Hungary

Maps

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  1701 A system of geography by Herman Moll - Hungary.jpg

Sources from old books

1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator.

HUNGARIA, commonly called Hongeren (which name it received from the Huns or Hungarians, who came out of Scythia, and did inhabit it, doth containe Pannonia, and the Countries of Iazigus and the Dacians, beyond Danubius. On the South it hath the River Savus, which devideth it from Croatia and Servia, which are a part of Illyrici over against the Adriatick Sea. On the North it hath Poland and Russia, which are disjoyned by the Mountaine Carpatus. On the West it hath Austria, which was heretofore the head of the higher Pannonia, together with Moravia, and Styria; on the East Mysia which they now call Rhetiana. It is an excellent Country both for the goodnesse of the soyle, and the pleasantnesse of the Situation. The Country is very fruitfull and fertill, and yeeldeth Pearles, Gold, Silver, Colours, and Salt, which are to be digged out of the Earth. It hath abundance of Grasse, Wheate, Pulse, and Fruit. That Country which is by Danubius doth yeeld excellent wine, even from the Country of the five Churches to Taurunus, or Belgrad. But there is no Oyle, and excepting that, it is adorned with all the gifts of nature. It hath divers kindes of living Creatures, having such great plenty both of Oxen, and Sheepe, that great Droves are carried into other Countries, especially into Italy and Germany. It hath also abundance of wilde beasts, as Hares, Does, Goats, Harts, Wolves, Beares, and the like. And also great store of Birds, especially Thrushes, Partridges, and Pheasants. The Paeonians or Pannonians did first inhabit this Country: afterward the Gothes, who were expulsed by the Huns; and the Huns by the Longobards, who were seated here 13. yeeres. But the Huns came in againe under the conduct of their Captaine Attila: after whose death, Charles the Great tooke it into his owne possession. But in the yeere 700. the Huns comming out of Scythia, in the Raigne of the Emperour Arnulph, possessed those parts, being Pagans untill King Stephen, whom they called the holy, was inaugurated and made King. And after him, even untill our times Hungary did professe the Christian Religion. Hungary doth containe all the whole Country of Iazigus Metanastarum, which Ptolemy circumscribeth or boundeth with Danubius •ibiscus, and the Sarmatian Mountaines. There are some ruines yet remaining, which by contracting the word are commonly called •az. But they inhabit those parts which Pl•• describeth, and their speech differs from the Hungarian language. The first King of Hungary, after the Christian Religion was established therein, was Stephen surnamed the Holy, after whom there follow•d his Co••a Peter, his Kinsman Andreas, also Bela, Salomon, Geysa, Ladislaus, Almus, Stephanus the II. Bela Caecus, Geysa the II. Stephen the III. Bela the III, Emericus, Ladislaus the II. and others, even untill the time of the Emperour Rudolphus, King of Hungary. The King of Hungary doth governe his Kingdome by two Magistrates: the higher is devided into three Magistrates, the first of which governeth the Kingdome in the Kings name, in which are the Palatine of the Kingdome, who is next to the King, and judgeth the King if he be accus'd, whom the people of the Kingdome doe chuse, neither is it an heriditary office. Also the Judge of the Court, who is one of the ordinary Judges of the Kingdome. The Chancellor, who is the Metropolitan of Strigonium, who is called the Primate, and Secretary of the Kingdome, and he hath power to annoynt the King that is chosen, and he keepeth the Privie Seale. The Master of the Court doth follow the Kings, and is one of his Privie Counsell. The Master of the Regallities doth judge of all matters concerning Mines of Gold and Saltpits, and lastly, all matters which appertaine to the Exchequer. Secondly, those which sit in Judgement, of which there are certaine Officials, three of greater authority, as the Vice-Palatine of the Kingdom, the Judge of Personall Presence, The Vice-Palatines Protonotary, or chiefe Clarke, the Vice-Judges Protonotary. They are all called Masters, and have these assistants or associates joyned to them: the Archbishop of Strigoniums Secretary, who is called the Secretary of the Exchequer, twelve Assistants, and some sworne Clarkes. Thirdly, those that serve the King, as the Treasurer, the Master of the Bed-chamber, the Cup-bearer, the Master of the Pantry, the Master Porter, and other lesser offices. Moreover, because the Country is large there are severall Judges appointed thorow the Provinces, which the Hungarians call Counties. And they are these beyond Danubius on the West of the River Tibiscus. Posoniensis, Nitriensis, Cepusiensis, Gewinariensis, Posthiensis, Semliniensis, Comariensis, Leptoniensis, Novigradiensis, Abavivariensis, Bathiensis, V•gensis, Traachimensis, Barsiensis, Hontensis, Borsodiensis, Bodroghtensis, Peregriensis, Turoezensis, Omuzolis, Tornensis, Heweciensis, Zolnocensis, Moramarusiensis. Above Danubius on the East of Tibiscus there are Vgoghiensis, Bihoriensis, Zatmariensis, Oradiensis, Zabolciensis, Temesiensis. Betweene the Rivers Danubius, and Dravus, there are Musunensis, Zaladiensis, Tolnensis, Rhab, or Iauriensis, Vespriniensis, Strigoniensis, Soponiensis, Albensis, Sinigiensis, Castriferrensis, Pelisiensis, Waranlensis. Betweene Dravus and the River Savus, there are Valkonensis, Rifiensis, Syrimiensis, Warasdiensis, Prosegiensis, and Zagrabiensis. The Ecclesiasticall government belongeth to the two Archbishops, of Gran, or Strigonia, the Popes Legate and Primate of the Kingdome. It hath under it Agriensis, Vaciensis, Nitriensis, Quinque Ecclesiensis, Vespriniensis, who is the Queenes Chancellor, and crowneth her, and the Bishop Iauriensis commonly called Rab: Colosensis, or Colotz, under whom are Sagabriensis, Transilvaniensis, Voceadrensis, Visemburgensis, Sulniensis, Cenadiensis, or Chonad, and Bosnensis. All Hungary is devided into the hither-most, and the farther. The hither-most Hungary doth containe all that Country which is on this side Danubius: the farther-most doth containe that Country which is beyond Danubius, and Tibiscus glideth thorow the middle of it. The Metropolis and Mother Citty of this Kingdome is Buda, which was so denominated, as the most doe suppose from Buda the builder of it, who was Brother to King Artila, or as others write, from the Budines, a People of Scythia, of whom Herodotus maketh mention. If you consider the Situation of this Citty, it is seated partly on a Mountaine, and fortified with strong Bulwarkes, so that it is the strongest, and pleasantest Citty in all Hungaria, it hath many faire buildings both publike and private. It standeth in a fruitfull soyle, Soliman the Turkish Emperour tooke it from the Christians in the yeere 1526. on the 20. day of August. The Next is Posonium, commonly called Prezborgh, which is a noble Citty. Here the River Leyta deviding the higher Pannonia from the lower, doth mingle it selfe with the River Istrus. It is an ancient faire Citty, having a pleasant ayre and situation, and doth therein excell all the Citties of Pannonia. It hath Mountaines planted with Vines, which are also full of Wood. In the Suburbs it hath a Castle seated on the top of a high Rocke. There is also Belg•ad at the meeting or confluence of the Rivers Savus, and Danubius, it is commonly called Alba Graeca, the ancients called it Taurunum, and the Germanes Griechs Weissenburgh: Soliman the Turke tooke it in the yeere 1520. and having beene before a Towne of defence against the cruell enemy of Christianity, now it is the Turkish Emperours seat. A little lower downe the River Danubius there is Singidunum, which was taken by the Turke in the yeere 1439. In the midst betweene these two Citties, there is a Field famous for the victory of Hunniadus against M•homet the Turkish Emperour: they call this Field Maxons. This Battle was fought in the yeere 1456. Downe the River there are many places where the Christians have received many fatall overthrowes. The Citty Valpo was taken in the yeere 1543. Quinque Ecclesiae by Dravus in the yeere 1543. Zigetha was taken in the yeere 1566. Buda wee have mentioned before. Strigonium by Danubius, commonly called Gran, was heretofore an Archbishops seat, but it is now in the Turkes hands. Alba Regalis, or Stulweyssenburg, is famous in regard the Kings are crowned and buried here, it was taken in the yeere 1543. In the same Country there is Stridon, where Saint Hierom was borne. There is also the Citty Comara, in an Iland of the same name, which the Turkes in vaine attempted. Iaurinum, commonly called Raab is an impregnable Citty by the River Danubius. I passe by the other Townes. There are also in Hungaria many famous Lakes, the chiefe whereof is Balaton, which the Germanes call Platze, being 40. Italian miles broad, and 8. Hungarian miles. The chiefest Rivers are Danubius, Savus, Dravus, and Tibiscus, the three former are common to other Countries, but Tibiscus runneth onely thorow Hungary. It riseth in Maramusia, in the high cliffes of Carpatus, and for plenty of Fish it exceedeth all the Rivers in Hungary, for it hath abundance of all kindes of Fish, as great Pikes, Lampreys, and Sturgeons. There are also other Rivers besides these, which have great store of excellent Fish, as Trowts, Salmons, Perches, Lampreys, Barbels, and others, and those Rivers have gold veines in them. The chiefe Woods and Mountaines beyond Danubius, beginning from Austria and Moravia Lazius reckneth to bee Tarchzal, in Greeke Carpatus, which was heretofore so called from the Minerals in it, it stretcheth and extendeth it selfe thorow the Counties Turocensis, Arnensis, Liproviensis, Cappusiensis, Gewineriensis, and Sariensis, which the Inhabitants call by divers names, as den Vatter, den Munch, den Wurtgarten, den Schnepberg. The second River is Matran, which is planted with Vines neere Agria. The third and greatest of all is Erdel. There are many other Rivers, which for brevitie sake I omit, and so conclude Germany.

