antaeus, a monstrous Giant of 64 Cubits high. 3. Tettuan or Tetteguin, hath not above 800 Houses, which are as well built as any in Barbary; and a good part of the Moors driven from Granada, being retired thither, it is maintained in a good estate; they are continually coursing on the Sea, and keep many Christians their Slaves.

In this Country are abundance of other Cities, though of no such considerable note as those aforementioned. Its Mountains which are counted about 8, are inhabited by the Tribes of Gumera, who drink Wine, though contrary to the Law of Mahomet, and pay some 3, some 4, others 6000 Duckats yearly. That of Rahon hath Vineyards, and its Inhabitants make quantity of Sope and Wax. Benifensecare, besides its Wax, yields Hides and Linnen-Cloth; and on its Srturday Markets, the Christians muy Trade. Benihurus is almost dis-inhabited, by reason of the Neighborhood of Gazar Ezzaghir, under whose government it hath been. Chebib on the contrary, is much augmented, after that the Portugals took Tangier, the ancient Inhabitants of this retiring thither. Benichessen hath its Inhabitants addicted to Arms; as likewise Quadres near the Streight, and Bemguerdarfeth near Tittuan, to whose government they are obedient, serving against the Garrison of Centa. They have formerly furnished the Kings of Granada with a great power, and among them with one Helul, whom their Poems and Romances esteem the terror of all Spain. Angera hath Flax, of which they make Linnen-Cloth; as also Timber fit to build Ships.

Errif above the Mediterranean Sea, and between the Rivers of Gomer and Nochor, advances it self in the Land as far as the Mountain which separates it from the Provinces of Fez and Chaus. It is very Mountainous and Woody; it is little fruitful in Grain, abundant in Barley, Vines, Figs, Olives and Almonds: Hath quantity of Goats, Asses and Apes; few Sheep or Oxen. The Houses are only of one Floor, and ill covered; the Inhabitants are valiant but much addicted to drink. Its Cities are almost all on the Coast, as Gomer, Terga, Bedis, Mezemma, and others. The most part ill inhabited by reason of the Neighborhood of the Spaniards. 1. Gomer is seated on a River of the same name, 2. Those of Terga use much Fishing, uttering their Salt-Fish to the Inhabitants of the Mountains; but at present almost quite deserted. 3. Bedis or Belis, with its Castle, its Palace, and its Port, is in some esteem, and maintains some Gallies: But much molested by the Fort of Pennon de Velez, which the Spaniards hold in an Island not above 1000 or 1200 paces from Bedis. 4. Mezemma seated on a Mountain, formerly great and well peopled, hath now nothing but Walls. The Mountains have Vines, Barly, Horses, Goats, Fruits, &c. Some pay some tribute, and others none at all. That of Bemguazeval can arm 25000 men, hath quantity of Towns, and a City famous among them, and a Volcano which continually casts forth fire. Susaon is one of the most fruitful and most pleasant places of Africa. Its people under their Xeque keeping themselves in liberty.

Garret possesses the rest of the Coast upon the Mediterranean Sea, unto the River Mulvia, which separates it from Telansin. Mellila hath been its chief City, at present in the hands of the Castilians; as is Chasasa, and both the one and the other have their Port; that of Mellila much better, and may count 2000 Houses, serves as a passage to the Traffick between those of Fez, and the Venetians. There are excellent Mines of Iron in the neighborhood. The middle of this Province is Mountainous. Its extremity towards the South, joyning to the Province of Chaus, is untilled, and without Water.

