France

Maps

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  1701 A system of geography by Herman Moll - France.jpg

Sources from old books

1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator.

THE DESCRIPTION OF FRANCE. To the studious and curteous READER. (Book France)

SEeing wee are not borne for our selves alone, but as much as every one can doe for the common good, so much the benificent Framer and Maker of mankinde doth require of him, I thought it meete to accommodate and fit this Geographicall Worke, part whereof wee heere present, as much as I could to the utility & benefit of the Common-wealth. The use and utility of Geographie in reading Histories and retaining them, is greater than that I neede to make any admonition or description of; but there is an other greater dignitie belonging unto it, if it be directed to its proper end, and rightly used, and that is, it doth much availe to the knowledge of Politick Government, when the situation of a place is not onely described, but also the nature and condition thereof, which is sometimes the office of a Geographer to doe. And as that Painter doth not satisfie himselfe in his profession, which delineates a man according to the proportion of his limbes, but doth not with colours and physiognomicall shadowes expresse his nature and affections; so hee shall but figure out an unpleasing and, as it were, a dead Geographicall body or carcasse, who having set downe places according to their symmetrie and proportion, shall not shew their Politicall respect which they beare one to an other. Wherefore I esteem'd it as a thing chiefly to be respected, that in every severall Countrie the nature and order of Government appendant thereunto, should be prefixed before the Tables themselves, whereby I might somewhat benefit those who are studious of politicall and publick affaires. If our writing be in many places imperfect, defective, or erronious, the Reader needes not wonder, for the formes of things throughout all Nations are not extant, neither have I found all that are, purposely described by any Author; yet even as I could gather them out of Histories, I have collected them, whereby thou maist partly understand the order and manner of every government, and so maist supply and correct that which is wanting in thy owne Countrie, which if every one would doe, how profitable would Geographie be to Students? There are three heads especially to be considered in the administration of Kingdomes, Principalities, and Provinces, namely the Ecclesiasticall State, the Politicall State, and the Administration of Iustice: first therefore according to the title of the Countrie described in the Table, I will reckon up how many members or parts there are of the Politicall State thereof, according to the order of dignitie as they are observed there. Secondly in distinguishing Noble-mens places (sith the whole government is in the hands of the Nobilitie) I will in the first place reckon those who are Feudals to the Prince, and afterward those that are free, descending still in order from the highest degree of Nobilitie, as Dukes, Earles, Barons, and Lords. Thirdly, I will shew into what Prefectures the Countrie is divided: and I suppose that by these three things the Politicall State will be sufficiently declared. In the administration of Iustice, the juridicall Diocesses shall be noted, and the higher Senates to which appeale may be made. Lastly, in the Ecclesiasticall State, the Archbishops, if there be any, shall bee placed first, and then the suffragan Bishops which are under them, as also those which are suffragans to others. To reckon up all these things requires much stud•e, but seeing for want of matter it may be briefly delivered, I will performe what I may, that so I may stirre up lovers of their countrie to emulate a greater perfection in their writings. The severall places shall be noted with numbers, that they may be straight-way found out in the following Table; the first number shall containe the degrees and minutes of Longitude, which shall be sought out in the Northerne or Southerne side of the Table, the later shall have the numbers of Latitude, which are to be sought on the Westerne or Easterne side. From these bounds, heere by the direction of the Meridian, and there of the Parallel of Latitude, you shall come at last to their intersection, and so finde out the place propounded. The situation of those places which are in the description of the generall Tables ought to be sought from thence. But if so be that some names are not found in the table following, it was the fault of the Chorographer who delineated it, for the right designing and placing of principalities and dominions is not to be omitted. The rule and government of Countries is in the power of the Nobilitie, and therefore it is both profitable and delightfull to know and distinguish their severall degrees, and the proper conditions of them. The highest degree is that of Emperour or King, whom in order doe follow the degrees of Duke, Earle, Baron, the militarie Tribune, whom the Low-country-men call Banderheer, quasi Bendae, that is, Lord of the Troupes, which he leadeth under his Banner. After him is the Knight, or hee that hath attained to be of the Horsemans Order, whom the French-men doe call Chevalier, and the Low-country-men Ridder. In the last place is vn Escuyer, who beareth Armes, but hath attained to no publick dignitie. There are three degrees of Earles, the first whereof the French-men call Viconte, who excelleth the rest in dignity & priviledges, Ludovic. Guic. would have him now called a Burgrave. And though this Order of Earles in time hath remitted something of its honour, yet in the beginning it was of more excellent dignitie, as the description thereof shall by and by declare. In the second degree is the Earle Provinciall, who is called in Dutch, Landgrave. In the third degree is the Marquesse, or Marckgrave. These are the speciall degrees and orders of Nobilitie, among which the government of every Countrie is divided. There are also some differences in these degrees which might occasion a subdivision, but such as are distinguisht rather by priviledges than by forme of government. Yet moreover I will deliver the lawfull differences and conditions of every order which I have mentioned, as I have found them in a certaine French Booke, entituled La division du monde: deducing their creation from the lowest degree of Nobility, whence their proprieties and order of government doe most clearely appeare. A Knight, saith this author, or a Chevalier shall be thus created of one that was a Squire before, and bore armes in his Escutcheon. If hee, having long followed the warres, exercised armes, beene present at many conflicts, hath sufficient meanes to maintaine the state of his degree, and commeth of a great, noble, and rich Familie; then in any skirmish hee shall make knowne his request to the Generall of the Army, or to some valiant generous Knight, and when the battell is ended, hee shall come unto the said Generall or Knight, and entreate him in the name of God and S. George, to give him the Order of Knighthood. Whereupon hee shall draw out his Sword and strike him thrice with it, saying: I make thee a Knight (or Chevalier) in the name of God and S. George, faithfully to defend the Faith, Iustice, the Church, Widowes, and Orphanes. But if the supplicant, although he be valiant, yet be poore, hee shall not bee admitted, unlesse so much yearely revenues be assigned and given unto him, as is necessarie to preserve and maintaine the honour and dignitie of his Order. And this is the first degree of Nobility arising from the lowest. A militarie Tribune called een Bander-heer shall be made of a Knight, if having long followed the warres hee hath lands and revenues enough to keepe and maintaine fiftie Gentle-men in pay, that is, one Band of horse men which shall follow his colours in the war. For no man can set up a Colours or standerd of his owne, unlesse hee can bring into the field at his owne charge a Troupe or Band at the least of fiftie Gentlemen who receive pay from him. A Baron may bee created of a Knight, or also of a Noble Squire, which hath foure Castles in his dominion, and all power within himselfe, for then the King may conferre a Baronrie upon him: yet hee cannot give him this honour, unlesse he hath behaved himselfe valiantly in the warres. Therefore after the first conflict or battell he is made a Knight, after the second a militarie Tribune, and after the third a Baron. The degree of an Earle is the next, and first an Earle of the Marches, whom wee call a Marquesse, that is, Marcgrave. And hee may be created one, who hath two or three Baronies included in one Dukedome, and that by the Duke in whose precincts they lye. Hee may be made a Provinciall Earle, that is a Landgrave, who hath foure Baronies in one Dukedome, by the Duke or the King, by the instance or permission of the Duke. Hee may bee made a Vicount, who hath five Counties or more within one Dukedome, or which are joyned together by vicinitie of situation. And (by the Kings permission) he may be created by the Duke with great solemnitie. But if the King himselfe be present the Principality is more honourable. The Duke who is to be made of an Earle, must first possesse in the Kingdome wherein hee is to bee crowned, foure principall Counties, and must have in every one of them foure other Counties or Baronies, which must bee bound to doe fealtie and service to them. But he must be crowned by the King or Emperour whose subject hee is, his Hatt being adorned with pearles and pretious Stones, in the most flourishing Citie of his territories, and that in a great assembly of Princes, Dukes, Earles, and Barons, a solemne festivall being also held, as it is the custome as the Coronation of Kings. Hee that is to bee King, must have foure Dukedomes lying neere together subject unto him, and in every Dukedome foure Cities, which hee alone governeth, in every one of these foure Cities one Archbishop, and under euery one of these againe ten Provinciall Bishops. Hee being endowed and adorned with these dominions and dignities shall come unto the Emperours Majestie as to his superiour, or shall invite him by an honourable Embassage to come unto him, and so desire to be crowned by him. But this seemes to be a later manner of electing the Kings and other Princes, for as long as those wandring Nations of the Gothes, Vandals, Longobardes, and many others did bring in their Kings with them, they did not measure the royall dignitie by large possession of lands, but by the multitude and strength of the people which they brought in. Neither was there any other choise of Dukes, who first began to bee instituted by Longinus Governour of Ravenna in the yeare 569, and afterward by the Longobards, than for their valour and wise atchievements. Adde to this that which Paulus Aemilius witnesseth, namely, that Dukes and Earles were in the beginning made Prefects by the King over Nations and Cities on this condition, onely that as often as there was occasion they should bee dismissed or changed. Now how could the afore said Lawes of creating Princes (which are measured by, and doe claime the hereditarie possession of Lands) be in force at that time, seeing Dukedomes and Counties were conferr'd by Kings and Emperours as a temporary bountie? Therefore though the precise time of the Institution of them cannot be shewed (for that French Booke doth mention nothing of it) yet it is very likely, that under Otto the second Emperour, or about the yeare one thousand, or a litle after, that manner of constituting and confirming dignities was ordained by the Monarches. For even untill Otto the second, every Prince according to his power and ambition, did aspire to greater dignitie and royall Majestie. So out of one Kingdome of Lotharingia or Lorreine, which being extended from the Rhene even to the River Scaldis, was bounded with the Friesland Sea, and belonged to Lotharius the Sonne of Lodovicus Pius, more Kingdomes did afterward arise, namely the transjurane Burgundie, which being extended from the Mountaine Jura even to the Alpes, did containe all Helvetia, the Rauraci, the Allobroges, and the transjurane Burgundians: and the Kingdome of Provence which did certaine some part of Burgundie and Sabaudia, and was afterward called the Kingdome of Arelatum, of which at this day the Elector of Trevers is called the Archchan••liour. It did also containe the Kingdome of Lotharingia, now also called Lotharingia, and other Kingdomes betweene the Rhene and Scaldis, even to the Friesland Sea; and heretofore it was called the Kingdome of a 1.1 Austrasia. Againe, this Kingdome of Lotharingia, Charles the bald, and his Brother Lodovick did part betweene them, both of them preserving the title of a King in all places. I omit the other Kingdomes which sprung up in that agely the desire and asseciation of Soveraignty. But the Emperour Otto the second did divide Lotharingia, having tooke away the name of a Kingdome, into nine Dukedomes and Earledomes, as it were, into members pulled and separated from the body, as Cuspinian hath it, and having made a division thereof Anno 981, be first made Charles the Brother of Lotharius King of France, Duke of that Countrie which is now called Lotharingia, a• Richardus Wissenburgius doth speake more at large. It seemeth that after that time the ar•itrarie erection and raising of Kingdomes and Principalities did f••le, the Monarches now contriving how to establish a setled Empire, which consisteth in the just proportion and harmonie of its parts, as in man the parts of the body to the head. Therefore that some order might be perpetually kept in Principality and in government; I suppose that at length about the same time which I mentioned before, these afore-said Lawes were devised. And so, Reader, thou hast the distinct Degrees of all the Nobilitie, and the differences of their dignities. Now if thou observe how Provinces in every Kingdome are divided in respect of them, how the government and administration of the whole, and in what proportion it is distributed among these degrees, what is every ones peculiar office, what is the habitude or relation which they have one to an other, and especially to their head, you shall behold either an excellent harmony tending to the preservation of peace and tranquillity, strength and power, riches and state, vertue and wisedome to the Majestie of a Kingdome, and the enlarging of territories; or a confused disorder tending to instabilitie, declination, destruction or inundation, according as there are divers kindes of government. If those matters which thou shalt see or judgest did succeed ill, thou maist consider whence that ill successe proceeded; but if thou finde any prosperous and successefull event, search the cause thereof, so thou shalt behold which is the best policie in governing of Common-weales, and shalt studie Geographie with more profit.

An Admonition concerning the use of the Tables following.

WHen it was my purpose to reduce all Geographie to the consideration of the Heavens, that the just symmetrie of places, as they lye in the Sphericall figure of the Earth, might as neere as could be observed in plano or on a plaine superficies, a due proportion of degrees of Longitude was to be set down, according to the degrees of Latitude. Seeing therefore the Table could containe but a few degrees of Latitude, I have reduced the proportion thereof almost to the midle Parallel of the Table, so that what the proportion is of that Parallel to the Meridian, the same should be the proportion of the degrees of Longitude in the same Parallel to the degrees of Latitude, and so all the Meridians are Parallels one to an other. But seeing there were more degrees of Latitude, because there is a great difference of proportion in the Parallels both in the top and the bottome unto the Meridian, lest the symmetric of places should not be true, I have chosen two Parallels almost equally distant from the midle and the extreames, to the proportion whereof, I have drawne the Meridians to designe and note out the degrees of Longitude, which are not then Parallels, but according to the greater or lesser distance of the assumed Parallels, they doe encline more or lesse one to an other and to the midle Meridian of the Table.

Moreover thou shalt finde the degrees of Latitude and Longitude designed and set forth on the sides of the Tables, and for the most part, the degrees of Latitude on either side of the Table, and of Longitude on the top and bottome, seeing according to the usuall manner of Geographers wee place the North on the higher part. But if the Countrie to be described be more extended toward the South and North, than toward the East and West, then commonly wee place the West upward. Howsoever it be made the East and West sides shall alwayes represent unto thee the degrees of Latitude, the other two sides the degrees of Longitude. And all the degrees are divided into 60 partes which they call minutes, sometimes into single parts, when the magnitude will permit, sometimes into two, five, or ten. This foundation being laid, wee have followed the best descriptions in delineating of Countries, in which I had much helpe from a famous Measurer of Countries, and a most diligent Geographer to the King of Spaine called Christianus Grothenius, who had viewed many Countries, and described them more largely and exactly than any other, and also from a most diligent Geographer to the King of Spaine Abraham Ortelius, who was candor and curtesie it selfe, and who, in evidence thereof, liberally communicated unto mee what Tables soever hee had gotten, though he had the same purpose that I intended. Those who besides did helpe mee any thing at all, I will mention in due place, so that Students may give them their deserved praise, and I may not bee found ungratefull. And whatsoever hath beene offerr'd mee by others, and I found out by my owne diligent search, I have compar'd together, that as neere as may bee I might set forth accurate descriptions: yet in one thing which I chiefly desired I am defective, namely in an exact numbring and reckoning up of Principalities & Noble-mens places, which are much sought for in Tables that are set forth: therefore (READER) thou must pardon that defect, and vouchsafe to helpe mee in describing the Politicall Order of the Nobilitie, and in shewing their places, names, and qualities, which will be an honour and grace unto thy name. Litle round circles doe shew the true situation of every place, from whence their distance is to be taken, and these have some markes whereby places are distinguisht one from an other. The Villages are marked onely by round circles: where wee meete with a Castle, wee marke it in this manner 〈☐〉, and where with Friaries with a Crosse thus 〈☐〉: Townes have two Towres at least, and Villages of note where Noble-men reside one. These things wee observed as notes. And wee have taken easie markes for distinction, that so any may supply those things which are omitted.

If any one would finde out the Longitude and Latitude of any place,* 1.2 hee shall do it where the Meridians are Parallels, by taking with a paire of Compasses the distance thereof from the one side of the Table, and by applying the Compasse so opened to the other side. If you have taken the distance from the East side, the Compasse from the same side in the North side will shew the degree and minute of Longitude. But if you have the distance from the North side, it will shew you the Latitude in the East side. When the Meridians are not Parallels, the Latitude of a place shall bee found out in the same manner, as in universall Tables, where the Parallels are circular, for the distance of the place taken from the next Parallel will shew the same in the East side. But the Longitude is to be sought out with a thread or ruler laid upon the place, and turned about, untill on the North and South side the same minute of the same degree be on either side designed, and whatsoever that is, is the Longitude of the place assumed.

The miles in divers Countries do differ much, therefore if you please to compare them one to an other, bring them with your Compasses to the degrees of the Meridian, and then finde out how many miles are comprehended in one degree, and you shall see how many miles of one countrie, and how many miles of an other countrie doe make up one degree; so you shall finde the common German miles (fifteene whereof are in one degree) foure times larger than the Italian miles, and double as much to the Swethish and Westphalian miles.

Sometimes you shall find a line joyned to a litle Circle, thus 〈☐〉 〈☐〉 〈☐〉 which sheweth the name pertaining to the place, being therefore added that you may know what name belongs to every place.

An Index of the Tables in FRANCE. (Book maps of France)

• 1 Gallia universalis, or France in generall.
• 2 Brittanie, Normandie, &c.
• 3 Lemovicium.
• 4 Santonia.
• 5 Aquitania.
• 6 Provincia.
• 7 France, Picardie, and Campagnia.
• 8 Francia.
• 9 Picardia.
• 10 Campania.
• 11 The Countrie of the Bellovacians.
• 12 Bolonia.
• 13 Aniou.
• 14 The Dukedome of Berry.
• 15 The Dukedome of Burbon.
• 16 Bourdelois.
• 17 The Countrie of Perch.
• 18 Touraine.
• 19 Poictou.
• 20 Cardureium.
• 21 Bresse.
• 22 Lionnois Forest.
• 23 Northerne Langue dock.
• 24 Dauphine.
• 25 Lotharingia the Northerne.
• 26 —and Southerne part.
• 27 The Dukedome of Burgundie.
• 28 The Countie of Burgundie.
• 29 Sabaudia.
• 30 The generall Table of Helvetia.
• 31 Zurich.
• 32 Wiflispurgergou.
• 33 The Lake of Geneva.
• 34 Argou.
• 35 Rhaetia.
• 36 A Table of all the Low-Countries.
• 37 Flanders.
• 38 The Easterne part of Flanders.
• 39 Brabant.
• 40 Holland.
• 41 Zeland.
• 42 Gelderland.
• 43 Zutphania.
• 44 Vltrajectum.
• 45 Mechlinia.
• 46 Groeninga.
• 47 Transisulania.
• 48 Artesia.
• 49 Hanonia.
• 50 Namurcum.
• 51 Lutzenburg.
• 52 Limburg.

IHave described Spaine and the speciall Provinces thereof,* 1.1 now passing over the Pyrenaean Mountaines, France offers it selfe, which I will delineate as faithfully as I can. That part of Europe which is now called France (as many doe report) was heretofore called Galatia, from Gala,* 1.2 which in English signifies Milke, because it produceth men of a white milkie colour, for that the Mountaines (for this also they adde) doe keepe off the violent heate of the Sunne. Diodorus writeth, that it had that name from Galata the Daughter of Hercules. Others doe deliver b 1.3 other opinions. Ptolemie in his second Booke, and other Grecians doe call it Celtogalantium. Some thinke it was named Gallia from c 1.4 Gallatia, which word others derive otherwayes. But these things are not of so great moment, as that they should detaine the Reader with a large discourse. 'Tis certaine that the name of Gallia was used by the Latine Writers, as wee shall understand more fully by that which followes. Postellus and d 1.5 Arias Montanus doe write, that the Hebrewes did call it Tzarphat. It is now called France from the Francks, a people of Germanie neere the Rhene, who possest themselves of this Countrie by force of Armes: it is commonly called Le Royaulme de France. The Grecians did call the French-men in generall Celtae and Galatae: and they were also (as Iosephus witnesseth) heretofore called Gomeritae. And so much briefly concerning the name. The Situation and quantitie followes. I will unfold it according to the bounds, the longitude, the latitude, and the compasse thereof. Concerning the bounds of the Kingdome of France, on the North, on which side it looketh toward the Low-Countries, it is bounded by a line drawne from Callice unto Argentoratum or Strasburg,* 1.6 which on the left hand leaveth Artesia, Hannonia, Lutzenburg, and other Countries; and on the right hand Picardie and Lotharingia: but that part which lyeth against England, the great Brittish Ocean doth beate on; as likewise on the West, making a great Bay into Aquitania. On the South, where it cleaveth to Spaine, it hath the Pyrenaean Mountaines, and that part of the Mediterranean Sea, which is called the French Sea. Lastly, on the East it is separated by the Alpes from Italie, by Iura from the Helvetians, and by the Rhene from the Germans. Gallia or France (for I will use these words indifferently) is more than 300. G. French miles long from the West straight forward unto the East: or from the South-South-West unto the South-South-East above 330. In breadth it is almost 285 miles; the compasse of it is above a thousand and twentie; and this is the quantity of it, the quality followeth. It lyeth under part of the fifth Climate, all the sixth and seventh, and part of the eigth, betweene the degrees of latitude fortie one and fiftie three, and of longitude 20 and 38. And although in generall it lye very much open to the Northerne windes, yet it may be reckon'd with the best Countries of Europe for the wholesomnesse and temper of the Ayre. Claudianus calleth it a happie Soyle, Caesar lib. 3. Bel. Civ. calleth it a wholesome Soyle, and Strabo the fruitfull Mother of e 1.7 Men (lib. 2. de Bel. Gal.) The Countrie, for the most part, is plaine, and yet having in some places pleasant hils, and betweene them delightfull valleyes, both of them wonderfull fruitfull. The fields are well tilled, and doe bring forth great store of f 1.8 Wheate and other Corne. France (as Strabo witnesseth) hath great store of Corne and Acornes. There is no place unoccupied, but where there are Marishes or woods. It aboundeth with the best Wine, which they transport to Brittany, Normandie, Picardie, Germanie, the L•w-Countries, England, and other Countries where Grapes can attaine to no maturitie or ripenesse, by reason of the coldnesse of the Ayre. Also Athenaeus and Strabo doe witnesse, that France had Mynes of Gold and Silver, but now they are supposed to bee exhausted. That part of the Countrie which is occupied by tillage, doth feede and bring up all kinde of Cattell, by reason whereof it aboundeth with Flesh, Milke, Butter, Cheese, Wooll, and other things. The French-men did peaceably possesse all France, under the reigne of King Clodoveus, who first of all was made g 1.9 Monarch of all France, and first of all professed the Christian Faith, which the Kings of France doe use even unto this day. Hee did beare for his Armes the three h 1.10 Lillies or Flower de lises, which some doe suppose were given him from i 1.11 heaven. After him, as they write, there reigned now in a right succession, now in a collaterall Childebertus, Clotarius the first, Cherebertus, Childericus the second, Clotarius the second, Dagobertus Magnus, Clodoveus the second, Clotarius the third, Childericus the third, Theodoricus, Clodoveus the third, Childebertus the second, Dagobertus the second, Childericus the fourth, Theodericus the second, and Childericus the fifth. Hee in the eleventh yeare of his raigne, and in the yeare of Christ 75, by the authoritie and command of Pope Zacharie, (to whom Pipine in a Booke sent unto him had painted out his opprobrious and reproachfull life) was deprived of his Kingdome, and enforced to become a Monke. In his place his Accuser Pipine was made King, the Sonne of Charles Martel, otherwise called k 1.12 Pipin, surnamed the Short, being before Prefect. After him there followed Charles the Great, Ludovicus Pius, Carolus calvus or Charles the bald, Ludovicus Balbus, Ludovicus the third, Charles the grosse, l 1.13 Odo, Charles the simple, Rudolphus, Burgundio, Lodovicus the fourth, Clotharius, and Ludovick the fifth, being the last of the posteritie of Charles the great, who being poysoned, the Kingdome was translated to Hugh Capet, a chiefe man of France, Earle of Paris, and titulary Duke of France and Burgundie. After Capet there succeeded Robert surnamed Pius, Henry the first, Philip the first, Ludovicus the sixth, Ludovicus the seventh, Philip the second, Ludovicus the eigth, Ludovicus the ninth, Philip the third, Philip the Faire being the fourth, Ludovicus Huttinus the 10, * 1.14 Philip the fifth surnamed the Long, Charles the fourth surnamed the Faire, who dying without any male Issue * 1.15 Philip of Valoys was chosen in his place, being the Sonne of Charles the first Earle of Valoys. After him there followed o 1.16 Iohn of Valoys, Charles the fifth called the Wise, Charles Bene-natus the sixth, Charles the seventh, Ludovick the 11, Charles the eigth, Ludovicus the 12, Francis of Valoys the Sonne of Charles the first Earle of Angelime, p 1.17 Henry of Valoys the second, Francis the second, q 1.18 Charles the ninth, Henry the third, who being slaine by the hand of a Iacobine Monke, r 1.19 Henry of Burbon the fourth, being the Sonne of Anthony Duke of Burbon was proclaimed lawfull Successour to him, and the most Christian King of Navarre and France. The French-men are cheerfull and enclined to warres. Concerning their valour, it will be worth our labour to heare Strabo a skilfull man, by birth a Capadocian, by learning a Grecian, in judgement ancient, and that had travell'd through many Countries. The whole Nation (saith hee) of those people which are now called the French or the Galatae, delighteth in Martiall affaires, and is of a couragious stomack, hot at the first on-set: They are of a curteous and faire condition, and doe abhorre all wicked manners; so that being provok't by any injurie, they will presently fight and quarrell, without any respect of the danger ensuing. Also no man is ignorant how great a terrour the name of the French•men was once to the Romans, the Grecians, and the Asiaticans, when heretofore they came from their owne Countrie to spoyle and destroy the Oracle of Apollo Pythius, unto which they resorted from all parts of the world. Also when they tooke Rome and set it on fire; when they besieged the Capitoll, and when they built Cities in Italie, as Mediolanum, Comum, Brixia, Verona, Bergomum, Tridentum, and Vincentia. France now is not so large as it was heretofore, for that part of Italie which lyeth between the Alpes and Ancona was called heretofore Gallia Cisalpina, but now it is called Lumbardie: and a great part of Belgia or the Low-Countries now belongeth to Germanie, which by the description of Caesar, Ptolemie, and ancient Writers did once appertaine to France. For they divided Gallia s 1.20 Transalpina, or that part of France which is beyond the Alpes, called by Plinie Comata, and by Ptolemy Celtogallia, into three parts, Celtica, Belgica, and Narbonensis: Ptolemie divideth it into foure parts, Aquitania, Lugdunensis, which is the same with that which Caesar cals Celtica, Belgica, and Narbonensis. They bounded it then with the Pyrenaean Mountaines, the Rhene, the Ocean, and the Alpes, when now all that which lyeth from Cales Eastward, is reckon'd as part of Germany not of France; and the Germans doe challenge a great deale on either side of the Rhene. The chiefest Cities are Lutetia Parisiorum or Pari•, Massils, Narbon, Iaons, Pictavium, Burdeaux, Naeomagus, Iuliomagus, Orleance, Rothomagus, Rupella, and many others, of which wee will speake more largely in the particular descriptions. France hath many Lakes, and the chiefe of them all,* 1.21 is that which they call in Latine Lemanus, and the most doe call the Lake of France. Concerning which, seeing it is described in a particular Table of this Volume, I will adde nothing more in this place, but referre the Reader thither. Not farre from a Towne called Bessum there is a Mountaine & on it a great Lake, being so deepe that it is thought to have no bottome, no water, as farre as may be discerned, doth flow into it; if any one cast any thing into it, hee shall straight-way heare it thunder, and see it lighten, beside much raine and haile will fall afterward. Not farre from thence is the Lake Crypta, the round mouth whereof is commonly called Creux de Soulcis, being a deepe Abysse, whose depth cannot bee found out: and if a man cast a stone into it and afterward lay his eare unto it, hee shall heare a great murmuring noise, like as if it thunderd a farre off. In the Summer time, though nothing bee cast into it, yet a noyse is heard in the hollow cavernes of it. And it is supposed that there are windes in them, which doe warre, as it were, one against an other. Abitacum or Avitacum, being a place in Avernia neere Claromont, is so lively described by Sidonius in his second Booke, Epist. 2. as if it were delineated in these times. Concerning the Lake Rubressus, you may reade Pomponius Mela lib. 2. in the Chapter wherein Narbon is painted forth; Plinie cals it the Rubrensian Lake, but Strabo and Stephanus name it Limne Narbonitis. France hath innumerable Rivers both great and litle. Ausonius Eidyllio 3 doth reckon up many of them, where hee speaketh thus of Mosella:

Non tibi se Liger anteferet, non Axona praeceps, &c. Liger shall not preferre her selfe 'fore thee,Nor yet Axona, whose swift waters beeStill running on, nor Matrona that doth glide'Twixt France and Belgia lying on each side:Nor yet Carantonus, the which doth flow,And back to the Santonick Bay doth goe:Yea France shall make her Tarnis come behinde,Though sands of gold are unto it assign'd.And her Aturnus, though it madly runneInto the purple Sea, yet will not shunne,But first adore the River Mosel, asIts Mistresse ere 'twill to the Ocean passe.

And a litle after.

Both t Druna and Druentia which doth flow'Tweene crooked bankes, and so doth winding goe,Shall reverence and adore thee, and so shallThe Rivers that downe from the Alpes doe fall.And Rodanus, who as shee along doth glide,Doth name that Banke which lyes on the right side:Thee with blew Lakes, with streames that greatest are,And with Sea-like Garumna Ile compare.

But the chiefe Rivers are Sequana, Ligeris, Garumna, and Rodanus. That which is called in Latine Sequana, Ptolemie cals Zekouana, Strabo Zekouanos, Stephanus Zekoanos, and Benjamin Siban; but it is commonly called Seyne. It riseth in the Dukedome of Burgundie, and having visited Paris, where it maketh a litle Isle, and Rotomagum or Roan, at last with a great mouth it breaketh into the Brittish or Norman Sea. It hath a very dangerous harbour for ships to ride in, and it requires much care to passe out of it, or come into it. The Normans doe commonly call it la Bare: for Seyne having entred into the Sea straight•way, contrary to the nature of other Rivers, doth flow back againe, rising up with a horrible noyse as high as any speare. Heere those that are carelesse and negligent doe run themselves upon unexpected dangers. The Seyne as it runneth along, doth receive u 1.23 divers Rivers, of which the chiefest and most noted by the Ancients, are Matrona, commonly called Marne, Esia, w 1.24 Yse, commonly Ayse, Axona commonly called Ayne, Aisne or Esne. Liger, which I named in the second place, is a River famoused by Caesar and others. It is called Ligeros (or as it is better in some copies Ligeris) by Strabo in his fifth Booke, and by Ptolemie, but now it is called Loire and x 1.25 Leire. The head thereof is at the Towne Velaunum, which is called commonly la Font de Leiro. It is larger than the rest, so that it is worthily called the Father of the Rivers of France. And having runne with a cleare streame through divers Countries, (for it did anciently divide the y 1.26 Celtae from the Aquitani, as Strabo noteth) it doth exonerate and disburthen it selfe into the Westerne Ocean, by a mouth almost foure leagues wide, but somewhat troubled with sands. Two leagues and a halfe within, there are rocks, which are called the Hogges. It receiveth into it many great navigable Rivers, as Elaver commonly called Allier, Carus now called Cher, Vigenna now Vienne, Viane, and Vignane, Meduana now called Mayne, and others. Garumna followeth, by which Caesar divideth Gallia from Aquitania: Strabo lib. 4. calleth it Gorounas, Ptolemie Garuna, and Frontinus Garonna, which name it still retaineth from its head, even to the Castle Blavia, but afterward it is called Geronde and Girond. Gulielmus Brito calleth it Gerunna. It riseth out of the Pyrenaean Mountaines, not farre from a Towne which is commonly called Guadalup• And so having visited Tholous, Burdeaux, and other places, mingles it selfe with the Aquitanian Sea, by a mouth of two leagues breadth: at the entrance whereof there are some rocks, which are called the Asses. The Dutch Mariners doe call the Northerne side Noorder-Esel, the Southerne side Suyder-Esel, having a high watch-tower on it, which is commonly called la Tour Cordan. It receiveth these navigable Rivers; Tarnis commonly called Lo Tarn, in French le Tar: Egercius, which the Vascones doe call Gers; Oldus commonly called Ooldt, or with an Article le Old; Duranius now sometimes called la Dordogne, sometimes Dordonne, and others. I have given the last place to Rodanus: This River was knowne by all Writers both the Greeke, who called it Podanos, and the Latine. The French-men call it le Rosne, but the Inhabitants le Ros: Oppianus in Halieuticis lib. 4. and Philostratus in the lives of the Sophisters, doe call it Eridamus. Plinie writeth, that it was named from Roda a Colonie of the Rhodians in that Countrie. It riseth not farre from the Fountaines of Danubius, Rhene, Arola, Ticinus and others, neere a Mountaine which is commonly called Briga; and having entred into the Lake Lemanus, neere to the Towne Nova-villa, or Neuf-ville, it runneth through it, so as it preserveth its colour, and so proceeding to the Towne of Geneva, it runneth afterward with a violent course into the Mediterranean Sea, with seven mouths or inlets, as Apollonius writeth in his Argonauticks; with five, as Diodorus thinketh and others; with three, as Artimedorus in Strabo, Plinie, and Ammianus suppose; with two, as Polybius and Ptolemy thinke; with many, as Livie wisely doth report, lest hee might be convinced of falshood in a particular enumeration: at this day the Inhabitants doe name five and more, as Gras Neuf, Gras de Orgon, Gras Paulet, Gras Graunt, Gras d' Enfer, and Gras de Passon, which being toward Massilia, Plinie calleth Mossaleoticum, and Polybius Massalioticum: Rodanus doth receive Arva; and z 1.27 Araris, now called Saone or Sone; also Isaris now called Isere: also Druna, which is now called Dronia or Drosne; and Druentia now called Durance. But so much shall suffice concerning the Rivers for the present. The Brittish Ocean, where it lyeth against England beateth on France on the North, and also on the West, as wee said before; but on the South the Mediterranean Sea: toward both these Seas there are many famous Bayes; on the Ocean side is that which Aethicus, and others call Sinus Aquitanicus, and Lucan most elegantly cals Tarbellicus Ancon. There are also many other famous Bayes in the same Sea, in whose inward parts are seated the Townes of Diepe, Constantia, and others. Toward the Mediterranean Sea there are two Bayes called the Greater and the Lesse. That part of the Mediterranean is called the Greater, where Rodanus doth powre it selfe into it. Marcus Portius Cato calleth it Angulus Gallicus, or the French Corner, but a 1.28 Livie, b 1.29 Iustine and others call it, for the excellence of it, the French Bay. Strabo writeth that the Lesser was neere the Pyrenaean Promontorie, which is called Promontorium Aphrodisium, and this Bay Mela calleth Salsus. Antoninus placeth also the Gamblacian Bay in Gallia Narbonensis. France had heretofore, as also it hath now, many famous Havens, of which Lucas Aurigarius hath written fully in his fifth Chart, and the foure following, the chiefe whereof are Staliocanus, Vindana, Brivates and others, named by the Ancients. That which Ptolemie cals Staliocanus, some suppose to be that of S. Paul de Lyon in Brittaine, but others Roscou, to whom I am induced to subscribe, because the later is more safe and convenient than the former, for though it hath the Island commonly called De Bas lying over against it, yet it affordeth a safe comming in for ships of seven Ells deepe. Over against the former lyeth threatning Taurus (an Island commonly called Le Taureau) which hath innumerable rocks lying round about it, some being hidden and some standing forth, that are very dangerous to Marriners, except they take heede. Not farre from thence in the same Britannie towards the South, behinde the bending of the Promontorie called Gobaeum, is the Bay of Vindana, which is now called Fenstiers, or Conquest; Iovius (though erroniously) calleth it Brest; for that Haven which Ptolemy calleth Briovates, is now called Brest. Plinie maketh mention also of the Haven Zetoor, which is now called Lusson or Luxo. And of the Haven which Ptolemie cals Santonum, but now is called la Rochelle, as Villanovanus supposeth. The Mountains and Woods now follow. Concerning the Mountaines, France is more mountainous in some places than in others. The highest parts are Daulphine, Provincia, Subaudia, and Burgundia. The Andegavensian Countrie hath also some Mountaines, which doe runne out into the borders of Brittanie and Poictou. Ancient Writers doe chiefly celebrate these Mountaines of France, namely Cebenna, Vogesus, and Iura. Cebenna is a Mountaine, which, as Caesar writeth, divideth those of Avergne from those of Vivareiz; Plinie cals it Gebenna, Lucan and Ausonius doe name it Gebennas, and Mela Gebennicos. The true and genuine writing of it, as Scaliger noteth in his letters to Merula, is Cebenna with a C: for they are called at this day Montaignes de Cebenes & Cevenes: Ptolemie and Strabo call them Cemmeni, some Latines doe call them Cebenna, Venetus cals them Cevennae, and Villanovanus calleth them Montaignes d' Auvergne: part of these Mountaines is now called Tarara (as Guileelmus Budaeus witnesseth in his fourth Book de Asse) which lyes in the way to Lyons; on the top whereof there is a seate cut in a rock, into which they set those Merchants, who have not formerly used to trade at Lyons. It is commonly called la Chere de la verité, for they are enforced to sweare the truth, whether they have ever beene at Lyons or not, and to promise afterward to make them a feast in honour of the Citie. There is also a Mountaine which Caesar lib. 4. de bell. Gall. Lucan. lib. 1. Pliny, and others doe call Vogesus. Tacitus in the first Booke of his Historie doth corruptly call it Vocetus or Vocetius, as it is noted by learned men. Stephanus in his fourth Booke calleth it by the name of the Alpes, now it is called Mont de Faucilles, and it hath also other names. It doth separate Burgundie and Alsatia from Lotharingia; it doth send forth the River Mosella, as Caesar witnesseth, and infinite other Rivers, the most whereof doe runne into the Rhene. That part from whence Mosella floweth is called Kratzer: which Ortelius writeth, hee understood out of a Booke written by Magnus Gruberus, in which he describeth Rhene: adding withall, that in the Chorographicall Table of Lotharingia, accurately delineated by Iohannes Scyllius, by the Dukes command and charge, this Countrie is called in French Estaye, and Auff der Stay: and the same Scyllius doth witnesse, that there groweth nothing there but the hearbe Asarum. Vogesus in the Valley Leberia doth yeeld pure silver, but (as Munster noteth) not very much. I know not whether I shall call Iura a Mountaine of France or of Germanie: heeretofore it was all of it, together with Helvetia, esteemed to bee in France, but now a great part is thought to be in Germanie. The beginning thereof is placed on the confines of Basil, neere the Rhene, over against Waldzhut. It is high, and raised up with many great stones. Caesar, Plinie, and others doe mention it, Ptolemie cals it Iurassus, Strabo Iurasius and Ioras. In our times the Inhabitants in divers places doe call it by divers names. Not farre from the Castle of Hasburg, neere Burg, (which is a litle Towne, so called in the German Language from the Bridge which is there built on one arch over the River Arola) it is called Botzberg, from the Village Botzen, which, together with many orhers, is seated at the foote of the Mountaine. Munster, Scudus, Lazius, and others doe thinke, that this part of Iura was that which Cornelius Tacitus called Vo••tus or V•ce••••. But O•telius thinketh, that it should be read in Tacitus Vogesus. There is also by this part of this Mountaine a great Valley called •rickthal, from a certaine Village therein of the same name. And here and there are other Valleyes, as Lauffen-thal, S. Imers-thal, and the like, but none of them doe crosse the Mountaine, so that wheresoever you would passe over it, you must clime very high• Moreover betweene Araris and Farspurg this Mountaine is called Schaffmat, which in Latine is as much to say as Ovinum Pratum, or the Sheepe pasture. Betweene the Towne Olten and the Prefectureship of Humburg it is called Nider-Hawenstein, or the Lower-Cut-Stone, for that there is a way made through the rocks. Betweene Walnburg and Balstalium it is called Ober-Hawenstein, or the Higher-Cut-stone, where loaden Carts are let downe with ropes from the steepe parts of the Mountaine. Toward the West it is called Wasser-val, that is, the Ruine of Water. And as you goe farther it is called by the Sabaudians Iurten. That arme thereof which extendeth it selfe toward Basil, and neere to the River Byrsa, is called Blowen; and it growes higher and ruggeder untill you come to Delsperg, where againe it openeth into a Plaine. A litle farther, as you goe to the French Monasterie of Bellele, it riseth againe in heigth, and afterward not farre from thence it lesseneth and growes very low: from thence againe the Mountaine extendeth it selfe from the East Westward with a stone ridge: which (as it is reported) Iulius Caesar did first make passible, by digging, as it were, a Gate through the stones: Some doe name this Gate Pierreport, others the Rock-Gate, and some doe call it Pierre-pertus, and Petra pertusa: Merula who once passed by it witnesseth, that it is truly and accurately described by Sebastian Munster. And the same Merula mentioneth a faire Inscription over the Gate, but that the letters of the first word are more worne out than the rest. This is it,

N:::.. Augusti via ducta per ardua montisFecit iter Petram scindens in margine fontis. This is the way which once Augustus madeThrough this Mountaine which his power obey'd.Hee cut a way quite through this rocky mountaine,Even neere unto the brim of a faire Fountaine.