1638. The merchants mappe of commerce wherein by Lewes Roberts.

Hungary is bounded on the East with Transilvania and Valachia, on the West with Austria, on the North with Poland, on the South with Sclavonia, &c.

This Kingdom now stands divided between the Grand Seignior and the Hungarians: the Great Turk enjoys Buda, seated on Danubius, once the Metropolis of this Kingdom, and Court of the Kings; also Guilia Pest, Alba Regalis, called by them Wesenberg, next quinque Ecclesiae, Rab, and others of lesser note.

In the Hungarians possessions are these principal Cities, Presberg the present Metropolis of this Country; 2. Strigonium, 3. Agraria, 4. Comara in an Island of that name, 5. Tertax, 6. Cimista, 7. Segith, before which Solyman the Great Turk ended his days, and some others of lesser consequence.

This Country doth much abound in Cattel, sufficient to feed all Germany, the Store is so great, that they yearly sell to their Neighbours 80 or 100 Thousand Oxen; they have also some Copper and Tin, some quantity of Corn, Honey, Wax, and such like Commodities, and from hence to Constantinople, I have seen Hides, Butter, and Cheese, that in great abundance have come out of these parts through the Black-Sea. Further matter of Trade hath not remarkably faln into my hands; therefore for the current Coins of this Country, with their Weights and Measures in use, I must refer to the better experienced, and hence travel to Dacia, and the rest of those Provinces comprehended within that circuit.

1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval.

Hungary seems to have been so called from the Huns, a People noted for the Devastations they have made in several Regions of Europe, principally under Attila one of their Kings. Most of the Towns of this Country have Names that have very little affinity one with another, because the Nations who gave them at their setling themselves there, had very different Tongues. Hungary is commonly divided into High and Low, the last towards the South is almost wholly in possession of the Turks, the former towards the North for the most part in the hands of the House of Austria, unless it be such places as have been lately seized or revolted with Count Teckley. Two parts of it have been sometimes made, separated from one another by the Danube, the one to the West, known under the Name of Pannonia, the other to the East making part of ancient Dacia. There be several Countreys, the enumeration whereof is not here very material. The House of Austria has there four General Ships, the Turks four Bachalics or great Governments. When the Realm of Hungary was in its Splendour, it extended to the very Adriatick Sea, as far as Greece, and comprehended Transilvania, Walachia and Moldavia; from whence it came that the Emperour, as King of Hungary pretends that the Princes of those three States be allowed of by him. The Grand Seignior has maintained his pretension better in that point. The Soyl of Hungary is fertile, the Plains are beautiful and afford plenty of Corn, the Hills Wine, which is transported into Poland, and other places, where it is accounted excellent; that of Tokay is in most esteem. It also affords Salt, and other Conveniencies of Life. Several Great Rivers contribute to this abundance, the Danube, Drave, Save which have their Sources in Germany, the Teyss which is entirely Hungarian. The Danube leads its Waters from the West to the East through the midst of the Countrey, with less swiftnes towards Noon, than towards the Evening and the Morning: after a course of above six hundred Leagues, it falls into the Black Sea by several Mouths. The Teyss can carry Boats four Leagues from its Source. It abounds so in Fish, that they are said to make the third part of its Bed; for which reason it often casts abundance of them upon the Neighbouring Plains; and that in the publick Markets of the Towns, those who retire into the Countrey have order to take them away. Formerly the Hungarians put the Figure of the above mentioned Rivers in their Ensigns or Colours, and since they have carryed the Cross therein, having embrac'd Christianity under their Prince Esthienne, who for that consideration obtained of Pope Silvester the 2d. the Title of King, and was crowned in the year 1001. The highest Mountains of Hungary are towards Poland and Transilvania; the Richest between Buda and Strigonia.

The Hungarians are Warlike, neither their Garments nor their Manners be very different from those of the Turks. Their Tongues is almost wholly peculiar to themselves, and nevertheless the Latine, Sclavonian, German and Turkish, are in use among them. The Emperour Ferdinand the 2d. allowed the liberty of Religion in this Realm in the year 1622. The Revocation of that Toleration has occasioned perpetual Revolts, and is the source of that great War it is now the Scene of. This Realm has two Archbishopricks, Strigonia or Gran, and •olo••a with ten Bishopricks, the half of which is in the Infidels hands. Four orders of Persons have Sessions in the States, the Prelates, the Barons, the Nobles and the Burgesses of Free and Royal Cities. The Dignity of Palatine is there the most considerable after that of King, who if he acts in any wise against their Priviledges, may be opposed by force, if the Palatine consent thereto. The Hungarians will not suffer to have any Palatines but of their own Nation. The Archbishop of Strigonia is Prince and perpetual Chancellour of the Kingdom; he Crowns the King after his election. These two Officers have almost all the Authority. Hungary has had eight Kings of the House of Austria, from Ferdinand the •. Brother of the Emperour Charles the 5th. unto Leopold-Ignace. Though the Hungarian Nobility do not love the Germans, yet they have not opposed this Election, for the sheltering themselves against the oppression of the Turks, who respect a Peasant as much as they do a Gentleman. The greatest strength of the Countrey consists in light Horse; the Troopers be called Hussars, the Foot Soldiers Heidukes. Besides extraordinaries, the Emperour draws from what he possesses in Hungary about a million of Livers every year. He raises this Money from the Mines, by an imposition on each Horse, and by the exportation of Cattle. The Grand Seignior has there his Caraz, which is four Livers a Head of those under his Sway: This is so small a matter for either of those Princes, that for the preservation of what they hold there, they are obliged to employ their other Revenues. The Turk pretends to all Hungary, and the States which depend thereon by virtue of a Cession, which was made thereof to Soliman the 2d. by John Sigismond, Son of King John Count de Cepuse, and by the Queen his Mother. In Upper Hungary there be several Free Towns, which form thirteen Communities. The King of Poland holds half of Cepuse, with a dozen of Cities. Most of the Frontiers are untilled and overgrown with Shrubs and Weeds. Tho there be a Truce between the Austrians and the Ottomans, yet they fail not of making incursions upon one another. In the year 1642. the Truce was made between the two Empires for twenty-years. In the year 1664. after two years War it was renewed, the Turk remaining Master of the Fortress of Waradin and Newheusel; this last in the very middle of all Europe.

The most considerable Cities of Hungary are Presbourg, Cassovia, Esperies, Buda, Agria, Temesvar, Kanise. Presbourg is the Capital of all the House of Austria possesses in this Realm. Since the loss of Albe Royale, it has been the place of Election and Coronation of their Kings. Cassovia is towards the Mountains, with the finest Arcenal of the Country. Esperies has Fairs which render it very populous.

The strongest places of the House of Austria are Javarin and Komorra, the Bulwarks of Christendom. Javarin is in a vast Plain, environed with the Danube and the Raab, which sometimes gives it its Name; defended with several Bastions faced with Brick, with Ravelins between both: Having formerly been taken by the Turks, it was petarded and retaken with as much happiness as boldness by a French Gentleman called Vaubecour. Komorra has the Danube for its Moat or Ditch, and cannot be besieged but by three Bodies of Armies. The Isle of the same Name, otherwise called of Schut, where the Turks were routed by the Imperialists, in a late Action, to the loss of many of their Men; has above three hundred Villages or Boroughs, above fifteen thousand Inhabitants, with the convenience of hunting and fishing, Leopolstad, Fillek, Tokay, Zatmar and Kalo have likewise been fortified by order from the Emperour.

Buda is divided into High and Low Town, the Germans call it Offen, that is to say, Court, because it was the abode of the Kings, and the Capital of all the Kingdom; it has the most honourable Beglerbyat of all Turkey, though it be not the most gainful; its Bashaw has more Authority than others: Its usual Garrison is of eight or ten thousand Men. Agria, Temesvar, Kanisa, have in like manner Bashaws, as being upon the Frontier. The Turks call Temesvar the invincible. The Emperour Ferdinand the 2d. besieged Kanise, being then but Arch-Duke, and could not take it. Leopold-Ignace was not more happy in the year 1664. The Retreat from Kanise by the Duke of Mercoeur, is one of the the finest Actions of our Age. People also esteem that from Mayence by the Cardinal de la Valette, that from Torgow by the Suedish General Banier, that from Dundee by the Marquiss of Montross. Five Churches is the place where Solyman the Great dyed, during the Siege he laid to Zygeth in the year 1566. Mogacz is noted for the defeat of the Christians in the year 1526. The Bridge of Esseck for the exploit of Count Peter de Serin, who burnt it in sight of the Turks Armies.