The Province of Chaus is so great, that it contains a third part of the Kingdom: The Rivers of Cebu or Suba, of Mulvia, of Nocor, and some others have here their Springs at the foot of divers Branches of the Atlas. This Country is but meanly inhabited, considering its bigness; and its people fierce and warlike, to which they are addicted, not caring much for Traffick or Tilling their Ground, which if well ordered, would produce several good Commodities. Among its Cities, Tezza is the chief, and is esteemed the Third of the Kingdom of Fez, and makes no less then 5000 Houses. The Nobility have here many rich Palaces, but the private Houses are not fair. It is adorned with 3 Colledges, 23 Baniaes, many Hospitals, about 100 Mosques or Temples, among which there is one greater, though not richer then that of Fez. It hath a magnificent Castle, and the Kings Marins sometimes made here their residence, and gave it to their second Son; as well because of the beauty of the City, and the civility of its Inhabitants; as for the goodness of the Air, and the abundance of all sorts of Fruits, which they gather there. 2. Turet is beyond the River Mulvia, and on the River Quhas; so advanced on the Frontiers, that the King of Fez and Telensin have often carried it, the one from the other. It is seated on a Hill in the midst of a Plain, but encompassed about with Desarts, very advantagiously inclosed with strong Walls; well built within, and filled with about 3000 Houses. 3. Dubdu is on the side of a high Mountain, from which many Fountains descend, and run through the City. 4. Garsis. And 5. Haddaggia are on the Mulvia. 6. Gherselvin only is beyong the Atlas, and on the borders of Segellesse, it is handsom within, but beautiful without, &c.

Among the Inhabitants of the Mountains, there are some rich, who pay little or nothing; others poor and over burthened with Tribute. The Plains of Sabhelmarga, hath almost nothing but Charcoal-men, by reason of the adjacent Woods; that of Asgari-Cameren, Shepherds, because the Grass grows all the year; that of Guregra, Husbandmen, the Land being proper for Grain. In this Province there is a remarkable Bridge over the River Sebu, which runs between Rocks so high,* 1.29 that this Bridge is 150 yards from the Water. It is a Basket or Pannier hung upon two Cords, which turn upon two Pullies fastned to the ends of two great Piles of Wood, on each side of the Valley: And those who are in the Basket (there may go about ten persons) draw themselves from one side to other by the Cords which are made of Sea-Bulrush, as well as the Basket.

The Kindoms of Fez and Morocco, ought to be considered in four sorts of Lands, Mountains, Vallies, Plains, and Coasts; and the most part of their Provinces have these sour sorts. The Mountains are almost all in the hands of the Arabs and Bereberes, who live partly free, partly tributary. The Vallies are almost all the same, according as they are more or less engaged in the Mountains, or near the Plains. The Plains are all obedient. The Coasts in part belong to the Kings of Fez and Morocco, in part to the Portugals and Spaniards; these holding what is on the Mediterranean Sea, the others on the Ocean. So that considering the Continent of these two Kingdoms, even when they were united, there was always a quarter or third part which obeyed not the Xeriffs, or Kings of Fez and Morocco. But if they had been absolute in these two Kingdoms, they might easily have brought into the field One hundred thousand Horse, and more then so many Foot.

The Moors of Fez and Morocco, are well disposed, strong, Active, and yet melancholly; they may marry four Wives, and repudiate them when they will, giving them the Dowry they promised when they espoused them. And if they would be rid of them better cheap, they treat them ill; and these Women may forsake their Husbands, quitting their Dowry. Besides these four Wives, they may have as many Concubines as they can keep; but the Law permits them not to lie but with the one or the other of the four Wives. Persons of Estate spend so much on their Weddings, that they say commonly, That the Christians spend the greatest part of their Goods in Law-suits; the Jews, in their Paschal-Feasts; and the Moors in their Nuptials. They enterr their dead in Virgin-Earth, that is, where no person hath been before enterred, fearing least at the general Resurrection it should be difficult to unmix all their pieces.

Besides these Moors, in the Estates of Fez and Morocco, there are many Arabs which go by Cabilles or Lineal Descent; and which make War and Peace as they please, between themselves, and with the Moors: Wandering continually, and pillaging now one Coast, and then another. They either assault or convoy the Caravans according to their interest; sometimes serving the Kings of Morocco, sometimes making War upon them. Those that are in the highest Mountains of Atlas, are so rude and barbarous, that the Ancients have believed them to be Satyrs, Pans, Aegipans, that is, Half Devils. In some Cities there are quantity of Jews; almost no Christians, except they be Slaves, or some Merchants.