By this Fountaine the Poët understandeth the River Byrsa, which breaketh there out of a rock with a violent streame of water. From thence Iura runneth Northwestward, betweene the Helvetians and the Sabaudians, and then by Burgundia, which it leaveth upon the South-South-west (whence Caesar saith in his first Booke, that Iura in two places divideth the Sequani from the Helvetians) and by divers Lakes, the chiefe whereof is Lemanus, where the Mountaine of S. Claudius running farre and wide, at last endeth neere to the River Rhodanus. Concerning other Mountaines which doe also belong to France, and namely the Pyrenaean Mountaines, I have spoken in the Description of Spaine: and I will discourse of the Alpes when I come to entreate of Italie. I will therefore now speake something of the Woods in France, which are many, yet not so great or thick of trees, bushes, and briars as in other Countries: there are many among the c 1.30 Cenomanni, as Les Forests de Versay, Longoulney, Persi, Sille, Charnay, Audain, Maine, Concise: In Lower Brittaine there are le Forest de Bostblanc, de Toriant, & de Guierche: Amongst the Picts in Poictou, there are le Forest de Mouliore, Dyne, Bresse, Ligne, and others. Amongst Bituriges in Berry, the wood Roberto may be seene with others. And amongst the d 1.31 Andegavi, there are the Forests of Loursaie and Marson. The whole Countrie of Bononia is, as it were, one entire wood, the parts whereof are Le Bois de Surene, Celles, Hardelot, Dalles, and Boursin. Among the Verumandui, not farre from Perona, there are the woods Recoigne and Bouhan. In Picardia there are Bois de Baine, de Beaulieu, de la Fere, and de Coussi. Neither doth Lotharingia want woods, as Warned-wald, le Banbois, Bois de Moudon, de Heyde, de S. Benoyt, de la Voyge, Mortaigne, and Doseyne. In Burgundie there are many woods, whose names I cannot now rehearse. I passe by also the other woods which are dispersed all over France. Also for the Forrest of Arduenna, the chiefest part of it is in Low-Germany, and therefore it is to be described there, though Claudian call it the French Wood; and Caesar lib. 6. de bell. Gall. call it the great wood of France. Not onely ancient Monuments & Records, but also Churches, and other places dedicated to Religion, of which there is a great number in the Cities and Townes of France, doe witnesse, that the French-men were very much addicted to Religion, and were the chiefe of those that embraced the Christian Faith. In the Citie of Paris alone there are 69 Churches,* 1.32 but the fairest of them is the Cathedrall Church, dedicated to the blessed Virgin Mary, the foundation whereof being long before laid, it began to bee built in the reigne of Ludovicus, in the yeare 1257, and is the chiefe wonder of France. It is borne up by an hundred and twenty Pillars: the length is 174 paces, the breadth threescore, and the heigth an hundred. The Quire is built of faire Stone, on which are engraven divers Histories out of the Old and New Testament. It hath in the whole compasse of it 45 Chappels, strengthened with Iron Grates: the Gates are eleven in all. On the front of the Church there are three double Gates, beautified and adorned with the Statues of 28 Kings. On the sides there are Towres, or rather Steeples, which are 34 Cubits high. The greatest Bell, which taketh its name from the Virgin Mary, requireth twenty men to ring it: and the second thereof, when the ayre is cleare, may be easily heard seven leagues. It were an infinite thing to describe the other Churches, which are heere and in other places, or to reckon up the Abbyes, the Friaries, the Monasteries, the Hospitals for strangers, the Hospitals for the sick, the Hospitals for the poore, and the Hospitals for Orphans. What should I speake of the Castles, or of the Kings faire Pallaces? What of the faire houses belonging to Noblemen and Knights? What of the other publick and private buildings? Concerning these matters I had rather be silent than speake too litle. The State of France is now Monarchicall:* 1.33 which kinde of government Aristotle thought was most ancient and divine. The King thereof is borne, not chosen by suffrages; and none can governe but one of the Masculine Sexe, as the e 1.34 Salick Law doth require. The Subjects doe so love, adore, and reverence their King, as nothing more. The arbitrating and judging of all matters is in his power. There is in France a Colledge of twelve Peeres, instituted by f 1.35 Charles the great, in his warre against the Saracens, and they are commonly called les Pairs de France, because they were next &, as it were, equall in dignitie to the King. They have power to consecrate the King, and put him into possession of the Kingdome. Sixe of these are commonly called Laicks, the rest are called Ecclesiasticks, or Clergy-men: The Laicks are Dukes or Earles, as the Dukes of Burgundie, Normandie, and Guienne: the Earles of Campania, Flanders, and Tholouse. The Ecclesiasticks also are Dukes and Earles; the Dukes are the Archbishop of Remes, the Archbishop of Laon, and the Archbishop of Langers: the Earles are the Bishop of Chaulons, of Noyon, and Beavois. There are also eight chiefe Senates in France, which they commonly call Parliaments; from which it is unlawfull to make any appeale, as the Parliament of Paris, of Tholouse, of Rotamagum or Roven, of Grenoble, of Burdeaux, of Dijon, of Aix, and of Bretaigne. As concerning the Ecclesiastick State, there are twelve Archbishopricks in France, to wit, the Archbishop of Lyons (which is the Primate) of Aix, of Vienna, of Rhemes, of Narbone, of Tholouse, of Burdeaux, of Aux, of Bourges, of Tours, of Roen, and of Sene. There are these Universities in the Kingdome, to wit,* 1.36 Paris, Poictiers, Bourges, Tholouse, Burdeaux, Nantes, Lyons, Orleans, Mompellier, Cahors, Grenoble, Valens, Rhemes, Angiers, Caen, Avenion, Dol, and Massils, which is the ancientest of them all, and founded by the Grecians. Out of these, as it were, out of so many Trojan Horses, an innumerable sort of learned men both Divines, Lawyers, Physicians, and others have come forth, whom if I should endeavour to number, I should take upon my selfe a great taske, and should be tedious to the Reader. The Nobilitie of France doe in generall follow the studies of good learning, with earnest diligence and continuall paines, so that they excell in all kindes of Disciplines and Arts. You may see there those that are of great birth, and descended of noble Families, plying their Bookes night and day, and busying themselves with the sacred Mysteries of the Muses. There are those, who, to the great admiration of those that heare them, without any premeditation, can in an admirable method, very readily discourse or speake of any matter that shall be propounded. There are many Libraries in this Kingdome, especially the Kings Librarie at Paris, and the Librarie of S. Victor. That I may omit other publick and private Libraries, furnished with the best and rarest printed Bookes, and with the choysest manuscripts. Now I come to speake of their manners: Diodorus and Strabo doe witnesse, that the French-men are very sharpe-witted, and reasonable good Schollers. Symmachus in many places doth commend their studies in good letters and learning. Marcus Portius Cato, Originum lib. 2. saith, that the most part doe follow two things very industriously, to wit, Warfare and Eloquence, that we may know that the ancient French did carrie away the glory of eloquence from other Nations. Strabo doth attribute to them a curteous Nature, voyde of malice. Iulianus an eye witnesse doth report of them, that they know not how to flatter, but that they live freely and justly with all men. They have no more knowledge of Venus and Bacchus than serveth them for marriages for procreation, and for the moderate drinking of their owne wines. Those things which some speake on the contrarie, are to be esteemed as rayling speeches, proceeding from an envious minde. For who seeth not, that hath read ancient Writers concerning the disposition of the French-men, and compar'd it with what it is at this present, that that is fals which Servius reporteth? namely, that the French-men are dull-witted; and that which Iulius Firmicus annexeth, to wit, that they are blockish; and that of Iulianus, who forgetting himselfe, saith, that they are stupid and rustick; that of Polybius, who saith, that they doe not give their mindes to Learning and good Arts. That which Diodorus, Athenaeus, and Clement Alexandrinus doe avouch, namely, that they are unfaithfull, given to gluttonie and drunkennesse; that which Livie and Polybius report, to wit, that they are soft and effeminate; that of Mela, who affirmeth, that they are desirous of gold, ambitious, proude, and superstitious; that of Solinus, who saith, that they are vaine bablers: and lastly that which Plutarch speaketh in the life of Pyrrhus, namely that they are insatiably covetous of money. Neverthelesse it is confest, that the French-men may be corrupted with many vices, by having commerce and traffique with other Nations. Florus saith lib. 3. cap. 10. that no man can say, that the French are onely fierce, seeing they deale fradulently, and by wiles. Ammianus lib. 15. sheweth, that they are quarrellous: Diodorus doth reprehend the French-men for their intemperancie in speech, and also noteth, that they use a short and obscure kind of Language, that they speake many things ambiguously of purpose, that they talke much in praise of themselves, & in disgrace of others, and that they are detracters and selfe-conceited or opinionated. Strabo also noteth their boasting, which is that French ostentation which Caesar speaketh of lib. 7. and is exemplified in many of his other Bookes: such is the boasting of Helvetius Divicon lib. 1. while he extols and magnifies the vertue of the Helvetians, and doth upbraid the Romans with the remembrance of their overthrow. So Vercingetorix braggeth, in his Oration, that hee alone would cause a Councell to be called out of all France, which the whole world could not resist. Concerning the Religion of the ancient French men, and their manner of worship which they used, Marcus Tullius is not to be regarded, who writeth thus in his Oration for M. Fonteius, The French-men are not moved with any Religion: Let us rather heare Livie, who though in other matters hee doth unjustly taxe this Nation, yet hee affirmes, that they are not negligent in matters of Religion: and Caesar lib. 7. de Bell. Gall. who knew this Nation well enough, when hee saith, that it was very much given to Religion. Caesar saith, that they especially worshipped Mercury: Max. Tyrius doth witnesse, that the Celtae or French-men did worship Iupiter, and for his sake they honoured the highest Oake. Strabo testifieth, that Diana had a Temple at Massilia; and Polybius lib. 8. as also Plutarch doe mention, that Diana was worshipped and adored by the Gallo-Grecians. Lactantius, Lucan, and Minutius Felix doe report, that the French-men had Esus or Hesus, Te•tates and Teranes for their Gods: which most of the Learned doe interpret to bee Mars, Mercurie, and Iupiter. Ausonius maketh B•l•nus to be the French-mens God, whom Herodian calleth Belis, the same perhaps with that which Tertullian cals Tibilene, whom the Greekes and others thinke to be Apollo. Also the French-men did worship Abellio, of which, as Ioseph Scaliger, writing to Ausonius, lib. 1. cap. 9. noteth, there doe still remaine some monuments. And Lucian reporteth, that they did worship Hercules by the name of Ogmius. Athenaus writeth, that when the ancient Gaules worshipped their Gods, they did turne themselves to the right hand. They did offer humane sacrifices to their Gods, especially to Mars, as Caesar witnesseth. But they never offerd any sacrifice without their Druides, as Diodorus witnesseth. These Druides were Priests, heretofore much esteemed by the French-men, as also their Bards were, of whom Lucan thus writeth:

Vos quoque qui fortes animas, bellòque peremptas, &c.Then you that valiant soules and slaine in warre Doe celebrate with praises that still areImmortall, so that vertue never dyes,You Bards securely sung your Elegies.You Druides, now freed from warre, maintaineYour barbarous Rites, and sacrifice againe.You what heaven is, and Gods alone can tell,Or else alone are ignorant; you dwellIn vast and desert woods: you teach no spiritPlutoes pale Kingdome can by death inherit.They in an other world informe againe,Death long lifes midle is (if you maintaineThe truth) the Northerne people happie areIn this their errour, whom feare greatest farreOf all feares incures not, the feare of death;Thence are they prone to warre, nor losse of breathEsteeme, and they doe thinke it is a shameTo spare a life that will returne againe.

And so much concerning the French-mens Religion, now let us adde something concerning their customes and fashions: Livie testifies, that the French men doe come to Councell in Armour; Strabo writeth, that it was the manner of the French Councels, that if any one did interrupt a Suiter, a publick Officer went to him, and drawing out his sword, did threaten him, and command him to keepe silence: and if hee did not then hold his peace, the Officer did in the same manner as formerly, the second and third time; and lastly he cut off so much of the Interrupters cloake, so that the rest was good for nothing: Caesar saith, that the French-mens Councels are rash and suddaine, and that they are unconstant in Councell, and desirous of innovation. The same Caesar noteth, that the French-men, when any matter of note happeneth, are wont by a speedie way, to notifie it unto the Countries round about, and that is by acclamations and shouting with the voyce, for from them the others receive it, and they againe by the same meanes make it knowne to their neighbours. They doe not suffer their Children (saith Caesar) when they are growne to ripenesse of yeares, to come unto them openly, because they should not neglect the service of the warres: and they thinke it an unseemely thing for the Sonne in his Childehood to sit in publick in the sight of his Father. The men doe make their wives a dowrie according to the portion which they receive with them, both which are put into one stock, so as that which ariseth from it is kept to their use: and which soever of the parties doth out-live the other, he or shee hath both parts with the use and profit which hath arisen from thence. The French women are beautifull, and like men for strength and stature, as Diodorus saith; they are fruitfull, and when they bring forth children, they give them good education. Servitude was usuall in France according to the manner of other Nations. And Caesar saith, lib. 6. that the most of them when they are oppressed either with debt or by great taxes, or by the power of great men, they betake themselves to the service of Noble-men, who have as much power over them, as Masters have over their Servants: yet they use them with more humanity and curtesie than the Romans did. For the French Lords had these Servants, or (as Caesar calleth them by a French word) Ambacti, who attended on them to increase their traine, and they us'd them in service of warre. Moreover they commonly used (as Diodorus witnesseth) thicke earthen Cups, and wrought with flowres on them. They did all suppe sitting, not on seates but on the ground, upon the skins of wolves and dogges spread thereon, the younger youths serving them at meate. And neere unto them there was a fire made, and pots of flesh set thereon, especially with Swines flesh both fresh and salt. But for the most part, as Strabo writeth, their meate was Milke. Athenaeus thus delivereth his minde out of Posidonius concerning this Nation: The French use to drinke upon a litle hay spread under them, having litle woodden Tables before them. Bread (which, as Plinie noteth, they make light with leaven) is there a common foode. They use much rosted and broyled flesh: and they take up whole joynts in both hands like Lions, tearing them in pieces with their teeth, and that which they cannot pull in pieces, they cut it with a litle knife. Those that live neere Rivers or the Sea-coasts have fish as a common service at their Table, which they broyle on fire with salt, vineger, and cummin, which they put also in the drinke. And a litle afterward he saith, The rich and wealthy men doe drinke wine which is brought out of Italie or out of Massilia, and that either pure by it selfe, or sometimes mingled with a litle water. But Plinie reporteth lib. 22. cap. ult. that they make a kinde of drunken drinke of fruite. Diodorus saith, that they made a drinke of Barley, which they called Zythum, and an other of water and honey. Concerning their habit, they wore a kinde of Cassock, as Strabo noteth, woven of thick wooll, this Garment they called Laena, by which is meant, as Ioseph Scaliger doth note, those garments which the French-men doe now call Lansanguies, quasi Laurangiae, from the figure of a Laurell or Bay-leafe, which is like unto a Rhombus. The French did use loose or straite Breeches, which Tacitus cals a barbarous covering. Strabo saith, that the French in stead of Cloakes used to weare short Coates that reached downe but to the buttocks: the shape of which Garment may be seene in that which Germans commonly call Pallatrock, or by contraction Palt rock. Diodorus saith, that they use to weare Rings on all their fingers, and without distinction: Plinie in his naturall Historie lib. 33. cap. 1. saith, that they wore them onely on their middle finger. But of these things enough, I come to the particular parts of France.

1682. Cosmography and geography in two parts by Richard Blome.

The Kingdom of FRANCE, with its Estates and Provinces, as they are divided into twelve General Governments, or 3 times 4, according to their scituation, to wit,

• Four on this side the LOIRE, whose Provinces, Parts, and chief places are
  • PICARDY,
    • Higher; as
      • True Picardy,
        • Amiens.
        • St. Quintin.
      • Vermandois,
    • Lower; as
      • Ponthieu,
        • Abbeville,
        • Calais.
      • Boulenois,
      • Vexin, — Roven, or Roa•.
    • NORMANDY,
      • Higher; as
        • Caux, Havre de Grace.
        • Normandy, Lifieux.
      • Lower; as
        • Auge,
          • Caen,
          • Alenson.
        • Bessin, Bayeux.
        • Coutantin, Coutance;
    • The ISLE of FRANCE; where are
      • Isle of France, — Paris.
      • Beauvaisis, Beauvais.
      • Valois, Senlis.
      • Soissonnois, Soissons.
      • Brie, Meaux.
    • CHAMPAIGNE; where are
      • Remois, — Reims.
      • Champaigne,
        • Troyes.
        • Ch••loons.
      • Bassigny, Langres.
      • Senonois. Sen.
  • Four upon and about the LOIRE; whose Provinces, Parts, and chief places, are
    • BRETAIGNE,
      • Higher,
        • Rennes.
        • St. Maloes.
      • Mean,
        • Nantes,
        • Vennes,
      • Lower,
        • Morlaix,
        • Brest.
    • ORLEANOIS,
      • On this side the LOIRE,
        • le Maine, — le Main.
        • Perche, Mortalgne.
        • Beauce, Chartes.
      • Upon the LOIRE,
        • Nivernois, Nevers.
        • Orleanois, Orleans.
        • Blaisois, Blois.
        • Touraine, Tours.
        • Anjou, Angiers.
      • Beyond the LOIRE,
      • Poictou, Poictiers.
      • Aunis, Rochell.
      • Angoumeis, Angoulesme.
      • Berry, — Burges.
  • BOURGOGNE, or BURGUNDY,
    • Bourgogne,— Bourgogne,
      • Dijon.
      • Autun,
      • Beaune.
    • Countries adjacent,
      • Challonnois, Challon.
      • Auxerrois, Auxerre.
      • Bresse, Bourg.
  • LIONNOIS, and AUVERGNE,
    • Lionnois,
      • Lionnois, — Lions.
      • Forez. Monbrizon.
    • Auvergne,
      • Bourbonnois, Moulins.
      • Anvergne, Clermont.
      • la Marche, Gueret.
  • Four beyond the LOIRE, whose Provinces, Parts, and chief places are
    • GUIENNE, and GUASCOGNE,
      • Guienne,
        • Guienne, — Pourdeaux,
        • Saintonge, Sainter.
        • Piregort, Perigueux.
        • Limofin, Limoges.
        • Rovergue, Rodez.
        • Quercy, Cahors.
        • Agenois, Agen.
      • Guascogne,
        • Bazadois, — Bazas,
        • Albret, Nerac.
        • Condomois, Condom.
        • Armaignac, Aux.
        • Guascogne, Aire.
        • les Landes, Dax.
        • Basque, Bayone.
        • Lower Navarre, St. Palais.
        • Bearn,
          • Pau.
          • Lescar.
        • Bigorre, Tarbe.
        • Comminges, St Bertrand,
    • LANGUEDOC,
      • Higher,
        • Toulousan, — Thoulouse.
        • Carcassez, Carcassone.
        • Foix, Foix.
        • Albigeois, Alby.
      • Lower,
        • Narbone, — Narbone.
        • Beziers, Beziers.
        • Nismes,
          • Monpelier,
          • Nismes.
      • The Severnes,
        • Givaudan, — Mende.
        • Velay, le Puy.
        • Vivarais, Viviers.
      • DAUPHINE,
        • Lower,
          • Vienne,
          • Valence.
        • Higher,
          • Grenoble,
          • Embrun.
        • Part of Piedmont, — Pignerol.
      • PROVENCE,
        • Aix,
        • Arles,
        • Marscille,
        • Forcalquier,
        • Tolon, or Thoson.
    • To which at present may be added
      • LORRAINE; where are
        • Barrois,
          • Bar-le-Duc,
          • St. Michael.
        • Lorraine,
          • Metz,
          • Toul,
          • Verdun, and Nancy.
      • And divers small Estates and Principalities
        • Between Dauphin and Provence, the Country of — Avignon.
        • In the Country of Avignon, the Principality of Orange,
        • In Bresse, — the Sovereignty of Dombes, Trevoux,
        • Towards the Low Country,
          • the Principality of — Sedan.
          • the Principality of Arches, Charleville.

• FRANCE, with its Four Governments (and Provinces therein contained) on this side the Loire; which are
  • Towards the Sea; as
    • PICARDY, as it is divided in the
      • Lower; where are
        • Bousenois,
          • Calnis,
          • Ardres,
          • Boulognois.
        • Ponthieu,
          • Monstrevil,
          • Rue,
          • Abbeville,
          • St. Vallery.
      • Mean,
        • True Picardy,
          • Amient,
          • Doulens,
          • Corbie.
        • Santerre,
          • Perone,
          • Mondidier,
          • Roye.
      • Higher,
        • Vermandois,
          • St. Quintin,
          • Castelet,
          • Hem.
        • Tierrasche,
          • Guise,
          • Fere,
          • Capelle,
          • Vervins,
          • Marle.
    • NORMANDY, as it is divided into the
      • Higher; where are
        • Caux,
          • Candebes,
          • Dieppe,
          • Havre de Grace.
        • Vexin Normandy,
          • Roven, or Roan,
          • Gisors,
          • Pont de l'Arche.
        • Normandy, or Champagne,
          • Eureux,
          • Lifieux,
          • Laigle,
          • Hanfleur.
      • Lower,
        • Auge,
          • Caen,
          • Alenson,
          • Seez,
          • Falaise.
        • Bessin,
          • Bayeux,
          • St. Lo,
          • Vire.
        • Coutantin,
          • Coutance,
          • Carenten,
          • Cherbourg,
          • Granville.
        • Auranchin,
          • Auranches,
          • Mortain,
          • Pone Orson,
          • St. Michael.
  • In-land; as
    • The ISLE of FRANCE, with its parts
      • In the Middle; where are
        • Isle of France,
          • Paris,
          • St. Denis.
        • Valois,
          • Senlis,
          • Crespy in Valois.
      • Towards NORMANDY,
        • Vexin François,
          • Pont Oyse,
          • Maigny,
          • Chaumont, in Vexin.
        • François,
          • St. Germain, in Laye,
          • Poissy,
          • Mante,
          • Meulan,
          • Breux,
          • Monfort l'Amaury.
      • Towards la BEAUCE,
        • Gastinois,
          • Dourdan,
          • Narnours.
        • Hurepoix,
          • Moret,
          • Melun,
          • Corbeil.
      • Towards CHAMPAGNE, Brie Françoise,
        • Menux,
        • Chasteau Thierry.
      • Towards PICARDY,
        • Beauvaisis,
          • Beauvais,
          • Clermont in Beauvaisis.
        • Soissonnois,
          • Soissons,
          • Compeigne,
          • Noyon.
        • Laonnois,
          • Laon,
          • Chauny:
    • CHAMPAGNE, with its parts
      • Towards the LOW COUNTRY, as
        • The Principality of
          • Chasteau Regnaud,
          • Sedan,
          • Charleville.
        • Retelois, &c.
          • Retel,
          • Rocroix,
          • Donchery,
          • Messieres,
          • Mouson.
      • True CHAMPAGNE,
        • Remois,
          • Reims,
          • Fisines.
        • Champagne,
          • Troyes,
          • Chaalons,
          • Espernay.
        • Pertois,
          • Vitry le Francois,
          • St. Menehoult.
      • Towards LORRAINE,
        • Valage,
          • Bar upon Aube,
          • St. Disier.
          • Langres,
        • Bassigny,
          • Chaumont in Bassigny,
          • Joinville.
      • Towards the ISLE of FRANCE;
        • Senonols,
          • Sens,
          • Joigny,
          • St. Florentin,
          • Tonnerre,
          • Monte reau fautyoune,
        • Brie Champagnoise,
          • Provins,
          • Sesanne, in Brie.

• FRANCE, with its Four Governments (and Provinces therein contained) upon and about the LOIRE; which are
  • Below the LIRE, as
    • BRETAIGNE; which may be divided into the
      • Higher,
        • Rennes,
        • Vitray,
        • Dol,
        • St. Maloes,
        • Dinan.
      • Mean,
        • Nantes,
        • Vennes,
        • Ploermes,
        • St. Brien,
        • Lamballe,
        • Auray,
        • Hannebout,
        • Blavet, or Port Louys.
      • Lower,
        • Lantriguet, or Treguier,
        • Leondoul, or St Pol de Leon,
        • Morlaix,
        • Brest,
        • Quimpercorentia, or Cornevaille,
        • Quimperlay.
    • ORLEANOIS; under the name of which may be comprised the Provinces or Countries; as they lie
      • On this side the LOIRE; as
        • le Maine,
          • le Mains,
          • Mayenne,
          • Laval,
          • Domfront.
        • Perche,
          • Nogent le Retrou,
          • Mortaigne,
          • Vernevil,
        • la Beauce,
          • Chartes,
          • Estampes,
          • Chasteau Dun,
          • Vendosme.
        • Gastenois, — Montargis.
        • Nivernois,
          • Nerves,
          • la Charite,
          • Clamecy,
          • Donzy.
      • Upon the LOIRE, as
        • Orleanois,
          • Orleans,
          • Gien.
        • Blaisois, — Blois.
        • Touraine,
          • Tours,
          • Amboise,
          • Loches,
          • Chinon.
        • Ajou,
        • Angiers,
        • Saumur,
        • la Fleche.
    • Beyond the LOIRE, as
      • Poictou,
        • Poictiers,
        • Maillezais,
        • Luson,
        • Chastelleraud,
        • Niort,
        • Lusignan,
        • Monmorillou,
        • Partenay,
        • Touars,
        • Loudun,
        • Richelieu,
      • Aunis, — Rochell.
      • Angoumols, — Angoulesme.
      • Berry,
        • Burges,
        • Issoudun,
        • Chasteau Roux,
        • Remorentin,
        • Argenton,
        • Sancerre.
      • the Sovereignty of — Bois belle.
• Above the LOIRE, as
  • BOURGOGNE, or BURGUNDY, which may be divided in the
    • Dutchy of BOURGOGNE; where are
      • Bourgogne,
        • Dijon,
        • Autun,
        • Beaune,
        • Aussone.
      • Challonnois, — Challon.
      • Masconnois,
        • Mascon,
        • Tornus.
      • Auxois, — Semur.
      • the Country of Montagne, Chastillon upon the Seine.
    • Countries adjacent; as
      • Charollois,
      • Auxerrois,
      • Bresse,
      • Bugey, and Veromey,
      • Balliage,
        • Charolles.
        • Auxerre.
        • Bourge.
        • Belley.
        • Gex.
  • LIONNOIS, and AUVERGNE; which may be divided in
    • LIONNOIS; where are
      • Lionnois, — Lions.
      • the Sovereignty of Dombes, Trevoux.
      • Forez,
        • Monbrizon,
        • Roenne,
        • St. Estienne of Furens.
      • Beaujolois, — Ville Franche.
    • AUVERGNE, where are
      • Bourbonnois,
        • Bourbon the Archambaul,
        • Molins.
      • Nivernois in part, — St. Pierre le Moutier.
      • Auvergne,
        • Lower,
          • Cleremont in Auvergne,
          • Riom,
          • Monferrand,
          • Thiers.
        • Higher,
          • Vic le Comte,
          • St. Elour,
          • Orilhac,
          • Brioude,
          • Issoire.
      • la Marche,
        • Higher, — Gueret.
        • Lower,
          • Dorat,
          • Belac.

• FRANCE, with its Four Governments (and Provinces therein contained) beyond the Loire; which are
  • About the GARONNE, as GUIENNE, and GUASCOGNE,
    • GUIENNE; where are
      • Saintonge,
        • Saintes,
        • St. Jean of Angely,
        • Brouage.
      • Guienne,
        • Bourdeaux,
        • Blaye.
      • Perigort,
        • Perigueux,
        • Bergerac,
        • Sarlat.
      • Agenois,
        • Agen,
        • Toneina.
      • Limosin,
        • Limoges,
        • Brive,
        • Tulle.
      • Quercy,
        • Cahors,
        • Montalbon,
        • Figeac.
      • Rovergue,
        • Rhodez,
        • Ville Franche of Rovergue,
        • Vabres.
    • GUASCOGNE; where are
      • Bazados,
        • Bazas,
        • St. Foy.
      • Lanes, — Dax.
      • Guascogne,
        • Ayre,
        • St. Saver.
      • Albret, — Nerac.
      • Condomois, — Condom.
      • Armaignac,
        • Aux,
        • Lectoure.
      • Comminge,
        • St. Bertrand,
        • Lombes.
      • Conserans, — St Licer.
      • Bigorre, — Tarbe.
      • Bearn,
        • Pau,
        • Lescar,
        • Oleron,
        • Ortes.
      • Lower Navarre, — St. Palais:
      • Basque, — Bayonne.
  • Between the GARONNE, and the RHOSNE, as LANGUEDOC, which is divided into
    • Higher LANGUEDOC; where are
      • Toulousan,
        • Toulousa,
        • Montauban,
        • la Vaur.
      • Albigeoi•,
        • Alby,
        • Castres.
      • Auraguais,
        • Castelnau darry;
        • St. Papoul.
      • Foix,
        • Foix,
        • Pamie•,
        • Mirepoix,
        • Rieux.
    • Lower LANGUEDOC; where are
      • Quarter of Narbone,
        • Narbone,
        • Aleth,
        • Limouth,
        • Carcassone,
        • St. Pons de Tomiere•,
      • Quarter of Beziers,
        • Beziers,
        • Agde,
        • Pesenns,
        • Lodere.
      • Quarter of Nismes,
        • Monpellier,
        • Nismes,
        • Beaucaire,
        • Aiguesmortes,
    • SEVENNES; where are
      • Gevaudan,
        • Mende,
        • Mervcich, or Mervejoss.
      • Velay, — le Puy.
      • Vivarais,
        • Viviers,
        • le Pond St. Esprit,
        • Uzes.
  • Between the RHOSNE, and the ALPES, as
    • DAUPHINE, with its Parts
      • Towards the RHOSNE, or ROANE,
        • Viennois, — Vienna.
        • Valentinois,
          • Higher,
            • Valence,
            • Romans,
            • St. Marcelin.
          • Lower,
            • Crest,
            • Montelimar.
        • Tricastin, — St. Pol Trois chaux.
      • In the midst of the Country
        • Grisivaudan, — Grenoble.
        • Diois, Die.
        • Baronies, le Buijz,
      • Towards the Alpes,
        • Embrunois, Embrun.
        • Gapensois, Gap.
        • Briansonnois, — Brianson.
    • PROVENCE, with its Places
      • Towards the Rhosne, or Roane,
        • Arles,
        • Tarascon.
      • Upon the Sea,
        • Marseille,
        • Toulon,
        • St. Tropes,
        • Frejuls,
        • Antibe,
        • Crace,
        • Vence.
      • In the midst of the Country,
        • Aix,
        • Salon,
        • Apt,
        • Folcalquier,
        • Riell
        • Dragnignan.
      • Towards the Alpes,
        • Sisteron,
        • Digne,
        • Senez,
        • Glandeve.

• Estates, Counties, Bishopricks, Cities, &c. taken and purchased by (and in the Protection, Guard, and Possession of) the King of FRANCE, viz.
  • In the Estates of the CATHO LICK KING, to wit,
    • In SPAIN, as
      • The County of Rousillon; where are
        • Perpignan,
        • Elne,
        • Collioure,
        • Salces, &c.
      • The County of Cerdagne, — Puy, Cerda, &c.
      • The Principality of Catalogne, and County of Barcelone; where are
        • Barcelona,
        • Girona,
        • Vich,
        • Solsona,
        • Urgel,
        • Manressa,
        • Cardona,
        • Cadegues, &c.
    • In the LOW COUNTRY, as
      • Part of the County of Flanders,
        • Gravelines,
        • Wasten.
      • Part of the County of Artois,
        • Arras,
        • Hesdin,
        • Bappaumes.
      • Part of the County of Haynaut, Landrochy.
      • Part of the Dutchy of Luxenbourg.
        • Thionville,
        • Damvillers.
    • In the FRENCH COUNTY, as
      • Part of the Balliages of Gray,
        • Vesoul,
        • Lure, &c.
      • Part of the Balliages of Salins,
        • Arbois,
        • Poligny,
        • Bletterans,
        • St. Amour,
        • Joux, &c.
  • In divers Lands and Principalities, the most part of which are esteemed in the Empire of GERMANY, to wit,
    • In the Estate of LORRAIN, as
      • The Dutchy of Barrois,
        • Barle Duc,
        • Ligny,
        • St. Michael,
        • Pont a Moosson.
      • The Dutchy of Lorrain,
        • Nancy,
        • Mirecourt,
        • Newchasted on the Meuse,
        • Dieuze,
        • Sirke, &c.
      • The Bishoprick of Metz,
        • Vic,
        • Moyen-Vic,
        • Marsal,
        • St. Avold,
        • Alberstrof,
        • Espernay.
    • About LORRAIN, as
      • The Principality of — Sedan.
      • The Principality of Arches, or
        • Charleville,
        • Clermont,
        • Stenay,
        • Jametz.
      • The County of — Biche.
    • In and about the PALATINATE of the RHINE, as
      • Part of the Palatinate of the Rhine,
        • Bacharach,
        • Creutznach,
        • Altzheim,
        • Oppenheim,
        • Neustat,
        • Landau,
        • Cermosheim, &c.
      • Part of the Archbishoprick of Mayence,
        • Mayence,
        • Bingen, &c.
      • Part of the Bishoprick of Wormes, Wormes.
      • Part of the Bishoprick of Spire,
        • Spire,
        • Udenheim, or Philipsbour•.
      • Part of the Estate of Bade,
        • Baden,
        • Durlach,
        • Pfortzheim, &c.
    • In ALSACE, or ALSATIA, as
      • Low Alsace,
        • Haguenau,
        • Saverne, &c.
      • Higher Alsace,
        • Colmar,
        • Schlestat,
        • Brisach,
        • Newbourg, &c.
      • County of Pfirt, or Ferrette, and Country of Sungou,
        • Ferrette,
        • Tannes,
        • Befort,
        • Blome,
        • Landseror, &c.
    • About ALSACE, as
      • The County of — Monbeliard, &c.
      • The Bishoprick of Basle,
        • Porentru,
        • St. U•sand,
        • Dalsperg, or Delmont, &c.
      • The County of Reinfield,
        • Reinfield,
        • Lanffenbourg,
        • Waldshout.
      • In the Dutchy of Wirtenberg, Hohen-Wiel,
      • In Piedmont, — Pignerol, &c.
  • In ITALY,
    • In the Estates of the Duke of SAVOY, to wit,
      • In the Principality of Piedmont,
        • Turin,
        • Suze,
        • Avigliane,
        • Chivas,
        • Santja,
        • Ast,
        • Quierascq,
        • Coni,
        • Caours, &c.
      • In the Marquisate of Saluces,
        • Carmagnole,
        • Demont.
    • In the Estates of MONFERRAT, viz.
      • In the Dukedom of Savoy, — Trin, &c.
      • In the Dukedom of Mantoua,
        • Casal,
        • Aqui.
    • On the River of GENES, The Principality of — Monaco, or Morgues.

FRANCE.

FRANCE is esteemed the most fertil and powerful Kingdom in Europe, and the best, next to England, that can subsist without the help of others. It is seated about the 45th degrees of Latitude,* 1.134 which is in the midst of the Temperate Zone. It is washed on the East with the Rhine, together with an imaginary line drawn from Strasburgh to Calais; on the South by the Mediterranean Seas, and opens a passage to the Northern Ocean; on the West by the Aquitain Sea; and on the North by the British Ocean.* 1.135 It extends it self from the 42 degrees of Latitude unto the 51, and from the 15th of Longitude to the 29th, which makes its length and breadth to be above 200 French Leagues. It is contiguous to the Low Countries on the North, to Germany and Italy on the East, and to Spain on the South.

• 1.136It is of an extraordinary fertil Soil, affording three excellent and useful Commodities in great plenty, viz. Corn, Wine, and Salt; also Oil, Almonds, Paper, Canvass, Linnen, both fine and course, Oade, Corral, Skins, Nuts, Stuffs, and several Manufactures, Toies, and Curiosities. It is very plentiful in all Provisions.

• 1.137It is exceeding populous and crouded with Towns and Cities, once numbring 100000 Parishes, which are now reduced to a less number. The People are well proportionate, and indifferent handsom, especially the Men; they are of a ready and Mercurial wit, of a courteous Behaviour, of a hot Brain, and soon moved to Broils; they are very active, and given to Exercises; in weighty Affairs, both Civil and Martial, they are not over subtle, their first attempt being like thunder, and their end like smoak. In matters of Religion they generally follow the Church of Rome, in which they are not over strict.