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

HUNGARY

THIS Kingdom, being part of the ancient Pannonia, is bounded on the North by Poland and Russia, on the South by Servia and Bosnia, on the East by Transylvania, and on the West by Austria, Moravia and Stiria. Its utmost extent from South to North, consists of 76 Leagues, from the 44th Degree 50 Minutes to the 49th Degree of Latitude, and about 100 from West to East, from the 39th Degree to the 47th of Longitude.

The Air is not very healthful, and the Waters are corrupted, except those of the Danaw; nevertheless, the Soil is very fruitful in Corn and Fruits, affording very good Pastu•es. The Country abounds extremely in horn'd Beasts, Fallow-Deer, and variety of all sorts of Game: There are also many Herds of Horses, of an excellent kind, and so great quantities of Fish are every where caught, that the Inhabitants are some times oblig'd to cast them to the Hogs, more especially the River Teisse, leaves the Ground covered with Fishes, when after having overflowed the adjacent Fields it retires into its usual Channel. Moreover on the Mountains are found divers Mines of Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, Quick-Silver, Antimony and Salt, besides many Springs of Hot Waters.

The principal Rivers are, the Danube or Danaw the Drave, the Save, the Teiss or Tibisc, the Marisch, the Raab, which forms an Island of the same name, the Vag, the Gran, and the Sarvithze, that springs forth out of the Lake of Balaton. There are also two other Lakes, viz. those of Nerodsiler and Beczkerk.

The Inhabitants of this Kingdom are Hardy, Valiant and War-like, delighting much in riding on Horses; but they are likewise Cruel, Savage, Revengeful, and often Eat and Drink to Excess. However, the Persons of Quality shew much Magnificence and cannot endure to be subject to a Foreign Dominion.

The Kingdom of Hungary hath been the Theatre of War during almost three Ages, and at length became a Prey to the Turks, more especially in the Time of Amurath and Solyman. It is at present Elective, and almost entirely depends on the Jurisdiction of the Emperor, who is styled King thereof. All the Territories which the Turks had subdued have been recovered by the Imperial Forces, within the space of four Years, and a very little Portion of them as yet remains in the Possession of those Infidels. The State consists of four distinct Bodies, viz. the Clergy, the Barons, the Noblemen and the Free Cities. They are usually convened every three Years, according to the Constitutions of the Realm; and this Assembly hath a Right to elect a Palatine, who ought to be an Hungarian by Birth, and to whom appertains the management of military Affairs, together with the Administration of Justice. Croatia being a Dependance of Hungary, hath in like manner its Vice-Roy, who is invested with the same Authority as the Palatine.

In this Kingdom are founded two Archbishopricks, viz. those of Gran and Colonitz, together with 16. subordinate Bishopricks, five of which are subject to the Metropolitan See of Gran, eight are Suffragan to that of Colonitz, and three appertain to the Archbishoprick of Spalatro in Dalmatia. The Roman Catholick Religion hath prevailed among some Ancient Noble Families, and since the late Conquests of the Emperor, is become predominant; nevertheless a great number of Persons of quality as yet adhere to the Doctrine of Calvin, and the common People have generally embraced that of Luther. In many Places are also found divers Arians, Socinians, Anabaptists, Jews and Mahometans. The Hungarians owe their first Conversion to Christianity, to Gisle, Sister of S. Henry, who was married to their King S. Stephen, about A. D. 1000.

Hungary is divided into the Ʋpper and Lower, the first of these Provinces lying beyond the Danaw toward Poland and Transylvania, and the other on the hither Side of this River.

Hungary in Two Parts, viz.

• I. The Upper into 4.
  • 1. Government of Presburg, in which are these Towns, &c. viz.
    • Presburg, Cap.
    • Neytracht, Bish.
    • ...Tirnaw,
    • ...Schintz,
    • ...Holits,
    • ...Watzenew,
    • ...Freistad,
    • ...Lednich,
    • ...Transchin,
    • ...Orowa,
    • ...Leutsch,
    • ...Eperies,
    • ...Scharos,
    • ...Ʋnghwar,
    • ...Zemblin,
    • ...Bathnor,
    • ...Namin,
    • ...Zolnock,
    • ...Zatmar,
    • ...Segedin,
    • ...Debreczen,
    • ...Nagkhalo,
    • ...Echied,
    • Agria, Bish.
    • ...Cheghe,
    • ...Nadwar.
  • 2. Bergstet.
    • Schemnitz, Cap.
    • ...Bistricz,
    • ...Muoran,
    • ...Filleck,
    • ...Altsol,
    • ...Chremnitz,
    • ...Newsol,
    • ...Puggantz,
    • ...Koningsburg,
    • ...Tillen,
    • ...Libeten,
    • ...Hern-Grundt,
    • ...Glasshitten,
    • ...Gomer,
    • S. Creus,
    • ...Eisenbach.
  • 3. Government of Newhausel.
    • Newhausel, Cap.
    • ...Serschin,
    • ...Holock,
    • ...Burack,
    • ...Tregel,
    • ...Bars,
    • ...Leiva,
    • ...Etzelburg.
  • 4. Government of Cassovia, or Caschaw.
    • Cassovia, or Caschaw, Cap.
    • ...Tornaw,
    • ...Budnock,
    • ...Borsania,
    • ...Tockay,
    • ...Za•war,
    • ...Temeswar,
    • Colocza, Archb.
    • ...Pest,
    • ...Novigrad,
    • ...Montgatz.
• II. The Lower into 3.
  • 1. The Government of Buda, wherein are these Towns, &c.
    • Buda, Cap.
    • Gran, Archb. Prim.
    • Alba Regalis, or Stuhl-weissemburg
    • ...Komara,
    • ...Altemburg,
    • ...Sawar,
    • ...Newsidl,
    • ...Guncs,
    • Five-Churches, Bish.
    • ...Sabarca,
    • ...Baraniwar.
  • 2. Government of Javarin.
    • Raab, or Javarin, Bish. Cap.
    • ...M. S. Martin,
    • ...Gesthes,
    • ...Withan,
    • ...Meriges,
    • ...Pappa,
    • Vesprin, Bish.
    • ...Escheneck,
    • ...Sigeth.
  • 3. Government of Canisia, in part.
    • ...Canisia,
    • ...Kirment,
    • ...Georjewar▪
    • Fort of Serin,
    • ...Zelewar,
    • ...Mohatz,
    • ...Sirmich,
    • ...Peter Waradin,
    • ...Esseck.

A Chronological Table, shewing the Succession of XLVIII. Kings of Hungary, from about the Year of our Lord 1000.

	A. D.	reig. y.
1 STephen I. in 1000. or 1020. died in the Year 1038.
2 Peter the German, expelled	1038	4
3 Ovon or Aban	1042	2
4 Peter the German re-established	1044	2
5 Andrew I.	1046	15
6 Bela I.	1061	2
7 Salomon	1063	11
8 Geiza or Geycza I.	1074	3
9 Ladislaus I.	1077	7

10 Coloman or Colan	1095	19
11 Stephen II.	1114	18
12 Bela II.	1132	9
13 Geiza II.	1141	20
14 Stephen III.	1161	11
15 Ladislaus, an Usurper	1172	6 m.
16 Stephen IV.	1172	5 m.
17 Bela III.	1173	23
18 Emerycus	1195	8
19 Ladislaus II.	1204	6
20 Andrew II. of Jerusalem	1205	30
21 Bela IV.	1235	25
22 Stephen V.	1260	12
23 Ladislaus III.	1272	18
24 Andrew III. the Venetian Charles I. Martel	1290	11
25 Veneslaus	1301
26 Otho	1305
27 Charles II. Robert, or Charobert	1310	32
28 Lewes I.	1342	40
29 Mary	1382
30 Charles III. the Little	1383	3
31 Sigismund	1387	51
32 Albert of Austria	1438	2
33 Ladislaus IV.	1440	4
34 Joan. Corvinus Huniades	1445	8
35 Ladislaus V.	1452	6
36 Matthias Corvinus	1458	2
37 Ladislaus VI.	1460	25
38 Lewes II. the Younger	1486	11
39 John of Zapol	1526
40 John Stephen, or Sigismund	1540
41 Ferdinand I.	1527	37
42 Maximilian I.	1564	12
43 Rodolph	1576	36
44 Matthias	1612	7
45 Ferdinand II.	1629	18
46 Ferdinand III.	1637	20
47 Ferdinand-Francis, elected in	1657
48 Leopoldus-Ignatius, now reigning	1657
49 Joseph, his Son, elected in	1687

PRESBƲRG, or POSON (as it is term'd by the Inhabitants) Posonium aut Pisonium, the Chief City of the Upper Hungary, is pleasantly seated on the left-Side-Bank of the River Danaw or Danube, and fortified with a stately Castle, built altogether of white Stone, on the Top of a Hill, having 4 Towers, in the strongest whereof is very carefully kept the Royal Crown of Hungary, so much talkt of, and said to have been presented by an Angel to the first King S. Stephen, being of a Figure very different from other Imperial Crowns and Diadems. The General Conventions of the States have been held for a considerable Time in this Place, after the Loss of Strigonium or Gran, the Metropolitan See of the Realm; and it hath communicated its Name to a County or small Province, lying between Moravia to the North, Austria to the West, the River Danube to the South, and the Counties of Transchyn and Neytracht to the East. A fair Church was erected here, A. D. 1638. for the use of the Lutherans; but the Jesuits have obtained part of the Dome or Cathedral, in which lies interr'd the Body of S. Joannes Eleemosynarius, sometime Bishop of Alexandria. In the former are also used some Ceremonies, scarcely observed any where else by any of the Augsburg Confession; for on every Holyday and Sunday they cause Wax Tapers to be burnt at the Altar, sing the Lord's Prayer after the manner of Cathedral Service, &c. Among other Curiosities, worthy to be viewed by Travellers, the Archbishop's Palace, in the Suburbs, beautified with fair Gardens, Walks, Grotto's, Labyrinths and Fountains is more especially remarkable, not to mention the Statue of Jeronymo, and a famous Repository of Drugs, and divers sorts of Rarities belonging to the Society of Jesuits. The City of Presburg is distant 8 German miles from Vienna to the East, 7 from Raab, 8 from Komora to the North-west, as many Neuhausel, and only one from the Frontiers of the Upper Austria.