It would be too tedious to observe all the different Orders and Governments in this Kingdom; we will content our selves to say, that in the Assemblies of the General Estates, where the Nobility, Clergy, and third Estate, have their Seats, it is divided into twelve several Government, of which four are on this side, or if you please, Northwards of the Loire; four upon and about the Loire, and four beyond the South of the Loire.

The four on this side are Picardy, Normandy, the Isle of France, and Champaigne; the four about the Loire are Bretaigne, Orleance, or Orlenois, Bourgogne, or Burgundy, and Lionois; and the four beyond the Loire are Guienne and Gascoigne, Languedoc, Dauphin, and Provence. In each Government are several Parts or Countries, which are taken notice of in the Geographical Tables of the Kingdom, of which in order.

• PICARDY (see main article)

• NORMANDY (see main article)

• The Isle of FRANCE (see main article)

• 1.142CHAMPAIGNE, so called from being a Champain Country; its chief places are, 1. Rheims, famous for being the place where the Kings of France are usually Crowned, and anointed with an Oil here kept, which they say came down from Heaven, and never decreaseth; and here is a Colledge for English Jesuits. 2. Chaaloons, 3. Langres, 4. Sens, and 5. Troyes, all places of some account.

• 1.143BRETAIGNE, or Britanny, whose chief Port-Towns are Brest, Blavet, and St. Malos; and within Land the Cities of 1. Nantes, seated on the Loire. 2. Rennes, where the Parliament for this Province is held. 3. Vennes, seated on the South-Sea. 4. Breine; and 5. Morlaix, of note for its great store of Paper so called.

Under the Government of ORLEANS, or ORLEANOIS, we comprehend divers Provinces on this side, upon, and beyond the Loire, viz.

• 1.144MAINE, whose chief places are, 1. Maine, seated on the River Magenue, which dischargeth it self into the Loire: 2. Mayenne, 3. Laval, and 4. Domfront.

• 1.145PERCHE, on the borders of Normandy, hath for its chief places Nogent le Retrou, Mortaigne, and Vernevil; which by some are esteemed in Normandy.

• 1.146LA BEAƲCE hath for its principal places, 1. Chartes, seated on the Loire, a fair and pleasant City, dignified with an Ʋniversity for the study of the Civil Laws. 2. Estampes, 3. Chàsteau Dun, and 4. Vendosme.

• 1.147GASTENOIS hath for its principal place Montargis.

• 1.148NIVERNOIS, or BƲRBON, well watered by the Loire and Allier; its chief places are, 1. Nerves, of some account for its pretty Glass-works, and is dignified with an ancient Dukedom. 2. La Charite, 3. Clamecy, and 4. Donzy.

• 1.149ORLEANOIS, whose chief City is Orleans, from whence the Government or Province took its name; a City, if Paris excepted, may contend with any in France, having once been the Seat of a King of its own. Its pleasant scituation on the Loire makes it extream delightful, and although of no considerable Trade, yet is a great Thorough-fair for such Commodities as pass to Lions, and other places in the heart of the Kingdom.

• 1.150BLASOIS hath for its chief place Blois, where, by the command of Henry the Third, the Duke of Guise, the first stirrer up of the Civil Wars in France, as also the great contriver and promoter of the grievous Massacre at Paris, was slain in the Senate-house.

• 1.151TOƲRAINE hath for its chief places, 1. Tours, where the Protestants first began, and from one of whose Gates (called Hugo's-Gate) they were called Hugonots. Nigh to this place it was that Charles Martel, Father of King Pepin, discomfited an Army of about 400000 Saracens, and slew of them about 370000. 2. Amboise, 3. Loches, and 4. Chinon.

• 1.152ANJOƲ, adjoyning to Maine, a small Province, but exceeding fertil, and affords the best Wines in France. Its chief places are 1. Angiers, dignified with an Ʋniversity. 2. Saumur, a Town delightfully seated on the Loire, and dignified with the only Protestant Ʋniversity in France: and 3. la Fleche.

• 1.153POICTOƲ, a large and populous Province, numbring about 1200 Parishes, and dignified with three Bishopricks; its principal places are 1. Poictiers, seated on the River Clavius, famous for the study of the Civil Laws, and in greatness esteemed next to Paris; but of small account as to matter of Trade. 2. Maillezais, 3. Luson, 4. Chastelleroud, 5. Niort, 6. Lusignan, and 7. Touars. This Country is very fertil, especially in good Vineyards; and in these Fields were sought that memorable Battle, between John of France and Edward the Black Prince, who contrary to all expectation gained the day.

• 1.154AƲNIS, South of Poictou, hath for its chief City Rochel, commodiously seated on the Aquitain Ocean, by reason of which it enjoyeth a great Trade; it is a place of great strength, as may appear by the resistance the Protestants there inhabiting, made against the powerful Army of the French King.

• 1.155ANGOƲMOIS, South of Guienne, hath for its chief place Angoulesme.

• 1.156BERRY, very fertil and hath rich Pastures, on which are fed abundance of Sheep, of whose Wool the Inhabitants make store of Cloth. Its, chief places are 1. Burges, dignified with a flourishing Ʋniversity; 2. Issoudun, 3: Chasteau Roux, 4. Argentum, and 5. Sancerre.

• 1.157BOƲRGOGNE, or BƲRGƲNDY, which is subdivided into several less parts, hath for its chief places 1. Dijon, built by the Emperour Aurelian, proud in her Parliament, and for giving birth to St. Bernard. 2. Autun, once the chief City in the Province, and dignified with an Episcopal See. 3. Beaune, famous for its stately Hospital, equalizing many Princes Palaces; and these places are in Bourgogne, particularly so called. 4. Challon, in Challonnois, belonging to the House of Orange. 5. Mascon, in Masconnois, where the Devil made his visits and disputes to a Minister, which story is sufficiently known, being at large treated of in a Book entituled the Devil of Mascon. 6. Semur, in Auxois; and 7. Chastillon on the Seine, in the Country of Montagne.

• 1.158Adjacent to this Province of Burgundy are the Countries of Charollois, Auxerrois, Bresse, Balliage, Beugey, and Veromey. The chief place of CHAROLLOIS, is Chorolles; of AƲXERROIS, Auxerre; of BRESSE, Bourge, a Town so well built and so strongly fortified, that it is esteemed impregnable; of BALLIAGE, which bordereth upon the Swisses and Savoy, Gex, which is not far distant from Geneve; and of BƲGEY and VEROMAY, bordering upon Dolphin and Savoy; Belly, which is a place of some account.

• 1.159LIONNOIS hath for its chief places, 1. Lions, seated upon the conjunction of the Roane with the Soane, by some esteemed the second City of France, a famous ancient Mart Town, and the See of an Archbishop, who is Primate of all France. 2. Treveux, in the Sovereignty of Dombes; Mombrizon, in the County of Forez; and 4. Ville Franche, in the Country of Beaujolois.

• 1.160AƲVERGNE hath for its chief places, 1. Bourbon the Archambaul; 2. Molins, seated on the Elaver, of note for their neat Cases of Knives and Scissers, both in the part or Country of Bourbonnois. 3. St. Pierre le Montier, in Nivernois: 4. Cleremont, the Seat of Vercingetorix, who so bravely opposed Caesar; 5. Riom, 6. Monferrand, 7. Vic le Comte, and 8. St. Flour, all in Auvergne, particularly so called. 9. Gueret, and 10. Dorat, in the Part of La Marche.

• 1.161In the Government of Guyenne and Gascogne are several Provinces and Countries, in which are seated many good Towns and Cities.

In GƲYENNE are 1. the Province of Saintonge, whose chief place is Sainctes. 2. Guienne, which hath for its principal City Bourdeaux, seated on the Banks of the Gerende, famous for being the Birth-place of King Richard the Second, at present honoured with an Ʋniversity and a Parliament. It is a place of a very great Trade, and plentifully furnished with divers good Commodities, especially Wines and Paper. 3. Prigort, hath for its chief place Perigueux, seated on the Banks of Ila; 4. Agenois, whose chief place is Agen; 5. Limosin hath for its chief places Limoges and Brive; 6. Quercy, in which are seated Cahors, a rich and beautiful City, built on the ascent of a Hill; and Montalbon, scituate on the Garond, a place of good strength; and 7. Rovergue, whose chief places are Rodez and Vabres.

• 1.162In GASCOGNE are also divers Provinces, which with its chief places are taken notice of in the Geographical Table of the four Governments beyond the Loire, beginning with Guienne and Gascogne.

• 1.163LANGƲEDOC may be divided into three quarters, in which are several parts. In the higher Langnedoc are the Cities of Toulousa, in Toulousan, a fair large City, though of no continuance, and is a place of a considerable Inland-trade. 2. Alby, in Albigeois; 3. Castellan darry, in Auraguais; and 4. Foix, in Foix. In the lower Languedoc are 1. Narbone, the first Colony planted by the Romans next to Carthage, out of Italy; 2. Aleth, 3. Limouth, all in Narbone; 4. Beziers, 5. Agde, and 6. Pemenas, in the quarter of Beziers, 7. Montpellier, esteemed the healthfullest place for a pure Air in all France; 8. Nismes, and 9. Beaucaire; all in the quarter of Nismes. In the other part called Sevennes are, 1. Mende; in the quarter of Gevaudan; 2. Le Puy, in Velay; 3. Viviers, and 4. Ʋzes, in the part of Vivarais.

• 1.164The Province of DAƲLPHINE is watered with the Roane and other Rivers, and honoured with the title of the Princes of France. It may be divided into three great parts, which are subdivided into others, viz. in the part or quarter towards the Roane are the Parts and Cities of Vienne in Viennois, of some esteem for its excellent Sword-blades here made; 2. Valence, a fine City watered with the Roane; 3. Romans, 4. St. Marcellin, 5. Crest, and 6. Montelimar; all in the higher and lower Valentinois; and St. Pol Trois Chaux, in the part of Tricastin. In the quarter in the midst of the Province are 1. Grenoble, in Grisivanden; 2. Die, in Diois; and 3. le Bujiz, in Baronies: And in the quarter towards the Alpes, 1. Embrun, in Embrunois, 2. Gap, in Gapensois, and 3. Brianson, in Briansonnois.

• 1.165PROVENCE, washed by the Mediterranean Sea, hath for its chief places towards the Roane, Arles, a Town well fortified by Henry the Fourth; and Tarascon. Upon the Sea, 1. Marseille, once a Colony of the Phoenicians, commodiously seated on the Mediterranean shoar, enjoying an excellent Haven and Road for Shipping, which renders it a place of a considerable Trade, and is well frequented by Merchants. 2. Thollon, the best Sea-port Town on the Mediterranean in all France, having a capacious and safe Haven, and is well resorted unto by Merchants. 3. St. Tropes; 4. Grace, and 5. Vence. In the midst of the Province are 1. Aix, honoured with a Parliament; 2. Salon, 3. Apt, and 4. Riez: And towards the Alpes are Sisteron, Digne, Senez, Glandeeve, &c.

To the Province of PROVENCE doth belong the Country of Avignon, and the Principality of Orange: In Avignon are many walled Towns and some Cities, the chief of which is Avignon, a fair City seated on the Roane, famous for being the ancient Seat of the Popes, till removed to Rome. This City is worthy of observation, in that here is said to be 7 Parish Churches, 7 Monasteries, 7 Nunneries, 7 Inns, 7 Palaces, and 7 Gates to its Walls; as also for being made a Ʋniversity.

• 1.166In ORANGE are several good Towns and Cities, the chief of which is Orange, seated on the Meine, of note for the wonderful and excellent Antiquities that are here to be seen; and this Country belongs to the Prince of Orange.

To the twelve Governments we ought to add LORRAINE, where are the Cities of St. Michael, Metz, Toul, Verdun, and Nancy: also part of Artois; of Haynault and Luxembourg, where are the Cities of Arras, Avesnes, Moutmedy, &c. Likewise the Principalities of Sedan and Arches, whose chief place is Charleville; also Rousillon, on the Coast of Spain, whose chief places are Perpignan, Elne, Collioure, Salces, &c. Alsatia, on the side of Germany, and the Principality of Bress, belonging to Mademoiselle d'Orleance; but being to treat of these places in Germany, and elsewhere, I shall omit the description of them here.

• 1.167All France hath 15 Archbishops, 105 Bishops, 10 Parliaments; amongst which the power of that of Paris extends as far as all the rest. Under these Parliaments are 105 and odd Balliages, or Justices-Royal, immediate dependants on these Parliaments, 24 Generalities, and about 250 Elections and Receipts of Royal-Money: And in the general Governments of the Militia, about 2 or 300 Governments.

• 1.168This Kingdom is for the generality exceedingly furnished with Rivers, the principal amongst which are the Loire, Roane, Garonne, and Seine.

1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval.

The Kingdom of France is, at this day, one of the most flourishing States of Christendom, in the midst of the Northern temperate Zone, where its People breath a very favourable Air. The French call it the Eye and Pearl of the World; and say, that it is to Europe what Europe is to other parts of the Earth: it is Rich, Fertile, very Populous, there being reckoned above four thousand good Towns in it. It's above two hundred and twenty Leagues in length, and full as many in breadth. The French-men value most of their Towns to be worth Provinces, their Provinces to be worth Kingdoms. Their Corn, Wine, Salt and Linnen, do very much enrich the Inhabitants.

France was formerly known under the name of Gaul, which was carried into several places of Europe, nay, into Asia, when the Gauls made War in that part of the World. The extent of Gaul hath been divers. The French may well boast, that this King's Conquests have not been bounded neither by the Rhine, nor the Ocean, nor the Pyrenees, nor the Alps. The Crown is Hereditary; and, according to the Salick Law, the Female never succeeds upon the Throne. The French King's eldest Son is called Dauphin. This Monarchy is said to have subsisted since the Year 420. The three Royal Races of Merovers, Charlemaigne, Hugh Capet, have furnished it with sixty five Kings. Amongst other Titles, its Princes take upon them that of Most Christian, and Eldest Son of the Church. They pretend to Precedence before all other Kings, upon a pretext of being the most Noble and the Most Ancient of Europe. Their Arms are Azure, with three Flower-de-luces d' Or, since Charles the Ninth.

The Kingdom is composed of three Orders or States, the Clergy, the Nobility, and the third Estate. There are reckoned seventeen Arch-Bishopricks, a hundred and six Bishopricks, besides the Arch-Bishopricks of Cambray, Besanzon, the Bishopricks of Arras, St. Omar, Tournay, Ipres, Perpignan; sixteen Abbayes, Heads of the Order, or of the Congregation: about fifty thousand Curates, besides other Ecclesiastical Dignities: several General and Particular Governments: Thirty two great Provinces: Twelve ancient Peerages, several of new Creation. A great number of Principalities, Dutchies, Marquisates, Counties, Baronies, and other Lordships; Eleven Parliaments, besides those of the Conquer'd Countrys, eight Chambers of Accounts, twenty two Generalities.

There are four Principal Rivers, the Seine, whose Water is esteem'd the strongest in the World, and more healthful to drink than that of Fountains; the Loire, the King of the French Rivers; la Garonne, the most Navigable; the Rhosne, the most Rapid.

Several Divisions are made of France, which regard the Church, the Nobility, the Justice, and the Finances. It is sufficient to say here, that the States-General of the Kingdom were held in the Year 1614. that then all the Provinces appear'd under twelve Great Governments; four of those Governments are towards the North, the Seine, and the Rivers which fall into it, Picardy, Normandy, the Isle of France and Champaign. Four towards the midst, near the Loire, Brittany, Orleanois, Burgundy, and Lyonnois. The four others, towards the South, and near the Garonne or the Rosne, Guyenne, Languedoc, Dauphine, Provence. With Orleanois they then conjoyned le Mains, le Perche, la Beauce, on this side the River of Loire; Nivernois, Tourain, Anjoy, above the said River; beyond it, Poictou, Angoumois, Berri. Burgundy had la Bresse, as it has still at present. Under Lyonnois, were Lyonnois, Avergne, Bourbonnois, la Marche. In Guyenne was Bearne, Gascogne, true Guyenne beyond the Garonne; and on this side Saintogne, Perigort, Limosin, Querci, Rouergue. Then, as well as now, Languedoc comprehended Cevenes. The other great Governments are not subdivided into great Provinces. Now follow the capital Cities, according to that distribution, Amiens, Rouen, Paris, Troyes, Rennes, Mans, No-gent-le-Retrou, Orleans, Nevers, Tours, Angers, Poictiers, Angoulesme, Bourges, Dijon, Bourg-en-Bresse, Lyon, Clermont, Moulins, Gueret, Pau, Auch, Bourdeaux, Saintes, Perigueux, Limoges, Cahors, Rodes, Toulouse, Viviers, Grenoble, and Aix.

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

FRANCE, Gallia, in General,

THE Country of France is very advantagiously situated, in the midst of the Northern temperate Zone, and extended from the 42d degree of Latitude to the 51st degree; and from the 11th degree of Longitude, to the 26th degree, reckoning from Teneriffe with the old Maps, but according to Sanson, from the 15th degree to the 29th degree of Longitude: So that it includes the space of 214 French Leagu•s or 535 English Miles, from the Pyrenean Mountains in the South, to Calis in the North. And from the Point of Conquet in Bretaign in the West, to Alsatia in the East, about 202 Leagues or 505 Miles. On the North east it is contiguous with the Spanish Netherlands, and parted from England by the British Chanel: On the East it is bounded by Germany, Switzerland, Savoy and Piedmont, from the last of which it is separated by the Alps; on the South by the Mediterranean-Sea and the Pyrenean Mountains, which divide it from Spain; and on the West by the Ocean.

The AIR is very temperate, and not subject to the great Colds of Germany, Sweden and Moscovy, nor to the excessive Heats of Spain and Italy; but it is more or less hot or cold, according to the different situation of the several Provinces.

The SOIL is every where fertil, and produces, besides abundance of Corn and divers sorts of Fruits, a vast quantity of Wine and abundance of Flax; and in Provence and Languedoc, Oil. The Pastures and Meadows feed great Herds of Cattle, and the Forests, which are spacious enough, but not so large as those of Germany, contain much variety of Game. Some Mines of Iron, Lead, Tin, Coperas, &c. are found in France, but of these not many nor very considerable. Great quantity of Salt is made in the Isle of Rhce, about Rochfort, and other parts of France, which yields the King a great Revenue.

The most noted MOUNTAINS here, besides the Pyrenean and the Alps, are those of Cevennes, Auvergne, Mont-Jure or S. Claude towards Swisserland, and Mont-Vogesse, or des-Faucilles in the Diocess of Langres.

The Chief ISLANDS are, I. In the Mediterranean-Sea, those of Hieres, S. Margaret, S. Honoratus or of Lerins, &c. II. In the Ocean, Oleron and Ree on the Coasts of Saintonge and Aunis; Noir-Monstrier, de Dieu, Bell-Isle, Ouessant, &c. off of Bretaigne; and Aldernay near the Shoar of Normandy.

Its chiefest PORTS, in the Ocean, are Calis, Ambleteuse, S. Valery, Diepe, Havre de Grace, S. Malo, Brest, Rochel, Rachefort, Bourdeaux, Bayonne, &c. And in the Mediterranean, Marseilles and Toulon.

The principal RIVERS of France are, 1. The Seine, which rises in Burgundy near Dijon, passes through Champaign, the Isle of France and Normandy, watering by the way Troyes, Paris and Roan, and receiving in its Course the Yonne, the Oyse, and several smaller Rivers, empties it self into the Sea at Havre de Grace, and makes a very good Haven, whence this Town hath its Name. 2. The Loyre is the largest River in France, and springs in Languedoc, in the Mountains call'd les Severins, passes by Nevers, Orleans, Tours, Angors and Nantes, receiving by the way the Aller, the Cher, the Indre, the Vienne, the Sarte, the Ardre and many others, and falls into the Sea about 40 Miles below Nantes, and over-against Bell-Isle. 3. The Garonne rises in the Pyrenean Mountains, runs to Thoulouse, thence flows westward to Bourdeaux, a little below which the Dourdonne joins it, and both together make it a very wide Haven, which is emptied into the Ocean near the Island of Oleron. 4. The Rhosne hath its source in the Alps, passes through the Lake of Geneva, flows to Lyons, where it receives the Saone, at Valence the Isere falls into it, as does the Durance at Avignon. and quickly after empties it self into the Mediterranean-Sea in six Chanels. Besides these there is a great number of smaller Rivers, which are mentioned in the following Description of the Country.

The particular COMMODITIES of France, which they send abroad into Foreign Countries, are, Wine, Brandy, Canvas, and other Linnen, Paper, Salt, wrought Silks, Druggets and other Stuffs; several wrought Goods, as Gloves, Lace, &c.

The PEOPLE of France are a mixture of the Posterity of the ancient Gauls, Romans, Franks, Visigoths and Burgundians, but chiefly of the Gauls, whom, though the Romans and Franks successively subdued, they did not however expel, those still remaining, the body of the People, tho' these obtain'd the Government of them.

Of the TEMPER of the Gauls, Caesar says, They were quick-witted, but rash and unsteady; and their Successors the French are of the same nature. They have generally quick and ready Apprehensions, but too often run away with a superficial Knowledge of things, without having Patience to dive to the bottom: But thô this be their general Character, there have been abundance of Particulars that must be excepted: France having produc'd very learned and industrious Men, in all Arts and Sciences, especially in our Age; wherein, besides the vast Improvement they have made of the Art of War, all the parts of Learning have been industriously studied and improved by the ingenious Virtuosi of France; and even a* 1.1 Woman of that Nation hath been found an excellent Critick in Philological Learning. They abound in Complements, and are really very civil, especially to Strangers; and have a natural freedom in their Conversation, which would be very agreeable if it were not overacted and mix'd with Levity. Both Men and Women are full of Talk, and as familiar at first sight, as if they had been long acquainted. In their Habit they are somthing phantastical, but have generally an Air of Gentility; especially the Women, who are wellshaped and fair enough, except in the Southern Provinces, where they have very swarthy Complexions. The French are much addicted to Ligitiousness; more Law-suits are tried there, than in any Nation in the World, nay some say than in all Europe besides; which encourages all sorts of People to breed up their Children to the Law; and if a Father can raise Money enough to purchase his Son an Office, he thinks him well settled: By which means here are swarms of Advocats, Procurers, Registers, Notaries, and other Men of Law. The Gentry scorn Trade, so that the younger Brothers always apply themselves to the Gown or the Sword, which makes the French King's Armies so large and well stockt with Officers. In War they have been always esteem'd furious in attacking, but quick in retreating, not to be brought on a second time, if they obtain'd not their end at the first Onset. Sicut primus impetus eis major quam virorum est, ita sequens minus quam feminarum, says L. Florus of them.

But thô this may still be part of their Character, yet, what by strict Dicipline and careful Instruction, their Soldiers will now endure the Fatigues of a Camp and a Siege as well as any in Europe, and in Battles too, they have behaved themselves very bravely.

The Religion of the Gauls was Paganism in its highest degree, even to the offering of human Sacrifices (saith Solinus) but as they became more civiliz'd this barbarity was laid aside; however, they still remained superstitious Idolaters, till the CHRISTIAN RELIGION was planted among them, by some of St. Peter's Disciples. St. Denis, the Areopagite, is pretended to have been the Apostle of Paris, and many ridiculous Miracles are related of him in their Legends; particularly, that after he was beheaded his Body rose, took up his Head and walk'd with it a Mile: Which is as true, as that this Denis was ever there* 1.2. However, it is certain, that Christianity was received here very early, and that the learned and pious Father St. Irenaeus came hither in the middle of the second Century, and succeeded Ponthinus (who was martyr'd An. Dom. 178.) in the Bishoprick of Lyons. But the Franks being Pagans, when they came it was suppress'd, till Clovis the fifth King being converted, by the persuasion of his Wife Crotilda, and the instruction of St. Vaast, and St. Remigeus the first Bishop of Rheims, it was again restored.

But in the succceding Ages of Ignorance and Superstition, the Errors that crept into the Church in most parts of Christendom, prevail'd here also; and though the Gallican Church was never so servilely subject to the Court of Rome as those of other Nations, yet the pernicious Doctrines were as generally received here as any where. Wherefore when the Reformation was set on foot, great numbers of the People of France were convinc'd of the falshood of that Religion, and Calvin's Doctrine was readily receiv'd upon the preaching of Zuinglius. And so numerous did the Protestants or Hugenots (as they were called by the Romanists) grow, that even so early as the year 1560. there are said to have been 1250 of their Churches in France. But they were always persecuted by the Romish party, and even massacred in most barbarous manner several times; particularly at Paris on Saint Bartholomew's day, in the year 1572. where in the middle of the night, more than 10000 of them were murder'd at once, and in other Cities three times as many; though a Peace was just concluded, and for assurance the King of Navarre, the head of the Protestant-party, was that day married to the French King's Sister. King Henry IV. granted them Liberty of Conscience by an Edict made at Nants, and confirm'd and register'd in the Parliament of Paris: By which means they again grew very powerful, and no less than 300 wall'd Towns were inhabited almost only by them, of which Rochel was the chief. But Lewis XIII. deprived them of them all, even Rochel it self, after a long and famous Siege. By which their Strength being broken, and the Heads of the Party being brought over, or otherwise reduc'd, the present King, Lewis XIV. resolved utterly to suppress them, which he began by the Revocation of the Edict of Nants in the year, 1685. notwithstanding it had been so firmly ratified, and made a standing Law of the Kingdom; and afterwards caused the Protestants to be most cruelly persecuted by his Soldiers, which continued for two or three years; at the end of which, all those that could not be brought to renounce their Religion, were banished the Kingdom, after they had been long imprisoned, and deprived of all their Goods and Estates. So that at this time, the Romish Religion is only allowed in France.

The ancient LANGUAGE of the Gauls was the same with that of our ancient Britains, as the learned Mr. Camden has proved at large; but when the Romans conquer'd it they introduced the Latin, and by means of the long time they were Masters of the Country, establish'd it so effectually, that the old Gaulish was quite lost; afterwards the Franks, being Germans, introduced their own Language, which was us'd at Court for some Ages; but the German being a more harsh indocile Tongue, and the Latin the contrary, this prevail'd above that; so that though the present French Tongue be compos'd of the German and Gothick, as well as of the Latin, the last has much the greater share.

It is voluble and elegant, and admir'd for its sweetness; it is true, by means of the liberty they take in the pronunciation (leaving out harsh Terminations and Consonants) it is pliant enough, but not so sweet as the Italian. The Royal Academy at Paris have of late years much improv'd and refin'd it, however it is not yet copious nor at all heroick; so that though in their Translations they have express'd the sense of some ancient Authors aptly enough in Prose, none of their Ingenious have been able to produce Heroick Poems like those in English.

But notwithstanding that this Tongue hath nothing of signal Majesty or Manliness in it, and seems rather fit for the Conversation of Women than of Princes and Statesmen, yet what by the greatness of the present King, and their obstinacy in using their own Language in the Businesses other Nations have had occasion to transact with them, together with the splendor of the Prince's Court which hath invited Strangers to visit it, the French Tongue is at present us'd in many Courts of Europe, and the most generally understood of any modern one in Christendom.

SECT. II. Of the antient State of France.

THE want of Literature in the earlier Ages of the World, hath made it extreamly difficult to discover the origine of Nations; that of France is as obscure as any. The best that can be learnt is, That it was Peopled after the Flood, by the Posterity of Gomar the eldest Son of Noah: These growing numerous, composed many Nations, to whom the Greeks and Romans gave the General name of Galli; for what reason, as it is uncertain, so it is not very material; however, under that Name they were known in the time of Tarquinius Priscus the fifth King of Rome, and Possessed a Country of very large extent, comprising not only all the present France, but part of Italy also, as far as the River Rubicon or Pisatello, which falls into the Adriatick Sea between Ravenna and Rimini; and all that part of Germany and Belgium, that lies within the River Rhine, the Division whereof, according to the Roman accounts, was thus, viz.

I. GALLIA CISALPINA or Citerior, with respect to the Romans, afterwards called LONGOBARDIA or LOMBARDY from the Bardi, a certain Gaulish People, and the Langons, so named by the reason of their long Javelins, of whom XXII Kings reigned in this Country, from Alboinus or Aldoinus their first Prince, A. C. 568. to Desiderius, whom Charlemaigne defeated, A. D. 773. It was extended from the River Rubicon as far as the Alps.

II. GALLIA TRANSALPINA, or Ʋlterior, which contained all the present France, and that part of Germany and Belgium westward of the Rhine.

The Gauls in general were a very vigorous and warlike People, those of the Cis-Alpina fought and defeated a large Army of Romans, march'd up to the City, took and sack'd it* 1.3, laid Siege to the Capitol, and had well nigh taken it: For having observed on one side of the Castle a place of more easie access than the rest, in the dead of Night some of them climb'd up the Rock there, and got to the top with that Silence, that they escaped the Centinels and the Dogs; but disturbed certain Geese that were in the Capitol, which by gagling and clapping their Wings, alarm'd the Soldiers; who presently running to their Arms, drove them back, and by that lucky Accident recovered the Roman State, then reduc'd to its last gasp. At length the Siege was raised by Camillus the Dictator, and in time the Gauls were driven out of the Roman Provinces: But left so dreadful a Name behind them, that Cicero confesses, the Romans were more afraid of them than any other Nation of the World. And Salust says. It was not Honour but Life that was to be disputed with a Gaul. The Romans durst not attempt the Conquest of them, till they had subdued almost all the rest of the then known World. At length, Anno Ʋ. C. 628. Fulvius Flaccus the Consul made War upon them, and five years after Fabius Maximus reduced the Narbonnensis into a Roman Province. About 70 years after this, Julius Caesar undertook the Conquest of Gaul, which, after a very bloody War he effected, and totally subjected the whole Country to the Power of Rome, A.M. 3900. Ʋ.C. 703. ante Christ. 48. Caesar at his Arrival found the whole Country divided into three parts, whereof the Celtae or Galli possessed the best and largest, being all the Country that is bounded by the Garonne on the South, the Ocean on the West, the Loire and the Rhine on the East, and by the Seine and Marne on the North; From the Confines of the Gallia Celtica to the British Sea, and along the lower part of the Rhine quite to the German Ocean was inhabited by the Belgae; The other part, being all from the River Garonne to the Pyrenean Mountains, quite cross from the Ocean in the West to the Mediterranean in the East, belonged to the Aquitains. Of these the Celtae were the most civiliz'd, because of their Neighbourhood and converse with the Romans, and the Belgae the most warlike, by reason of the little converse they had with other Nations, and the frequent Wars that the Germans made upon them. These great Nations were again subdivided into a multitude of smaller, whereof Caesar mentions no less than LXIV. that had different Appellations from the chief City, as the Rhemi of Rheims, the Suessiones of Soissons, Bellovaci of Beauvais, Sessui of Seez, &c. But by him it was divided into these four great parts, viz. 1. Narbonnensis, so called from the City Narbon, containing Languedo•, Provence, Dauphine, and some part of Savoy; called also Braccata, from a certain Habit worn by the People. 2. Aquitanica, so named from the City of Aquae-angustae, now d' Acqs in Guienne, comprehending the Provinces of Gascogn, Guienne, Quercu. Xaintoigne, Poictou, Perigort, Limosin, Auvergne, Bourbonnois, and Berry, extending from the Pyrenees to the River Loire. 3. Celtica, call'd so from the valiant Nation of the Celtae, and Comata from the long Hair worn by them, and also Lugdunensis from the City Lyons, extending from the Loire to the British Sea, and comprehending the Province of Lyonnois, the Dukedom of Burgundy, Nivernois, &c. part of Champaigne, the Isle of France, the Provinces of Normandy, Bretaigne, Maine, Perche, Beauce, Anjou, and Touraine. 4. Belgica, named from the Belgae a potent Nation, comprised all the Eastern part of Gaul, viz. Picardy, the rest of Champaigne, the Netherlands, and so much of Germany and Belgium, as lyeth on this side the Rhine, with the County of Burgundy or Franche Comte.

Afterwards the Emperor Constantine the Great, divided it into seventeen Provinces or Governments; six of which were Consular, and Eleven under certain Presidents sent by the Emperor, who resided in these Cities, viz.

1. Narbonnensis prima.	Narbonne in Languedoc.
2. — secunda.	Aix in Provence.
3. Viennensis.	Vienne in Dauphine.
4. Alpes, Graiae and Peninae.	Monstriers en Tarentaise in Sav•y.
5. Alpes Maritimae.	Ambrun in Dauphine.
6. Lugdunensis prima.	Lyons.
7. — secunda.	Roan in Normandy.
8. —tertia.	Tours.
9. —quarta.	Sens in Champaigne.
10. Sequania.	Besancon in Franc. Comte.
11. Aquitanica prima.	Bourges in Berry.
12. —secunda.	Bourdeaux in Guienne.
13. Novempopulania.	Aux in Gascoigne.
14. Germania prima.	Mentz.
15. — secunda.	Colen.
16. Belgica prima.	Triers.
17. — secunda.	Rheims.

He also placed Counts in the Cities, and Dukes in the Frontier-Towns to administer Justice according to the Roman Laws; and A. D. 330. dividing the Office of Praefectus Praeterio, or Lieutenant-General of the Empire, among four Persons; appointed one of them to reside among the Gauls; and under him, three Vicars, who were dispersed in Britain, France, and Spain.

Not not long after the death of Constantine, the Goths got footing in Gaul, the Narbonnensis being granted to them by the Emperour Honorius upon their quitting Italy; and afterwards, for Service done the Empire, Aquitain also was given them. And the Burgundians, a great and populous Nation on the Rhine, (at first called in by Stilico Lieutenant of the same Honorius, to defend the Borders against the Franks) possessed themselves of all the Southeast parts and both the Burgundies, from them so called.

This was the State of Gaul, when the Franks or French entred it.

The FRANKS were a warlike people of Germany, who possessed all the Country that lies between the Rhine and the Weser, and from the German Ocean in the North to the River Mayne in the South; and consisted of the Nations of Sicambri, Bructeri, Salij, Cherusci, &c.

They also conquered the Country beyond the Mayne, and making the banks of that River their chief Seat, gave the name of Franconia to the Country now call'd so.

The Sicambri, from whom some deduce the original of the French, are said to be of Scythian Extraction, and have come down into Germany A. M. 3519. ante J. Chr. 429. in a very great Body, under their Captain Marcomir, and settled themselves in those parts now called East-Friesland, Guelderland, and Holland, They were a rough unciviliz'd People, and often invaded and plundered their Neighbours. A. M. 3925. their King named Francus, was called by the Saxons to their assistance against the Goths, where he so signaliz'd himself by his Valour, that, as some Authors report, the Nation had from him the Name of Franci; but this seems improbable, since neither Strabo, Ptolemy, Pliny, Caesar, Tacitus, or any ancient Author have mentioned them under that Name: From whence it is concluded, That they had it not till long after, that they took it up to denote the Freedom they enjoy'd from the Roman Yoak, which the Neighbouring Nations were subject to.

The first notice of them in History under this Denomination, is in the Reigns of Valerian and Galienus, about A. D. 260, after which they are frequently mentioned on account of the Pillage they made in Gaul, &c. Constantine the Great took their Kings Ascaric and Rhadagaise Prisoners, and exposed them to wild Beasts, for having violated their Faith in waring against him.

About A. D. 412 the Armorici, who inhabited the Maritime Provinces of Gaul, as Flanders, Picardy, Normandy and Bretaign revolted from the Romans, to whom the Franks joyned, and by that means possessed themselves of part of the German and Belgick Provinces of Gaul, which the Romans were forced to grant them. Soon after this it was, that Pharamond was chosen their King; he Reigned ten Years and had his Seat in Gaul, but about the time of his death the Romans beat the Franks out of Gaul again, and took from them the Lands they had given them, which Clodion the Successor of Pharamond endeavour'd to regain, but was beaten back. Meroveus succeeded Clodion, in whose time Attila King of the Hunns invaded Gaul with a vast Army, and having plundered several other Cities, besieged Orleans; for the relief whereof Meroveus joyned his Forces with those of Aetius the Roman General, and Theodorick King of the Visigoths, who all together set upon Attila, and in Battle killed 200000 of his Men (as Historians report) and drove him out of Gaul. Aetius, who was the great support of the Roman Power in Gaul, was soon after Massacred by Valentinian, and he himself kill'd by Maximus. This put the Roman affairs in such disorder, that Meroveus had time to extend his Conquests, which he did over all Picardy, Normandy, and part of the Isle of France; and Childerick his Son took Paris, Orleans, and several other Cities, and established the French Monarchy. Clovis his Successor freed the French wholly from the Roman Power, and gave the name of France to all the Country that reaches from the Rhine to the Loire, After the death of Clovis, the Dominions of the Franks was divided into 2 parts, viz. Oosterrich, or the Eastern part called Austrasia, and Westerrich, or the Western part call'd Neustria: The former containing all the old France, and the Country beyond the Maine which they had conquer'd, together with Reims, Chalons, Cambray and Laon; which was from that time a separate Kingdom, the Seat whereof was Mets in Lorrain. The latter contained all the Country that lies between the Meuse and the Loire, which was again divided into three Kingdoms, viz. 1. Of France at Paris, 1. of Orleans, and 3. of Soissons: And afterwards, when the French had subdued the Visigoths and Burgundians; two other Kingdoms were erected, viz. of Aquitain and Burgundy. These were several times united and divided, as the Royal Family happen'd to be more or less numerous. But the Title of Kings of France, the Historians have given to those only who have ruled in Paris; who are these mentioned in the following Table.

SECT III. Of the French Kings.

OF these Monarchs there are reckon'd three Races: The first is called Merovignian from Merouee, who puting aside the Children of Clodion, caus'd himself to be chosen King; and fix'd the Regal Seat in Gaul, as hath been already shewn. This Race continued during the Reigns of XXI Kings, and ended in Childerick III. who being a weak Man, was surnamed the Witless, and was degraded by the Assembly of the Estates; Pepin, the Son of Charles M•rtel, Maire of the Palace, being advanced in his stead, who began the second Race, call'd the Carlian or Carlovinian.