Tyrnaw, Tyrn or Dyrn, is a small Town on a River of the same Name, in the County of Transchyn, about 6. German miles from Presburg, and hath been chiefly made famous by the Residence of the Archbishop and Chapter of Gran, whilst that City continued in the Possession of the Turks. In the Year 1414. a barbarous Murder was committed here on a Christian-Child, by 12 Jews and 2 Women, who having entic'd him into their House, open'd his Veins, drank some of his Blood, laying the rest up for some other uses, cut the Body in Pieces and buried it in a Cellar. But these Miscreants, notwithstanding their Precaution, were discovered, apprehended, and, after conviction, condemned to be burnt alive: A Punishment justly due to their inhuman Cruelty.

Transchin, a very fair Town on the River Waag, and the Capital of a County so call d, is situated on the Top of a Rock, not far from the Confines of Moravia, and defended by a very strong Castle, which renders it almost impregnable; and by reason of its height appears to view, even at the distance of 20 miles from the Town; about an English mile from whence are two hot Bagnio's, much frequented by Strangers: And indeed the Country everywhere abounds with Springs of Mineral Water, insomuch that here, as well as in many other Places on the Banks of the Danube, the Inhabitants often dig Pits, wherein they bath themselves, some of which are so near the River Waag, that you may easily extend your Arm into the cold Water, whilst the rest of your Body is Sweating in the Pit.

Leutsch, the Metropolis of the County of Zips, stands on the Top of a high Hill, affording a delicate Prospect over the circumjacent Country. It is a fair Town, of a large extent, and remarkable for a great Fair kept therein every Year. The Inhabitants being for the most part Germans, nevertheless talk Hungarian for the Convenience of Traffick with the neighbouring People: They generally adhere to the Augsburg Confession, and are extremely courteous in their Behaviour; neither are they less sincere in their professing of Friendship, and fair in their Dealings. The Magistrates, whensoever they meet in the Town-Hall, are accustomed to wear a German Mantle over their ordinary Hungarian Habit.

EPERIES, Eperiae, is a strong Town on the River Tarkzel or Tarocoza, and the Capital of the County of Sero, being very famous for its Fairs and Salt-mines. Not far from thence spring two deadly Fountains, the Waters whereof immediately kill either Birds or Beasts that taste them; for which reason they are always kept covered, and walled round about, lest any should come near or suffer Damage by them. Near these are the Salt-Pits, that afford employment to a great number of poor People, and bring in a considerable yearly Revenue to the Town.

Ʋngwar, or Ʋnghuar, is much more remarkable for its Strength and commodious Situation than any other Advantage, as being built at the Foot of Mount Crapach, and encompassed with the River Ʋngh, on the Frontiers of Red Russia. It is also the Chief Town of a County of the same Name, and (if we may give credit to the assertion of the Hungarian Historians) this Place or River gave its Name to the whole Kingdom. Count Teckeley kept his Treasures, and the best of his Goods for some time at Ʋngwar, as judging it to be an impregnable Fortress; but the Imperialists found means to make themselves Masters of it, A. D. 1685.

ZOLNOCK, Zolnochium, the Capital Town of a County, bearing its Name, stands very advantagiously on the Mouth of the River Zagywa, with which and the Teisse it is encompassed round, at the distance of 44 miles from Colocza to the North-east, between Buda and Great Waradin, within 56 miles of each. It is a place of that convenience for a Garrison, that an Army of 4000 Men have found good Accommodation therein. Nevertheless, this strong Hold was shamefully quitted in the Year 1552. by 200 Hungarian Horse, 300 Germans, 100 Bohemians 200 Heydukes and 50 Spaniards, who left it to Mahomet Bassa, returning from the Siege of Temeswar; for after having sustained a sharp Siege of 3 days, without the least Apprehension of Damage or Danger, the German Soldiers were suddenly seized with such a panick Fear, that they raised a Mutiny in the Garrison against the Governour, a Person of great Courage and Conduct, who had resolved to defend the Place to the last Extremity; insomuch that they soon betook themselves to a general Flight over the Teisse: However, the Governour being taken alone in the Castle, was very honourably treated by the Bassa. But the Turks soon overtook the greater Part of the Garrison in Pursuit, and put them to the Sword, according to the express Order of their General. Those Infidels have continued Masters of so important a Fortress for a long Time, until at length it was taken by the Imperial Forces in the Month of Oct•b. A. D. 1685.

Zatmar, a small but well fortified Town in the Mountains of Upper Hungary, is water'd with the Streams of the River Samosch, about 25 miles from Mongatz to the South. It stands on the Fontiers of Transylvania, and is the Chief of a Territory, not long ago erected into a County, appertaining to the Emperor's Jurisdiction. Count Teckeley took •ossession thereof A. D. 1680. but hath been since constrained to abandon it to the Imperialists.

SEGEDIN or Seged Segodunum, is the Principal Town of the Country of Bodrock on the River Tibesse or Teisse, near its confluence with the Merish, being distant 55 miles from Colocza to the East, 64 from Waradin to the South-west, and 104 from Buda to the South-east. It was surpriz'd by the Turks, A. D. 1552. and recovered by the Imperial and Confederate Army, without much Resistance, after the taking of Buda, in 1686.

AGRIA, Agria, named also Eger by the Germans, and Erlaw by the Inhabitants, is situated in the midst of Upper Hungary; near the Confines of the Austrian Territories, on the Side of a Rivulet of the same Name, which about 3 leagues farther falls into the Teisse, being distant 5 German miles from Filleck to the East, 7 from Tockay, 17 from Buda to the North-east, and 15 from Debrczyn to the North-west. It is guarded with a Castle, call'd Erla, standing on a Hill, and reputed to be the strongest Hold throughout the whole Kingdom of Hungary, both on the account of its advantagious Situation and regular Bulwarks. It is also the See of a Prelate, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Gran. When Solyman II. Emperor of the Turks, besieged this City. A. D. 1552. with 70000 Men, it was not as yet strengthned with any considerable Fortifications, either natural or artificial, nevertheless the undaunted Courage of the Inhabitants proved a sufficient Defence for the Place, after they had bound themselves by an Oath, to undergo the utmost Extremity rather than surre•der, hanging out a Coffin on the Battlements, in token of that Resolution: For altho the Turks battered the Walls 40 days together with 50 Pieces of Cannon, and made three Assaults in one Day, yet were they incessantly repulsed with the loss of 8000 Men: The instances of Female Valour, during the several Attacks, being almost incredible; insomuch that the In•idels terrified with such unexpected Prodigies of resolute Obstinacy in both Sexes, were compelled to raise the Siege, and the Garrison immediately sallying out, cut off a great number of them, taking all their Baggage. However, the Citizens were not afterward so successful in withstanding the furious Assaults of Mahomet III. in 1596. when he had defeated the Troops sent to their Relief, who caused the Garrison to be put to the Sword, contrary to the Articles of Capitulation. Immediately after the Surrender of this Place the Christian Forces were so extremely harrass'd by the same Mahomet, that (had he pursued his Victory) 'tis believed he might even at that one Onset have entirely finished the absolute Conquest of Hungary. Altho', on the contrary the Turks were so far routed and disordered at first (Mahomet and most of his Generals flying out of the Field) that had the Christians followed close on the Backs of their Enemies, and not too hastily betook themselves to the Spoil of the Camp, 'tis very probable they would have for ever freed that Kingdom from the Turkish Yoke; under which Agria hath ever since groaned, until it was at last happily redeemed by the Imperial Forces, after they had blockt it up for 3 Years; in which space of time above 10000 Turks perished, either through Hunger or Diseases. 4000 Inhabitants then marched out with the Garrison, 300 staid and demanded Baptism, and many Christian Slaves were set at Liberty. The Infidels left behind 150 Pieces of Artillery and 7 Mortars, besides good store of Provisions, and all the adjacent Territories were brought under the Imperial Jurisdiction.

Schemnitz, the fairest of all the 7 Berg or Mine-Towns in Hungary, is well built on a rocky Hill (which renders the Streets very uneven) adorn'd with 3 beautiful Churches, and defended by as many strong Castles, one of which is erected on a high Peak, and continual Watch kept there, to discover the Approach of the Turks, whereof notice is soon given by the discharging of a Culverin. The Air is not very healthful, but some Recompence is made for that Inconvenience by the adjacent Baths. The greater part of the Inhabitants are Lutherans, and maintain a good Garrison ready upon any suddain Enterprize of the Turks. Most of their Provisions, viz. Bread, Wine, Flesh, &c. are brought thither from other Places, by reason that the Country round about is generally rocky and barren, insomuch that the Rates are very much enhanced, more especially to Strangers sojourning in th•se Parts. Here are several Silver-Mines very remarkable, the chief of which are commonly call'd the Trinity and Windschacht, the former of these is 70 Fathoms deep, propt up and kept open with Under-works, at a vast Expence, much of it being in an earthy Soil. The Ore here gathered is highly esteemed, and frequently of a black Colour, cover'd over with a whitish kind of Clay. The Windschacht Mine is considerably deeper than the other, and in some Places so excessive hot that the Miners are not able to labour in it above 8 Hours together: The blackish Ore is here reputed the best, much of it being intermixt with a shining yellow Substance or Marchasite. Not far from Schemnitz, where the old Town was formerly built, is a Rock extended perpendicularly to a great height, part of which, from the Bottom to the Top hath a fair shining blue Tincture, together with some Spots of Green and Yellow; not unlike whereto (as they say) there is another near the Silver-Mines in Peru.

Filleck is a very considerable Fortress by reason of its advantagious situation on the Top of a rugged Hill, so inaccessible that there is only one Way up to it, and that too so very narrow that only one Person at once can pass through it. This Town stands on the Road leading from the City of Presburg to those in the Mountains on the Borders of the Turkish Dominions, about 5 Leagues from Agria to the North, and as many from Caschaw to the West. It was also formerly fortified with a Castle and strong Walls. However, the Turks made themselves Masters thereof, A. D. 1560. and the Imperialists recover'd it in 1593. Afterward the Bassa of Waradin laid siege thereto, and took in again in 1682. But there arising some Differences between him and Count Teckeley's Party, he caused it to be dismantled and deserted. A famous Cavern or Hole in a Rock at Filleck deserves well to be view'd by the Inquisitive Travellers, wherein the Water dropping from the Roof or Arch, at the Top, petrifies at the bottom into a fair white Stone, frequently used by the Painters of this Country to make the purest and most clear White Colour in Limning.

Chremnitz is reckon'd the first among the Berg or Mine-Towns (which Honour is paid to its Antiquity rather than Grandeur) being of a small extent, yet environed with large Suburbs, and having a strong Castle for its Defence, supposed to stand on the highest Ground in Hungary. But it is more especially famous for its Gold-Mine, which hath been wrought above 9•0 Years, and is carried about 9 or 10 miles in length; the entrance into it lying through one Cuniculus or Horizontal Passage, commonly called the Erbstal, and extending itself 800 Fathoms in a streight Line. Some of the Ore is white, another sort black, a third Red and a fourth yellow; but that with black Spots on white is esteemed the best, and that as the most precious which lies nearest the Veins. Some small parcels of Virgin Gold have likewise been found (though very rarely) in the same Mine, divers Specimens whereof are to be seen in the Emperor's Treasury at Vienna, and the Elector of Saxony's Repository at Dresd•n. Moreover the common yellow Earth of the adjacent Territories (chiefly on the Western Hills) affords a considerable quantity of Gold▪ which is sometimes washed and wrought in the same manner with the pounded Ore, turning to a very good account. Several Passages in the Mine, cut through the Rock, and long disused, are since grown up again, and a great number of the Walks in most Places are scarcely passable. There is also found a kind of Substance, termed Antimony of Gold, of a shining purple Colour, consisting of certain Particles, pointed like Needles, together with Chrystals among the Ore, and some tinctured yellow.

Not far from the Gold-mine at Chremnitz there is another of Vitriol, about 80 Fathoms deep, the Earth whereof is reddish and sometimes green, which being purified and reduced to a Calx, becomes very serviceable in the making of Aqua Fortis. In the Town is establish'd a Mint-house, where are coyn'd Ducats, Rix-dollars, and other lesser Pieces of Mony, besides a Printing-house, for the Con•enience of some few Gentlemen and others in these Parts, that apply themselves to the study of the Liberal Sciences.

Newsol, the third in number of the Berg-Towns, is well built on the Banks of the River Gran, and at the foot of a Hill, on which stands the Castle and great Church, cover'd with Copper. Near this Town are the most considerable Copper-mines in Hungary, wherein the Metal is very firmly incorporated with its Stone-Bed, and the Separation of it not to be performed without much Pains and difficulty, so that the Ore is often burnt and melted 14 times, before it can be made fit for use, or brought to a tolerable perfection. The Inhabitants are Lutherans, and generally speak the German, Hungarian and Wendish Tongues. They keep a good Market here every Week, and have good store of Provisions both for themselves and Strangers. At Mismils, a small Village, not far from Newsols, divers Furnaces are set up for the Melting of Metals, and Silver is sometimes extracted there out of Copper.

Puggantz was heretofore a fair Town, and still retains a fourth Place in the Order of the Berg-Towns, but hath been so often burnt and laid waste by the frequent Incursions of the Turks, that the Miners are no longer able to continue their Works in this Place, until the Tranquility of the State of Hungary shall be more firmly establish'd.

Konigsberg, the fifth Berg-Town, doth not much go beyond Puggantz in Note and Dignity at this Day, since the Miners have for the most part retired from thence to Chremnitz and Schemnitz, where they meet with much better Employment: However, Konigsberg is as yet famous for a Spring of sowre Mineral Waters, that have been efficacious in the working of some notable Cures.

Tillen is in like manner a Berg-Town of great Antiquity, but of late Years altogether fallen to decay and deserted, by reason of the Failure of those Metallick Veins that were found in the neighbouring Territory, and caused this Place to be much frequented.

Libeten, the last of the seven Berg-Towns, was likewise formerly much more noted than it is at present. Altho' some small Quantities of Copper, together with a little Silver, are still dug out of the adjacent Mines, but so very inconsiderable, as scarcely affords the Inhabitants a sorry Maintenance.

Besides these there are several other Towns remarkable for Mines, altho' their Names are not as yet registred among the former, viz.

Hernn-grundt, distant about an Hungarian mile, or almost 7 English from Newsol; where lies a Copper Mine in the Rocks, the Ore of which is extremely rich, being usually either of a yellow or black Colour, the former for the most part yielding the better Metal, tho' in the latter is contained a Mixture of Silver. There are also several sorts of Vitriol sound in this Mine, viz. white, green, blue and a clear transparent red, besides a green Earth or waterish Sediment, call'd Berg-grun, of singular use in Painting. Moreover here are two Springs of Vitriolate Water, that speedily turn Iron into Copper, and bear the Names of the Old and New Ziment. These Fountains are highly esteemed, in regard that the worst of old Iron is thereby converted into the purest Copper, having this admirable Quality, that it is more ductile and malleable than any other whatsoever, and may be easily melted down without the Addition of any other Substance.

Glasshitten, a Town situated at the Distance of one Hungarian mile from Schemnitz, was sometime noted for a rich Gold-Mine, which hath been lost ever since Bethlem Gabor, Prince of Transylvania over-ran this Country, and constrained the Inhabitants to quit their Houses. Travellers frequently resort hither on the account of five natural hot Baths; the Springs whereof are very clear, the Sediment red and green, and the wooden Seats under Water incrustated with a stony Substance. Among these the hot Springs of that which is called the Sweating-Bath, drain through a Hill and fall into a Bagnio, built on purpose to receive them. At one End of it is erected a noble Stove, heated by the Steams of those Waters, and so contrived, that by chusing a higher or lower Seat ones Sweating may be regulated, and any degree of Heat may be obtain'd at pleasure.

NEWHAƲSEL, Neoselium, call'd Owar by the Hungarians, stands on the Banks of the Rivulet Neutra or Nitrach, and altho' a Place of a small extent, is nevertheless the Capital of a large Country, and the chief Bulwark against the Turks in the Upper Hungary, enlarg'd by a new Fort call'd Leopolstadt, from the present Emperor of Germany, its Founder. It is built on a moorish Plain, but hard at the Bottom and every where passable. Its Fortifications appear in Form of a Star, with six Raies, every Point being defended by a high-raised Bastion. They are also encompassed with a Ditch full of Water, of a Rod and a half deep, and 18 in breadth. An Entrance lies open into the Town, only through two Gates, each of which is guarded with a Half-Moon, without any other Outworks, excepting a Cover'd Way. In the Year 1663. this Fortress was taken by the Turks, who lost two Bassa's during the Siege, together with many other chief Commanders, and above 300000 common Soldiers. But Prince Charles of Lorraine, having taken a Resolution to attack it, defeated the Serasquier, who marched to its Relief, on the 16th Day of August, A. D. 1685. seizing at the same Time on 20 Pieces of Cannon, divers Mortars and Bombs, and 4 Standards, so that the Town was soon carried by Assault, after a Siege of 40 Days, and the whole Garrison put to the Sword. About 100 Brass Cannons were then found there, as also a great quantity of Plate and other Booty, amounting to the value of above two Millions. Newhausel is distant 36 miles from Presburg to the East, 12 from Komora to the North, and 64 from Buda to the North-west.