The Maire of the Palace was an Office of great Dignity and Power; he was at first chosen by the Nobility and confirmed by the King; and was entrusted with the Management of all Affairs of State: Their Power was very great, which by reason of the Weakness and Supineness of the Kings they encreased as they pleased; so that at last it became hereditary. Of these, Pepin and his Son Charles, surnamed Martel, were in a manner Kings themselves during the Reigns of Dagobert II. Chilperick, Clotaire and Thierry, and after the Death of the last, Charles made himself chief Governour, with the Title of Maire and Duke of the French, in which he was succeeded by his Sons Carloman and Pepin, during an Interregnum of 6 or 7 years; and after the Expulsion of Childerick Pepin obtained the Royal Dignity, as hath been already said. To Pepin succeeded his Son Charles, called le Maigne or the Great; An Epithet the Noble Actions he perform'd, very worthily deserv'd: For it was he that conquer'd the Barbarous Inhabitants of the most Northern parts of Germany, and establish'd Christianity and Civil Government among them, after he had overcome Wittikind the last King of the Saxons, whereof we shall have occasion to speak more particularly in our description of Germany. He also conquer'd the Boii or Bavarians, became King of Germany, and in the Pope's Quarrel carried his Arms into Italy against Desiderius King of Lombardy, who attempted to diminish the Papal Power and make himself King of all Italy; him Charles defeated, seized his Kingdom, and was crown'd King of Lombardy. He also conquer'd the Sarazens in Spain; And the Huns, Danes, Normans, &c. that infested his own Countries: And finally, he was by the Romans chosen Emperor, to which he was Crowned on Christmas-day, A. D. 800. thereby erecting anew the Western Empire, and making himself the greatest Prince of the Universe. But this mighty Monarchy was in a little time reduced to its former Limits; for his Son Lewis the Godly parted his Estates among his four Sons, and erected the Kingdoms of Italy, Aquitain, Bavaria and Rhoetia; and tho' some of his Posterity succeded in the Empire, yet his Family degenerating, they not only lost that Title, but Charles surnamed the Simple, the great Grandson of Lewis the Godly, was for some time kept out of the Throne of France also by Lewis and Carloman, his Bastard-Brothers, and after them by Carolus Crassus Emperor, and Eudes Earl of Anjou; and though he obtained it at last, he was much disturb'd and forc'd to relign it to Rodolph of Burgundy, who having enjoyed it two years, after his Death the Son of Charles the Simple was restored. But his Son and Grandson were disturb'd by Hugh Capet, Earl of Paris and Anjou, and Maire of the Palace, descended from the Eudes abovemention'd, who after the death of Lewis the Sloathful, got to be chosen King by the Assembly of the Estates at Noyon in the Month of May, A. D. 987. And began the third or Capetine Race of the Kings of France,

A Chronological Table of the Succession of the Kings of France, according to Mezeray.

The First or Morovignian Race.

Began to Reign.	A. D.	Reigned Years
1 Pharomond	418	10
2 Clodion the Hairy	428	20
3 Merouee	448	11
4 Childerick I.	458	23
5 Clovis I.	481	30
6 Childebert I.	511	47
7 Clotaire I.	558	3
8 Cherebert	561	9
9 Chilperic I	570	13
10 Clotaire II.	584	45
11 Dagobert I.	629	16
	Whereof 6 with his Father.
12 Clovis II.	638	18
13 Clotaire III.	655	14
14 Childerick II.	670	in Austria & Neustr. 18
15 Thierry I.	674	17
16 Clovis III.	691	4
17 Childebert II.	695	17
18 Dagobert II. the Just	711	5
19 Chilperick II.	716	5
Clotaire, set up by Ch. Martel	721	1
20 Thierry II.	722	17
An Interregnum of 6 or 7 years
21 Childerick III. the Witless.	743	8

She Second or Carlovignian Race.

Began to Reign.	A. D.	Reigned Years
22 Pepin, the short	751	17
23 Charlemaign, or Ch. the Great	768	46
24 Lewis I. the pious	814	27
25 Charles II. the Bald	840	37
26 Lewis II. the Stammerer,	877	19 Months
27 Lewis III. Carloman	879	2
4
22 Charles III. the Gross	884	3
29 Eudes, Crowned King	888	5
30 Charles IV. the Simple	893	29
Robert Crowned King	922	1
31 Rodolph Crowned King	923	13
32 Lewis IV. Transmarine	936	18
33 Lothaire	954	32
34 Lewis V. the Sloathful	986	16 Months

The Third or Capetine Race.

Began to Reign.	A. D.	Reigned Years
35 Hugh Capet	987	9
36 Robert, the Devout	996	45
	whereof 9 with his Father.
Hugh the Great, Crowned, but died before his Father.
37 Henry I.	1033	28
38 Philip I.	1060	48
39 Lewis VI. the Gross	1108	29
Philip Crowned, but died before his Father
40 Lewis VII the Young	1137	43
41 Philip II. the August	1180	43
42 Lewis VIII. the Lyon	1223	3
43 S. Lewis IX.	1226	44
44 Philip III. the Hardy	1270	15
45 Philip IV. the Fair	1286	29
46 Lewis X. Hutin	1314	18 Months
Regency.
John died at 8 days old.
47 Philip V. the Young	1317	5
48 Charles IV, the Fair	1322	6
After whose death Edward III. King of England claimed the Crown of France, as next Heir; however it was given to
49 Philip VI. of Valois,	1328	22
50 John the Good	1350	13
He was taken Prisoner by the Black Prince Son to Edward III.
51 Charles V. the Wise	1364	16
52 Charles VI. well belov'd	1380	42
53 Charles VII. Victorious	1422	39
54 Lewis XI.	1461	22
55 Charles VIII. Courteous	1483	15
56 Lewis XII. the Just	1498	17
57 Francis I. the Great	1515	32
58 Henry II.	1547	13
59 Francis II.	1559	1 5 Mon.
60 Charles IX.	1560	13
61 Henry III.	1574	15
62 Henry IV. of Bourbon, King of Navarre.	1589	21
63 Lewis XIII.	1610	33
64 Lewis XIV.	1643	now reigning.

The present King was born Sept. 5th 1638. succeeded his Father in the Throne, May 14th 1643 and was Crowned at Reims, June 7th 1654 he married Mary of Austria Daughter to Philip iv. King of Spain, June 9th 1660, by whom he hath Issue, the DAƲPHIN, born Nov. 1st. 1661, who married Mary Sister to the present Elector of Bavaria, on the 28th of Jan. 1680, and by her hath Issue three Sons; viz. the Duke of BƲRGƲNDY, born Aug. 6th 1682. The Duke of ANJOƲ, born Dec. 9th 1683. And the Duke of BERRY, born August 31 1686.

SECT. IV. Of the Government, Laws, Courts and Officers of Justice and Taxes.

GAul, as we have said, was anciently divided into many Nations, each of which was govern'd by a different King; whose Power was limited by Laws agreed between him and the People in a grand Council. But though these Nations were separate Governments, they all maintained a general Alliance, and upon extraordinary Occasions. a general Council of the Chiefs of each Nation was Conven'd; as we find there was to choose Deputies to congratulate Caesar upon his Victory over the Helvetians,* 1.4 and to crave his assistance against Ariovistus King of the Germans.

And like the Gauls, the French also at the beginning of that Monarchy, established a grand Council for making Laws, called the Assembly of the Estates; which was composed of Deputies sent from the Nobility, Clergy, the chief Cities of every Province, and from the Common People. These being assembled before the King, the Peoples Grievances were heard, the Necessities of the Kingdom considered, and Laws were made for Imposing Taxes, Redressing Grievances, and what else was needful for the Publick Good: And the Laws there made obliged the King, as well as the People. The first Assembly of this Council, mentioned in History, was A. D. 422. at Salisson or Seltz in Alsatia, which was called (says du Tillet) to Interpret and Reform the Customs of France not yet written, and and in this Council ('tis said) the famous Salique Law was made. Mention is made of many times that Childebert assembled the Estates. Charlemaigne called them twenty times, To receive the Annual Gifts, and confirm the Priviledges of the Nobility, says a late French Author of good Learning; by which it should seem that they had the same Power that our English Parliament hath. It is at least certain, that in those days this Assembly had great Authority: Davila says it was an ancient Question, whether the Estates or the King were superior. But at length their Power was much restrained, and latterly they were not assembled in many years together. Lewis XIII. convoked the Assembly of the Estates to Sens, Sept. 10. 1614. thence adjourned them to Paris, where the Sessions began on the 27th of October, and on the 23d of February, 1615, the Result of their Deliberations being written down, were presented to the King, but whether passed into Laws or no I am not inform'd, the Historian leaving it there. Since that time they have never met; and the only Legislative Power in France at present is in the King, whose Edicts (with a Soit, car tel est notre plaisir; So be it, for such is our Pleasure) being registred in the Parliament of Paris (which too is composed of Persons that are at his Devotion) have the full Force of Laws.

The Ancient Civil Law is used in France, besides which there are ancient particular Laws and Customs, and the Edicts of the Kings.

The Salique Law and that of Appenages are esteemed Fundamental and unrevocable: The first confines the Succession to the Crown in the Males, excluding the Females, and the Issue of them: What more it contained is not known. Many Conjectures have been made of the reason of this Name Salique; some derive it from the Salii, one of the Nations of the Franks; others from the River Sala, on the Banks whereof it is pretended to be made, &c. But that which seems to be much the most Natural and Probable is the Judgment of a most ingenious Antiquary of our own Nation, who derives it from the Word SAHL or ZAL, as it is now written, which in the High Dutch (the Language of the Franks) signifies a Hall or Court, so that it is the Law Salique, q. d. the Court-Law, or the Law of the Court, by which the King and the Royal Family were assur'd of their Honour and Prerogative. That of Appenage was made by Charles the Great, and is to hinder the King's younger Sons from having any part of the Knigdom with their Elder Brother; before which France was frequently parcelled out into several Kingdoms.

For maintaining the Publick Peace, and the better Administration of Justice, the King appoints one of the prime of the Nobility Governor in every one of the Twelve Governments, and under him Lieutenants and Governours of Towns; whose Offices are the same with the ancient Dukes and Counts, first established by the Romans, viz. to keep in Obedience the Provinces and Places given them in Custody, to maintain them in Peace and Tranquility, to have Power and command over their Armies, to defend them against Enemies and Seditious Attempts, to keep the Places well fortified and provided with what is needful, and to assist the Execution of Justice.

The Administration of Justice, both Civil and Criminal belongs to the Parliaments. Anciently the Kings administred Justice themselves, but it being troublesome to them, this Court was establish'd by King Pepin, Anno. Dom. 757. composed of certain Noblemen, whom the King appointed to hear the Complaints, and do Justice to his Subjects. At first it was held where the King resided, and follow'd him in his Journeys: But for the Convenience of the People, Philip the Fair made it sedentary, and gave a part of his Palace at Paris to be the fixt Seat of the Parliament; and because of the multiplicity of Business, and the large Extent of the Country, succeeding Kings erected new ones in several Parts of the Kingdom, so that at present there are Fifteen Parliaments in France and its Conquests, viz.

• 1 At Paris.
• 2 Toulouse.
• 3 Roan.
• 4 Grenoble.
• 5 Bourdeaux.
• 6 Dijon.
• 7 Aix.
• 8 Rennes, now at Vannes.
• 9 At Pau.
• 10 Mets.
• 11 Besancon.
• 12 Tournay.
• 13 Of Rousillon at Perpignan.
• 14 Arras.
• 15 Of Alsace at Brifac.

These Parliaments are composed of certain Presidents, Counsellors, Advocates, &c. and divided into several Chambers, according to the respective Businesses. That of Paris is called the Court of Peers, because the Dukes and Peers of France, and several great Officers of State are sworn before it, and are there tryed, when accused of any Crime. It is divided into Ten Chambers, viz.

The Grand Chamber, which tries great Causes, and judges Noblemen.

The Tournelle (so called, because the Counsellors of the Grand Chamber attend in it by turns) Civile, judges of Civil Causes to the Value of 1000 Livres or 50 Livres per Annum.

The Tournelle Criminelle, which judges all Appeals of Criminal Matters for the Subordinate Courts, not made by Noblemen.

Five Chambers of Inquest. Wherein the Depositions of Witnesses are written down, and Causes judged thereupon, in the nature of our Bill and Answer in Chancery and Exchequer.

Two Chambers of Request, which judge the Causes of those that are priviledged.

For the Service of these Chambers, there are one Chief President, and seven Presidents au Mortier (so called from a Cap they wear in form like a Mortar) who are all Persons of Quality: Twenty nine Counsellors Clerks, among which the Archbishop of Paris, and the Abbot of S. Denis have place; One hundred eighty and five Counsellors, Laicks; Fourteen Presidents of the Inquest and Request; Two Advocates General; one Procurer General, and Twenty Substitutes to him; Three Registers; with Greiffers, Notaries, Ushers, &c. and Four hundred Procureurs or Attorneys.

Besides the Parliaments, there are two other sorts of Supreme Courts in France, which are the Chambers of Accounts, and the Courts of Aides.

The Chambers of Accounts are Twelve in Number, and held at these Cities, viz. 1. Paris, 2. Roan, 3. Dijon, 4. Nantes, 5. Montpelier, 6. Grenoble, 7. Aix, 8. Pau, 9. Blois, 10. Lisle, 11. Aire, and 12. Dole. This Court administers the Oath of Fidelity to the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, &c. They Examine the Accounts of the Treasury, receive the Homage and Vassalage due from the Royal Feifs, &c. and Register the Treaties of Peace, and all other Contracts, Grants, and Gifts of the King whatsoever.

The Courts of Aides are Eight, and held at these Cities, viz. 1. Paris, 2. Montpelier, 3. Roan, 4. Clermont Mont-ferrand, 5. Bourdeaux, 6. Aix, 7. Grenoble, and 8. of Burgundy at Dijon. This Court judges without Appeal all Causes relating to the Tailles, Aides, Gab•es, and all other the Kings Revenues.

Under these Supreme Courts there are other for smaller Matters establish'd in all the Cities, and considerable Towns in the Kingdom, viz.

Presidial. A Coutt composed of several Judges, who Try Civil Causes (and Appeals from Subaltern Justices in Villages) of Matters of smaller Importance. Each Presidial is divided under two Chiefs; The first Judges definitively, and without Appeal, to to the Sum of 250 Livres, or 10 Livres per Annum; The second to the Sum of 500 Livres, or 20 Livres per Annum.

Generalities. Which are the Treasurers General of France; Of these there are Twenty three, conveniently disposed in several parts of the Kingdom: Each Generality is composed of Twenty three Persons, who have the Care of Assessing the Taxes, and Receiving the Kings Revenue, in their respective Districts, which for their ease are divided into several Parts, call'd Elections. When the King, in his Council, hath determined what extraordinary Sum must be levied upon the Subjects that Year, the Resolution is sent to the Generalities, who compute the Proportion of it that each of their Districts must raise: And then send their Orders to every Election, to raise so much as their Proportion amounts to, upon the Parishes within their respective Elections; and the Money being Collected, is return'd with the accounts to the Generalities, who remit it to the Exchequer. The same Method is us'd in levying the Tailles, and all Money raised for the King.

This is a Court also for judging Matters relating to the Crown-Lands and the Kings Revenue. They have the inspection of all Publick Works, and give out Orders concerning the building and repairing the Royal Houses (except Versailles and the Louvre) publick Bridges, Causeys, &c. They are Surveyors General of the High-ways, and Judge of the Nuisances without Appeal. All Letters of Ennobling, Legitimation and Donation from the King must be registred in their Office. The Places that these Generalities are held in, will be seen in the following Description of the Country.

The Election is a subordinate Court to the Generality. It is composed of several Persons who compute the proportion that every Parish in their Division must raise of the Sum demanded by the Generality, and send out their Orders to the Parishes accordingly, where the Inhabitants chuse one, who proportions it exactly among them, and collects it. This Court judges small Causes relating to the Imposts and Taxes.

For administring Justice and punishing Criminals, there are certain Officers or Magistrates in every considerable Town (who are commonly Lawyers) appointed by the King; they have different Titles, being in some places called Bailiffs, in others Provosts, and in others Seneschals, but their Power and Duty is much the same. The Pursuing and Seizing of Criminals belongs to them: They have Power also to punish them, as the Law directs, which they did formerly definitively, but since so many Parliaments have been instituted, Appeals are admitted to the Parliament from their Sentence. The District over which they have the Care is called a Bailliage, Provoste or Seneschausee.

There are also in some Places Officers call'd Intendants; these are Men of the Law, whom the King sends into the Provinces or Generalities to give orders in extraordinary Affairs. There are Intendants de la Justice, Police and Finance. They are also called Commissaries of Paris for executing the Kings Orders in such or such a Generality.

There are a multitude of other Courts and Officers in France, too many to describe here; what is said is enough to give the Reader a general Idea of the Government, and to explain the Terms of Generality, Election, &c. which often occur in the ensuing Description of the Kingdom.

The TAXES paid by the Common People of France are very large. Those that are constant, besides the extraordinary ones in time of War, are of six sorts, viz. 1. Tailles, a Sum paid yearly by every Housholder, according to his Substance and Family; granted by the Three Estates. 2. Taillons, paid by the same Persons as the Taille, and amounts to about one third of that; This was first imposed by Henry II. 1549. 3. Subsistance-money, a Duty imposed by this present King for the Subsistance of the Soldiers in Winter, for which the Subject is excused from Lodging them: It is paid in the same manner as the other two. These Taxes are paid by the Third Estate only, the Nobility and Clergy being exempt. 4. The Customs upon Merchandize Imported and Exported. 5. The Gabell, or Excise upon Salt, which is very high, and the People forc'd to take a certain quantity yearly, proportionate to their Family, and pay the Duty whether they can consume it or no. 6. Smaller Excises, Farms and other Demesns of the Crown, to the number of 26; all which raise a vast Sum.

The whole Revenue of the King of France in time of Peace hath been computed to amount to more than 150 Millions of Livres, or 11 Millions and 375 thousand Pounds Sterling per Annum.

The Accounts in France are kept in Crowns, Livres, Solz and Deniers. 12 Deniers make a Sol or Sou, 20 Solz a Livre or Florin, 3 Livres or 60 Solz make a Crown. A French Crown is of equal Value with Four Shillings and six Pence English; an English Crown yields in France 65 Solz; a Pound Sterling yields 13 Livres, and an English Guinea Piece of Gold 14 Livres. The other Monies of France are a Double, which is two Deniers; a Liard, the fourth part of a Sol, Pieces of 3½ and 5 Solz, the quarter and the half Crown, the two Livre piece. And of Gold, the Crown, value 5 Livres 14 Solz, Lys de Or, value 7 Livres 10 Solz, the half Louis, the whole Louis d'Or, value 11 Livres, double Louis, &c.

SECT. V. The Archbishopricks, Bishopricks, and Universities of France.

FOr the Government of the Church, France is divided into 18 Archbishopricks, and 109 Bishopricks, viz.

I. Archbishop of Lyons, Count and Primate of France, hath Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Autun, 2 Langres, 3 Macon, and 4 Challon.

II. The Archbishop of Sens, Primate of France and Germany; Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Troies, 2 Auxerre, and 3 Nevers.

III. The Archbishop of Paris, Duke and Peer; Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Chartres, 2 Orleans, and 3 Meux,

IV. The Archbishop of Reims, Duke and Peer, Legat of the Holy See; Suffragans, The Bishops of 1 Soisons, 2 Laon, 3 Chaalons, 4 Noyon, 5 Beauvais, 6 Amiens, 7 Senlis, and 8 Boulogne.

V. The Archbishop of Rouen, Primate of Normandy; Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Bayeux, 2 Evreux, 3 Auranches, 4 Seez, 5 Lisieux, 6 Coutances.

VI. The Archbishop of Tours; Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Mans, 2 Angers, 3 Renues, 4 Nantes, 5 Courn•uaille, or Quimper, 6 Vannes, 7 St. Malo, 8 S. Brieu, 9 Treguier, 10 S. Pol de Leon, 11 Dol.

VII. The Archbishop of Bourges: Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Clermont, 2 Limoges, 3 S. Flour, 4 le Puy, 5 Tulle.

VIII. The Archbishop of Alby; Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Castres, 2 Mende, 3 Rodez, 4 Caors, 5 Vabors.

IX. The Archbishop of Bourdeux; Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Poictiers, 2 Sainctes, 3 Angoulesme, 4 Perigueux, 5 Agen, 6 Condom, 7 Sarlat, 8 Rochelle, 9 Lucon.

X. The Archbishop of Auch; Suffragans; the Bishops of 1 Acqs, 2 Aire, 3 Bazas, 4 Bayonne, 5 Comminges, Linges, 6 Conserans, 7 Lectoure, 8 Mescar, 9 Oleron, 10 Tarbes.

XI. The Archbishop of Toulouse; Suffragans; the Bishops of 1 Pamieres, 2 Mirepoix, 3 Montauban, 4 Lavaur, 5 S. Papoul, 6 Lombez, 7 Rieux.

XII. The Archbishop of Narbonne; Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Carcassone, 2 Alet, 3 Beziers, 4 Agde, 5 Lodeve, 6 Montpellier, 7 Nismes, 8 Ʋsetz, 9 S. Pons, and 10 Perpignan.

XIII. The Archbishop of Arles, Prince of Salon, and Mont-Dragon; Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Marseilles, 2 Orange, 3 S. Paul des trois Chateaux, 4 & Toulon.

XIV. The Archbishop of Aix in Provence; Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Apt, 2 Riez, 3 Frejus, 4 Gap, 5 Sisteron.

XV. The Archbishop of Vienne in Dauphine, Count and Primate; Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Valence, 2 Die, 3 Grenoble, 4 Viviers; as also the Bishop of Geneva, and the Bishop of Maurienne in Savoy.

XVI. The Archbishop of Bezancon; Suffragans, the Bishop of Belley in Beugey, together with the Bishops of Basil and Lausanne in Switzerland.

XVII. The Archbishop of Ambrun; Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Digne, 2 Gland•ve, 3 Vence, 4 Senez, 5 Grace, and the Bishop of Nice in Savoy.

XVIII. The Archbishop of Cambray in French-Flanders; Suffragans, the Bishops of 1 Arras, 2 Tournay 3 S. Omar, 4 Namur.

In the French Conquests are five other Bishops, who are Suffragans to Archbishops of other Nations, viz.

The Bishop of Strasburg to the Archbishop of Mentz.

The Bishops of Mets, Toul and Verdun, to the Archbishop of Spires, and the Bishop of Helene in Rousillon, to the Archbishop of Tarragone in Spain.

These Prelates enjoy very large Revenues and have under their Care above Thirty thousand Parishes, and a vast number of Monasteries, which are all very richly endowed.

For the Propagation of Learning, there are Twenty one Universities established in France, viz.

• At Paris
• Toulouze in Languedoc.
• Bourdeaux in Guienne.
• Poitiers in in Poictu.
• ...Orleans.
• Bourges in Berry.
• Anjers in Anjou.
• Caen in Normandy.
• Montpellier in Langued.
• Cahors in Quercy.
• Nantes in Bretaigne.
• Reims in Champaigne.
• Valence in Dauphine.
• Aix in Provence.
• At Avignon in the County of Avignon.
• Pont a Mauson in Lorraine.
• Perpignan in Rousillon.
• Douay in Flanders.
• Dole in the County of Burgundy.
• Friburg in Frisgau.
• Orange in that Principality.
• Arles, an Academy.

SECT. VI. Of the Extents of the French Dominions, and the Acquisitions of the present King.

GReat part of the present Dominions of this Monarchy, were formerly divided among many Princes. Normandy, Aquitain and Anjou, were for some time subject to the Kings of England. Bretaigne was subject to its own Dukes, till A. D. 1484. The Dukes of Burgundy were powerful Princes for many Ages, and Lords of great part of the Netherlands, besides the Burgundies, till A. D. 1476, Charles the Warlike, being kill'd in Battle by the Switzers, Lewis XI. Seized the Dutchy of Burgundy: But that Family enjoyed the Earldom till the present King took it from the King of Spain, A. D 1668. but being obliged to restore it at the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle, he re-took it. A. 1674, and both the Burgundies are now reckoned part of France.

Many little Principalities and Lordships were made Hereditary to certain Families, by Hugh Capet, which in time fell again to the Crown, as will be seen in the ensuing Description; And when the present King came to the Crown, he was in a manner the only Sovereign, very few of those Princes then remaining, and those that were, in time he found means to deprive of their Royalties, and render himself absolute, and sole Monarch of France.

Besides which, he hath Encroached upon his Neighbours on every side, and hath by Purchase and Craft, more than generous Fighting, made himself Master of the Province of Artois, great part of the Provinces of Flanders, Hainault and Luxemburgh, all the Duchies of Lorrain and Bar, and the other Dominions of that Prince, Alsatia, the County of Burgundy abovementioned, &c.

But the Reader may be better informed herein by the following account of the Treaties of the Pyrenees, Aix la Chapelle and Nimeguen, viz.

By the Peace concluded in the Island of Pheasants, near the Pyrenean Mountains, A. D. 1659, these Towns were granted to the French King, viz. In Artois, Arras, Hesden, Bapaume, Bethune, Lilers, Lens, County of St. Pol, Terouane, and all the Bailiwicks and Castleries of Artois, except St. Omer, Aire, and their Dependencies; also Renty, if in the dependance of Aire, else not. In Flanders; Graveline, Pas, Fort St. Philip, with the Sluce, Hannuin, Bourburg, St. Ʋenant. In Hainault; Landrecy and Quesney, with all their Bailiwicks and dependencies, Marienburg and Philipville, in Exchange for la Bassee and St. Winoxberg, Avenne. In Luxemburg; Thionville, Montmidy, and Damvilliers, the Provostships of Ivoy, Chavancy, Marville, Rocroy le Chatelet, and Linchamps: So much of the Counties of Rousillon, Conflent and Cardana, as lye on this side the Pyrenean; all the rest of those Counties, together with the Principality of Catalonia, being restored to the Spaniard. The upper and lower Alsatia; Suntgau, the County of Ferette and Brisac, with its Dependencies, were also granted to the French.

The Duke of Lorrain by this Treaty was restored to his Dominions, except Mionize. But the French King prevail'd upon him to make a Donation of them to him at his Death; by the pretence whereof, when that Duke died, A. 1675, the French entred upon them, and kept out his Nephew, the late Duke of Lorrain. Afterwards at the Treaty of Nimeguen, at the instance of the Emperor, the Duchy of Lorrain was offer'd to be restored to him, but with condition, that the French King still keep the City of Nancy and its Jurisdiction, and also have four Roads cross his Country, of half a League in breadth from Nancy, viz. Into Alsace; to Vesout in the Franche Comte, to Metz, and to St. Dizier in Champaigne, together with the Sovereignty of all the Boroughs and Villages which lye in the said Roads of half a Leagu's breadth; as also the Provostship of Longui, and its Dependencies, for which he was to exchange another Provostship of like value; by which means the French retain'd half Lorrain, besides all the Duchy of Barr, the County of Clermont, and other Dominions of that Prince. But these Conditions were look'd upon by the young Duke as too hard, especially since the French King had promis'd him his whole Country; so that after much time in endeavouring to obtain better Terms, the Peace was concluded without including him; and the French still possess the whole Country.

By the Peace of Aix la Chapelle, or Aken, in the Duchy of Juliers in Germany, A. D. 1668. It was agreed,

That the French King should enjoy the Fortress of Charleroy, the Towns of Binch, Aeth, Doway, Tournay, Oudenard, Lisle, Armentiers, Courtray, Bergues and Furnes, and the whole extent of their Territories, with the entire Sovereignty thereof.

By the Peace concluded at Nimeguen with the King of Spain, A. 1678. the Franche Comte, or County of Burgundy, with all the Towns and Places thereon depending, was granted to the French King; as also the Towns of Valenciennes and Bouchain, with their dependencies; the Town and County of Cambray, Air, St. Omer, Menin, Conde and Ypres, and their dependencies. Warwick and Warneton on the Lys. Poperinghen, Bailleul, Mont Cassel, Bavay and Meubeuge, with their dependencies. And also the Town of Dinant.

And by the same Treaty the French restored these Towns, viz.

Charleroy, Ghent, Oudenard, Courtray, Binch, Aeth, St. Ghislain, Lewe, Limburg, and its Duchy; the Country of Waes, and all the dependencies of every of them in the Netherlands; and Puicerday in Cerdaigne, on the Frontiers of Catalonia, to the Spaniards. And to the Dutch, Maestricht.

And by the Treaty with the Emperor at the same place, A. 1679.

The Town and Citadel of Friburg in Brisgaw, with the Villages of Lehn, Mathausen and Kirkzart, and their Liberties, as also a Passage from Brisac to Friburg, were granted to the French; and in return, Philipsburg was restored to the Bishop of Spire.

Soon after this Peace, viz. A. 1680. the French took Strasburg, which they still hold, together with the greatest part of its Bishoprick.

And A. 1684. they took the City of Luxemburg, and a great part of that Duchy.

And now once more hath this Monarch for his Glory, kindled the flame of War in Europe, which he began by the Siege of Philipsburg in the Month of September, 1688, and took it on the first of November following. Since when his Armies have most barbarously Ravag'd and destroyed the Palatinate, took and destroy'd the Cities of Hidelberg, Spires, and Wormes. And in the Netherlands they have taken the Cities of Mons and Nausur, and the Fortress of Charleroy: And in Savoy, Nissa, Susa, Montmellian, and Villa Franca.

But the Grandeur of this haughty Monarch seems to be now past its Meridian, for many of the Princes of Europe Headed by his Sacred Majesty of Great Britain, are in Arms against him, by which (as they have hitherto bridled and stopped the furious course his Armies have been used to) it is not to be doubted but they will be able to bring him down, and force him to restore what he hath by Violence and Fraud Ravish'd from his Neighbours.

The French have also Dominions in America; as Canada or New-France, upon the Continent; also Colonies, in New-found-land, Martinico, St. Christophers, and other Islands, &c.

The Division of France.

THis Kingdom is divided into Twelve Governments, Four of which lye to the North, Four in the middle, and Four to the South, viz.

To the North, NORMANDY, PICARDY, •he ISLE of FRANCE and CHAMPAIGNE. In the Middle BRETAIGNE, ORLEANNOIS, BURGUNDY and LYONNOIS. To the South, GUIENNE, LANGUEDOC, DAUPHINE and PROVENCE.

The Sub-divisions whereof are as follows. viz.

• Normandy is divided into 7 Diocesses.
  • Diocess of Rouen in 4 Counties
    • Vexin-Normand
    • Rouanois
    • Caux
    • Bray.
  • Diocess of Lisieux
  • Bayeux
  • Coutance
  • Auranches.
• Picardy into nine Countries.
  • Diocess of Seez
  • Diocess Euvreux
  • Amienois
  • Ponthieu
  • Vimeux
  • Boulonnois
  • Santerre
  • Vermandois
  • Tiarache
  • Pays re-conquis
• The Isle of France into 10.
  • Isle of France, Properly so calle.
  • Brie Francoise
  • Hurepois
  • Gatinois
  • Myntois
  • Vexin Francois
  • Beauvaisis
  • Valois
  • Soissonois
  • Laonnois
• Champaigne into 8 Countries.
  • Champaigne proper
  • Remois
  • Perthois
  • Rethelois
  • Vallage
  • Bassigni
  • Senonois
  • Brie Charpenoise
• Bretagne into 2 parts.
  • The Ʋpper into 5 bishopricks.
    • Rennes
    • Nantes
    • St. Malo
    • Dol
    • Brieux
  • The Lower into 4.
    • Treguier
    • S. Paul de Leon
    • Quimper corentim
    • Vannes.
• The Islands of
  • Ouessant
  • Belle Isle.
• Orleanois in¦to 14 Countries.
  • Orleanois proper
  • La Beauce
  • Le Blaisois
  • Le Perche
  • Le Maine
  • Anjou
  • Poictou
  • The Country of Aunis
  • Angoumois
  • Touraine
  • Gatinois
  • Berri
  • Nivernois
  • The Islands
• Burgundy into 2.
  • The Dutchy into 13 Countries.
    • Dijonnois
    • Autunois
    • Chalonnois
    • Mountainouns C.
    • Auxois
    • Auxerrois
    • Charolois
    • Briennois
    • Macannois
    • Bresse
    • Bagey
    • Bailliage of Gex
    • Princip. of Dombes
  • The County into 3.
    • Bailliage of Milieu
    • Amont
    • Aval.
• Lionois into 6. Countries.
  • Lionois proper
  • Forets
  • Beaujolois
  • Bourbonnois
  • Auvergne
  • La Marche
• Guienne into 18.
  • Guienne proper
  • Bazadois
  • Agenois
  • Condomois
  • Xaintongue
  • Perigord
  • Limosin
  • Quercy
  • Rovergne
  • Gascogne proper, or Armagnac
  • Chalosse
  • The Landes
  • Terre de Labour
  • The lower Navarre
  • Bearn
  • Bigorre
  • Comminge
  • Conserans
• Languedoc into 11.
  • Toulousan
  • Albigeois
  • Lauragais
  • County of Foix
  • Rousillon
  • Quarter of Narbonne
  • Besiers
  • Nimes
  • Cevennes in 3.
    • Vivarets
    • Givauden
    • Velay
  • Dauphine into 9.
    • Gresivaudan
    • Diois
    • Baronies
    • Gapencois
    • Ambrunois
    • Brianconnois
    • Vinnois
    • Valentinois
    • Tricastin
  • Provence into 13 Diocesses 1 Principality, 1 County & 4 Islands.
    • Diocess of Aix
    • Riez
    • Senez
    • Digne
    • Arles
    • Marseille
    • Toulon
    • Frejus
    • Grace
    • Vence
    • Glandeve
    • Cisteron
    • Apt
    • County of Venaissin
    • Principality of Orange
  • ...Islands
    • Of Martegue in 4.
      • Martegue prop.
      • Pomegue
      • Paulet
      • Passon
    • Stecacades into 5.
      • Ribaudon
      • Ribaudas
      • Titan
      • Porqueyroles
      • Portecros
    • Lerin into 2.
      • S. Margaret
      • S. Honorat.
    • Chateau Dif.

CHAP. VI. BRETAGNE, Armonica, aut Britannia Minor.

THE Province of Bretagne, or the lesser Britain, apparently took its modern Name from those People of Great Britain who, having escaped the fury of the Saxons, arriv'd on these Coasts, where they were courteously entertained by the Inhabitants, and incorporated with them into one Body. They still retain a different Language from the rest of France. This Country was heretofore called Armorica, i. e. ad Mare sita, from its situation on the Sea-shoar, and afterward Llydaw, in the British Tongue in the same sense; as also Letavia in Latin, by the English Writers of the middle Age. It is bounded on the East by the Provinces of Anjou, Maine and part of Normandy, advancing it self in form of a Penisle to the West into the Ocean, with which it is encompassed on the three other sides. Its utmost extent from East to West, consists of about 170 English miles; that is to say, from Vitrey to the point of Conquet, and about 100 miles from North to South, viz. From St. Malo to the Borders of Poictou, but in other places it is not above 70 miles broad. It is situated between the 47th Degree, and almost the 49th of Latitude.

Julius Caesar first made himself Master of this Province, and it remained under the dominion of the Romans until Maximus having caused himself to be proclaimed Emperor in England, A. C. 382, granted to one of his Lieutenant-Generals named Conan Meridiac, the title of King of Armorica or Bretagne, which Soveraignty continued until the time of Clouis and Chilperick, who oblig'd these Princes to be content with the stile of Counts. But they often Revolted, until Dagobert II. rendred them Tributary; and Charlemagne entirely subdued them A. C. 787. However they took up Armes against Lewis the Debonnaire and Charles the Bald, and their last King Solomon was slain in Battle. Afterwards the Country was Govern'd by divers Princes until the Year 1213 at which time Aix, the Heiress of Bretagne, Married Peter of Dreux Maucler, whose Successors to the number of Ten retained the Possession thereof under the title of a Dutchy, until A. D. 1491, when Ann of Bretagne the only Daughter of Francis II. the last Duke was espoused to King Charles VIII. and afterward to Lewis XII. who inseparably united this Dutchy to the Crown of France, A. D. 1491.

The Soil of this Province yields Pasture, Hemp, Wood, Minerals, some Corn but no Wine; and about Nantes great quantity of Salt is made. The Meadows feed abundance of Cattle, especially Horses, of which a very good race are bred here. Hemp and Flax grows in great plenty, so that abundance of Canvas and Linnen is made here. The Forests are many and large, and contain great variety of •ame. Between Chateau-Briant and Martignes, are found Mines of Iton and Lead, and in other places some of Copper and Tin. This Province is happy in good Havens, having more good Sea-Ports than any other part of France, and many Islands all round it. The Inhabitants are good Fisher-men, which they are encouraged to by the great variety of delicate Fish, daily taken on their Coasts; particularly Salmons, Herrings, Sardines, and a certain Fish of a most delicious taste, called Imperador, or Emperor at Marseille, and Gracieux Seignieur or Gracious Lord in Bretagne; besides Tunnies, Porpesses, Dolphins, Sturgeon, and some others, appropriated to the Royal Fishery. Travelers admire the Jewels of Amber at Belle-Isle, the Aqueducts at Dol, the Vaults between Rieux and Redon, the Subterranean Torrent in the Forest of St. Aubin du Cormier, the singular Properties of the River Ardre, and the Lake of Grand-lieu near Nantes, from whence are taken many Toad-stones and Serpent-Tongues of extraordinary Vertue,

The most considerable Rivers of Bretagne are the Loire, the Vilaine, Rance, Blavet, Aufen, Trieux, Laitta, Oder, Arguenon and Covesnon.

Bretagne Divided into its Principal Parts.

The Upper towards the East in 5 viz.

• The Bishoprick of Rennes,
  • ...Chief Town, Rennes.
• The Bishoprick of Nantes,
  • ...Chief Town same Name.
• The Bishoprick of St. Malo.
  • ...Idem.
• The Bishoprick of Dol.
  • ...Idem.
• The Bishoprick of St. Brieux.
  • ...Idem.

The Lower toward the West in 4. viz.

• The Bishoprick of Treguier.
  • ...Idem.
• The Bishoprick of St. Paul. De Leon.
  • ...Idem.
• The Bishoprick of Quimpercorentin.
  • ...Idem.
• The Bishoprick of Vannes.
  • ...Idem.

The Bishoprick of Diocess of RENNES, Episcopatus Rhedonensis, is situated on the Frontiers of Normandy, and the Province of Maine, and bounded on the North by the Bishoprick of Dol. The chief Towns are these, viz.

• Rennes Bish. Cap.
• ...Vitrey.
• ...Fougueres.
• Antraim, &c.

RENNES, Rhedones aut Conducte Rhedonum, stands on the River Vilaine, which here receives the Lille, and divides the Town into two parts, and at the distance of 54 miles from Nantes to the North, 40 from St. Malo to the South, and 30 from the Borders of the Province of Maine to the West. It is the Capital of Bretagne, and was heretofore the place of Residence of the Counts or Earls of Bretagne, and hath been for some time the Seat of the Parliament of the whole Province, which was Establish'd there by King Henry II. It is an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Tours. The Diocess contains 450 Parishes, besides two notalbe Abbys, viz. Of St. Magdalen and St. George, built within the Walls of the City, a College of Jesuits, and divers other Houses for Religious Persons. The Cathedral Church is dedicated to St. Peter, besides which there are several Parochial Churches. The Palace where the Parliament Sit, is a fair Building. The Clock of it is admired, as being one of the largest in France. This City is pleasantly sea•ed in a fruitful Country, being environ'd with Pastures and Forests, and hath a good Trade by means of the River.