CASCHAW, Cassovia, is seated on the Rivulet Tareza, that falls into the Teisse, being one of the Royal Free Towns, and the Capital of the County of Abamwivar. It is very well fortified, and immediately governed by the Emperor's Deputy, which brings a great Resort of Persons of Quality thither, and hath rendered it one of the best built Towns in the Kingdom. Its Arsenal is also the most considerable in Hungary, and the Grand Church is supplied by an Hungarian and a German Minister, who officiate by turns in their own Languages, both which are well understood and ordinarily spoken at Caschaw, from whence the Turkish Territories are distant only 6 German miles, insomuch that the Citizens are in a manner continually alarm'd and oblig'd to keep a constant Watch and Ward. The Air is as pestilential and unhealthy as in any part of Hungary, which renders Strangers more subject to Distempers here than in any of the neighbouring Places. Another Cau•e of Diseases more rife here than elswhere may be imputed to the badness of their Wine, that hath a strong taste of Chalk or Lime, and is often observed to breed the Gou• and Lameness in the Fingers and other Joynts. However, the greatest Trade of the Inhabitants consi••s in the Vending of this Liquor, which tho' very noxious in these Parts, is yet drunk at some distance, without Danger, after having been well clarified and refined. The Polanders, who resort weekly to their Market, transport these Wines from thence in great Quantities, and by their constant Traffick gave occasion to the Citizens of Caschaw to learn the Polish Tongue as well as the High-Dutch and Hungarian, tho' it is not so frequently spoken by them. The Town of Caschaw was regained by the Imperialists, A. D. 1685. and stands 86 miles from Buda to the North-east.

TOCKAY, Tockavium, is a strong Town and Citadel on the Banks of the Teisse, at the Mouth of the River Tockayg, from whence it took its Name. It is also the Principal of the County of Semlin, and was seized by Count Teckeley, A. D. 1683. but the Imperial Forces retook it in 1685. Near this Place is to be found a sort of Earth, called Bolus Tockaviensis, known to have as good effect in Medicinal Preparations as either Bolus Armenus or Terra Silesiaca, and on that account much commended by Experience in that Country.

Temeswar is a large and strong Town on the River Temes (whence its Name is derived) towards the Confines of Transylvania, about 54 mi••• from Belgrade to the North-ea•t, 75 from Gre•t Waradin to the South, and 160 from Buda to the South-east. In the Year 1552, Stephen de Lozonzo, a Spanish Commander shewed great Courage in resolutely defending this Fortress with a Garrison of his own Countrymen, until at length two Renegado Spaniards treacherously discovered their Strength and Policy to the Turks, so that they were constrained to capitulate, nevertheless on very honourable Terms. But as soon as the Place was surrender'd, the Infidels (contrary to the Articles of Agreement, mutually sign'd) cut off the greater part of the Garrison, and took the rest Prisoners: During the Slaughter, one valiant Spaniard, well mounted and armed, cleared his Passage through the Body of an Army of 4000 Turks, and made up to the Castle of Lippa, another Imperial Garrison, which he would have certainly recovered had not his Horse unfortunately leapt into a Bog, where a Party of 500 Turks overtook him, and cutting off his Head carried it back to Mahomet their General. Ever since that Time Temeswar hath been the Seat of a Bassa, and the Metropolis of a Beglerbegtick or Government, somewhat resembling that of a County, bounded on the North by Chaunad and Transylvania, on the West by the River Teisse, on the South by the Danube, and on the East by Moldavia. The Turks have caused this Town to be well fortified, and esteem it impregnable; and indeed it is the strongest Hold now remaing in their Possession.

COLOCZA, Colocia, Coloza, & ad Statuas Colossas, is an ancient City on the Danube, and the Capital of the County of Bath. It was formerly dignified with the Title of an Archbishop's See, but for some Ages last past over-run with Mahomenatism, being distant 54 miles from Buda to the South-east, and 44 from Zolnock to the South-west. This Place was recover'd from the Turks by the Imperialists, A. D. 1686.

Pest, Pestum, a large Town, stands on the Eastern Bank of the Danube, over-against Buda, from whence you pass thither over a fine Bridge of Boats, reaching about half an English mile in length. It is built in a quadrangular Form, and by reason of its fair Walls, and the Towers of the Turkish Mosks, affords a delightful Prospect at a distance. This Place hath been often taken and re taken both by the Turks and Christians, but was assured to the Emperor of Germany on the Conquest of Buda, A. D. 1686.

Novigrad is a small but very strong Town in the County of the same Name, being defended by a Castle founded on a Rock, and encompassed with a Moat 34 Feet deep, cut out in the same Rock, which renders it almost impregnable. In the Year 1594. the Germans took it from the Turks, who retook it in 1663: But is now again subject to the Imperial Jurisdiction, situated at the distance of 16 miles from Gran almost to the East, and 22 from Buda to the North.

Montgatz or Munkatz, a Fortress of much importance in the County of Pereczas, is built on a steep Rock, with a Borough at the foot of it; being well enclosed with a Ditch full of Water, and surrounded with a large Morass, so that the Fort seems to have been first designed, even by Nature it self: Three Castles are contained therein, one above another, the first and highest commanding the second, and the second the third, but all three are encompassed with a Trench, wrought out of the Rock, and three Bridges afford a Passage from one to another. This Place was for a long time defended by the Princess Ragotsky, wife to Count Teckeley, against very considerable Forces, that were constrained to raise the Siege. But at last, after a Blockade of some Years, not being able to maintain her Troops, she came to a Capitulation, A. D. 1688. and surrendred the Town to the Emperor. Whereupon she was conducted to Vienna with her Children, and enjoyn'd to live peaceably there, without holding any Correspondence for the future with her Husband. Mongatz is distant 126 Miles from Buda to the East, in the Lat. of 48 Deg. 28 Min. and the Long. of 43 Deg. 8 Min.

WARADIN, or Great Waradin, is seated on the River Kerez, in the Confines of Transylvania, to which Principality it appertained of later Times, bearing the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Colocza. It is well fortified, with a strong Castle on the East-side, and firm Ramparts, beside 5 Royal Bastions and a regular Ditch, that may be supplyed on occasion with the River-water. Within appears another Enclosure, consisting of some Bastions and a high Wall, to serve, as it were, instead of a Citadel. In the Year 1290. Ladislaus King of Hungary built the Cathedral Church, and the City was taken by the Crim Tartars in 1642. who quitted it soon after: In 1662. it submitted to the Turkish Arms, but was recovered by the Imperialists, after a memorable Siege and Blockade, in 1692.

BƲDA, Buda aut Aquincum, call'd also Offen by the Germans, and Buden by the Turks, anciently and still reckoned the Capital City of the whole Kingdom of Hungary, took its Name probably from Buda, King Attila's Brother, its Restorer, or (according to the Opinion of others) from the Budini a Scythian People mention'd by Herodotus. It is of a very large compass, rich and well fortified, being advantagiously seated on a Mountain, and the Right-side Bank of the River Danube, over-against the Town of Pest, whereto it is joyn'd with a large Bridge of Boats, at the distance of 35 German miles from Belgrad •o the North, 32 from Vienna to the West, 11 from Gran, as many from Alba Regalis or Stul. Wessemburg (with which two last Places it forms a Triangle) and 40 from Cracow. It is guarded with a strong Castle, and was heretofore the Royal Seat of the Kings of Hungary, as also afterward of •he Turkish Lieutenants or Vice-Roys. It was very much enlarged and adorned with stately publick Edifices by the Liberality of Sigismund King of Hungary, who was crown'd in the Year 1387. and afterward elected Emperor. The same Prince, in like manner erected the Fortress or Castle, wherein his Successors usually kept their Court, and a magnificent Hall or Palace, after the Italian Mode. Some noble remains of these Fabricks, were to be seen in the Time of Bu•bequius, and indeed this City hath been justly esteem'd as the fairest in the Kingdom, before it fell into the possession of the Turks, who (according to their accustomed Negligence) suffer the most sumptuous Buildings to fall to decay and utter Ruin. The lower part of the City call'd Wasserstadt, or Town of Jews, extends it self, as it were a Suburbs, from the Upper to the River Danube, and the Upper is built on the declivity of the Mountain, being encompassed with strong Walls, on which are erected several Towers, at certain Distances, after the ancient manner of Fortification. The Castle stands on a Hill, commanding the greater part of the Town, and hath for its De•ence a very deep Ditch, divers old Towers and some modern Ramparts.