Vitrey, Vitroeum, Vitriacum, and Victoriacum, is a fair Walled Town, bearing the Title of a Barony, and stands also on the Banks of the Vilaine, 24 Miles above Rennes to the East, and not above 5 from the Borders of Maine. The Protestants had formerly a considerable Church here.

Fougeres, Fiticeriae, is seated on the River Covesnon, near the Frontiers of Normandy and Maine, 15 Miles from Vitrey to the North, and near 30 from Rennes to the South; 5 from Vitrey, and as many from Rennes to the North. This Town hath given its Name to a Noble Family, and is noted for the fine Glass made in it. Raouel de Fougers, Fortified it and Bulit the Castle.

The Bishoprick of NANTES, Episcopatus Nannetensis, lies to the South of Rennes, between the Frontiers of Anjou and Poitou, and the River Vilaine. The most considerable Towns are these, viz.

• Nantes, Bish. Cap.
• ...Ancenis,
• ...Chateau-Briant,
• ...Guerande,
• ...Machecou,
• ...Clisson,
• La Roche-Bernard, &c.

NANTES, Nannetes, aut Condivincum, the Capital City of a County of the same Name, is seated on the Northern Bank of the River Loire, near the confluence of the River Ardre, about 30 Miles from the Sea to the East, 40 from Angers to the West, and 55 from Rennes to the South. It was the Seat of the later Dukes of Bretagne, and gave the Title of a Count to their eldest Sons. It is at present a handsome large City, well Fortified, and hath a strong Castle flanked with Towers and Half-Moons. It is the See of a Bishop, who is Suffragan to the Archbishop of Tours, and is a Councellor in the Parliament of Rennes. Here is a University, a Presidial, Generality and Chamber of Accounts. The Publick Buildings are the Cathedral Dedicated to St. Peter, a fair ancient Structure, beautified with two high Towers; in it are to be seen the Tombs of several Dukes of Bretagne; the Collegiate Church of the Virgin Mary, and some Parochial ones; divers Monasteries; the Town-House built after the Modern Architecture; the Palace of the Chamber of Accounts; that of the Presidial Court, with a beautiful Tower and Clock; and a stately Hospital. This City is a great Mart for Trade; vast quantities of all sorts of Merchandizes are brought in by the River Loire, which flows up to its Walls, and brings up very large Boats, and Ships of small Burden: And from hence by the same Rivers Foreign Goods are sent to Anjou, Blois, Orleans, &c. and Native Commodities brought down; an excellent sort of Brandy is Exported hence to Foreign Countries. By reason of this convenience of Traffick, the City has from time to time been largely encreased, and there are now four Suburbs round it, which are well filled with Inhabitants. A famous Edict in Favour of the Protestants was made here by King Henry IV. A. D. 1598, which was Registred in the Parliament of Paris, and Confirmed and Sworn to by his Successor Lewis XIII. Notwithstanding which the present King hath Repealed it in the Year 1685. and severely Persecuted the Protestants.

Ancenis, Ancenissum, and Andenesium, was heretofore the chief Town of the Amnites, stands likewise near the banks of Loire, and is distant 25 Miles from Angers to the West, and 18 from Nantes to the North-East. It was formerly defended with a Castle Built by Aremburg, the Wife of a Breton Count, named Gueree, &c.

Chateau-Briant, Castrum Brientii, is a small Town Fenced with an old Castle on the Frontiers of Anjou, about 30 Miles from Nantes to the North.

Guerande, Guerada, aut Aula Quiriaca, is between the Mouths of the Vilaine and the Loire, 38 Miles below Nantes to the West, and is remarkable on account of the adjacent Salt-pits, near the Port of Croisil.

Machecou, Machicolium, is the chief Town of a small County, commonly called the Duchy of Retz, and seated on the South side of the Loire, about 10 Miles from it, 20 from Nantes to the South-West, 4 from the Frontiers of Poitou, and about 5 from the Coasts of the Ocean.

The Bishoprick or Diocess of St. MALO, Episcopatus Macloviensis, is situated on the Northern Part of the Province, near that of Dol, and includes these remarkable Towns, viz.

• St. Malo, Bishoprick.
• ...Dinant,
• ...Jocelin,
• Montfort, &c.

St. MALO, Maclovium, or Macloviopolis, one of the chief Towns and Ports of the upper Bretagne, is seated on the Northern Coast, and built on a Rock in the Sea, call'd the Island of St. Aaron, and joined to the Continent by the means of a long Causey, of not above 30 Fathoms broad, the entrance whereof is defended by a strong Castle, flanked with large Towers, and the Town surrounded with Walls, deep Ditches, and a sufficient Garrison; besides which to the Sea it is secured by a shoal of Sand that encompasses it, and several Rocks and small Islands, that make a Haven of difficult Access, insomuch, that it is reputed one of the Keys of France. It is considerable for its Traffick and Strength, and the Skill of its Inhabitants in Maritime Affairs, by which means great numbers of Privateers are in time of War from hence fitted out, and much disturb the Trade of these Seas. It was Founded on the Ruins of the ancient Alet, or Guid-Aleth. and derives its Name from that of its first Bishop Maclovius, or Macutus, and is distant 10 Miles from Dol to the North-West, 36 from Rennes, and 90 from Nantes to the North, and 200 Miles West from Paris. St. Malo was at first only an Abbey, until the Bishoprick of Quidalet was translated thither in the Year 1172. but it hath ever since retained the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Tours. The Cathedral Dedicated to St. Vincent, is one of the most ancient of all France. Jean de la Grille, removed the Episcopal See hither, A. D. 1650. Besides the Cathedral, there are many fair Monasteries, and some other publick Buildings of good Note.

Dinant, Dinantium, stands on the Banks of the River Rance, about 15 Miles from St. Malo to the South. This Town in time past hath been well Fortified, and hath conferr'd the Title of an Earl on the younger Sons of the Duke of Bretagne.

Jocelin, is a small Town on the side of the River Ouste, or Aust, near 40 Miles from Rennes to the West, and as many from St. Brieux to the South.

Montfort, a small Town on the River Melin, which falls into the Vilaine, stands 10 Miles from Rennes to the West.

The Diocess of DOL, Episcopatus Dolensis, is of small Extent, and adjoins to that of St. Malo; it lies in the North-East Angle of Bretagne, and bounded by the Frontiers of Normandy and the Ocean.

The City of Dol, Dola, and Dolensis Ʋrbs, is seated in a Marshy Plain, at the distance only of 6 Miles from the Coasts of the British Sea to the South, 10 from St. Malo to the South-East, and 30 from Rennes. It takes up a very little space of Ground in compass, but is defended with a strong Fort. The Cathedral Church bears the Name of St. Sonson, who was the first Bishop of this Diocess; and some of his Successors have assum'd to themselves the Title of Metropolitans of the Province, which Preeminence nevertheless after a long Tryal at Law, was at length granted to the Archbishop of Tours.

The Bishoprick or Diocess of St. BRIEƲX, Briace•sis Episcopatus, lies between those of St. Malo, Treguier and Vannes, containing these Principal Towns, viz.

• St. Brieux, Bish. Cap.
• ...Pontieux.
• ...Quintin.
• ...Jagon.
• Lambale, &c.

St. BRIEƲX, Briocum, aut Fanum Sancti Brioci, is situated on the Gulph of Hilion, between the Rivers of Trieu and Arguenon, being distant 25 Miles from Treguier to the East, 36 from St. Malo to the West, and 55 from Rennes. It is well Fortified, and hath a convenient Habour on the Coasts of the British Sea. This City takes its Name from St. Brieux, one of its Prelates. The Episcopal See was first Founded by Neomene Duke of Bretagne. in the time of King Charles II. sirnamed the Bald, A. C. 144. and its Bishop is Suffragan to the Archbishop of Tours.

Pontrieux, is a good Town, seated on the River Trieu, from which it takes its Name, at the distance of about 10 Miles from the British Sea, and 20 from St. Brieux to the West.

Quintin, Quintinum, is a small Town, and stands about 10 Miles from S. Brieux to the South.

Lambale, Lambalium, was heretofore the Chief Town of the Arabiliates, an ancient People mention'd by Caesar (according to the Opinion of la Vigenere and others) and sometime appertained to the Jurisdiction of the House o• Clisson; it is distant only 10 or 12 Miles from the British Sea, 12 from S. Brieux to the East, and 45 from Rennes to the North-West. This Place is more especially Famous on the account of the adjacent Pastures, wherein are fed many Herds of Cattle, and for its considerable Trade in Parchment, &c.

The Bishoprick of TREGƲIER, Episcopatus Trecoriensis, extends it self on the Northern Coasts of this Province, between S. Brieux and S. Pol de Leon, including these chief Towns, viz.

• Treguier, Bish. Cap.
• ...Morlaix,
• ...Guingamp,
• ...Lannian,
• ...Garlesquin.

TREGƲIER or LANTRIGƲET, Trecora aut Trecorium, olim Vorganium, is a very ancient City on the Northern Coasts of Bretagne, and hath been often exposed to the Incursions of the Saxons, Danes and Normans. The Bishop is both Spiritual and Temporal Lord thereof, and assumes the Title of a Count. The Cathedral Church bears the Name of S. Tudgal, who was the first Prelate of this City. It hath a safe Harbour on the Coasts of the British Sea, and is distant 25 Miles from S. Brieux to the West, 23 from S. Pol de Leon to the East, and 80 from Rennes to the North-West.

Morlaix, Morlaeum aut Mons Relaxus, situate on the side of a Hill, between two Valleys, near the Sea-Coasts, on a River of the same Name, which a little below falls into a Bay called le Toreau: It is a very large, well-built, and populous wall'd Town; the River is deep, and receives Vessels of 100 Tuns, which come up into the Town; by the Convenience whereof it is a Place of good Trade, which consists in Flax, Canvass, Paper (made here in great quantity) Linnen-Cloth and other Commodities that are exported hence to England, Holland, and other Parts. This hath so encreased the number of the Inhabitants, that two Suburbs have been added to the Town, which are named Venice and S. Matthew. Here are many beautiful Buildings, among which the Palace called l'Hopital is one of the stateliest in the Province, and magnificent Churches, whereof that of the Virgin Mary is the most noted. On the top of the Hill stands the remainder of an old Castle, now almost ruin'd. Morlaix is distant 30 Miles from Treguier, to the South-West, 40 from Brieux to the West, and 12 from S. Pol de Leon to the South-East.

The Bishoprick or Diocess of S. POL DE LEON, Episcopatus S. Pauli Leonini, is bounded on the North and West by the Ocean; on the South by the Bishoprick of Quimper-Corentin, and on the East by that of Treguier. The Principal Towns are these, viz.

• S. Pol de Leon, Bish. Cap.
• ...Lesneven,
• ...Lanaerneau,
• ...Brest,
• ...Portal,
• The Isle of Ouessant, or Ʋshant, &c.

S. PAƲL, or POL DE LEON, or LEONDOƲL, Leona & Fanum Sancti Pauli Leonini, aut etiam Staviocanus Portus, & Civitas Osismiorum, was a considerable Town even in the Time of Julius Caesar, who in his Commentaries makes mention of Osismii, whose Capital City (according to Ptolemy) was Vorganicum, which is called Vergium in the Roman Itinerary, and Osismii in the Notitia Imperii; it hath been ruined long since, and of its ancient Diocess have been formed these three of S. Pol de Leon, S. Brieux and Treguier. This City is situated on the Sea-Coasts between Lantriguet or Treguier and Brest, and is distant about 30 Miles from each, and 100 from Rennes to the West. It hath a safe Harbour, and is defended with a Fortress, wherein some of the Dukes of Bretagne have formerly resided. It is also at present an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Tours, and the Capital City of a small Territory called Leonnois; it hath been possessed by its own proper Princes, until about the Year 1254, when John I. Duke of Bretagne, purchased this Principality. Its first Bishop was named Paul, who died Anno 600, was Canonized, and from him the City had its Name. The Chapter is composed of a Chanter, 3 Archdeacons, 16 Canons, 7 Prebendaries styled Vicars, &c. The Inhabitants speak the Low British Language more purely and elegantly than the other of the same Country.

Landerneau, stands on the Banks of the little River Elorne, which falls into the Bay of Brest; and is distant 24 Miles from S. Pol de Leon to the South-West. It is noted for the Richness of the Soil of its Neighbouring Country.

Brest, Brivates Portus, olim Gesocribale & Gesobrivatae, is a Famous Sea-Port-Town, seated on the North side of a large commodious Bay or Harbour, which opens to the Ocean in the most extream Western part of the Continent of France. The Entrance of this Harbour called the Goulet, is exceeding difficult, by reason of certain Rocks, known by the Names of Minons, Filets and Mingant, that lie under Water at high Tide, and is therefore the more secure Retreat for the French King's Ships of War, for which this is the only Port he has on this Side the Mediterranean. Wherefore this Town is one of the Grand Magazines of the Admiralty of France; Toulon in the Mediterranean being the other; and in this Harbour the greatest number of the French Navy, as in that the Ships of greatest Burthen, Winter, and are fitted out. The Naval Stores and Provisions for 70 Sail of Men of War are laid up in this Town, and Ships of 80 and 90 Guns are built here, which makes Brest a populous and rich Place. It is well Fortified after the Modern manner, with strong Walls, and a Castle well sustained with Outworks and Batteries. It is distant 35 Miles from S. Pol de Leon to the South-West, and 15 from the Promontory of Conquet.

Conquet, is a small Sea-Town, situate near the Southern Cape of the Bay of Brest, not considerable, and only mention'd because it gives name to the Road between it and the Islands of Belinguier, Molines, &c.

The Island of OƲESSANT or ƲSHANT, Ʋxentius, Ʋxantis, & Ʋxentissena, called Axantos by Pliny, and Ʋxantissena by Antonius, lies at the distance of 30 Miles Westward from Brest, and is not above 20 Miles in compass; nevertheless it hath obtained the Title of a Marquisate. It is Fortified with a Castle, and contains some rich Towns of Note.

The Bishoprick of QƲIMPER-CORENTIN, Episcopatus Corisopitanus, is bounded on the N. by that of S. Pol de Leon, on the W. and S, by the Ocean, and by the Diocess of Vannes to the E. and takes up the S.W. Corner of the Lower Bretagne, and contains these remarkable Towns, viz.

• Quemper-Corentin, B. Cap.
• ...Concornean,
• ...Quimperlay,
• ...Douvarenes,
• ...Chatee-Lin,
• Guirene, &c.

QƲIMPER-CORENTIN, Corisopitum, olim Curiosotivae, is the Metropolis of a small Territory in the lower Bretagne, named Cornouaille from the County of Cornwall in England, whence the City it self is also sometimes, thô improperly, call'd Cornoualle. Its ancient Name is Kemper or Quimper, whereto Corentin was added from that of its first Bishop, who is supposed to have been ordain'd by S. Martin of Tours, its Episcopal See being as yet subject to that Metropolitan. This City was heretofore possessed by its own Counts or Earls; it is of a large Extent, well built, and very considerable for its Traffick, and situated on the Oder, into which a small River falls, that surrounds the Town, and makes it a kind of an Island. The Oder is so deep, that Barks of a large size are convey'd at high Tide to the Port, at the confluence of the two Rivers, where stands the Suburbs term'd, The Duke's-Land, inhabited by many rich Merchants. The Cathedral is a stately Edifice, and of much Antiquity, adorned with two large Towers: The Chapter consists of a Dean, 2 Archdeacons, a Treasurer, a Theologal or Prebendary, and 12 other Canons. There are also divers other Churches, and Monasteries, and the Bishop's Palace, which is a very magnificent Pile of Building. This City stands about 12 Miles from the Southern Shoar of Bretagne, and 30 from Brest, and from Rennes about 120 Miles to the East.

Concarneau, Conquerneau or Concorneum, is a well Fortified Town and Castle on the Sea-coast, lying between Blavet and Penmark 15 Miles from Quimper Corentin to the South-East.

Quimperlay, Quimperlaeum, is a reasonable good Town seated at the Confluence of the two little Rivers, Isotta and Laitta, about 8 Miles from the Sea-coasts, and 30 from Quimper Corentin.

Douarnenes, a small Town about 10 Miles N. E. from Quimper Corentin, gives name to a large Bay, adjoining to that of Brest.

The Bishoprick or Diocess of VANNES, Episcopatus Venetiensis, is bounded on the S. by the Ocean, on the E. by the Diocess of Nantes, on the N. by that of S. Brieux, and on the W. by that of Quimper Corentin. The chief Towns are these, viz.

• Vannes, Bish. Cap
• Port Louis, or Blavet,
• ...Hannebon,
• ...Auray,
• Malestroit, &c.
• and Bell-Isle.

VANNES or VENNES, Venetia aut Dariorigum Venetorum, the Capital City of the Lower Bretagne, stands on an incommodious Bay, being fill'd with little Islands, into which the Sea flows through a Canal named Montalbon, and is distant 55 Miles from Rennes to the S. W. somewhat less from Nantes to the West, and 60 from Quimper Corentin to the East. It is defended with an old Castle call'd l' Hermire, which was formerly a Palace of the Dukes of Bretagne. The Cathedral dedicated to St. Peter, hath a considerable Chapter, and divers other fair Churches contribute much to render it a splendid City, but the Fury of the Civil Wars hath diminish'd part of its ancient Lustre.

Port Louis or Blavet, Portus Ludovici at Blavetum, is a small but well Fortified Town on the Mouth of the River Blavet, that takes its rise near the Burgh or Village of Grace in the Diocess of S. Brieux, and dischargeth it self into the Sea at the Port of Blavet; which is a capacious and safe Harbour, and distant 26 Miles from Vannes to the W. and near 40 from Quimper Corentin to the E.

Hannebon, Hannebontum, stands on the Banks of the same River Blavet. about 8 Miles from Blavet to the North, and 26 from Vannes to the West.

Bell-Isle, Calonesus, a considerable Island on the Southern Coasts of the Province of Britagne, lies at the distance of about 3 or 4 Leagues from the Continent of France, and is almost encompassed with small Isles or Rocks. Its extent from W. to E. is about 10 Miles, and its greatest breadth about 5 Miles. It hath a fair Haven and some strong Forts over-against Vannes and Auray. The whole Island is at present divided into 4 Parishes, and thô of a small compass, yet affords much good Pasture-Ground, for Cattle. It is also remarkable for its Salt-Pits, and on the account of the frequent Passage of Vessels along the adjacent Coasts, but especially because it is the usual Rendezvous of the French Fleet, when they put to Sea. Bell-Isle was heretofore possess'd by the Monks of the Abby of S. Croix of Quimper, till King Charles IX. erected it into a Marquisate, and bestowed it on the Count of Raic, A.D. 1573. The Abby hath been also endow'd for some time with so plentiful a Revenue, that it was esteem'd a competent Preferment for Antony of Bourbon, Base Brother to King Henry IV. to be created Lord Abbot thereof. The principal Place bearing the Name of the Town, is adorn'd with a very stately Citadel or Castle, called the Palace, and so well fenced of late with Ramparts and other Works, according to the modern Method of Fortification, that it seems to be almost impregnable.

The Governor General of Bretagne at present is the Duke de Chaunes; under whom are two Lieutenants-General, whereof one hath the Inspection of all the Province except the County of Nantes, under whom are two Lieutenants. The other hath the care of that Country only. There are also particular Governors in these Places, viz. Nantes, Vannes, S. Malo, Dinant, Vitre, Brest, Quimper, Blavet and Bell-Isle.

CHAP. VII. L' ORLEANOIS, or the County of Orleans, Aurelatensis Ager.

ORLEANOIS is one of the most fruitful and pleasant Countries of France, and its Jurisdiction is one of the largest extent, as comprehending Fourteen or Fifteen small Provinces, every one of which hath its particular Governor. This Government takes its name from Orleans, its chief City, but Appeals lie from thence to the Parliament of Paris. _____ it is extended from East to West, that is to say, from the Castle of Chinon in Nivernois as far as the Coasts of the Ocean, the space of about 270 miles; and 190 miles from South to North, viz. from Moubrun in Angoumois to Nonancourt in Normandy; It is bounded on the North by the Isle of France and Normandy; on the East by Champaigne and Burgundy; on the South by Xaintongue, Perigert, la Marche and Bourbonnois; and on the West by Bretagne and the Sea: and it lies from South to North between the 45th degree 40 Minutes, and the 48th degree 50 Minutes of Latitude; as also from West to East, between the 14th degree 40 Minutes, to the 21 degree 40 Minutes of Longitude, which ought to be understood of its greatest length and breadth.

The Soil is extreamly rich, plentifully bringing forth Corn, Fruits, Wine and every thing necsseary for the support of Human Life, abounding likewise in Verdant Meadows, Pastures and Woods. The great Forest of Orleans is especially remarkable, it containing 70000 Acres of Land, and double that in the time of Francis I. The principal Rivers are the Loire, into which the Indre, the Cher, and the Vienne, enlarged with the Streams of the Creuse, discharge themselves between Montereau and Langest in Touraine: The Mayne in like manner, being joyn'd to the Sartes a little above Angers falls into the same River Loire about a League below that City. The Aller also falls into the Loire a little below Nevers. Lastly, the Charante takes its rise in Angoumois, passeth through Xaintonge, and runs into the Sea over against the Island of Oleron.

Orleans in general divided into Fifteen Countries or Provinces, viz.

• 1 Orleanois, properly so call'd, chief City.
  • ...Orleans.
• 2 Blasois.
  • ...Blois.
• 3 Beause, proper:
  • ...Chartres.
• 4 Perche.
  • ...Nugent le Rotrou.
• 5 Maine.
  • ...Mans.
• 6 Vendomois.
  • ...Vendome.
• 7 Anjou.
  • ...Angers.
• 8 Poictou.
  • ...Poitiers.
• 9 Annis.
  • ...Rochel.
• 10 Angoumois.
  • ...Angoulesme.
• 11 Touraine.
  • ...Tours.
• 12 Berry.
  • ...Bourg•s.
• 13 Nivernois.
  • ...Nevers.
• 14 Part of Gabinois.
  • ...Montargis.
• 15 The Islands of Oleron, Ree and Oye, Nermonstier and Armot.

ORLEANOIS, properly so call'd, Aurelanensis, Ager, lies between Berry Gabinois, Beauce and Blassois. The most considerable Towns of this Country are these, viz.

• Orleans, Bish. Cap.
• ...Beaugency.
• La Ferte Seneterre, or S. Aubin.
• ...Sully.
• ...Gergeau.
• Pluvi•rs, &c.

ORLEANS, Aurelia, Aurelianensis Ʋrbs, olim Genabum, is one of the principal Cities of France; it is situate on the River Loire, on the side of a Hill, and in form of a Bow. It's a very ancient City, and by some said to have been built by the Druids; or according to others by the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, A. D. 163. who gave it the name. The buildings are fair and beautiful, thô old: The Fortifications are a Terras and a strong Wall, with 40 Towers on it. From the middle of the City there is a bridge over the Loire built of Stone upon 16 Arches, which leads into one of the Suburbs. On this bridge stands a Statue of the Virgin Mary, and on her right, at some distance another of King Charles VII. and on her left one of the famous Virago's Joan d' Arc, all three of Copper. This City was the capital of a separate Kingdom, in the first Ages of the French Monarchy: At present it bears the Title of a Dutchy, which is appropriated to the second Sons of the Kings of France. It is also the See of a Bishop, who is Suffragan to the Archbishop of Paris, and adorn'd with a famous University, founded by King Philip the Fair The Cathedral is a venerable and sumptuous building; its Chapter consists of 59 Canons and 12 Dignitaries: Besides the Cathedral here are 4 Collegiate and 22 Parochial Churches. A Generality is establish'd here (to which 12 Elections, containing 1148 Parishes resort) and also a Bailiage and Presidial. The Country round it is very fruitful and pleasant, and the River furnishes them with the Commodities of Foreign Nations from Nantes, as well as the Product of their own from the more Southern Provinces. Orleans hath sustain'd divers Sieges; Attila King of the Huns invested it A. D. 450. but it was reliev'd and the Huns totally routed by Aetius the Roman General, assisted by Merovaeus the French King and Theodorick the Goth. In the Year 1423. our English Forces under the command of Thomas Mauncute Earl of Salisbury, besieged this City, and reduc'd it to great distress, but a certain Maid of 18 years old, call'd Joan of Arc, came to the King of France, and pretending her self sent from God, put on Man's Habit and Armour, and having got into Orleans, did so animate the besieg'd, that by their frequent Sallies, in which Joan was always the formost, they forc'd the English to raise the Siege, having lost the Earl of Salisbury, the Lord Molines, the Lord Poynings and many Soldiers. This Woman was for some time the Director of the French Armies, in which she had great Success, till at length being taken by the English, she was burnt for a Witch. In the civil War the Protestants made themselves Masters of this City; and being besieged by the Duke of Guise, he was treacherously slain by John Poltrot, Feb. 14th 1563. and a Month after a Peace was concluded and the City Surrendred: But in 1567. the Protestants again seiz'd it, and for a long time it was their Head Quarters. Orleans is seated, as hath been said, upon the River Loire, and is distant near 70 miles from Paris to the South, 160 from Nantes to the East, 220 from Bourdeaux to the North-East, 190 from Lyons to the North-west, 130 from the Head of the River Meuse to the West, 60 from Tours, and 30 from Blois to the East, 55 from Bourges to the North, and 70 from Sens to the West.

Sully, Sulliacum, & La Ferte-Seneterre or S. Aubin, are two Towns of good Note, both bearing the Title of Dutchies; the former is seated on the Loire, 28 miles above Orleans to the East, and the other 10 miles from the same City to the South.

Gergeau, or Gargeau, Gergotium, stands in like manner on the banks of the Loire, 10 miles above Orleans to the East. Our English Forces gain'd this Town from the French, A. D. 1420. but John II. Duke of Alenson, retook it by Storm in the Year ensuing,

BLASOIS, Blesensis Ager, is extended between Berry, Orleanois proper, whereof it is a part, Beausse, Perche, Vandomois and Touraine, The chief Towns of this Country are.

• Blois, Capital.
• ...Chateau Dun.
• ...Mer.
• ...Remorentin.

BLOIS, Blesae, & Blesense Castrum, the Chief Town of a Territory of the same name, is seated on the side of an Hill near the South banks or the River Loire, over which is built a fair Stone Bridge, at the distance of 30 miles from Orleans to the West, and as many from Tours. It is honoured with the Title of a County and beautified with a most magnificent Castle, not long since repair'd by Gaston Duke of Orleans, which (by reason of the pleasantness of the place, and wholsomness of the Air) hath often afforded a Royal Seat to the Kings of France, and wherein one of them, viz. Lewis XII. was born on the 27th day of June, A. D. 1461. Besides that, it hath heretofore afforded Nurture to many young Princes of the Royal Family; not to mention that the first Counts of Blois were descended from Hugh Capet. Moreover the spacious Park and adjacent Garden are much admir'd by Travellers; it may perhaps not be amiss to observe that divers Queens of France have died at Blois, particularly Ann the Wife of Charles VIII. and Lewis XII. A. D. 1514. Maude the Wife of Francis I. in 1524. and Catharine of Medicis the Wife of Henry II. in 1589. In the Year 1562. this City being possessed by the Protestants, was taken and sackt by the Kings Forces under the Duke of Guise. In 1576, the Assembly of the Estates of the Kingdom were convoked hither by King Henry III. to accomodate the Differences between the Hugenots and the Papists, but broke up in a little time without effecting it. Again, in the Year 1588 they met here upon occasion of the great Disorder th Kingdom was brought into by the Holy League, and the Duke of Guise, the Head of it was here slain in the Castle by the Kings command.

Chateau Dun, Castellodonum, called corruptly Chaudun, is a neat well built Town on the Loire, and the Capital of the small Country of Dunois. It hath an old Castle, and is distant 25 miles from Blois to the North, and 20 from Vendome to the East; it is seated upon a small River, which rises about 20 miles from hence, and bears the name of the Loire also, and falls into the great Stream at Angers.

Remorentin or R•m•rentin, Remorentinum, R•morentinum, & Rivus More•entino, is a good Town, seated upon a little River, that a little below falls into the Cher, and is distant 25 miles from Blois to the South-east. Those Geographers that call this part the Lower Orleanois, make this Town the Capital of another Division named Sologne.

BEAƲSSE or BEAƲCE, Belsia. lies between the Isle of France, Perche, Blasois and Orleanois; and its most remarkable Towns are,

• Chartres, Bish. Cap.
• ...N•gent le R•y.
• ...D•eux.
• ...Gaillardon.
• ...Bonneval.
• ...Espernon.

CHARTRES, Carnutum, Carnutes, aut Autricum, the Metropolis of the Province of Beausse, and of the Territo•y of Chartrain is situated on a Hill, and on the b•••s of the River Eure, 45 miles from Paris to the South-west, and as many from O leans to the North. It is an Episcopal See, under the Archbishop of Paris. This City and its Territories were sometimes subject to its own Counts, but united to the Crown, in 1528. And Francis I. erected it into a Dutchy, in favour of Madam Renee of France, Dutchess of Ferrara. It is an ancient Ci•y, but fair and well built; the Streets are but narrow, but the publick Places are spacious, and the Houses neat; the Churches are magnificent, especially the Cathedral, which is remarkable for its beautiful Quire, Church under Ground and two very fine Steples; the Chapter is compos'd of 72 Canons, and 17 Dignitaries, within the Diocess are contain'd 30 Abbies, 257 Priories, and above 1300 Parishes. Rollo Duke of Normandy Besieg'd the City of Chartres, A. D. 911, and in 1019. it was almost entirely consum'd by Fire. In 1568. the French Protestants in vain besieg'd it. It adher'd to the League Party, and stood out against Henry IV. who at length took it, and caus'd himself to be Crown'd therein, A. D. 1591.

Nogent-le-Roy, Nonigentum, seu Nogentum R•gium, stands on the banks o• the River Eure, where it first begins to be Navigable, 12 miles from Chartres to the North, and 8 from Dreux to the South. This Town about five Ages ago, was named Nogent l'Erembert, Nonigentum Erembertium, according to the report of the French Historiagrapher Du Chesne, and is remarkable for the Death of King Philip of Valois, which happen'd there on the 22d day of April, A. D. 1350.

Dreux, Drocum, the chief Town of a County of the same name, is seated on the River, at the foot of a Hill, on which is erected a Castle, formerly well Fortified, but now half ruin'd. It is a very ancient Town, and said to be built by Druis a King of the Gauls. It is distant about 20 miles from Chartres to the North, and 40 from Paris to the West. Robert the Son of Lewis the Gross, obtain'd the Country of Dreux, in 1137. and from him are Descended the Counts of this Name, as also a branch of the Family of the Dukes of Bretagne. This place is famous for a bloody Battle fought near it, between the French Roman Catholicks and Protestants, A. D. 1652.

PERCHE, Perticus, is bounded on the North, by Normandy, on the West by Meine, on the South by Vendomis, and on the East by Beausse. It is usually divided into the Upper, or the County and the Lower, or Perche Go•et, from the name of one of its ancient Lords. Its chief Towns are,

• Nogen•-le-Retrou, Capital.
• ...M•••igne.
• Timerois, D.
• ...La Pierriere.
• Au on, &c.

NOGENT-LE ROTROƲ, N•nigentum Rotrudum, olim N•vidunum seu Ne•dunum, is situated on the River H•isne, almost in the midst between Chartres to the East, and Mans to the West, about 35 miles from each. It is the principal Town of the upper Perche, and generally esteem'd the fairest througout the whole Kingdom of France, and is very much enrich'd by divers sorts of Manufactures, particularly of Silks, Linnen-cloath and Leather. The Earl of Salisbury took this Place during the Wars betwixt the English and the French in the XVth Century, and caus'd many of the Inhabitants to be Hang'd; but the French Ki•g Charles VII recover'd it, A. D. 1449.

Mortaigne, Moritania, stands on a Hill and a Brook, which begins to form the River Huigne, or Huisne, about 8 mlies from the Frontiers of Normandy, and 40 from Chartres to the West. It is a very pleasant Town, and adorned w•th divers fair Churches, a Castle, &c.

Timerais, Timerensis Pagus, is a Town on the Confines of Normandy, 30 miles from Nogent, bearing the title of a Principality.

Maine, Ager Meduanus, hath Normandy for its Northern Bounds, Perche, Vendomois, and Beausse on the East, Britagne on the West, and part of Touraine and Anjou on the South. It is usually divided into the Upper and Lower, and contains these chief Towns, viz.

• Mans, Bish. Capital.
• M yenne, D.
• ...Laval.
• ...La Ferte Bernard.
• ...Sable.
• ...Beaumont-le-Vicomte.
• Chateau-du-Loire, &c.

MANS, Ceromenum, olim Vindinum, is situate on the Confluence of the Sarte and the Huisne, about 60 miles from Chartres to the East, 25 from the confines of Normandy to the South, and 40 from Tours to the North. It is a very ancient City, but hath been much more considerable than it is at present: For Aimoin assures us, that under Charlemaigne it was one of the most Flourishing of Gallia Belgica; since which time, the Incursions of the Normans, the Wars of the English, and the frequent Conflagrations it hath suffer'd, have so far defac'd its Beauty, that it hath often chang'd its Form. However, a Presidial Court is held therein, and it is as yet the See of a Prelate Suffragan to the Archbishop of Tours. The Cathedral Church was at first Dedicated to the Virgin Mary, afterward to S. Gervace, and at length to S. Julian, who was the first Bishop of this Diocess.

M•yenna, Mad•ana, is pleasantly seated on a River of the same name, 15 miles from the Frontiers of N rmandy, and 35 from Mans to the North-west. This Town formerly bore the title of a Marquisate, and was afterwards erected into 〈◊〉 Dutchy, and given to the Family of Guise.

Laval, or Laval-Guion, Lavallium aut Vallis Guidonis, is situated on the River M••••••, about 16 miles below Mayenne, and 15 fro• the Confines of Anjou to the North. It apperta••• 〈◊〉 the Noble Family of Trimouille, and is chiefl• remarkable for its Manufacture of Linnen cloath.

La Ferte-Bernard, Firmitas Bernardi, is a large Town, built on the side of the River Huisne, near the Frontiers of Perche. It is distant 25 miles from Mans to the East. A Court of Justice is held therein at certain times.

The Dutchy of ANJOƲ, Ducatus Andegav•nsis, borders on Maine to the North, Bretagne to the West, Poitou to the South, and Touraine to the East, including about 30 Leagues in length, and 20 in breadth. It affords vast quanties of excellent Wine, and Quarries of Slate, with which all the Houses are cover'd, and is water'd with 36 Rivers, the chief of which are the Loite, the Sarte, the Loir, the Mayenne, the Dive, the Vienne, the Touay, the Larion, the Eure. and the Guinate, besides so great a number of Lakes, Ponds, Brooks, and Springs, that some Persons are of opinion, that the name of Anjou is deriv'd from Aiguade, signifying Water. This Province was given by Charles the Bald to Robert of Saxony, A. D. 870, with the title of Earl of Anjou, whose Son Eudes was King of France, and his Great Grandson Hugh Capet, began the third Race of those Monarchs. Hugh the Great, Father of Hugh Capet, gave it to Geoffry Grysogonelle, A. D. 926. whose Grandson added to it the Province of Toureine by Conquest, and his Descendant Foulk III. obtained that of Maine also by Marriage, A. D. 1083. Which Foulk was Father to Geoffry the Husband of Maud, Daughter to our King Henry I. who contended with Stephen for the Crown of England, which her Son Henry II. enjoy'd, and added to it these Estates, which continued part of the Demesns of the English Crown till the time of King John, when Philip Augustus, the French King seiz'd it, A, D. 1202. And it is now an Appenage of the second Son of France. It is usually divided into the Upper and Lower, Angiers, being the Capital of the former, and Saumur of the latter. The chief Towns are,

• Angers, Bish. Capital.
• ...Saumur.
• ...La Fleche.
• ...La Lude.
• ...Brissac.
• ...Cruon.
• ...Chateau-Gontier.
• ...Pont de Ce.
• Beaufort, &c.

ANGERS, Andegavum, olim Juliomagus, is seated very pleasantly and in a good Air, at the Confluence of the River Marne, Sarte, and the upper stream of the Loire, being distant only one League from the great Stream of the Loire to the North, 20 miles from Saumur to the West, as many from Nantes to the East, and 55 from Mans to the South-west. The greater part of the Town, properly called the City, is built on the side of a pleasant Hill, on which stands the Castle, built on a Rock, flanked with 18 large round Towers and an Half-moon, and encompassed with a broad-flat-bottom'd Ditch, cut out of the same Rock on the side of the River, from whence all necessary Provisions are drawn up with Engines. The City is large, well-built and Populous, and hath a good Trade, which consists chiefly in White-wines, whereof the best in France are made in this Province. The Cathedral Dedicated to St. Maurice, is a beautiful Building, and remarkable for its three high Steeples over the Gate, its Body supported without Pillars, and its exceeding rich Treasure. There are also 15 other Parochial Churches, three Abbies, viz. Those of St. Albin, St. Nicholas, St. Sergius, and a great number of Monasteries, Seminaries, &c. The Episcopal See depends on the Metropolitan of Tours. The Civil Government of the City is administred by the Mayor, and 24 Echivens or Aldermen. The University here was founded by Lewis II. Duke of Anjou, A.D. 1388, and is now in flourishing state, and contains divers Colleges, of which that of the Port de Fer and the Oratory are most Noted.

Saumur, Salmurum, aut Salmurium, olim T•uneum, is seated on the River Loire, over which it hath a long Stone-bridge, at the distance of 20 miles from Anjou to the East, 50 from Mans to the South, and 35 from Tours to the East. The situation of the place is very delighful, and on that account very much admir'd by Strangers, The Town is adorned with a stately Castle well Fortified; the Church of Ardilliers, wherein the Fathers of the Oratory officiate and have a College, is the most notable in the Town. Here was formerly a Famous Protestant Academy, well fill'd with Students, not only of Natives, but also young Gentlemen out of England, Germany, and Sweeden; but since the Persecution this hath been Destroy'd.

La Fleche, Flexia, stands on the Banks of the upper stream of the Loire in the Upper Anjou, near the Confines of Maine, being distant 30 miles from Saumur to the North, 28 from Anjou to the North-East, and about 30 from Mans to the South. In this Town is a magnificent College of Jesuits, founded in the year 1603. by King Henry IV. containing three Courts, and as many Rows of Apartments, capable of entertaining a Prince. Here is also a Castle, in the Chapel whereof is interr'd the Heart of King Henry IV.