The Baths of Buda are reported to be the noblest in Europe, not only on the account of the plentiful and hot Springs, but also for the Magnificence of their Buildings. They are 8 in number, being appointed for Men in the Morning and Women in the Afternoon; the chiefest of these is that of Velebey, having a strong Sulphurous Smell and Petrifying Juice; but it is so intensely hot, that to make it tolerable a mixture of cold Water is usually thrown into it. This famous City was taken by Solyman II. Emperor of the Turks, A. D. 1526. who was forced to surrender it in the ensuing Year to Ferdinand Archduke of Austria. In 1529. the same Solyman made himself Master thereof a second Time (the Garrison having sustained 11 Assaults) and restored it to the Vayvode of Transylvania, who had lost it before. However, it was attack'd again by Ferdinand in 1540, and 1541. when Solyman marching a third Time to its Relief, raised the Siege, and surpriz'd the Place by Stratagem, on the 2d Day of September. The Archduke Matthias attempted to besiege it in 1598, and 1601. but both these Enterprizes proved ineffectual. At length the late most valiant Prince Charles Duke of Lorrain, having in vain beleaguer'd the City in 1684. reinvested it with the Imperial and auxillary Forces, on the 15th Day of June 1686. and wrested it out of the Hands of the Infidels, after a Siege of about 2 Months and an half.

GRAN, Strigonium, the Chief City of a County of the same Name, and the See of an Archbishop, is situated in the Lower Hungary, on the South-Side of the Danube, near its confluence with the River Gran, over-against the Town of Barchan, which is properly one of its Suburbs. The City it self is divided into 2 Parts, viz. the Upper, standing on the foot of a Hill, and the Lower, extended along the Banks of the Danube, and fenced with a strong Fort, built on the Hill of S. Thomas. So that an Enemy has in a manner 3 distinct Towns to take ere he can become Master of Gran. This City was heretofore the Seat of the ancient Kings of Hungary, and •s as yet beautified with many magnificent Buildings, particularly the Castle, the Cathedral Church dedicated to S. Stephen, and the Palace of the Archbishop, who is usually styled Primate, Chancellor and President of the Royal Council. Here are also to be seen two large Towers, viz. one towards Thonesberg, and the other facing the River over-against Barcan: These are joyned together by a Wall, fortified with divers Redouts and a Ditch, flanked with hewn Stone, besides a Terrass, environed with strong Pallisadoes and 4 great Points instead of Ravelins. The adjacent Country is extremely fruitful, affording considerable quantities of generous Wines; to say nothing of the Advantage the Inhabitants receive from several Temperate Baths within the Town. The City of Gran was taken by Solyman II. in the Year 1543. and in vain besieged with 50000 Men by Matthias Archduke of Austria, in 1574. However, the Imperialists, under the Conduct of Count Mansfield, beleaguered it again in 1595. and routed 14000 Turks, altho' their General dyed soon after. But the Arch-Duke Matthias continued the Siege with great Vigor, until the Infidels were compelled to surrender on certain Conditions. At that Time Sir Thomas Arundel of Wardour Castle in Wiltshire, signalized his Valour with so much Bravery, that he stormed the Water-Tower, and took from thence the Turkish Banner, with his own Hands: Whereupon the Emperor Rodolphus, to make him some Recompence for this notable Piece of Service, created him a Count of the Empire, and King James I. not long after, advanc'd him to the Style and Dignity of Lord Arundel of Wardour; both which honourable Titles are retain'd by his Successors at this Day. Mahomet III. laid Siege to the same Place in 1606. and reduced it to his Obedience. But the Imperial Forces retook it in 1683. after they had forced the Turkish Camp before Vienna, and with the Assistance of the Polanders had discomfited the remainder of their Army near the Village of Barcan. Lastly, the Turks having invested it again in 1685. were repulsed with great Loss, and at length entirely defeated by the Duke of Lorraine and the Elector of Bavaria. S. Stephen, the first Christian King of Hungary, was born at Gran, Stephen III. dyed there, and the Emperor Albert likewise expir'd in the neighbouring Territory, A. D. 1440.

Stuhl-Weissemburg, or Alba Regalis, call'd Stolni Biograd by the Sclavonians, and Ekekeis Feierwa by the Hungarians, is remarkable for its situation in the midst of an inaccessible Marsh or Fen, on the Banks of the River Sarwitze, near the Lake Calaton, between the Danube and the Drave, about 40 miles from Buda to the South-west, 110 from Vienna to the South-east, and 180 from Belgrade to the North-west. This Town is well fortified with 3 Bastions and 2 other Works on one Side, the other being sufficiently cover'd by the Morass, and joyned to the firm Land by 3 broad Causeys. It hath been heretofore famous both for the usual Coronation and Interment of the Kings of Hungary, but was taken by the Turks A. D. 1543. and recovered out of their Hands by the Duke of Merc•eur, in 1601. However, those Infidels made themselves Masters thereof again in the Year ensuing, and caused 40 of the Inhabitants to be impal'd, for a Design to have betrayed it to the Christians. On the 18th Day of May, A. D. 1688. it surrendred to the Imperialists, and one of the Gates was put into their Hands till the Emperor ratified the Treaty under the great Seal of the Empire. Thus having spent 3 Days in making Provision for their Departure, they marched out on the 20th of May, about 4000 Persons, but not above 700 bearing Arms. At that Time 34 Pieces of Cannon were found in the Town, besides great quantities of Arms and Ammunition, but very little of Provisions.

K•mara, Komora, or Komorra, Comorra, a very strong and populous Town, is seated on the southern Corner of the Island Schutt, almost encompassed with the Rivers Danube and Waag, and a deep Lake toward the West, in a Champion and Fertile Country, so that from the Top of its highest Towers one may take a view of many Turkish Forts in the Neighbourhood. It was well fortified by Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, A. D. 1472. and became the chiefest Bulwark of Christendom against the Turks, after the loss of Gran, in 1543. And indeed the Emperor hath always maintained there a good Garrison, under the Command of a faithful Governour; one of whom in the last Age, styled the Baron Braon, more especially signalized his Valour and Fidelity; for when after the taking of Raab or Javarin, in 1591. Sinan Bassa besieg'd Comora with 60 Vessels and a vast multitude of Turks and Tartars, endeavouring also at the same Time to corrupt him, he beheaded 4 of the 5 Turks dispatched to him on that Errand, and sent back the 5th to carry the sad News to their Master, and to certifie him, That Traytors were no longer to be bought for Mony; insomuch that at length, after a great Slaughter of the Tartars, the Turkish Bassa was forced shamefully to raise the Siege and retreat. Since that Time the Town hath been enlarged and better strengthned with a regular Fort, call'd the Tortoise, and four Bastions, erected on a Line, drawn from the Southern to the Northern Branch of the Danube. It is distant 12 miles from Newhausel to the South, 15 from Javarin to the North-east, 38 from Presburg almost to the East, 54 from Buda to the North-west, and 74 from Vienna almost to the East.

ALTENBƲRG, Ovaria, a very strong Town and Fortress on the Danube, near its confluence with the River Leytha, in the County of Muzon, about 18 miles from Presburg almost to the South, and 50 from Vienna to the East. It is commonly call'd Owar by the Hungarians, who esteem it the best Fence the Austrians have against the Turks, and the most considerable Out-work to the City of Vienna.

Five-Churches, or Funff-Kirken (according to the German dialect,) Quinque Ecclesiae, takes its Name from 5 fair Christian Churches, which, (as many others in this Kingdom) have been turn'd into Turkish Mosques. Count Serini burnt this Town in his Return from Esseck, and destroyed therein 9 stately Turkish Temples cover'd with Lead. Some Antiquaries affirm it to be the Teutoburgium mention'd by Antoninus, altho' others with greater probability, fix that old Roman Fort at Erdwdy, a Hamlet on the Mouth of the Drave. The Town of Five-Churches is a Place of no very great Strength, watered with the Streams of the River Keoritz, at the distance of 12 miles from those of the Drave, as also 32 from Zigeth to the North-east, and 49 almost to the North of Posega.

RAAB or Javarin, Arrhabo aut Javarinum, a small City of the Lower Hungary, dignified with the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Gran, is situated on the Right-side Branch of the River Danube, where it receives into its Channel the Waters of the Raab, about 5 Hungarian miles from Komora to the West, 8 from Gran, 10 from Presburg, 14 from Stuhl-Weissemburg to the North, and 16 from Vienna to the South-east. It is a strong Frontier Bulwark against the Turks, fortified with 7 large Bastions and 4 Cavaliers, or high Mounts over-looking them. The Country round about it is Champagne, and nothing seems to command it excepting a small Hill, at some distance, which is undermined, and may be blown up at Pleasure. Somewhat further stands a Watch-Tower, in the open Fields, from whence the Approach of an Enemy may be easily discover'd. Sinan Bassa besieg'd this City, and at one Attack lost 12000 Men before it; but at last it fell into the Hands of the Turks, A. D. 1591. through the Treachery of Count Hardeck its Governour, who was afterward beheaded at Vienna for the same Fact. However, in 1606. Count Swartzenburg, then Governour of Komora, surpriz'd it by a notable Stratagem; altho' the French Historians attribute the whole Glory of that Exploit to Monsieur de Vaubecourt or Vandrecourt, one of their Countrymen; since which Time it hath remain'd in the Emperor's Possession. The City of Raab hath been not long since honour'd with the government of the famous General Montecuculi, who usually resided there, when he had any Leisure from his Military Expeditions. George Drascovitz, Bishop of this Diocess, convened a Synod at Raab, A. D. 1579. and the Decrees of it have been since published.