Brissac, Brissacum, is seated in a fertile Country near the Bridge of Ce over the Loire, about 12 miles from Angers to the South. It is a Town of small compass, nevertheless dignified with the title of a Dutchy, erected in favour of Charles de Cossy Marshal of France. It is also adorned with a fair Castle, a spacious Park, a Pond extending it self from thence almost for the space of a League in length, &c.

VENDOMOIS, Vindocinensis Ager, lyes between Perche on the North, Maine on the West, Touraine on the South, and Blaisois on the East. It is a very small Province, not above 20 miles in Extent, and contains not many Towns, the chief are,

• Vendosme Capital.
• ...Montoire.

VENDOME, Vindocinum, is situate on the River Loire, 25 miles from Chateau-Dun to the South-west, 30 from Nogent le Rotrou to the South, 20 from Blois to the North, and 30 from Orleans to the West. It is defended with an Old Castle, and bears the title of a Dutchy, whereof Charles of Bourbon, Grand-Father to Henry IV. was the first Duke. A College of the Fathers of the Oratory, and some other Religious Houses, are Founded here.

Montoire, stands also on the Loire, about 12 miles below Vendosme, and is a good Town, but not of signal Note.

POICTOƲ, Pictavensis Provincia, is bounded on the East by Berry, Limosin, and Touraine; on the North by Anjou and Bretagne, on the West by the Ocean, and on the South by Angoumois and Xaintonge. It is usually divided into the Upper, to the East, and the Lower to the West, and is a very fruitful Country, supplied also with plenty of Fish from the Neighbouring Sea, and Venison from the Inland Forests. It is also beset with many fair Towns and Villages, the chief of which are these, viz.

• Poitiers, Bish, Cap.
• Luson, Bish.
• ...Chatelerault.
• ...Mai•ezais.
• ...Lusignan.
• ...Loudun.
• ...Fontenay.
• ...Mirabeau.
• ...Richelieu.
• ...Niort.
• ...Rochechouart.
• ...Fontevraut.
• ...Thouar.
• ...Parthaney.
• St. Maixent, &c.

POITIERS, Pictavm, olim Lemanum, one of the most ancient and largest Cities of the Kingdom, but not proportionably Opulent, there being Corn-fields and Meadows within the Walls. It is seated on a rising Ground, between the River Clain, which falls into the Vienne, and another Rivulet that springs out of a large Pond, and is joyned to the former at the Eastern end of the Town, near the Gate of S. Lazarus, where stands an old Castle, together with some remains of an Amphitheatre, and other Roman Monuments. It is an Episcopal See, dependant on the Metropolitan of Bourdeaux. Besides the Cathedral, suppos'd to be Founded by St. Martial, and Dedicated to St. Peter, there are 24 Parochial Churches, five Abbies, and a great number of other Monasteries. Here is is also a University, Founded by King Charles VII. A.D. 1431. Poitiers is a Seneschalcy subordinate to the Parliament of Paris, besides which Court, here is also a Presidial and a Generality. The Civil Government is administred by a Mayor, 12 Eschevins or Aldermen, and 12 sworn Counsellors: The Mayor bears the title of a Captain and Governor of Poitiers. and the Privilege of Nobilty and many other Honours and Advantages are granted by the French Kings, to the Person that enjoys this Dignity. The City of Poitiers is distant 28 miles from the River Loire to the South, 100 from Orleans to the South-west, 65 from Angers to the South-east, 90 from the Sea-coast to the East, 70 from Saintes to the North-east, and about 100 from Bourges to the West.

Lucon, or Lusson, Luciona, is a City of a very small Compass, and destitute of Walls, situated in a Marshy Ground, near the Confines of the Country of Aunis, at the distance of about six miles from the Ocean, 20 from Maillerais, and 70 from Poitiers to the West. Pope John XXII. established its Episcopal See, changing an Abbey of the Benedictine Order into a Cathedral, A. D. 1317. One Lucius is reported to have founded the Abby and given name to the City.

Maillezais, Malleacum, is a small City or Town, built on an Island form'd amidst the Marshes, by the Rivers Savre and Autise, being distant 30 miles from Rochel to the North-east, and 50 from Poitiers to the South-west. It was heretofore the usual Place of Residence of the Counts of Boitou and Dukes of Guienne, but at present is not much Inhabited by reason of the unwholsomness of the Air. The Abby of Maillezais was also erected into an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Bourdeaux, by Pope John XXII. in the year, 1317. but Innocent X. caused it to be suppress'd, A.D. 1649. and translated it to Rochel.

Lusignan, Lusignanum, stands on the Banks of the Vonne, near 20 miles from Poitiers to the South-west, on the Road to Rochel and Bourdeux. This Town is more especially famous for the Valour of its Ilrustrious Lords, who were Kings of Cyprus, Jerusalem, and Armenia. The Castle of Lusignan, sometime esteem'd as Impregnable, was Suprized by M. Troligni, for the French Protestants, A. D. 1569. But the Prince of Montpensier retook it, after a Siege of Eight Months, in 1574, and dismantled its Fortifications.

Chatelerault, a good Town on the River Vienne, about 20 miles from Poitiers to the North, and on the Road to Blois and Paris, hath the title of a Dukedom, sometime possess'd by the Hamiltons of Scotland, at present by Mademoiselle Montpensier the King's Aunt.

Richelieu, Richeleum, aut Ricolocus, formerly a small Village; but this being the place of Birth of that great Minister of State Cardinal Richelieu, he Rebuilt it and adorned it with a stately Palace and an Academy, and obtain'd it to be erected into a Dukedom and Peerage. It is seated on a little Rivulet that falls into the Vienne, and is distant 16 miles from Chatelerault to the West, and 28 from Poitiirs to the North.

Loudun, is a considerable wall'd Town, and gives name to the Country about it: It hath a Castle, which with the Town, hath a particular Governor. Here is a Nunnery of Ʋrseillines, famous not many years ago, for the Imposture the Nuns were guilty of, in pretending themselves Bewitch'd by the Curate of the Parish, whom they barbarously caused to be Executed. This Town stands about 10 miles from Richelieu to the West, and 20 from Saumur to the South-East.

The small Country of AƲNIS, Alnensis, Alnetensis aut Alniensis Tractus, lies to the South of Poitou, and to the East of Saintonge proper, whereof it is a part, being also bounded on the West by the Ocean, and the Islands of Re and Oleron: Its principal Towns are these, viz.

• Rochel, Bish. Cap.
• ...Rochefort,
• ...Marans,
• ...Brouage,
• Chatelaillon, &c.

ROCHEL, Rupella, olim Portus Santonum hath been always a very considerable Port and Mart-town; it is distant only two Leagues from the Island of Re, 4 from that of Oleron, 10 miles from the Confines of Poictou to the South, about 30 from Saintes to the North-West, and 70 from Poitiers to the West. This City, being the chief Seat of the Protestants, suffered much during the Civil Wars of France, and was often valiantly defended, and long possessed by that Party, until at length Lewis XIII. after a long and famous Siege made himself Master of it in the year 1628, chiefly by the means of an admirable Rampart or Bank of Earth, which Cardinal Richelieu caus'd to be raised against it on the side of the Ocean: After it was taken, the King caus'd the Walls and Fortifications to be demolish'd, except only two Towers, which defend the Port. Afterward, in 1649, the Episcopal See of Maillezais was removed thither; the Island of Re, together with many other neighbouring Places, to the number of about 100 Towns and Villages, being taken from the Diocess of Saintonge and added to this, as appears by the Consistorial Decree made on that occasion.

Rochefort, Rupifortium, hath a convenient Harbour at the Mouth of the River Cherante, capable of receiving Men of War: It was at first only a small Village, but for the sake of its Port hath of late been wall'd round and fortified with strong Bastions and Ramparts, and some of the smaller of the King's Ships of War being laid up here, a Magazine is kept well stored with all sorts of Ammunition for their Service, and an Hospital built for infirm Seamen. This Town is distant about 5 miles from the Sea-coasts, and 15 from Rochel to the South.

Brouage, Broagium, formerly call'd Jacquez Ville, Jacobipolis is a small Town and Port, very well fortified, and seated in a Marsh, near the Saltworks, being distant almost 3 Leagues from the Mouth of the Charante to the South, 8 from Rochel, 4 from Royan, and 8 from Saintes to the West.

ANGOƲMOIS, Engolismensis Provincia, is bounded on the West by Saintonge, on the South by Perigort, on the East by Limosin and La Marche, and on the North by Poitou, being extended for the space of 50 miles in length, and about 35 in breadth; The chief Towns in it are,

• Angouleme, Bish. C.
• ...Cognac,
• ...Rochefoucaut,
• ...Jarnac,
• ...Bouteville,
• ...Rufec,
• Chateau-Neuf, &c.

ANGOƲLEME, Engolisma, aut Inculisma, olim Ratiastum, is seated on the top of a Hill, near the River of Charante, about 50 miles from Poictiers to the S. 30 from Saintes to the E. and 40 from Limoges to the W. It is a very ancient City, adorn'd with the Titles of a Dutchy and Seneschalcy, and hath a Presidial and Election. It is also an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Bourdeaux; and is well fortified, with a strong Castle and other Bulwarks, so that it is accessible only on one side. In the adjacent Fields is to be seen a Spring, from whence issueth a Torrent of Waters, as it were a River, &c.

Rochefoucaut, Rupes Fucaldi & Rupe-Fucaldum, is a small Town and Castle on the Rivulet of Tardovere, about 15 miles from Angouleme to the N. E. It bears the Title of a Dutchy, and hath imparted its Name to one of the most ancient and noble Families of France, from whence have sprung divers Branches, &c.

Jarnac, Jarnacum & Jarniacum, stands on the Banks of the Charante, almost in the midst between Angouleme to the E. and Saintes to the W. This little Town is famous for a memorable Battle fought between the Duke of Anjou, afterward King Henry III. and the Prince of Conde, on the 15th of May 1569, wherein the latter was slain.

Touraine, Turonia lies between Blaisois and Anjou to the N. and W. Poictou and la Marche to the S. and Berry to the E. It bears the Title of a Dutchy, and it's extent is about 60 miles from N. to S. and 50 from E. to W. The fertility of its Soil, especially in Fruit, makes it be call'd the Garden of France. Many Rivers pass through it, as the Loyre, the Cher, the Indre, the Vienne, &c. The most remarkable Towns of this Province are,

• Tours, Archb. Cap.
• ...Amboise,
• ...Loches,
• Chinon, &c.

TOƲRS, Turones, Turo & Turonica Ʋrbs, olim Caesarodunum, is situate in a fruitful Country on the S. side of the River Loire, over which it hath a very beautiful long Stone-Bridge, at a little distance from the North side of the Cher. It is a large well built City, and the See of an Archbishop. The Publick Places, Streets and Houses are fair, and the Cathedral, dedicated to S. Gratian its first Prelate, deserves well to be viewed by Travellers: The Church of S. Martin, together with some other Parochial ones, are stately Piles of Building. This City is a Place of very good Trade, and therefore rich and populous, the Silks manufactur'd here being sent into many foreign Parts. A Generality and Presidial Courts are established here. It is seated, as hath been said, on the River Loire, and is distant 30 miles from Vendosme to the S. 50 from Poitiers to the N. 45 from Angers to the E. 30 from Blois, and 60 from Orleans to the S. W.

Amboise, Ambaca, Ambasia & Ambaciensis Vicus, is seated also on the Loire, at the distance of 15 miles E. from Tours, and 30 from Blois to the S. W. This Town is likewise adorn'd with a fair Bridge over the Loire, and a large Castle built on a Hill, where the French Monarchs have often retir'd, and in which King Charles VIII. was born in the year 1470, and died in 1498.

Loches, Lochia and Locia, stands on the River Indre, about 20 miles from Amboise to the S. and 25 from Tours to the S. E. It is a good Town, and hath a Castle, wherein King Charles VII. usually resided. Lewis XI. added divers Apartments to it, and caus'd a Tower to be built, wherein for a long while he kept the Cardinal de Balve Prisoner; and in the same Place Lewis XII. confin'd Lewis Sforza, who died there, and was buried in the Church of the Virgin Mary. A Royal Court depending on the Presidial of Tours is held here. The Territory adjacent was the Patrimony of the first Dukes of Anjou.

Chinon, Caino & Chinonium, formerly a Village, is at present a neat Town seated on the River Vienne, and hath a Castle built on the top of a Hill, about 30 miles from Tours to the S. W. and 20 from Saumur to the E. Here is a Collegiate Church, dedicated to S. Mesine, the Canons whereof are immediately subject to the Pope. The French King, Charles VII. retir'd to this Town, when our Kings Henry V. and VI.

had possession of Paris; and it was here that Joan d' Arc, commonly call'd the Maid of Orleans, already mentioned, addressed her self to that King. Our King Henry II. died here A. D. 1189. And if it be worth mentioning, Francis R•belais was born here.

BERRY, Bituricensis Provincia, bears the Title of a Dutchy, and is a Province of larger extent than those we have last mention'd, being 90 miles from N. to S. and 70 from E. to W. It is bounded on the W. by Touraine, on the N. by Blaisois, Orleanois and Gastinois, on the E. by the River Loire, and on the S. by La Marche. The River Cher passes through it, the Indre hath its Source in it, as have also many other smaller ones. The Soil is exceeding fertil, and the Inhabitants are noted Artists in making a certain sort of thick Cloth, which is thence call'd Drap de Berry. Its ancient People, the Bituriges, were famous heretofore for their Conquests, and obstinate Resistance of the Romans. This Province was for some Ages subject to its own Count, but being bought and united to the Crown by King Philip, it hath often since been an Appenage of the Sons of France, as it is at present to the third Son of the Dauphine. The most remarkable Towns here are,

• Bourges, Archb. Cap.
• ...Chateau-Roux,
• ...Issoudan,
• ...Le Blanc,
• ...Argenton,
• ...S. Aignan,
• ...Dun le Roi,
• ...Sancerre,
• ...Henrichmont,
• Valencay, &c.

BOƲRGES, Biturix, Bituriges & Bituricae, olim Avaricum Biturigum, is situated about the middle of France, on the Rivers of Auron and Eure or Yerve, at the distance of 80 miles from Tours to the E. 60 from Orleans to the S. 30 from Nevers to the W. and 50 from the Borders of la Marche to the N. It is a large City, dignified with the Titles of a Metropolitan See and Patriarchate, besides a famous University, a Bailliage, a Presidial Court, a Generality, &c. It is also a place of great Antiquity, for it is reputed to have been already founded in the XLVII Olympiad, and A. Ʋ. C. 164. about 590 years before the Nativity of Jesus Christ. Titus Livius assures us, that under the Reign of Tarquinius Priscus King of the Romans, the Monarchy of the Celtae was fix'd in this Metropolis of Berry, whereof Ambigatus was then the Soveraign. Julius Caesar made himself Master of it, A. Ʋ. C. 702. 52 years before the Christian Aera, and of 40000 Inhabitants scarcely saved 800, the rest being put to the Sword. It was afterward the Capital City of the Aquitania Prima, under Augustus. The Visig•ths pillag'd it in the Fifth Century, and they were subdu'd by King Clovis; then it fell into the Possession of Clodomir, and at length of Gontran King of Orleans: Chilperic took it A. C. 583. and caused it to be almost entirely burnt: But it hath been since re-establish'd at several times, more especially under Charlemagne, and it is now a well-built and flourishing City. It was possessed by its own Counts till the time of Philip King of France, to whom Count Herpin sold it, with the rest of the County.

Chateau-Roux, Castrum Rufum aut Castrum Radulphium, is a considerable Town, bearing the Title of a Dutchy, on the River Indre, about 30 miles from Fourges to the S. W. Its Castle was built by one Raoul, whence it is call'd Chateau-Raoul, and corruptly Chateau-Roux. Here are a Collegiate and four Parochial Churches, also a Park, appertaining to Monsieur the Prince. It is a Place of good Trade, many sorts of Manufactures being made in it.

Issoudun, Exelodunum, Exolidunum, Exsoldunum, & alias Ernodurus, is water'd by the Rivulet of Thiot or Thee, and seated in the mid-way between Bourges and Chateau-Roux. It is fortified with a strong Castle, firm Walls and deep Ditches; and is remarkable for its Traffick in Wooll and Kid's-leather Gloves. It is adorn'd with divers magnificent Structures, particularly the Royal Palace, the Court of Justice, the Church of S. Stephen, the Convent of Benedictines, &c. This Town was one of the twenty burnt by Caesar in one day.

Argenton, Argantomagum & Argentomagum, stands on the Confines of the Province of la Marche and the Banks of the Creuse, 40 miles from Bourges to the S. W. This Town hath for its Defence a fair Castle, flank'd with 10 Towers, one whereof was built by the Emperor Heraclius, and on which is carv'd the Figure of an Ox with this Device of Caesar; Veni, Vidi, Vici: The rest are less considerable.

NIVERNOIS, Ager Nivernensis, is extended along the Banks of the Loire between Burgundy, Bourbonnois and Berry, for the space of about 50 miles from N. to S. and 35 from E. to W. including these principal Towns, viz.

• Nevers, Bish. Cap.
• ...La Charite,
• ...S. Pierre le Moutier,
• ...Decise,
• ...Donzi,
• ...Clamecy,
• Vizelay, &c.

NEVERS, Nivernum, Nivernium & Nivernae olim Noviomagul Vadicascium, is situated on the Loire near its confluence with the Allier, and the Rivulet of Nievre, almost in the midst between Paris, to the N. and Lyon, to the S. about 120 miles from both, as also 30 from Bourges to the E. 30 from the confines of Gastinois to the S. 25 from Bourbon to the N. 30 from the confines of Burgundy to the W. It was heretofore the Capital City of the Vadicasses, and Julius Caesar thought fit to make choice of it for a Magazine for his Army. It bore the Title of a County under the first Race of the French Monarchs, and was erected into a Dutchy by Charles VII. in the year 1457. It is also the See of a Bishop, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Sens, and the Seat of a Chamber of Accounts, together with a Bailliage under the Jurisdiction of the Presidial Court of S. Pierre le Moutier. The Cathedral Church is dedicated to S. Cyres. There are also 11 Parochial Churches, divers Religious Houses, and a stately Stone-Bridge of 20 Arches, over the River Loire. Nevers is also famous on account of the great quantities of Glass, white Iron, and fine Earthen Ware there made. In this City died John Casimir King of Poland, on the 16th day of December, A. D. 1672.

La Charite, Charitas, took its Name from the great Liberality which the Monks of Cluny exercised in time past towards poor People and Pilgrims; it is seated on the side of an Hill near the Loire, over which River here is a fair Stone-Bridge, 15 miles below Nevers to the N. and 25 from Bourges to the E. It is adorn'd with a large Market-place, divers Churches, and a very rich Priory of the Cluniack Order. This Town suffer'd much damage during the English Wars in France, and more in that of the French Protestants, by whom it was often taken and retaken in the year 1562, 1563, &c.

Decise, Decetia, is a small Town on the same River Loire, which, with the Rivulet Airon, that falls into it at the East end of the Town, form a sort of an Island. Here is a good Castle belonging to the Duke of Nevers, and a fair Bridge over the River. This Town is distant 20 miles from Nevers to the South-East, and appertains to the Possessions of the Duke of Nevers.

GASTINOIS, Vastinium, & Vastiniensis Pagus, lies between Nivernois, Berry, Orleanois, Beauce, Isle of France, Champagne and Burgundy. It hath its Name from the Rocks and Sandy Places in it, which the Inhabitants call Gastines. The extent of this Province is near 60 miles from N. to S. and 45 from E. to W. in which these Towns are of most note.

• Montargis, Cap.
• ...Estampes,
• ...S. Farseau,
• ...Gien,
• Chateau Renard, &c.

MONTARGIS, Montargium aut Mons Argi, is a neat Town, pleasantly situated at the Foot of a Hill, and the Banks of the River Loing, at the distance of 55 miles from Paris to the S. and 40 from Orleans to the E. It is fenced with an old Castle, that Charles V. caus'd to be repair'd, and which was besieged by the English Forces, A. D. 1426. The Town was burnt in 1528, and after rebuilt with greater magnificence.

Estampes, Stampae, stands on the side of the Ivine, commonly call'd from thence the River Etampes, in a very fruitful Country, near the Confines of the Isle of France, 30 miles from Paris to the S. as many from Chartres to the East, and about 25 from Montargis to the N. W. It is beautified with a Collegiate Church and divers Monasteries, and enjoys the Title of a Dutchy, as appertaining to the ancient Demesns of the Crown. King Robert founded a Castle here; and the Town was formerly fortified, but dismantled by King Henry IV. A. D. 1589.

Gien, Genabum, is a small Town on the Loire, over which River it hath a Stone-Bridge below the Canal of Briare. It stands 35 miles above Orleans to the E. and 28 from Montargis to the S.

The Principal ISLANDS that lie over-against Orleannois in general, more especially the County of Aunis, are these, viz.

• ...Oleron,
• Re or Oye,
• ...Isle-dieu,
• ...Nermoutier,
• Armot, &c.

OLERON, Ʋliarius, is an Island situated on the Coast of the Province of Saintonge, over-against the mouth of the River Charante, about 4 Leagues from thence to the W. It is extended from N. to S. for the space of 15 miles, but is not above 4 or 5 miles in breadth, and between 30 and 40 in compass. The Soil is very fruitful, and produces good Corn; abundance of Rabbets are caught here.

On the Southern part of the Island is erected a very strong Fortress, call'd the Castle of Oleron, which is distant a League and an half from the mouth of the River Seure to the W. 3 from the Isle of Re to the S. and 6 from the City of Rochel to the S. W.

The Island of RE, Rea, olim Reacus, lies before the Coasts of the Country of Aunis, only a Leagues from thence, and 3 from Rochel to the W. containing many Towns or Burghs; the chief of which are those of S. Martin and Oye, call'd the Isle, by reason of a Chanel, over which one must pass to enter into it. The most considerable Fort is that of la Paree, containing 4 Bastions, with Half-Moons and other Outworks, which have been improved and increased since this War began. Here is a high Tower, on which Lights are kept a-nights for the Direction of Ships. The Cannon of this Fort commands the Land over-against it, as well as the Sea all round it. This Island affords great quantities of Wine and Salt, especially the latter, for the making whereof this is the chief place in the whole Kingdom.

ISLE-DIEƲ, Insula Dei, lies over-against the Town of S. Giles, in the Province of Poitou, about 3 Leagues from the Coasts of that Province.

The Island of NERMOƲTIER lies over-against S. Ʋrbain in Poitou, and is distant two large Leagues from the Continent: On it is founded a rich Convent, &c.

Though the Orleannois be call'd one of the Governments of France, yet it is divided among nine Governors General, independent of one another, viz. I. The Orleannois proper, Blaisois, Beauce and Vendomois; the present Governor whereof is the Marbuis d' Alluy, under whom are 3 Lieutenant Generals: The same Marquis is also particular Governor of the City of Orleans. II. Poictou hath for Governor General the Marquis de la Vieuville, and two Lieutenant Generals, and two Seneschals, besides particular Governors in Poitiers, Loudun and Niort. III. Anjou, whereof the Count d' Armagnac is Governor General, and under him are one Lieutenant General, one Seneschal, and particular Governors in Angers and Pont de Ce. IV. The Saumurois, with its Dependances, Richelieu, and Marabeau is another Government, at present under the Count de Cominges, who hath one Lieutenant General. V. Touraine also hath a Governor General, who is the Marquis de Dangean, a Lieutenant General, two Bailiffs, and particular Governours of Tours and Amboise. VI. The Country of Aunis, Rochelle, Brouage in Saintoigne, the Isles of Re, Oleron, &c. have a Governor General, the Count de Gace Matignon, a Lieutenant General, a Seneschal, and particular Governors of Rochel and Brouage. VII. The Provinces of Maine and Perche have another Governor General, who is the Marquis de Fervaques, a Lieutenant General and a Seneschal. VIII. The Prince de Soubise is Governor General of Berry, under whom are a Lieutenant General and a Seneschal. And lastly, the Nevernois is a Governor under the Duke of Nevers, with a Lieutenant General.

CHAP. VIII. LA BOURGOGNE, or BURGUNDY, Burgundia.

UNder the Name of BƲRGƲNDY is comprehended, at present, the Lower or Dutchy of Burgundy, the Ʋpper, or County of Burgundy, Bresse, Bugey. the County of Gex, and the Principality of Dombes, which are bounded on the North by Champaigne and Lorraine, on the South by Lyonnois and Dauphine, on the East by Mount Jura to the Rhosne, and on the West by Nivernois and Bourbonnois.

Burgundy in General divided into these Parts, viz.

The Lower Burgundy, or Dutchy in 9 small Provinces

• 1. Dijonois, Chief Town
  • Dijon, Cap.
• 2. Autunois,
  • Autun, Bish.
• 3. Chalonnois,
  • Chalons, Bish.
• 4. Auxois,
  • ...Semur,
• 5. Auxerrois,
  • Auxerre, Bish.
• 6. Charolois,
  • ...Charoles,
• 7. Briennois,
  • ...Semur,
• 8. Maconnois,
  • Mason, Bish.
• 9. The mountainous Country,
  • ...Chatillon,

The County of Burgundy in 3 Bailiages, viz.

• 1. The Middle Bailiage, or of Dole.
  • Bezanson, Archb. Cap.
• 2. The Bailiage of Amont,
  • ...Vesoul,
• 3. The Bailiage of Aval
  • ...Poligny.

• ...Bresse,
  • ...Bourg,
• ...Bugey,
  • Belley, Bish.
• The County of Gex,
  • ...Gex,
• The Principality of Dombes.
  • ...Trevoux.

The DUCHY of Burgundy is bounded on the East by the County of Burgundy, on the North by Champaigne, on the West by Bourbonnois and Nivernois, and on the South by Dauphine and Lionnois. Its largest extent from South to North consists of about 110 English miles, that is to say, from below Macon as far as Chateau Vilain in Champagne, and of 90 miles from East to West, viz. from beyond Auxonne to the Frontiers of Gatinois, lying between the 46th and 48th degree of Latitude, &c. This Province is very considerable on the account of its Largeness, Situation, and Fertility, being commonly call'd, The Magazine of Corn, Wine, Hay, Wood, &c. affording also many Iron-Mines and Springs of Mineral Waters. And, indeed, it contributes very much to the subsistence of the City of Paris, and almost entirely maintains that of Lyon. It is water'd with a great number of Rivers; the Seine takes its rise here near a Village named Sainte Seine; the Sone passeth through the Eastern part, and receives into its Chanel the streams of the Dehune augmented with those of the Burfure, the Ouche, and the Tille, besides divers other lesser Rivulets and Brooks. On the Western the Loire separates Burgundy from Bourbonnois, and receives into it the Reconce, the Brevince, the Arroux, &c. The Yonne is there joyn'd to the Cousni or Avalon, the Sezin or Serin, and the Armenson, into whith flow the Brenne, the Oserain and the Oze, all which Rivers have their Source in this Province.

The County of DIJONNOIS, Ager, Divionensis, contains these more remarkable Towns, viz.

• Dijon, Cap.
• ...Beaune.
• ...Ausconne.
• ...S. Jean de-Laune.
• Citteaux, Abb. &c.

DIJON, Divio & Divionum, is seated on the Rivers Ouche, and Suzon in the Diocess of Langres, from which City it is distant 32 miles to the South, 85 from Sens, and 140 from Paris to the South-East, 105 from Lyons to the North, 80 from Nevers to the East, 45 from Bezancon, and 15 from the Saone to the West. This Town is suppos'd to have been first founded about A.C. 220. It is of a large extent and well-built; the Walls are strong and surrounded with Towers and Bastions, and the Castle flanked with four large Towers and two Ravelins. The most considerable publick Buildings are, the Church of the Carthusians adorn'd with magnificent Tombs of the Dukes, the Hall of Justice, the Royal Palace, and the Town-house, besides 16 other Churches, two Abbeys and five Hospitals. The States of the Country are usually assembled here every three years. Besides the Court of Parliament held in this Town, here are a Chamber of Accounts, and a Presidial Court.

Beaune, Belna & Belnum, is seated on the small River Bourgeose and other Brooks that run through the Town at the distance of 10 miles from the River Saone to the West, 20 from Dijon to the South, and 13 from Challon to the North, and lies on the Road betwixt these two Towns. The Antiquities of this place prove it to have been a Roman Work. It is well built, the Seat of a Bailiage, and the Capital of a small Territory, thence call'd the Country of Beaune, which is very fruitful, especially in an excellent sort of Wine.

S. Jean de Laune, Fanum S. Joannis Laudonensis, aut Laudona, is a small Town on the Saone near the Abbey of Cistercians, 15 miles from Dijon to the South East. It was formerly fortified, and is famous for repulsing the Efforts of the Imperial Army commanded by the formidable Galas Charles Duke of Lorrain, the Marquis of Grana, and other Illustrious Generals, A.D. 1636.

Citeau, Cistercium aut Cistertium, is distant about six miles from S. Jean de Laune to the West, and 12 from Dijon to the South. 'Tis believ'd that this Village took its name from the great number of Cisterns which were dug there under Ground, and hath acquir'd much reputation by its Abbey of Cistercian Monks, which Order was first instituted here; and this Abbey built, A.D. 1098. by Robert Abbot of Molesme, assisted by Otho I. Duke of Burgundy, Walter Bishop of Chalons, and Hugh Bishop of Lyons. It is a Branch of the Benedictine, and hath its name from this Town. The Months quickly grew numerous, and the Order so powerful, that for a long time it had a great share in the Government of Europe, and hath produced four Popes, several Cardinals and Bishops, and a great number of Writers. The Abbot of this House is a Counsellor of the Parliament of Burgundy, and General of the whole Order, whereof are said to be near 3000 Convents and Nunneries in the World.

AƲTƲNOIS, Augustdenensis Tractus, lies on the Frontiers of Nivernois, and includes these two principal Places, viz. Autun, Bish. Cap. and Bourbon-Lancy.

AƲTƲN, Augustodunum olim Bibracte, is situated on the River Arroune in the midst between Lyon to the South, and Sens to the North, 40 miles from Dijon to the South-West, and 50 from Nevers to the East. It is one of the most ancient Cities of the Kingdom, being said to have been founded by Simotheus I. King of the Gauls. It was famous in the time of the Romans, and the Capital of the Republick of the Aedui or Hadui, which comprehended part of the Duchy of Burgundy, the Countries of Bresse, Lionnois, Beaujolois, Dombes, Nivernois, &c. The Ruins found here of the Temple of Janus, now called Le Janvoye or Jenetoye, the Marchaut or Campus Martius, Mont-Dru or the Seat of the Druides, and Mont-Jou or the Hill of Jupiter, besides a great number of Statues, Columns, Pyramids, Aqueducts; Triumphal Arches, &c. do also sufficiently evince its ancient Grandeur. This City is divided into two parts, viz. the Upper Town cover'd by Mount Cenis, at the foot whereof stands a Castle, and the Lower, call'd Marchaut, which is water'd by the River Arroux, discharging it self into the Leire, and affording abundance of good Fish. It is an Episcopal See dependant on the Metropolitan of Lyon, and the whole Diocess, divided into 24 Arch-Priesthoods or principal Cures, contains about 600 Parishes. The Cathedral dedicated to St. Lazarus, is a noble and venerable Structure; besides which, here are many other Churches, divers Abbeys and Convents, particularly those of S. Martia, S. Andoche, and S. John. This City is also the Seat of a Bailiage.

Bourbon-Lancy, Borbonium Anselmium, is a very well built Town and Castle with a Bailiage, standing on the descent of one of those pleasant and fruitful Hills that surround its Territory, and is distant but two miles from the River Loire, which separates the Diocess of Autun from the Territories of Bourbonnois, and 25 from Autun to the South West. It is a fair Town; the Castle is old, but the Walls are strong and surrounded with a Trench cut out of a Rock, insomuch that it could not be taken during the whole Civil Wars of France, The Mineral Waters of Bourbon were much commended even in the time of the Romans, and have been no less esteem'd since the Reign of Henry III. who preferr'd them before all the others of his Kingdom.

CHAALONNOIS, Cabillonensis Ager, is extended along the Banks of the Saone in the midst of the Province, and hath these chief Towns, viz.

• Chaalons, Bish. Cap.
• ...Verdun.
• ...Belle-garde.

CHAALONS, Cabillonum, is seated on the River Soane, at the distance of 20 miles from the frontiers of the County of Burgundy to the West, 25 from Autun to the East, 40 from Dijon and 65 from Lyon to the North. It is a very spacious City, with the Title of a County and Bailiage, and of great Antiquity, as appears from divers Statues, Vessels and Inscriptions found therein; not to mention the remains of an Amphitheatre, and of many publick Edifices. The Romans were wont to keep Store-houses of Corn for their Army at Chaalons; afterward the Emperors constituted it the general place of Rendezvous of their Forces, and the Kings of Burgundy took no less delight in its situation. However, it was ruin'd by Attila, and repaired within a little while after. The Suburbs of S. Laurence are shut up within two Bridges, viz. one of Stone, and the other of Timber, on an Island made by the Saone; and the Citadel is flanked with four Royal Bastions, whereto some new Fortifications have been lately added. The City it self is divided into the Old and the New, the latter enclosing the other, which consists only of three large Streets, where is to be seen the Palace of the Bailiage, that of the Prince, the Cathedral of S. Vincent, and the Town-House, besides the Parochial Churches of S. George, S. Lawrence, and S. Mary, the Commandery of S. Antony, a stately College of Jesuits, &c. Chaalons is an Episcopal See, subject to the Metropolitan of Lyon. This City was taken by the French Protestants, A. D. 1562.

Verdun, Virdunum & Verodunum is a small Town near the confluence of the Doux and the Saone, about 12 miles from Chaalons to the North East. There is another Town of this Name in Lorrain, the Capital of a Bailiage.

Belle-garde, Belloguardia stands on the left side Banks of the Saone, five Leagues from Chaalons to the North East, and was formerly called Seure, but the Name was changed when King L•wis XIII. erected it into a Duchy in favour of Roger de S. Lari, A. D. 1620. It was also well fortified for some time, but its Bulwarks are now dismantled.

The MOUNTAINOUS COUNTRY, Tractus Montanus, lies to the North of Burgundy and the Spring-head of the Seine; its chief Towns are these,

• Chatillon sur Seine, Cap.
• ...Bar-sur-Seine.
• Aisei-le-duc &c.

Chatillon sur Seine, Castelio ad Sequanam, is a fair Town and Abbey extended very far in length along the banks of the Seine, about 40 miles from Dijon to the North, and 30 from Langres to the West. It is divided by the River into two parts, one whereof is call'd The Burgh, and the other Chaumont. Here are to be seen the ruins of an old Castle; as also not far from hence a large Spring, the Waters of which turn many Mills, and are very serviceable to the Inhabitants for the making of divers sorts of Manufactures. This is the Seat of the Baily of this Country.

Bar-sur-Seine, Barium super Sequanam, takes its Name in like manner from its situation on the Seine, near the Confines of Champagne, about 18 miles from Chatillon to the North, and 15 from Troys to the South. It is a little Town well built, and stands in the midst of a fruitful Country.

AƲXOIS, Alexiensis Tractus, borders on the Frontiers of Nivernois, and includes these principal Towns, viz.

• Seymeur, Cap.
• ...Avalon.
• Arnay-le-Duc, &c.

SEMEƲR, Semurium, is a small Town on a Rivulet which dischargeth it self into that of Armanson, being distant 30 miles from Autun to the North, and 35 from Auxerre to the South East.

Avalon, Avello, is seated in a Plain on the River Cousin, 30 miles from Auxerre to the South, and about 40 from Autun. It is a small City, and hath a Castle, and is the Seat of the Bailiage. Robert King of France took this Town by Famine after a Siege of three Months, A D. 1003.

Arnay-le-duc, Arnaeum ducinum, is a very pleasant Town near the Spring-head of the River Arroux, and one of the Seats of the Baily of Auxois, being distant 35 miles from Avallon to the South East, and 20 from Challon to the No•th west.

AƲXERROIS, Altissiodorensis Ager, lies between Champagne, Gatinois, Auxois, and Nivernois The Places of chiefest Note being these, viz.

• Auxerre, Bish. Cap.
• ...Coutange.
• ...Seignelay.
• Crevant, &c.

AƲXERRE, Antissiodorum, is seated on the side of a Hill in a fruitful Country, and on the banks of the River Yonne, where it begins to be navigable, at the distance of 70 miles from Paris to the South, 30 from Sens, and 20 from Avallon to the North-west. It is a very ancient City, 'tis said Julian the Apostate refreshed his Army here for some time. A, C. 451, it was ruin'd by Attila, and King Robert took it from Landri Count of Nevers, in 1005. Afterward it became subject to certain particular Counts, and at length was united to the Crown of France. It hath been long since erected into an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Sens, and its Cathedral bearing the Name of St. Stephen, is a very magnificent Structure, having a faire Quire, an exceeding high Tower, and a Chapter compos'd of 59 Canons, a Dean, a Chanter, a Grand Arch-deacon, a Penitentiary, and 4 Arch-Priests. Here are also other fair Churches, a stone Bridge over the River, divers publick Fountains and large publick Places. It is dignified with the title of a County, Baili•ge, and hath a Presidial and Election from the South east parts, It stands upon the great Road to Paris, and is therefore much frequented by Travellers.

The County of CHAROLOIS, Caroliensis C•mitatus, is situated to the South of that of Burgund•, between Bourbonnois and Masconnois. Its principal Towns are,

• Charoles Cap.
• ...Paroi-le-Monial.
• ...Toulon.
• Mont S. Vincent, &c.

CHAROLES, Caroliae, is seated on the Rivulet of Reconse, 30 miles from Autun to the South, 12 from the River Loire to the E. and 20 from Mascon to the W. It is a very fair Town, beautified with a Collegiate Church and some Monasteries.

Toulon, or Toulon seu Arroux, Tullonium ad Arrosium, is a small Town through which run the Streams of the River Arroux, seated almost in the midway between Autun and Charoles, and 25 from Challon to the W.

BRIENNOIS, Briennensis Tractus, lies between Charolois and Masconois, near the Frontiers of Beaujolois, and doth not contain within its bounds any Place of good Note, excepting Anoy-le-Duc & Semeur, Semurium, which stands on a Hill scarcely one League from the River Loire to the E. and on the Confines of Beaujolois.

MASCONNOIS, Matisconensis Tractus, borders on the Southern part of the Duchy of Burgundy toward Bresse, being about 30 Miles long and 24 broad. The chief Towns are these, viz.

• Mascon, Bish. Cap.
• Tornus, Abb.
• Clugny, Abb.

MASCON, Matisco aut Matiscona, is situated on the side of a little Hill on the Bank of the Saon, and near the Confines of the Province of Bresse, almost in the midst between Lyon to the S. and Chaalons to the N. at the distance of about 30 Miles from each. It is a place of much Antiquity, an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Lyon; also a Bailliage and an Election. Here is a stately Bridge over the River Saon, which leads to the Suburbs of S. Lawrence, where are two strong Towers. The Cathedral is dedicated to S. Vincent, besides which here is a Collegiate Church, the Canons whereof are all of noble Extraction, the Parochial Church of S. Stephen, many Religious Houses and a College of Jesuits. This City was often ruin'd by the Incursions of the Huns, Burgundians and Franks, but hath been often repair'd by the munificence of divers Kings of France.

Tornus, or Tournus, Tinurtium & Trenorchium, is a large Town built on the Banks of the Saon, about 15 Miles from Mascon to the N. and 18 from Chaalons to the S. Albinus Caesar was overcome by the Emperor Severus near this Place; at present it is chiefly remarkable for its Famous Abbey.

Cluny or Clugny, is a Village Founded on a small River called Grosne, 10 Miles from Mascon to the N. W. and 15 from Charoles to the E. It hath in like manner imparted its Name to the renowned Abbey of Cluniack Monks, which is the chief of the whole Order, and was instituted according to the Rule of S. Benedict, A. C. 910. by Bernon Abbot of Gigniac, by the Favour of William I. Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Auvergne.

BRESSE, Sebussianus Ager, lies S. E. from Burgundy, and is bounded on the E. Burgundy and Beaujolois, on the W. by the River Dain, which divides it from Bugey, on the N. by Challonois, and on the S. by Lionnois and Dauphine, and is in extent from N. to S. about 40 Miles, and from E. to W. 30 Miles. It is a Fruitful Country, but by reason of some Lakes of standing Water in it, not very wholesom in some Parts. It is divided into the Upper, being the Parts about Bourg; and the Lower, lying towards the Lionnois. The chief Towns are,

• Bourg, Cap.
• Montluel, a small Town on the S. borders of the Province.
• Coligny, 15 Miles North from Bourg.
• Pont des Vaux, near the Saon, and 15 Miles from Coligny to the West, &c.

BOƲRG, Burgus, aut Forum Sebusianorum, is situated in a Marshy Ground on the Rivulet of Reissousse, at the distance of 15 Miles from Mascon to the E. and 30 from Lyon to the N. being environ'd on the E. by Mount St. Claude and the Hills of Vignoble, and on the W. by a spacious Plain extended as far as the River Saon. This Town, together with the whole Province, hath been subject to the Dominion of the French Kings ever since the Year 1601. whereas before it belonged to the Duke of Savoy, who had built a strong Citadel in it in the Year 1569. which was demolished in 1611. However, it is as yet govern'd as it were in form of a Republick, the Administration of all Civil Affairs being committed to the care of two Syndicks or Sheriffs. Pope Leo X. erected an Episcopal Sea at Bourg, A. D. 1515. which was suppressed in the Year ensuing. It was also established in 1521. but Pope Paul III. thought fit to establish it again by his Bull publish'd in 1534. This Town hath a Bailliage, a Court of Election, and a Presidial.

BƲGEY, Beugesia, Beugia, Bugia, lies between Savoy to the E. and Bresse to the W. from whence it is separated by the River Dein, including these chief Towns, viz.

• Bellay, Bish. Cap.
• ...Lanieu.
• ...Seissel.
• S. Rambert, &c.

BELLAY, Bellicum, stands upon a Hill about 2 Miles from the River Rhone, 36 from Bourg to the S. E. and 40 from Grenoble to the N. It is a City of but small compass, nevertheless dignified with the Title of an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Besancon. It was ruined by Fire in the Year 1385, but Amedes VIII. Duke of Savoy, caused it to be rebuilt and enclosed with Walls. The Chapter of the Cathedral Church of St. John Baptist, which had been before regular under the Rule of S. Augustin, was seculariz'd in 1579. It is composed of 19 Canons and 4 Dignitaries, viz. the Dean, the Arch-Priest, the Almone• and the Chanter. But the Bishop is both Spiritual and Temporal Lord of the City, which was resign'd, together with the adjacent Territories, by the Savoyards, to the French, A. D. 1601.

Seissel, Sesselium & Sissum, is a large Town where a Bridge of Boats is laid over the River Rhone, which divides it into two Parts, and now begins to be navigable. It stands on the Foot of the Hills, and the very Frontiers of Savoy, being distant 20 Miles from Bellay to the North, and 15 from Annecy in Savoy to the West.

The Bailiage of GEG, Gega aut Gaium, is a small Territory, that lies between the County of Burgundy to the North, and the City of Geneva to the South; the County of Vaud in Suisserland to the East, and Bugey to the West. But it doth not comprehend any very considerable place, except the Town of Gex, Gesium, the Capital and Seat of the Bailiff, which was also granted by the Duke of Savoy to the French King, by the Peace concluded at Lyons, A. D. 1601.

The Principality of DOMBES, Dumbensis Principatus, is a small, but very pleasant Country, lying South-West of Bresse, along the Banks of the Saon, between Masconnois and Lyonnois, and contains 11 Castellanies, whereof that of Trevoux is the chief; the others are, Beauregard, Montmerle, Toissey, Lans, Chatamon, Cheteler, S. Trivier, Velleneuve, Ambrica & Ligmieu.

Trevoux, Trivoltium, a small Town, but the Capital of this Principality and a Bailiage, is seated at the Foot of a Hill on the Banks of the River Saone, 10. Miles above Lyon to the North, and near 30 from Mascon.

The County of BƲRGƲNDY, or the ƲPPER BƲRGƲNDY, also call'd the FRANCHE COMPTE, is the Country of the ancient Sequani, and part of the ancient Burgundia Cisjurana. It is bounded on the E. by Switzerland, on the S. by Bresse, Bugey, and the Bailiage of Gex, on the N. by Lorraine, and on the W. by the Duchy of Burgundy and part of Champagne; and is extended from the 46th Deg. 10 Min. to the 48th Deg. including the Space of about 110 Miles; and from the 23d Deg. 15 Min. to the 25th Deg. 10 Min. of Longitude, which amounts to 72 Miles, from the Frontiers of the Bishoprick of Basil as far as beyond Gray. This Province affords abundance of Corn, Wine, Timber and Cattel, especially Horses. There are also a great number of Salt-pits, and many Quarries of black Marble, Jaspar of divers colours, and very fair Alabaster, together with some Mines of Iron. The principal Rivers are, the Soane, the Doux, the Lougnon and the Louve, which are full of several sorts of Fish. Moreover, the Wines of Arbois, Poligny and Vesoul, are esteemed beyond those of the other Provinces of France.

This County was quietly possessed by the Kings of Spain, and Heirs of the Family of Burgundy, till the time of this present King of France, who, in the Year 1668. by his Army made himself Master of it, but was obliged to surrender it the same Year by the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle: Notwithstanding which, he again invaded and took it in the Year 1674. and forced the Spaniards to grant it to him in the following Peace of Nimeguen, as we have already elsewhere shewn; It is divided into three Parts, viz.

The Bailiage of VESOƲL, or AMONT; or the Upper Bailiage of the County of Burgundy, is extended toward the Northern Part of this Province, and comprehends these most considerable Towns, viz.

• Vesoul, Cap.
• ...Gray.
• ...Beaune les Nonnes.
• ...Luxueil.
• ...Rey.
• ...Jussey.
• ...Cromarcy.
• ...Rugemont.
• Lure, Abb.
• Mont-beliard County.

VESOƲL, Vesulum, is situated on a small River that runs into the Saone, at the distance of 28 Miles from Besancon to the N. 20 from the Borders of Lorraine to the S. and 30 from Mont-beliard to the W. This Town of late hath been often taken and restored, but was at length resign'd to the French King by the Treaty of Nimeguen, A. D. 1678.

Gray, Graium, Greium & Graiacum, stands on the Banks of the Saone, 30 Miles from Vesoul to the S. W. and 20 from Dole to the N. It is a fair Town, thô of small extent, and formerly well Fortified with a Castle. &c. but it was taken by the French, A. D. 1668. and also in 1674, and not long after all its Bulwarks, together with the Fort, were intirely demolished.

Lure, Ludera, Lurensis Monast. a small Town and famous Monastery, whose Abbot was Lord of the Town, is seated on the River Lougn•n, 18 Miles from Vesoul to the E.

Mont-beliard, Mons-belligardus, gives Name to a County on the N. E. of the Franche Compte, and bounded on the N. with Lorraine, and on the E. by Suntgaw: It was formerly part of Germany, and belong'd to the Dukes of Wirtemberg, but hath been made part of France by the present King. The Town is seated at the Foot of a Rock, on the top whereof stands the Castle, which was the Seat of a Count of the Family of Wirtemberg: It had, besides, a strong Citadel, now destroy'd. It is but a small Place, having not above two or three Streets; and is water'd by the small River Hall or Alaine, which a little below falls into the Donx. This Town is distant 40 Miles from Besancon to the N. E and 33 from Basil to the W. and not far from the Foot of Vauge.

The middle Bailiage, or that of DOLE, Dolensis Tractus, lies in the midst of this Province, from the Frontiers of the Duchy of Burgundy to those of Switzerland, containing in its Limits these prinicpal Towns, viz.

• Besancon, Arch. Cap.
• ...Dole,
• ...Ornans,
• ...Quingey,
• ...Verceil,
• ...Loye,
• Rochefort, &c.

BESANCON, Vesontio, Vesontium and Bisuntio, is a very ancient City, and the Capital of Franche Compte, the Sea of an Archbishop, the Seat of the Parliament, and a considerable University. It is seated on the River Doux, which almost encompasses it; and is defended with a good Citadel lately Built. This City was formerly Imperial and Free, under the Protection of the Count of Burgundy, but exempted in the Year 1651, and given to the Spaniards, from whom it was taken by the French, and by the Treaty of Nimeguen granted to them with the rest of the County. It is distant 30 Miles from Vesoul to the South, 54 from Dijon to the East, 30 from the Frontiers of Suisserland to the West, and 60 from Geneva to the North.

Dole, Dola, is in like manner seated on the Doux, in a Pleasant and Fertile Country, about 30 Miles from Besancon to the W. and as many from Dijon to the E. It was heretofore the Capital of the Province, but Besancon now enjoys that Privilege. Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, Founded a University here in the Year 1426, which the Duchess Margaret augmented in 1484, and it is now in flourishing State. Here is a Chamber of Accounts and a Bailiage. This City was heretofore well Fortified, but the present French King made himself Master of it in the Month of February, 1668, and Dismantled it before he restored it to the Spaniards, as he was forced to do by the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle; by which means he the easier retook it in 1674, and hath ever since possessed it. The other Towns contain nothing very considerable.

The Bailiage of POLIGNY, Polichniensis Tractus, or of AVAL, or of the Lower Bailiage of the County of Burgundy, is situated between Suisserland on the East, Bresse on the South, the Duchy of Burgundy on the West, and the middle Bailiage, or that of Dole, on the North, comprising within its Jurisdiction the following Towns, viz.

• Poligny, Capital.
• ...Leon de Saimier,
• ...Salins,
• ...Arlay,
• ...Chatel-Chalon,
• S. Claude, Abb.
• ...Blaterans,
• ...Orgelet,
• ...Champignole,
• ...Arbois,
• ...Pontarlier,
• ...Noseroy,
• ...Jougne,
• ...Arantan,
• ...Moutau.
• ...Sorlin,
• ...Mommorat,
• Rufey, &c.

POLIGNY, Polichnium, Polenium, and Pol•niacum, is built near a small River that runs into the Doux, and was formerly well Fortified, and more considerable than at present. Its Suburbs are large, encompass'd with Gardens, Hills and Forests, and the Wines made here are highly esteem'd. It is distant 20 Miles from Dole to the S. E. 36 from Besancon, as many from the Frontiers of Swisserland, and 35 from Geneva to the N. W.

Salins, Salinae, and Saliense Castrum, is pleasantly seated in a Valley between two Mountains, on the Rivulet of Forica, at the distance of 12 Miles from Poligny to the N. E. 20 from Besancon to the S. taking its Name from an admirable Spring of Salt-waters, whereof are made vast quantities of pure white Salt, that afford a large Revenue to the Prince. This Town is extended very far in length, and well Fottified, its Walls being flanked with high Towers, besides two Castles that defend it on all sides, and the Citadel on the top of a steep Rock, rendring it almost Impregnable. The Wall, or Store-house, commonly call'd La Grand Saulnerie, (wherein the Salt is boiled and preserved, and the Officers employed in this Operation have their Lodgings) is a stately Building.

S. Claude, Fanum S. Claudii, is in like manner a strong Hold on the Frontiers of Bugey, and the Country of Gex, about 3 Leagues from the River Rhone, and 5 from Geneva to the West. It was formerly called St. Oyen de Joux, Fanum Sancti Eugendi; and is now chiefly remarkable for its Famous Monastery, in which is preserv'd the Body of St. Claude, Archbishop of Besancon, in the VII Century, whose Name is communicated to this Town and part of Mount Jura in the adjacent Territory.

On the East side of the Franche Comte, stands the ridge of Mountains, call'd Mont-Jura, which extends from near Basil on the Rhine in the N. quite as far as the River Rhone and the Province of Bugey, being the whole length of this Country, and divides it from Swisserland; but in several Places they bear different Names: At the South end it divides into two Branches, whereof one extends to the Rhine, about 12 or 15 Miles below Geneva, and is called the Credo; the other divides the Franche Comte from Beugey, and is named M•nt St. Claude from a little Town near it: About the source of the River Doux, it is called Mont de Joux; in the Neighbourhood of Basil, Pierrepont and Botzberg, and a little more Southward, Schaffmas, and by the Swissers Leerberg.

This Government is divided between two Governours-General, whereof one hath the Duchy of Burgundy, Bresse, Beugey, Valromey and Gex, under his Care; and the other the County of Burgundy, or Franche Comte. Of the Duchy of Burgundy, &c. the Prince of Conde is the Governor-General, and the Count d'Armagnac Hereditary Grand Seneschal; and under them are five Lieutenants Generals, twelve Bailiffs, and thirteen Governors of Places, viz. of Dijon, Auxone, Chalon, Bellegarde, Taland, Semeur in Auxois, the Bridge of Mascon, Ausun, Beaune, Bourbon, Lancy, Avalon and Chatillon.

In the County of Burgundy, the Duke de Duras is Governor-General, and under him one Lieutenant-General, and eleven Governors of Places in these Towns, viz. Besancon, the Citadel of Besancon; also the Fort of St. Stephen, and the Fort Grifon, in the same City have different Governors; Dole, Salins, the two Forts of St. Andrew, and Belim, the Castle of Joug and Town of Pontarbier, the Castle of Blamont, and the Castle of Montbeliard.

The Burgundians, who gave Name to this Country, were once a very Powerful Nation, possessing not only this Duc•y and County of Burgundy, but also Alsatia, Swisse••and, W•llistand and Savoy, and afterwards Dauphine, Li•nnois and Nivernois also; which great Tract of Country was divided by the Romans into Burgundy Trans, and Cis Jurana, with respect to Mount Jura. They were originally a Tribe of the Vandals, and came from the Parts about Me•kien•urg and Pomerania, and like the rest of those Northern Nations, a rough unciviliz'd People, living in Tents clap'd up for their present Occasions, which in their Language were called Burghs, and thence the Men Burgundians: Thus saith Agathias and other Historians. But Isidore derives their Name from Ognius, under which Name they Worshipped Hercules: But this, as all Etymologies, is ve•y uncertain; the former seems much the more Natural, and is therefore generally follow'd. About the beginning of the Fifth Century they received Christianity, and began to Inhabit the Towns along the Banks of the Rhine, and by their valiant resistance of the Huns, obtained great Reputation, and for that reason were called into Gaul by Stilico the Roman General to assist him against the Franks, &c. And for their Service had the two Burgundies assigned them; to which they afterwards added Lyonnois, Nivernois and Dauphine, and erected a Kingdom, which continued for 120 Years in an uninterrupted Succession; at the end o• which, Childebert and Clotaire, the French Kings of Paris and Soissons, de•eated and slew Gundomar the last Burgundian King, by which that Kingdom being broken, the Eastern Parts were seized by others, and the Western made Parts of the French Ki•gdoms, and remained so for some Ages, till at length Lewis the Godly, Son of Charles the Great, in the Partition that he made of the Kingdom Charlemaign left him (already mentioned) erected Burgundy again into a Kingdom; the chief Seat whereof being Arles, it was sometimes called the Kingdom of Arles. In this state it continued for near 200 Years, till the Death of Rodolph III. 1032, who leaving no Issue, bequeathed his Estate to Conrad the Emperor who had Married his Sister, or Niece, as others say: After which it was again divided among several Princes; this now called the Duchy of Burgundy, the Ancestors of Hugh Capet enjoy'd, and by his Son King R•bert it w•s annexed to the Crown; but by his Successor H•nry I. given in appenage to his Brother Robert, whose Posterity continued Dukes of Burgundy till 1361, when Eudes IV. leaving only one Son, who died young, the Duchy was claimed by John King of France, Charles King of Navarre, and Edward Count of Barr, all three Descended from the Sisters of Eudes; of these John got the better, and gave it to his younger Son Philip who by Marriage obtained also the Counties of Burgundy and Flanders, and his Successors added almost all the Netherlands; insomuch, that Philip the Good and Charles the Warlike, the two last Kings of Burgundy, were as powerful Princes as any in Europe: But the latter being killed in his Wars against the Swissers, A. 1476. and leaving no Male Issue, Lewis XI. seized the Duchy as an Escheat to the Crown; and it hath ever since been retained by the Kings of France; but the County of Burgundy with the other Estates of that Prince, descended to Mary, Daughter of Charles, who Marryi g Maximilian of Austria, afterwards Emperor, brought the Netherlands into that Family, and Philip, the Son of Mary and Maximilian, Married Joan, Queen of Castile, and Begat Charles V. who was Emperor of Germany, King of Spain and the Indies, Duke of Burgundy, and Lord of the Netherlands; as will be seen more particularly in our account of Belgium.

CHAP. IX. The Government of LYONNOIS, Lugdunensis Provincia.

THE Government call'd LYONNOIS, comprehends the ancient Gallia Celtica, or at least the greatest part thereof, being bounded on the North by Berry, Nivernois and Burgundy; on the South by the Mountains of Cevennes, and the Country of Rouvergue; on the East by Bresse and Dauphine, and on the West by Quercy, Limousin, Angoumois and Poictou. It lies between the 44 Degree, 26 Minutes, and the 46 Degree, 46 Minutes Lat. in its greatest breadth from South to North, consisting of about 140 English Miles, that is to say, from the Frontiers of Rouvergue to Dun-le-Roy, on the Frontiers of Berry; as also between the 18th Degree, and 22d Degree, 50 Min. of Longitude. And in its greatest length from W. to E. includes the space of 180 Miles, viz. From beyond the Town of Availle on the River Vienne, near the Confines of Poictou, as far as Lyon. The Soil here is not so Fertile as in other Parts, by reason of the many Mountains that rise up in some of its Parts. The principal Rivers are the Loire, the Rhone, the Sone and the Allier.

In this Government are compriz'd six different Countries, viz.

• Lionnois, Proper
  • Lyon, Archbish.
• ...Forets,
  • ...Montbrison.
• ...Beaujolois,
  • ...Beaujeu.
• ...Bourbonnois,
  • ...Moulins.
• ...Auvergne,
  • ...Clermont.
• ...Marche,
  • ...Gueret.

LIONNOIS, properly so call'd, Lugdunensis Ager, is of but small extent. It lies along the Banks of the River Rhone and Saone, and is from North to South about 45 Miles, and from East to West not above 12 or 45 Miles, and is bounded by Dauphine; from whence it is separated by the Rhone and Bresse, and Beaujolois on the North, Forets on the West, and Vivaretz on the South. The Country round about Lyon, produces more Grapes than Corn, and the rest is Fertile enough in both. and yields excellent Fruits. Its most considerable Towns are these, viz.

• Lyon, Archbish.
• ...Neuville,
• S. Chaumont,
• ...Coindrieu,
• Anse, &c.

LYONS, Lugdunum, is large, populous and flourishing, and next Paris may be reckon'd the richest, largest, and most trading City of all France, except Roan be preferred, which she claims; however it be, Lyons is very considerable on account of its great Traffick, which its convenient Situation on the Rivers Rhone and Saone, and on the Road to Italy doth much assist. It is the Sea of an Archbishop, who hath the Title of Primate of Gaul; also a Generality, Election, Seneschalcy, Presidial, and a particular Court for Merchants, call'd the Tribunal of Commerce, and hath also a Famous University, and an Exchange or Course of Money. The Origine of this City is much disputed; some Authors report it to have been built by one Lugdus a King of the Celtae: Strabo makes Momor a Gaulish Prince its Founder, which is also disputed by others; and concerning its Name, there is the same difference, some deducing it from Rugdus abovementioned, and the old Gaulish Word Dunum, a Mountain or rising Ground, such a one being near it; others from an old Gaulish Word, intimating a Hill of Crows, from a lucky Omen of these Birds at its Foundation. There are many others too long and trivial to mention here. It is seated at the Foot of the Mountains on the Frontiers of the Provinces of Bresse and Dauphine, being separated from the latter only by the River Rhone, which passing by the City, hath a long Stone-Bridge over it, and a little below receives the Soane, over which in like manner are three fair Bridges. The Town is divided into two Parts, the Greater whereof lying between the Rhone and the Soane, is the Quarter of St. Nizier, and the Lesser that of St. John. These two Quarters are sub-divided into 32 Wards, or Precincts, call'd Penonages, and every one of them hath its particular chief Sub-ordinate Officers. The City is likewise surrounded with very large Suburbs, and fenc'd with an old Castle built on an adjacent Rock, named Pierre-Scize, and it is adorn'd with many stately Edifices, among which the Guild-Hall or Town-house is chiefly conspicuous, and esteem'd as a Master-piece of Architecture. Here are likewise to be seen the Remains of some ancient Roman Works, particularly of an Amphitheatre, divers Aqueducts, publick Baths, &c.

The City of Lyons having been burnt by Lightning in the time of Nero, A. C. 59. was Re-built by the liberality of that Emperor, according to Tacitus; which Conflagration is also mention'd by Seneca, in one of his Epistles to Lucilius. Afterwards Severus pillag'd and burnt it in 198, in Revenge, because the Inhabitants had entertained Albinus his Enemy. It also suffered often by the Incursions of the Germans, Goths and Saracens. The Emperor Claudius was Born in this City; and the Emperor Gratian slain in it by Andragathus, A. D. 383. And two General Councils were Assembled here in the Years 1245 and 1274. Lyons is distant 120 miles from Paris to the S. E. 160 from the Banks of the Mediterranean Sea to the N. 250 from Bourdeaux to the E. 70 from Geneva to the S. W. 110 from Nevers to the S. E. 105 from Dijon to the S. and 40 from the Frontiers of Savoy to the W.

FORETZ, Forensis Provincia, is usually divided into two Parts, viz. the Upper and Lower, bounded on the E. by Lyonnois and Beaujolois, on the N. by Burgundy and Bourbonnois, on the S. by Valley and Vivarets, and on the W. by the Mountains of Auvergne, comprehending these principal Towns, viz.

• Montbrison, Cap.
• St. Etienne.
• ...Rouanne.
• ...Feurs.
• S. Germain Laval.
• S. Garmier, &c.

MONTBRISON, Montbrisonium, & Mont-Brusonis, is situated on the Rivulet of Vecize, at the distance of 6 miles from the River Loire, and 30 from Lyons to the W. 30 from the Borders of Bourgogne to the S. and 20 from the Borders of Velay. It was at first only a Castle, but encreased to a Town and enclosed with Walls, A. D. 1428. It is adorn'd with a Collegiate Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, divers Monasteries, a Court of Election and a Provostship.

St. Etienne, or St. Steven de Furens, Furnanium aut Fanum Sancti Stephani, is seated on the foot of a Hill, on the Banks of the Brook Furens, about two Leagues from the River Loire to the E. and 20 from Montbrifon to the S. E. The adjacent Country affords good store of Pit-coal, and the Waters of the Brook Furens are very proper for the tempering of Iron and Steel, which advantage hath induced the Inhabitants to make vast quantities of small Iron-ware, maintaining a very great Trade in these sorts of Merchandizes, which are transported by them almost into all the Countries of Europe. The Town of St. Stephen suffer'd much damage during the Civil Wars, and was twice taken by the Protestant Party, viz. In 1563, and 1570.

Roanne, or Rouanne, Rhodumna, is a large Town, but destitute of Walls, and Founded on the Banks of the River Loire, where it begins to be capable of admitting small Boats at the distance of 20 miles from Montbrison to the S. The adjacent Country is call'd from thence Roannois, and was erected into a Dutchy by King Charles IX. The Town it self being beautified with a fair College of Jesuits, and divers other Monasteries.

Feuers, Forum Segusianorum, the chief Town of the Upper Forets, from whence the whole Country takes its name, stands on the East-side of the Loire, near its Confluence with the Lignon, 25 miles from St. Stephen to the S. as many from Roan to the North, and 20 from Lyon to the W.

BAƲJLOIS, Baujoviensis, Bellojoviensis, aut Bellojocensis Tractus, is extended from E. to W. from beyond the River Sone to the Loire, having Lyonnois on the S. the Principality of Dombes, and part of Masconois on the E. Charolois on the N. and Forets on the W. This Country affords abundance of Corn, Wine and Flax, and hath these considerable Towns, viz.

• ...Beaujeu,
• Ville Franche, Cap.
• Belle-Ville, &c.

BEAƲJEƲ, Bajovium, Ballojovium and Bellijocum, is a small Town, together with a Castle, on the Rivulet Ardiere, which hath imparted its name to the Territory of Beaujolois, and the Lords of the ancient and Illustrious Family of Beaujeu; being distant 25 miles from Lyon to the N. and 5 or 6 from the River Sone. Over the Gate of the principal Church of this Burgh is to be seen a very old piece of Workmanship in Basso-Relievo, representing a Roman Sacrifice of a Hog, a Sheep and an Ox.

VILLE-FRANCHE, Francopolis aut Villa Franca, is water'd by the Brook Morgon, which a little below falls into the Sone, and stands upon the Road in the Mid-way between Lyons and Beaujeu, 20 miles from Mascon to the S. It is at present the chief Town of Beaujolois, and remarkable for its Collegiate Church, Academy, Court of Election, Bailliage, and Granary of Salt.

BOƲRBONNOIS, Borbonensis Provincia, is divided into the Upper and Lower, and bounded on the E. by the River Loire, which separates it from the Dutchy of Burgundy, on the W. by Berry, on the S. by Auvergne and Forets, and on the N. by Nivernois, and part of Berry. It is extended from W. to E. for the space of about 70 miles, and 45 from S. to N. The ancient Inhabitants of Bourbonnois, who were a part of the Boii, sent many Colonies into Germany and Italy, under Ambigatul Prince of the Bituriges, and often maintain'd furious Wars against the Romans. This Province hath also acquir'd Reputation by its Lords, Barons, Counts and Dukes, from whom the present King of France is Descended. The most remarkable Towns of Bourbonnois are these, viz.

• Moulins, Cap.
• ...Bourbon l' Archambaut,
• ...Souvigny,
• ...S. Amand,
• ...Monlusson,
• ...Varennes,
• ...Vichy,
• ...S. Geran.
• ...Gannet.

MOƲLINS, Mouline, is seated near the River Allier, in a large fruitful Plain, at the distance of 140 miles from Paris, and 20 from Nevers to the S. about 50 from Clermont to the N. and 70 from Challon to the W. It is a Town of very large extent, and was formerly the usual place of Residence of the Princes of Bourbon, who built the Castle, which hath often been the Royal Seat of the French Kings. This Town is also famous on the account of the singular Vertue of the Medicinal Waters, and the Inhabitants for their skill in making divers sorts of Knives, &c. Moulins is usually divided into 4 Quarters, viz. The Old Town, the New, the Suburbs of the Carmelites, and those of the Allier. The most remarkable Buildings are the Collegiate Church and two Parochial ones, besides those of the Suburbs, together with divers Monasteries, a Generality and Presidial Courts, and another of Election, and a College of Jesuits. Among the Religious Houses, the chief is that of the Carthusians, and the Church belonging to the Nuns of the Visitation, wherein stands the Sumptuous Tomb of Henry II. Duke of Montmorency, Marshal of France, &c.

Bourbon l' Archambaud, Borbonium Archimbeldi, and Boia, is a small Town, which nevertheless hath given name to the whole Province of Bourbonnois, and is distant about 12 miles from Moulins.

AƲVERGNE, Aluernia, bearing the Title of a County, is bounded on the East by Forets, on the West by the Upper Limousin, Quercy and Marche, on the North by Bourbonnois, and on the South by Cevennes and Rouergue; its utmost extent from South to N. consisting of about 80 miles, and 60 from W. to E. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Countries, the former to the S. being very Mountainous, among which one called the Mount of Cantal, is exceeding high, and the other to the N. extreamly Fruitful, especially in the Quarter of Limagne. This Province was formerly subject to its own Counts, but united to the Crown of France, A. D. 1204, by King Philip the August, to suppress the Rebellion of the last Count named Guy. The principal Towns are enumerated in the following Table.

In the Lower,

• Clermont, B.C.
• ...Rion,
• ...Thiers,
• ...Issoire,
• ...Montferand,
• Brioude, &c.

In the Upper,

• ...St. Flour,
• ...Auarillac,
• Morat, Viscounty, &c.

CLERMONT, Claromons, Clarus-Mons, Claromontium, and formerly Arvernum, Arverna, and Augustonemetum, and by some affirm'd to be the ancient Gergovia; is a large well-built City, with the Title of a County, and the Metropolis of the whole Province, the See of a Bishop, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Bourges; also the Seat of a Court of Aides and a Presidial. It is situate upon a little Hill near the Mountain call'd the Puy de Domme, and is Water'd by the Rivulet Tiretaine, which riseth in the Mountain, and falls into the Allier; and is distant 50 miles from Bourbon l' Archambaud to the South, and 75 from Lyons to the West.

Riom, Ricomagum & Riomum, is seated on a rising ground about 7 or 8 miles from Clermont to the N. and is a fair well-built Town, the Churches being magnificent, the Houses beautiful and the Monasteries fair, and adorn'd with Fountains and pleasant Walks, insomuch that this Town is term'd, The Garden of Limagne. It is the Capital of the Dutchy of Auvergne, on which depend all the Fiefs and mean Fiefs of the Province, having been erected in favour of John Duke of Berry, the Son of King John, A. D. 1360.

Thiers or Thiern, Thigernum & Thiernum, is a small Town, built on a Hill near the Brook Durolle, in the Frontiers of the Province of Forets, 20 miles from Clermont to the East, toward Lyon. The Inhabitants maintain a considerable Traffick in Knives, Sizzers, and other small Wares of the like Nature.

The other Towns are less considerable.

MARCHE, Marchia, the most Western Country of the Government of Lyonnois, is so call'd, as being a Passage or thorow-fare into the neighbouring Provinces. It is bounded on the North by Berry, on the South by Limousin, on the East by Auvergne, and on the West by Poictou. It is divided into two parts, viz. the Ʋpper, having Gueret for its chief Town, and depending on the Generality of Moulins: And the Lower, which hath Dorat, and resorts to the Generality of Limoges. The Lords of Luzignen were formerly Counts of Marche and Angouleme; but these two Counties were annexed to the Crown of France by King Philip the Fair; afterward it served as an Inheritance to the younger Sons of the Royal Family, and at length, after many Revolutions, was reunited to the Crown, in 1531. The principal Towns of this large Province are these.

In the Ʋpper-Marche,

• Gueret, Cap.
• ...Felevin,
• ...Jarnege,
• ...Ambusson,
• ...Dunaisse,
• ...Genovillac,
• Grammont, Ab.

In the Lower,

• Dorat, Cap.
• ...Belac,
• ...Maignac,
• ...S. Junieu,
• ...Consoulans,
• L•ssac, &c.

GƲERET, Gueretum, Garactum & Varactum, is the Capital Town of the Province of Marche, situated near the Spring-head of the River Gartemp, hath a Seneschalcy and a Presidial, and is distant about 50 miles from Clermont to the West, 40 from Limoges to the East, and 65 from Bourges to the South.

Aubusson stands on the Frontiers of Auvergne, 20 miles from Gueret to the South-East. It is a very populous Town, and remarkable for its Manufacture of Tapistry. The large Towers of an old demolish'd Castle sufficiently shew the Grandeur of the former Lords of this Place, of whom was descended Peter d' Aubusson, the famous Grand Master of Rhodes.

Dorat, Oratorium, a small Town, nevertheless the Chief of the Lower Marche, stands on the small River Seve, which falls into the Garempe, and is distant about 40 miles from Gueret to the West, not above 5 or 6 from the Frontiers of Poictou, and 25 from Limoges to the North.

Belac, Belacum is seated on the Brook Vincon in the Lower Marche, about two Leagues from Dorat, and hath a Court of Election under the Generality of Limoges, &c.

The rest of the Towns are not considerable enough to deserve a particular Description.

The Lionnois, Foretz and Beanjolois hath a Governnour General, who is at present the Duke de Villeroy, a Lieutenant General, a Baily and Seneschal of Lyons, a Baily of S. Stephen in Foretz, and another of Beaujolois. The Bourbonnois hath a Governour General and a Lieutenant General. Auvergne hath also a Governour General, two Lieutenants General, and two Seneschals of Rion and Clermont; and Marche hath another Governour, a Lietenant and two Seneschals of Gueret and Dorat.

CHAP. X. GUIENNE, Aquitania aut Aremorica.

THE Government of GƲIENNE, which is dignified with the Title of a Dutchy, was heretofore call'd the Kingdom of Aquitaine, ab Aquis; that is to say, from the great number of Springs of hot Water found therein, and was then of larger extent than at present: That part of it which lies on the North side of the Garonne is termed Guienne, and the other on the farther side of the same River to the South, bears the Name of Gascony.

The whole Country in general is bounded on the North by Poitou, Angoumois and Marche; on the East by Auvergne and Languedoc, on the South by the Pyrenean Mountains, that separate it from Spain, and on the West by the Ocean; lying between the 42d Degree 25 Minutes, and 46th Degree of Latitude; as also between the 14th Degree 20 Minutes, and the 20th Degree and 50 Minutes of Longitude: Which extent comprehends the space of 230 English miles from South to North; that is to say, from Vic de Sos on the Pyrenean Mountains to that of S. Jean de Angely on the Borders of Poitou, and about 250 miles from West to East, viz. from S. Jean de Luz, beyond Bayonne as far as beyond S. Genier in Rovergne, near Gevaudan.

The Air is gentle and every where very healthful, and the Soil fertile in Corn, Grapes and other Fruits, excepting in the Sandy Grounds on the Sea-coasts and the Pyrenean Mountains, where there are only Heaths and some Pastures. This Province is water'd with a great many considerable Rivers. viz. the Garonne or Gironde, the Lot, the Dardogne, the Adour, the Charente, &c. But the Garonne more especially facilitates the Traffick of the Inhabitants, which consists in Corn, Wine, Oil, Prunes, Wool, &c.

Aquitain, in the Roman Division of Gaul, by Augustus, was divided into the Prima and Secunda, and compriz'd all the Country between the Loire and the Pyrenees: Which was by Valentinian III. given to the Goths, as we have elsewhere already said: These were in time conquer'd by the French, and Aquitain made a part of their Kingdom, till Lewis the Godly made it a distinct one, and gave it to his Son Pepin; but Charles the Bald dispossess'd the Sons of Pepin, and bestow'd it on Arnulph of Burgundy, A. 844. whose Nephew, William Earl of Auvergne, that succeeded him, bequeathed his Estates to Ebles III. Earl of Poictou, from whom descended Eleanor Wife of our King Henry II. in whose Right he succeeded in the Dutchy of Aquitain, and his Sons Richard and John successively enjoy'd it after him; but in the time of the latter it was seiz'd by the French King Lewis VIII. A. 1202. which causing great Wars between the two Nations, it was at length agreed between Henry III. King of England, and Lewis IX. King of France, That the English should quietly possess Guienne, bounded on the North by the River Charante, and on the South by the Pyrenean Mountains, and quit Normandy, Anjou, Touraine and Maine, which they before possessed. And from this Time our Kings were styled only Dukes of Guienne; which Dignity and Country they enjoyed till the time of Henry VI. in whose unfortunate Reign the English lost all their Possessions in France; Since when all Aquitain hath been part of the Kingdom of France.

Guienne and Gascoigne at present divided into 19 Provinces, viz.

• Guienne in 8.
  • Guienne, Proper.
    • Bourdeaux, Arch. C
  • ...Bazadois.
    • Bazes, Bish.
  • ...Agenois.
    • Agen, Bish.
  • ...Quercy.
    • Cahors, Bish.
  • ...Rovergue.
    • Rhodes, Bish.
  • ...Limousin.
    • Limoges, Bish.
  • ...Perigord.
    • Perigueux, Bish.
  • ...Saintoigne.
    • ...Saintes.
• Gascony in 11.
  • ...Armagnac.
    • Auch, Archb. Cap.
  • Gascoigne or Chalesse.
    • Aire, Bish.
  • ...Condomois.
    • Condom, Bish.
  • ...Sandy Grounds.
    • d' Acqs, Bish.
  • Territories of Labord.
    • Bayonne, Bish.
  • Lower Navarre.
    • ...S. Palais.
  • Vicounty of Soul.
    • ...Maulcon.
  • ...Bearn.
    • ...Pau.
  • ...Bigorre.
    • Torbe, Bish.
  • ...Comminge.
    • S. Bertrand.
  • ...Conserans.
    • S. Lizier, Bish.

GƲIENNE properly so call'd, or BOƲRDELOIS, Burdigalensis Ager, is bounded on the West by the Ocean, on the South by Gascony and Bazadois, on the East by Agenois, and on the North by Saintonge. This Country is fruitful in Grapes, whereof excellent Wine is made and Transported from Bourdeaux into Foreign Parts. The Towns of chief Note are these, viz.

• Bourdeaux, Archbish. Cap.
• ...Libourne.
• ...Blaye.
• ...Losparre.
• Cadillac, &c.