Vesprin or Weisbrun in High-Dutch, is the Metropolis of a considerable County of the same Name, and the See of a Prelate, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Strigonium or Gran. It is built near the Banks of the River Sarwitza, and distant 13 miles from Alba Regalis to the West, as also 53 from Buda. This City was taken by the Turks in the Year 1593. But the Imperialists have since made themselves Masters thereof, and it is still subject to the Emperour's Jurisdiction.

SIGETH or Zygeth, Salina, a strong Town situated in a Morass, near the River Alme, 44 miles from Alba Regalis to the South, 64 from Canisa to the East, and 74 from Buda to the South-west. It is fortif•ed with a well-built Castle, besides 3 Ditches and as many Walls. Solyman II. Emperor of the Turks died before this Place in the Year 1566. on the 4th Day of September, being the 2d Month of the Siege, and it was taken 3 Days after, notwithstanding the brave Defence against the Turkish Army, made by Nicolas Esdrin, Count of Serini, its Valiant Governour, who perish'd with his Guard of 200 Men, resolutely encountring the whole Body of the Ottoman Forces. Whereupon his Head was exposed to publick View for one Day in their Camp, and afterward sent in derision to the Emperor Maximilian. But the Imperialists recovered this important Fortress on the 15th Day of January, 1688. and found therein 85 Pieces of Cannon. There is also another Town of the same Name in Transylvania, near the Spring-head of the River Tibiscus or Teisse.

CANISA or Canischa, Canisia, is one of the strongest Holds of these Parts, being advantagiously seated on the River Sala, between the Lake Balaton and the River Drave, at the distance scarcely of 1 mile from the Frontiers of Stiria to the East, 68 from Alba-Regalis to the South-west, 94 from Vienna and 106 from Buda. It fell into the Hands of the Turks, A. D. 1600. altho' the Imperialists used all possible means for its Defence. In the ensuing Year it was invested by the Archduke of Austria, from the beginning of September to the end of October, but his Attempts were frustrated. In 1604 Count Serini laid Siege to the same Place, and had certainly carried it if timely Succours had been sent to him. But on the 30th day of June, A. D. 1688. the Count de Budiani set down before it with a Body of 6000 Hungarians and 2000 Heydukes, so that the Blockade continued till April 13th 1690. when, conformably to a Capitulation ratified by the Emperor, the Keys of the Gates, hanging on a Golden Chain, were delivered to the said Count by a Turkish Officer, with these Words, I herewith consign into your Hands the strongest Fortress in the Ottoman Empire. The Imperialists found therein great store of large Artillery, taken heretofore from the Christians, and some with old German Inscriptions.

Mohatz, a small Town between Colocza and the Confluence of the Drave and the Danube, 4 German miles from either, and 6 from Esseck to the North-west. It is chiefly noted for 2 memorable Battels fought near it, viz. the first between Solyman the Magnificent, Emperor of the Turks, and Lewes or Ludowic II. King of Hungary, during which (the later young Prince having boldly adventured to engage 300000 Turks, with a Body of 20000 Men, on the 29th Day of October, A. D. 1526.) a vast number of his Nobility, with many Archbishops and Bishops, were slain in the Field. The King endeavouring to make his Escape by Flight, over the Brook Curass, rode into a Bog; where being over-loaded with Armour, he unfortunately perish'd, in the 20th Year of his Age; but his Body being found about 2 Months after, was honourably inter'd at Stuhl-Weissemburg. After this Defeat Solyman took and slew 200000 Hungarians, and got such Footing in their Country, that neither he nor his Successors could ever as yet be entirely expelled. The second Engagement here may well be supposed in some measure to compensate the Loss and Disgrace of the former; for on the 29th Day of July 1687. the Prime Visier, having passed the Drave at Esseck, with a design to attack the Christian Army under the command of the Duke of Lorraine, on August 12th there followed a bloody Battle, w•erein the Turks lost on the spot about 8000 men, together with 100 Pieces of Cannon, 12 Mortars, all their Ammunition, Provisions, Tents, Baggage and Treasure, besides those drown'd in the River, the certain number of whom could never be known.

Sirmisch or Zirmach, Sirmium, call'd Szreim by the Hungarians, was heretofore the Metropolis of Pannonia Inferior, and afterward dignified with a Bishop's See; but is now reduced by the Turks to a poor Village, being distant 14 German miles from Belgrade to the West, 2 from the River Save to the North, and as many from Esseck. This City was sometime the Seat of the Praefectus Praetorio Illyrii, before the Division of the Roman Empire, and hath been often honoured with the personal Residence of many of the Emperors, by which means it was made the Stage of many memorable Actions. Here Vetranio or Betranio assumed the Imperial Diadem, and was proclaimed Emperor by the Illyrian Soldiers, but being afterward deserted by his Promoters, was obliged to submit to Constantius the Son of Constantine the Great. Moreover Sirmisch gave Birth to the Emperor Gratian Son of Valentinian II. and a Council was there held against Photius Bishop of this Diocess, who renewed the Errors of Sabellius, derogatory to the Divine Nature of Jesus Christ, which Tenents being as well repugnant to the Doctrine of the Arian, as Orthodox Prelates, were condemned by both Parties, A. C. 356. Constantius himself being then present. Afterward another Synod was convened in the same Place by the Arians, where they published a Confession of Faith, omitting the Word Consubstantialis, in 357.

PETER-WARADIN, or Petro-Waradin, Acuminium aut Petro Varadinum, is situated on the Southern Banks of the Danube, between the Save and the Drave in the Country of ancient Sirmium or Sirmisch, and hath been very famous during the present War. The Turks made it their common Passage into the Upper Hungary, after the taking of Buda by the Imperial Forces, and for that end kept a Bridge of Boats near this Town, over the Danube. Here also happen'd a violent Uproar and Revolt against the Grand Visier, after the Battle of Mohatz, so that he was constrained to make his Escape to Belgrade, and thence to Constantinople. It hath been since taken and regained by both Parties. The Imperialists dismantled its Fortifications in the Year 1688. and the Town it self was burnt down a little after by the Turks. But the Emperor gave Orders in 1691. for the re-fortifying thereof, and intends to make it a Place of great Strength. It is distant 32 miles from Belgrade to the North-west, and 36 from Esseck to the South-east.

Esseck is a Place of much Antiquity, and suppos'd to be the same with the old Roman Mursa; which Conjecture seems to receive some Confirmation from part of an ancient Latin Inscription, as yet to be seen on one Side of the Gate, wherein is read the Emperor AElian's Name in fair Characters, and a Man's Head in Stone set up on the other. It is a large and populous Town, by reason of its Traffick, proceeding from the Convenience of the Passage; nevertheless its Situation is low, and the Streets are generally plank'd with Trees, according to the Observation of the learned Dr. Brown; neither is it very strong, altho' the Turks have taken much Pains and laid out no small Expences in repairing its Fortifications, so that it hath been of great Note in the Present War between them and the Imperialists. In the Neighbourhood of this Place Magnentius the Usurper and Murderer of Constantine II. was defeated by Constantius, A. C. 359. and Lewes II. the young King of Hungary, in like manner routed by Solyman II. in 1526. But that which is now chiefly remarkable here is the famous Wooden Bridge, 8585 Geometrical Paces long and 17 broad, running partly over the Drave and partly over a spacious Marsh and the River-Fens, from hence to the Foot of Darda. It was erected by Solyman the Magnificent in 1521. after he had taken Belgrade, and is extended (as it hath been already observed) about 5 English miles in length, and its breadth is so great that 4 Wagons may pass over it abreast; being also curiously rail'd in on both Sides, and adorn'd with fair Watch-Towers at every quarter of a mile, so that on a view of its whole Fabrick, the Wooden-Towers, Rails and Floor, together with their numerous Supporters, one cannot but admire that the Country should afford Oaken Timber sufficient either to Build or maintain it. By this Bridge the Turkish Forces were wont to march between Hungary and Constantinople, but Count Nicolas Serini burnt part thereof, A. D. 1664. to hinder fresh Supplies from coming to the Grand Visiers Army, insomuch that the Turks were afterward oblig'd to rebuild it a little nearer the Danube, because the remainder of the Timber that was preserv'd in the Water could not be pluck'd up without great Charges and Difficulty. Count Lesly set Fire thereto a second Time, in 1685. and took Possession of the Town of Esseck, but the Castle holding out, he blew up their Magazines, and having pillaged the Town, decamped from those Parts. In 1686. the Turks began to repair the Bridge after another manner, viz. by driving Rows of Trees and Stakes into the Ground, and filling up the void Spaces with Earth. However, the Duke of Lorraine destroyed it the next Year, drove the Ottoman Troops over the Drave, and in a few Days entirely demolish'd those Works, that 8000 Men had been many Months in raising. After the unfortunate taking of Belgrade by the Turks, in October 1690. they sat down with an Army of 15000 Men before this Place, but were constrained to retire without accomplishing their Design. It is distant 65 miles from Belgrade to the North-west, and 100 from Buda to the South-east.