BOƲRDEAƲX, Burdigala, is situated in a very fertile and well-manur'd Country on the Banks of the River Garonne, at the distance of about 40 miles from the Coasts of the Ocean to the East, 60 from Saintes to the South, 110 from Limoges to the South-west, and as many from Thoulouse to the North-west. It is the Metropolis of the whole Government of Guienne, and indeed one of the most ancient and fairest Cities of France, and a place of great Traffick: being resorted to by Merchants from divers parts of Europe. Its Haven is very capacious and Safe, and is call'd le Port de la Lune, or the Port of the Moon, from its form, being like a Crescent; into which the Tide flows very high, and brings Ships of great Burthen up to the Key. The City it sel• in form resembles a Bow, (whereof the River Garonne is the Spring) and is well built, the Palace, Town house, Fair Markets, Publick Fountains, the Key and the Cathedral dedicated to S. Andrew are well worth a Stranger's View; as also the Castle, lately well Fortified, and call'd le Chateau Trompetts. About 18 miles below the City stands a stately Watch-Tower, call'd la Tour Cordouan, built by Lewis de Foix, a famous Ingineer. This City is the See of an Archbishop, the Seat of a Parliament, a Court of Aides, Generality, Senalchalcy, an Exchange and a Mint. Also a most flourishing Uniuersity, which King Charles VII, restor'd to its former Lustre, and Pope Eugenius IV. granted great Privileges to, which were augmented by Lewis XI. Richard II. King of England was born here, A. D, 1367.

Libourne, Liburnia, is a small Town, built near the Confluence of the River Dordogne and Ile, almost over-against Fronsac, about 20 miles from Bourdeaux to the East, toward Perigueux.

Blaye, Blavia, Blavium or Blavutum, stands on the Frontiers of the Province of Saintonge, on the North side of the Haven of Bourdeaux, where the Gironne intermixeth it Waters with those of the Dardogne, and changeth its own name into that of Gironde, 10 Leagues from the mouth of the same River Gironde, 20 miles from Bourdeaux to the North, and 30 from Saintes. All Vessels that pass up to Bourdeaux are obliged to leave their Guns in this Town. The adjacent Territory is call'd le Blaiguez,

BAZADOIS, Vazatensis Ager, lies between Guienne proper on the North and West, the Landes or Sandy Grounds on the South, and Agenois on the East. It is a Country very fertile in Corn, Wine and Fruits, and comprehends these chief Towns, viz.

• Bazas, Bish. Cap.
• ...La Reole.
• ...Gastelgtloux.
• ...Nerac.
• Mont de Marson, &c.

BAZAS, Vasatum & Vazatium, olim Cossium aut Cossio, is a small City, seated in a Woody and Sandy Country, on a kind of Rock, the foot of which is wash'd by the Brook of Lavasane, about 10 miles from the Garonne to the South, 30 from Bourdeaux to the South-east, and 35 from Condon to the North west. It is an Episcopal See, depending on the Metropolitan of Auch, and the Cathedral Church is dedicated to S. John the Baptist.

AGENOIS, Aginensis Ager, borders on Armagnas to the South, Quercy to the East, Perigord to the North, and Bazadois to the West. It is the most fruitful Country of all Guienne, and furnishes several Provinces with Corn, Wine and Oil; in it are these Towns, viz.

• Agen, Bish. Cap.
• ...Ville Neuve.
• ...Aiguillen.
• S. Foye, &c.

AGEN, Aginum, Agenum aut Aginum, was heretofore the Capital City of the Nitiobriges, who were its Founders. It is a very large and populous City, an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Bourdeaux; and hath a Seneschalcy and a Presidial: And is situated near the River Garonne, where it receives the Gers, 60 miles from Bourdeaux to the South-east, 50 from Thoulouse to the North-west, and 40 from Bazas to the East. This City had the Honour to be the Birth-place of that Prodigy of Learning, Joseph Scaliger.

QƲERCY Cadurcensis Tractus, is bounded on the South by Languedoc, on the East by Rouergue and Auvergne, on the North by Limousin, and on the West by Perigord and Agenois. Its utmost extent, from South to North, consists of about 90 miles, and 50 from West to East. It is divided into the Upper and Lower; the former call'd Causse, are the Valleys on the side of the River Lot. And the Lower or low Towns lye round about that of Aveirou. This Province was united to the Crown of France in the beginning of the Reign of Philip the Hardy, A. 1306. and contains the ensuing considerable Towns, viz.

• Cahors, Bish. Cap.
• ...Gourdon.
• ...Moissac.
• ...Frigeac.
• ...Montaubon.
• ...Lauserte.
• ...Souillac.
• Cadenac, &c.

CAHORS, Cadurcum, olim Divina Caducorum is built on a steep Rock, on which formerly stood a Citadel, and encompass'd in form of a Penisle by the River Lot, over which it hath three Stone Bridges; and is distant 40 miles from Agen to the East, 30 from Limoges to the South, and 60 from Thoulouse to the North. It is the See of a Bishop, Suffragan to the Metropolitan of Alby, a Seneschalcy and Election. The Inhabitants make diverse Manufactures, with which they maintain a reasonable good Commerce, by means of the River. The Cathedral bears the Name of S. Stephen. and was consecrated by S. Martial. Here are also many other Churches and Monasteries, together with a Colledge, erected A. D. 1605.

Montauban, Mons Albanus, is a good City, well built, all of Brick, the See of a Bishop, and the Seat of an Election, 30 miles from Cahors to the South, on the Road to Thoulouse: It is divided into the Old and New City, and hath a Suburb on the other side of the River, which is joyned to the Town by a fair Stone-Bridge, rebuilt in the Year 1667. by the care of M. Colbert, as appears by the Inscription upon it.

Figeao, Figeacum, is a small City, and hath also an Election. It is situate on the River Sale, 30 miles from Cohors to the East, and near the borders of Auvergne.

ROƲERGƲE, Rutenensis Provincia, is bounded on the East by Cevennes, on the North by Auvergne, on the West by Quercy, and on the South by Languedoc, being divided into three Parts, viz. the County, and the Upper and Lower Marche. It is extended from South to North for the space of 80 miles, and about the same from West to East. Its principal Cities and Towns are,

• Rhodes, Bishop, Cap.
• Vetres, Bish.
• ...Milhau.
• ...Ville Franche.
• ...S. Antonin.
• S. Just, &c.

RHODEZ or RODES, Ruteni, Rutena & Segodunum Rutenorum, is situated near the River Averiou, at the distance of 55 Miles from Cahors, 40 from Ally to the North, 50 from S. Fl•ur to the South, and about as many from the Mountains of Cevennes. It is a very ancient large and well fortified City, with the Title of a County, Senaschalcy, and an Episcopal See, subject to the Metropolitan of Bourges. The Cathedral is dedicated to the Virgin Mary. There are also many other Churches and Monasteries, besides a stately College of Jesuits. This City was some time subject to its own Counts, who kept their Court in that part nam'd the Burgh, whilst the Bishops possessed the other under the name of the City. Afterwards it escheated to the House of Armagnac, and at length was annexed to the Demeans of the Crown by King Henry IV. The Adjacent Country abounds in Mines of Copper, Azure and Arsenic: And not far from hence is the Mountains of Cansac, which burns when it Rains; as also a Cavern call'd Tindoul, which is 60 Paces wide and 200 deep, &c.

Vabres, Vabrae, is a small City, water'd with the Streams of the Rivulet Dourdan, at the Foot of the Mountains, being distant about 15 Miles from the Confines of Languedoc, and 25 Miles from Rhodez to the South. It was heretofore only an Abbey of Benedictin Monks in the Diocess of Rhodez, until Pope John XXII erected it into an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Bourges, A. D. 1317.

Milnau or Millaud, Mil•ieldum aut Amilhanum, the principal Town of the Upper Marche of Rouergue, stands on the Banks of the Tarn near the Frontiers of Languedoc, 20 Miles from Rhodez to the South-East. It was formerly a strong hold, but its Fortifications were dismantled in 1629.

Ville Franche, Villa Franca & Francopolis, is a large well bu••t Town on the River Aveirou, and the chief of the •ower Marche, being distant 20 Miles from Rhodez to the West, and as many from Cahors to the East. It hath a Seneschalcy and a Presidial.

LIMOSIN, Lim•vicensis Provincia, is bounded on the East by Auvergne, on the North by Marche, on the West by p•rt of Poitou, Angoumois and Perigord, and on the South by Quercy, extending it self from South-East to North-west, for the space of about 65 Miles, and 50 from West to East. The whole Country is generally cold, and not very fruitful, scarcely affording any good Wine; however here grows some Wheat, much Rice, Barley and Chesnuts, of which last the Inhabitants often make Bread. The Principal Cities and Towns are these, viz.

• Limoges, Bish. Cap.
• Tulle, Bishop.
• ...Brive.
• ...Turenne.
• Ʋserche, &c.

LIMOGES, Lemovicum, seu Augustoritum Lemovicum, is seated partly on the Top of a Hill and partly in a Valley, on the side of the River Vienne, at the distance of 120 Miles from Orleans to the South, 60 from Poictiers to the South-East, 90 from Cahors to the North, 85 from Clermont to the West, and 110 from Bourdeaux to the North-East. It is a City of large extent, encompassed with strong Walls and deep Ditches, having been founded (as some Authors avouch) by a certain Gaulish Prince, who communicated his Name to it: Julius Caesar mentions it as a very populous Place, in his Time; and it is at present dignified with the See of a Pr•late, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Bourges. The Cathedral bears the Name of S. Stephen and S. Martial was its first Bishop. There are also three considerable Abbies, viz. those of S. Martial, S. Augustin, and S. Martin, together with divers other Convents for Religious Persons of both Sexes, a Presidial Court, a Generality and Seneschalcy. The City of Limoges was formerly subject to the Dominion of its own hereditary Vicounts, who were likewise Lords of the whole Province of Limosin; but it hath been taken at several times by the Goths, French and English, the Constable de Gueschin dispossessed the latter in the Year 1371. but Edward the Black Prince of Wales retook it soon after by Storm.

Tulle, Tutelas, aut Tutella, is water'd by the Rivers Corese and the Soulane, about 37 Miles from Limoges to the South, and 55 from Cahors to the North. It was at first only a Town and Abbey of Benedictine Monks of S. Martin, which Pope John XXII. turned into a Cathedral, A. D. 1318. Arnold de S. Astier having been its last Abbot and first Bishop. These Prelates are Viscounts, and Lords of the City, wherein is also established a Presidial Court, another of Election, &c.

PERIGORD, Petricoricensis Provincia, lies between part of Quercy and Limosin on the East, Angoumois on the North, part of Xaintonge and Guienne Proper on the West, and Agenois, together with Part of Quercy on the South: Its utmost extent, from South to North consisting of about 55 miles, and from West to East 65 miles. This Province is divided into the Upper and Lower Parts, the former whereof, called the White, by reason of the Mountains that are extended along the Banks of the Dardogne and Verzere: And the other, on the River Ille, is term'd the Black, on the account of its Woods. The most considerable Cities and Towns are these, viz.

• Periguex, Bish. Cap.
• Sarlat, Bish.
• ...Beaumont,
• ...Bergerac,
• ...Rochechalais.
• Montignac, &c.

PERIGƲEƲX, Petrocorium, olim Petrocorii & Vesana, the Metropolis of the Upper Perigord, is seated on the River Ille, and distant 65 miles from Bourdeaux to the South East, 45 from Tulle to the West, and 40 from Limoges to the South. This City is very Ancient, and hath been often laid waste by the Inroads of the barbarous Nations; and near its Walls King Pepin, sirnamed the Short, gained a signal Victory over Gaiffer Duke of Aquitaine, A. C. 768. Its ancient Grandeur is evident from the Ruins of a Temple of the Goddess Venus, and of an Amphitheatre, together with divers Inscriptions, and other magnificent Monuments of venerable Antiquity, that are found here. It is a See of a Bishop, and the Seat of the Seneschal of the Province.

SARLAT, Sarlatum, the Capital City of the Lower Perigord, is situated, as it were, in an Island, between the Rivers Dordagne and Vezere, near the Confines of Quercy, 30 miles from Perigueux to the South East, and as many from Cahors to the North, it formerly belonged to the Diocess of Perigueux, but is now it self an Episcopal See, erected out of an Abby by Pope John XXII. in the Year 1317. It is also a Place of considerable Strength, and sustain'd two Sieges during the Civil Wars.

SAINTONGE or XAINTONGE, Santonia, hath Angoumois and Perigord on the East, the Country of Aunis and Poictou on the North, the Ocean on the West, and Guienne Proper on the South; comprehending from West to East the Space of about 80 Miles, and from South to North about 50 Miles: It is a fruitful Country, and yields Corn, Wine, Saffron, and Salt, whereof very good is made here. The Towns of chiefest note in this Province are,

• Saintes, Bish. Cap.
• ...Pons,
• ...S. Jean d' Angeli,
• ...Brouage,
• ...Barbasieux,
• Aubeterre, &c.

SAINTES or XAINTES, Santones, aut Mediolanum Santonum, is situated on the River Charante, at the distance of 60 Miles from Bourdeaux to the North, 30 from Rochel to the South East, 35 from Angoulesme to the West. It is a large City, but not every where well built. It is an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Bourdeaux. The Cathedral is dedicated to S. Peter. Here are yet to be seen divers Aqueducts, an Amphitheatre, a Triumphal Arch over the Bridge of the Charante, a great number of Inscriptions, and other Monuments of the Ancient Romans.

S. Jean d'Angely, Fanum Sancti Joannis Angeriaci, Angeriacum aut Engeriacum, is a fair Town on the River Boutonne, about 5 or six Miles from the Frontiers of Poitou to the South, and 15 from Saintes to the North. It was some time Fortified by the French Protestants, but when Lewis XIII. took it he demolish'd its Fortifications.

The Provinces of GASCOIGNE.

ARMAGNAC, Armeniacensis Comitatus, is a County in Gascony, lying between Languedoc to the East, Condomois to the North, Gascoigne and Bigorre to the West, and Comminge to the South. It is usually divided into Upper and Lower, and comprehends the ensuing Principal Towns, viz.

• Auch, Archb. Cap.
• Leytoure, Bish.
• ...Vic d' Armagnac,
• ...Suse,
• ...Jegun,
• ...Naugaro,
• ...Mirande,
• ...Verdun,
• ...La Bastide.

AƲCH or AƲX, Auschii, Augusta Ausciorum, is seated on the River Gers, in a very fruitful Country, about 55 miles from Bazas to the South East, 20 from Condom, and 35 from Agen to the South, and 40 from Tolouse to the West. This City is the See of an Archbishop, and the Cathedral one of the richest and most magnificent of the Kingdom, its Chapter consisting of 15 Dignitaries and 20 Canons, of whom five being Secular, are the Count of Armagnac, and the four Barons of Montaut, Pardillan, Montesquion, and Ile. Moreover the Archbishop enjoys half the Lordship of the City, which is also adorn'd with many other Churches and Monasteries.

Mirande, Miranda, is a small Town, and only considerable because it is the Capital of a County, call'd Astarac, or Estrac, which takes up the Southern part of the Province of Armagnac. The Town stands on the River Boise, at the distance of 10 Miles from Auch to the South West. It was first Founded under the Reign of King Philip the Fair, A.D. 1289.

CHALOSSE, Calossia, or GASCONY properly so called is extended between Armagnac on the East, Bazadois on the North, the Landes or Sandy Grounds on the West, and Bearn on the South. This Country, although of no very large compass is subdivided into many Territories, viz. those of Turson, Marson, Gavardan, Nebousen, &c. The most considerable Towns are these, viz.

• Aire, Bish. Cap.
• ...S. Sever,
• ...Gabaret.
• ...Meugr•n.
• ...Arsac.

AIRE, Adura, Atura, Aturum, & Aturus olim Vico-Julius & Atusatum, is seated on the Banks of the River Adour, 45 miles from Auch to the West, 60 from Bourdeaux to the South, and 70 from Bayonne to the East.

The Kings of the Visigoths were wont to keep their Courts in this City, and on the Bank of the River are still to be seen the Ruins of the Palace of Alaric: Since which, the City of Aire hath been often ruin'd by the Saracens, Normans, and other Nations, and suffer'd much damage during the late Civil Wars of France. It is an Episcopal See subject to the Metropolitan of Auch, and the Civil Government depends on the Courts of Judicature of Bazas, from whence Appeals lie to the Parliament of Bourdeaux. The most remarkable publick Buildings are, the Abbey of S. Quiterne, and the Cathedral of the Virgin Mary. Two Arch-deaconries appertain to the Chapter, and the whole Diocess is divided into six Arch-Priesthoods.

S. Sever, Fanum S. Severi, aut Severopolis, is a considerable Town built at the foot of the Hills on the Banks of the River Adour, about 20 miles below Aire.

CONDOMIS, Condomensis Ager, is a small Territory lying between Armagnac and Agenois on the East, Bezadois on the North, the sandy Grounds and Chalosse on the West, and Armagnac on the South: Its chief Towns are these, viz.

• Condom, Bish. Cap.
• ...Caumont.
• ...Mont-Real.
• ...Mont de Marsan.
• Demazen, &c.

CONDOM, Condomum & Condomus, is situated on the River Blaise, and distant 40 miles from Aire to the East, 20 from Auch to the North, 40 from Bazas to the South East, and 15 from Agen to the South. It is but a small City, however an Episcopal See, erected in the year, 1327. by Pope John XII. who gave to it the Revenue of an Abbey of the Benedictine Order, which is now the Cathedral Church. Reimond Goulard, the last Abbot of this Abbey, was the first Bishop of Condom, and the Canons seculariz'd in 1549. Here are also many other Churches and Monasteries. This City was taken by Sebriel de Montmorency, chief of the Protestant Party, A. D. 1569.

Mont de Marsan, Mons Martiani, stands on the banks of the River Midou, 46 miles from Condom to the West, and 15 from Aire to the North toward Bourdeaux. It is the chief Town of a Territory of the same name, and was built by Peter Count of Bigomme, A.D. 1141.

The LANDES or LANNES, Landaearum Tractus aut Landae Burdiagalensis, is a sandy and barren Country, extended between Labour on the South, Marsan on the East, Guienne on the North, and the Ocean on the West, being divided into the Greater Landes between Bourdeaux and Bayonne, and the Lesser between Bazes and Mont-Marsan; its principal Towns are these, viz.

• Dax, Bish. Cap.
• ...Tartas.
• Albret, &c.

DAX or D'ACQS, Aquae Agustae aut Tarbellicae, is situated on the Adour 40 miles below Aire, and 25 above Bayonne, about 60 miles South from Bourdeaux. It is a fair well-built City, and drives a good Trade by means of the River, (which falls into the Ocean but 30 miles below it) and its neighbourhood to Spain. It hath a Castle for its defence, which is flank'd with many large round Towers, wherein a sufficient Garison is maintained. It is also famous for its Baths of hot Water, that were much esteemed even in the time of the Romans. On which account it acquir'd the name of Aquae, from whence also proceeded that of the whole Province of Aquitaine. This City is the See of a Bishop, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Auch; and a Seneschalcy.

Tartas is a neat Town on the River Medoure, about 15 miles from Dax to the East.

Albrot, Lebretum seu Lebreti Vicus & Abbretum, is built in the midst of a Forest of the same name, 40 miles from Dax to the North East, 30 from Bourdeaux to the South, and 25 from Bazas to the West. The Town and adjacent Country which it gives name to, was dignified with the Title of a Duchy by Henry II, King of France. From the noble Family of Albert were descended two Kings of Navarre.

The Country of LABOƲRD or BASQƲE, borders on the Frontiers of Spain, being bounded on the East by Bearne, on the North by the Landes, on the West by the Ocean, and on the South by the Perenean Mountains. The places of chief Note are,

• Bayonne, Bish. Cap.
• ...S. Jean de Luz.
• Bidache, &c.

Bayonne, Lapurdum, aut Bayona, is a large, rich and well Fortified City, at the mouth of the River Adour, near its confluence with the Nive; 15 miles from the Confines of Spain to the South, 25 from d'Acqs to the South West, 100 from Bourdeaux, and 390 from Paris. Some Authors are of Opinion, That it was the Aquae •arbellicae of the Romans; but it is certain, That its ancient name was Lapurdum, on which account its Episcopal See (which depends on the Metropolitan of Auch) was stiled, Episcopatus Lapurdensis, or of Labourd, until about the year, 1150. when it began to be call'd Bayonnensis of Bayonne. Also the whole Territory lying between S. Sebastian and Fontarabia, was part of the Vicounty or Bayonne, and possessed by the Vicount, A.D. 1177. according to the Report of Roger Hoveden and Peter de Me•ca, who also, with others, affirm, That the Country belong'd to the Diocess of Bayonne until the time of Philip II. King of Spain, who first obtain'd for it a Vicar-General during the Civil Wars of France, notwithstanding the Remonstrance of its proper Diocesan the Bishop of Bayonne. The City of Bayonne is one of the Keys of the Kingdom of France on the side of Spain, and hath a very capacious safe and deep Harbour (a great number of Vessels passing even into the midst of the Town) and a strong Castle with a good Garison. The Cathedral bearing the names of the Virgin Mary and S. Leo, is surrounded with many other Churches, and divers Monasteries. Not far from this City stands a high Mountain, from the top whereof one may take a prospect of the three Kingdoms of France, Spain, and Navarre, &c.

S. Jean de Luz, or Loizuine, Fanum S. Joannis Lucii & Luisium, is seated on the mouth of the Rivulet Ʋrdacuris, not above 10 miles from the Frontiers of Spain, and Fontarabia to the East. Near this Town, in an Island made by the River Bidasson, which parts France and Spain, call'd, The Isle of Conference, were celebrated the Matrimonial Solemnities between the present French King Lewis XIV. and Maria Theresia of Austria, Infanta of Spain, A. D. 1660.

The Lower NAVARRE, Navarra Inferior, is joyn'd to the Country of Labourd on the West, and that of Bearne on the East, and the Pyrenees on the S. It is a Mountainous and barren Country, and except Fruit which is delicate here, and some Pasturge, produces but little. In it are these Towns, S. Palais, Cap. S. Jean de Pied de Port, &c.

S. PALAIS, Fanum Sancti Palatii, situated in the Territory of Mixe on the little River of Ridouse, 40 miles South East from Bayonne, 8 from the Confines of Bearn to the West, and about 20 from the Pyrenean Mountains to the North. In this Town were held the Sovereign Courts of Justice and Chancery for the whole Country, before it was united to the Parliament of Pau, A. D. 1620.

S. Jean de Pied de Port, Fanum S. Joannis Pedeportuensis, olim Imum Pyrenaeum, is a well fortified Town built amidst the Mountains on the banks of the River Nive at the distance scarcely of 3 miles from the confines of the Upper Navarre and the Pyrenean Mountains, 20 from S. Palais to the South-West, and 30 from Bayonne to the South-east.

The Vicounty of SOƲLE is a small Territory extended along the side of the River Gave de Suson between Bearn to the East, and the Lower Navarre on the West. It comprehends 50 Parishes and only one considerable Town, viz. That of Mauleon de Soule, which gave Birth to that Learned Prelate Henricus Spondanus, or Henry Sponde Bishop of Pamierr, &c.

BEARN, Benarnia, situated at the foot of the Pyrenean Mountains, is bounded on the East by the County of Bigorne, on the North by Gascogne, on the West by the Provostship of Acqs, the Lower Navarre and the Vicounty of Soule, and on the South by the Mountains of Arragon and Ronsal. Its utmost extent from South to North consists of about 50 miles; and about the same from West to East. This Province is dignified with the Title of a Principality, and was at first possessed by its own Princes. Afterward it became Subject to the Dominion of the Kings of Navarre, and was at length annexed to the Demeans of the Crown under Henry IV. A. D. 1620. The most considerable Cities and Towns of the Country of Bearn are these, viz.

• Pau Cap.
• Oleron, Bish.
• L'Escar Bish.
• ...Ortez.
• ...Navarreins.
• ...Morlas.
• ...Sauveterre.
• ...Pontac.
• ...Laubege.
• ...Salies.

PAƲ, Palum, is seated on the Gave of Pau, 30 miles from Aire to the South, as many from the frontiers of Spain, 40 from S. Palais, and 60 from Bayonne to the East. It is a large Town, and the Seat of one of the Parliaments of France, and hath a Castle for its defence, wherein on the 13th day of December, 1557. was born Henry IV. sirnamed the Great King of France and Navarre.

Oleron, Oloronensis Ʋrbs, Elorona & Iluro, stands on the foot of the Pyrenean Mountains, 65 miles South-west from Auch, 12 from Pau to the West, 20 from the Frontiers of Navarre and about as many from those of Aragon to the North. This City is the See of a Bishop subject to the Metropolitan of Auch. It was formerly destroy'd by the Normans, and rebuilt by Count Centullus, A. D. 1080. The Gave a River, separates it from the Suburbs of S. Mary, in which stands the Cathedral Church and some other fair buildings. The Protestants made themselves Masters thereof in the Civil War time, and Gererd le Roux or Roussel, was install'd Bishop, by Margaret Queen of Navarre.

Lescar or Lascar Lascuris aut Lescar, derives its Name (says Peter de Marca) from the winding reaches of the Brooks (called in the Basque Language Lascourres) with which it is water'd: It is distant 4 or 5 miles from Pau to the East, and 12 from Oleron to the North, and is also an Episcopal See. This City was founded A. D. 1000, by the care of the Duke of Gascony on the Ruins of the ancient Benearnum, which had been utterly raz'd by the Normans in 845. In the Cathedral Church of the Virgin Mary were the Tombs of the Kings of Navarre, but they were demolished by the fury of the Civil Wars.

The County of BIGORRE, Bigemensis Comitatus, is bounded on the West by Bearn, on the East by Cominges and Conserans, on the North by Armaignac, and on the South by the Pyrenean Mountains. Its extent from South to North includes about 40 or 50 miles, and from West to East about 20 or 25. This Province is divided into three parts, viz. the Mountains, the Plain and the Territory of Rustan. The Mountains is said to have Mines of Copper, &c. but they are not open. Eneco Arista possessed this Country A. C. 828 before the Kingdom of Navarre was founded, and after many Revolutions King Henry IV. caus'd it to be united to the Crown of France by Virtue of his Edict published in the Month of Octob, A. D. 1607. The Principal Towns, &c. of it are these, viz.

• Tarbe, Bish. Cap.
• ...Vic de Bigorre.
• ...Lourdes.
• ...Benac.
• Bardge, famous for its Waters.
• ...Baigneres.
• ...Campen.
• ...Rabasten.
• ...Parabere.
• Antin Marq. &c.

TARBE or TARBES, Tarba, is seated on the Banks of the River Adoux in a fertile Country, at the distance of 30 miles from Auch to the South-west, and 25 from Pau to the East. It is a well-built City, but hath only one Street, together with a Castle call'd Bigorne, whence (de Marca says) the whole Province hath its name. The See of a Prelate, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Auch, hath been long since established here: as also, a Seneschal Court. The Cathedral Church is dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

COMLINGE, Convenensis Ager, lies between Languedoc on the East, Armagnac on the North, the County of Bigorre on the West, and Conserans on the South. This Country was possessed by certain particular Counts, until it escheated to the Crown of France: It is reasonable fruitful in Wine, Fruits and Pasturage. And is divided into the Ʋpper or Cominges, and the Lower or Lombes. Wherein are contained these Towns of chiefest note, viz.

• Bertrand de Cominge, Bish. Cap.
• Lombes, Bish.
• ...Muret.

S. BERTRAND DE COMINGE, Convenae aut Lugdunum Convenarum, & Lugdunum Aquitanicae, is situated on a Hill near the Banks of the River Garonne and the Confines of Conserans, 16 miles from Aque Convenarum or Bugneres, according to the Itinerary of Antoninus, 50 miles from Toulouse to the South-west, 40 from Auch to the South, and 30 from Tarbe to the South-east. The ancient City of Convenae was raz'd by the French, A. C. 584. and another built out of its Ruins in 1100 by S. Bertrand, from whom its modern Name is deriv'd. It is an Episcopal See subject to the Metropolitan of Auch, and its Royal Court of Justice depends on the Parliment of Toulouse. The Bishop hath a Seat in the Assembly of the States of Languedoc.

Lombes, Lombaria & Lombarium, is a small City on the Rivulet of Save, distant 30 miles from S. Bertrand to the South; 20 from Auch to the South-east, 25 from Toulouse to the South-west. Its Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Tolouse, was erected out of an ancient Abbey of Augustin Monks, A. D. 1317. by Pope John XXII. who nominated one Arnold Roger of Cominges to be the first Bishop of this Diocess.

CONSERANS or COSERANS, is a Vicounty lying to the South of Cominges proper, between Languedoc and the Pyrenean Mountains. It was first possessed (as it is generally believed) by Arnold of Spain, under the Title of a County, then pass'd into the Family of the Counts of Carcessone, and from thence was translated to the House of Navarre, &c.

S. Lizier of Conserans, Consorani, aut Fanum S. Licerii, the Capital of Conserans, is a small City seated on the River Salur, which about 10 miles from hence falls into the Garonne, and is distant 30 Miles from Tolouse to the South-West, 46 from Auch to the South-East, and 18 from S. Bertrand to the East. It is the See of a Bishop, and hath a Royal Court of Justice dependant on the Parliament of Tolouse. The City is divided into two Parts, viz. The City and the Town; the former, properly called Coserans, is adorned with a Cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and in the other, named S. Lizier, stands another Cathedral.

The PYRENEAN Mountains, which serve as a Boundary between the two Kingdoms of Spain and France, begin near the Town of S. Jean de Luz on the Ocean, and continue Eastward quite cross the Isthmus that joins Spain to the Continent of Europe, as far as Perpignan on the Mediterranean; the highest of them is that named Mont-Carrigo, between Roussilion and Catalonia towards the County of Conflent, on which Snow lies unmelted the greatest part of the Year.

Guienne hath a Governour-General, who is the Count de Tolouse, a Commandant, the Marshal de Lorge, two Lieutenant-Generals, a Seneschal, and 12 particular Governours of Places. Saintogne and Angoumois have a Governour-General, a Lieutenant-General, two Seneschals, and three particular Governours of Places. Limosin hath a Governour-General, a Lieutenant-General, and a Seneschal. Perigord hath a Senechal: And Quercy a Seneschal and Lieutenant-General.

CHAP. XI. LANGUEDOC, Occivania, aut Volcarum Regio.

THE Province of LANGƲEDOC, including the Countries of Cevennes and Roussillion, is bounded on the East by the River Rhone, which divides it from Provence and Dauphine,; on the North by Lyonnois, Auvergne, Rouergue and Quercy; on the West by Armagnac and Cominges; and on the South by the Mediterranean Sea and the Pyrenean Mountains. It is situated between the 41 Deg. 50 Min. and the 44 Deg. 54 Min. of Latitude; and between the 18 Deg. 5 Min. and the 22 Deg. 40 Min. of Longitude. Its extent from South to North is about 120 miles, and from West to East, viz. from Rieux to Ville-Neuf-les-Avignon, 180 miles. In the Roman Division of Gaul, Languedoc went by the Name of the Gallia Narbonnensis, and in the declining of the Empire it was possessed by the Goths, who here Founded the Kingdom of the Visigoths, which hath been entirely extinct ever since the time of Charles Martel.

This Province is esteem'd the most Pleasant and Fruitful of any throughout the whole Kingdom of France, the Air being very Temperate and Healthful, and the Soil bringing forth abundance of Corn and excellent Fruits; its chief Commodities are Wine, Oil, Hony, Wax, Saffron, Silk and Salt. The Upper Languedoc affords good Pasture to many Herds of Oxen and Cows. Some Mines of rich Metals and Minerals are found here, and Quarries of Marble and Alabaster. Moreover, all sorts of Fishes are caught in the Rivers and on the Sea-coasts, and there are divers Springs of Mineral Waters very efficacious in curing Diseases.

But the Country of Cevennes hath not the same advantages, as being Mountainous, not so much cultivated and less delightful in many places. However, it affords Millet, Chesnuts, and some other Fruits. The principal Rivers are the Rhone, the Garonne, the Tarn, the Vistre, the Vidaule, the Barange, the Eraut, the Salazon, the Berre, the Pallas, the Agout, and the Aude, intermixing its Waters with those of the Fresquel, which is joined by a Canal with the lesser Lers, that runs into the Garonne. This is that Famous Canal of Languedoc, which hath been lately cut with so vast Expence, to make a Communication between the two Seas, viz. the Ocean and Mediterranean, and not yet altogether brought to Perfection. This Country, which hath been Subject to a great number of Dukes, Vicounts, and divers other Lords, after many Revolutions was united to the Crown by King John, together with the Duchies of Normandy and Burgundy, A. D. 1361.

The States of Languedoc are very considerable, and their Assemblies are held every three Years by the three Orders, viz. The Clergy, the Nobles, and the third Estate; the First of these is composed of three Archbishops; the Second of twenty two Barons taken out of every Diocess; and the Third of twenty two Consuls of the Capital Cities of every Diocess, &c. The whole Province of Languedoc is usually divided into the Upper to the West, and the Lower to the East, as it more plainly appears from the following Table.

The Upper in 5 Parts, viz.

• Toulousan, Toulouse, Archbish. Capital.
• Albigeois, Alby, Archbish.
• ...Leucegay, Castelnau dary.
• The County of Foix.
  • ...Foix.
• Rousillon, Perpignan, Bish.

The Lower in 4 Parts, viz.

• The Quarter of Narbonne. Archbish.
  • ...Narbonne.
• The Quarter of Besiers.
  • Besiers, Bish.
• The Quarter of Nimes.
  • Nimes, Bish.
• Cevennes in 3, viz.
  • ...Gevaudan.
    • Mende, Bish.
  • ...Vivarais.
    • ...Viviers.
  • ...Velay.
    • Puy, Bish.

TOƲLOƲSAN, Tolosanus Ager, takes up the more Western part of the Upper Languedoc, along the Banks of the River Garonne, lying between Gascony on the West, Albigeois on the North, the Territory of Auray on the East, and the Country of Foix on the South. It comprehends these principal Cities and Towns viz.

• To•ouse Arch-Bish. Cap.
• Lavaur Bish.
• ...Castle Sarasin.
• ...Villemur.
• ...Grisoles.
• ...Buset
• ...Cerminge.

TOƲLOƲSE, THOƲLOƲSE, or TOLOSE Tol•sa. is seated on the River Garonne, over which it hath a stately stone-Bridge, commonly call'd Pont-neuf. It is distant 330 miles from Paris, 140 from Limoges, and 55 from Cahors to the South, 60 from the Pyrenees to the North, 150 from Bayon, and 40 from Auch to the East, 170 from the River Rhosne, and 190 from the Mediterranean to the West. It was heretofore the Seat of the ancient Tectosages, (who gain'd so many Conquests in Asia and Greece) and then a Roman Colony: In process of time it became the Metropolis of the Visigoths, afterward of Aqaitain, and at length of one of the most considerable Provinces, or Governments of France. Its Episcopal See which before depended on the Jurisdiction of the Arch-bishop of Narbonne, was erected into a Metropolitan by Pope John XXII. A. D. 1317. Tolouse is famous for its Traffick, and since a Communication hath been made between the Western Ocean and the Mediterranean, may justly be stil'd the Mart of both Seas. The City is divided into Eight Parts call'd Capitolares, to which a lesser Quarter nam'd the Burgh, on the other side of the Garonne, was added in the Year 1346. The Magnificent Cathedral of St. Stephen, is built on a spacious Ground-plat, adorn'd with a Fountain, over which is erected an Obelisk wrought with curious Workmanship. Another Church Dedicated to St. Sernim or Saturnim, the first Bishop of Tolouse, is remarkable for its Treasury of Relicks, as also is that of the Jacobins for the Shrine of Thomas Aquinas. Moreover here are also to be seen many Monuments of Antiquity, parcularly a Capitol and an Amphitheatre, together with divers Aqueducts, old Temples, &c.

The University of Tolouse, is reputed to be the Second of the Kingdom, and consists of several Colleges, among which that of Foix is the most Illustrious; and indeed this Place hath been long since the Seat of the Muses, on which account it is called Palladia, or the City of Pallas, by Martial, Ausonius, and Sidonius Appollinaris. The Town-House is a stately Pile of Building, and hath acquir'd the name of the Capitol; neither perhaps will it be improper to mention the Mills of the Basade and Castle, every one of which hath 16 or 17 Mill-stones for the grinding of Corn, and a great number of Engines for the currying of Leather. A Soveraign Court of Parliament was began here in the time of King Philip the Fair, and established by Charles VII. Here is also a Seneschalcy and Generality. The City of Tolouse after divers Revolutions, remained long in the hands of its own Counts, un il Philip the Hardy seiz'd on it, together with the whole County, A. D. 1271; and King John re-united it to the Crown in 1361.

About this City lye those spacious pleasant Fields, call'd by ancient Writers, Campi Catalaunici, in which that famous Battle was fought by Aetius the Roman General, assisted by the Franks, Burgundians and Goths, against Attilla King of the Hunns, whom they utterly Defeated, and kill'd near 200 Thousand of the 500 Thousand ('tis said) he brought into the Field. Others place the Campi Catalaunici about Chalons, in Champaigne, tho with less reason, this place agreeing best with the accounts given of them by the Ancients.

Lavaur, L'Avour, or La Vaur, Vaurum, aut Vaurium, stands on the Banks of the River Agour in the Upper Languedoc, and on the very confines of Alligeois, at the distance of 15 miles from Tolouse to the East. Isarne Bishop of Tolouse, gave the Town of Lavaur, in the year 1098, to Florardy Abbot of St. Pons de Thomieses, on condition that he should Found a Priory in it; where afterward in 1318, Pope John XXII. established an Episcopal See.

ALBIGEOIS, Albigiensis Tractus, lyes between the Diocess of Tolouse, Vabres, Luvaur and Rhodez, being the Country of the ancient Heluseri, mentioned by Caesar. It is divided into two almost equal Parts by the River Tam, and comprehends these chief Cities and Towns, viz.

• Alby, Arch. Bish Capital.
• Castres, Bish.
• ...Realmont.
• ...Gaillac.
• ...Rabasteins.
• ...Givossens.
• ...Valens.
• ...Cordes.
• Florentin, &c.

ALBI, Albiga, is situated on the River Tarn, in a very fertile Country, about 35 miles from Tolouse to the North-east, and 30 from Ville Franche in Rouergue to the South. It was formerly a Bishop's See, under the Metropolitan of Bourges, but Pope Innocent XI. erected it into an Archbishoprick, A. D. 1678 The Prelate of this City is also its Temporal Lord, and the King only maintains a Magistrate there, call'd the Viguier for holding the Royal Courts of Judicature. The Cathedral of St. Cicile hath one of the fairest Quires of France.

Castre• Castrum, aut Castrum Albiensium, is a fair City on the River Argout, distant 20 miles from Albi to the South, and 40 from Tolouse. Its Episcopal See was Founded by Pope John XXII. A. D. 1317, under the Metropolitan of Bourges. but it hath depended on that of Alby ever since the year 1678.

The Inhabitants of this Country have been famous in Ecclesiastical History, by the name of Albigenses, for their early dissention from the errors of the Church of Rome. They were a Branch of the Waldenses, who proceeded from Peter Waldo a rich Merchant of Ly•ns a very Pious and Charitable Man, who touched with the sudden death of a Friend at a Feast, set himself seriously to contemplate upon Eternity, and study the Holy Scripture, which led him to the discovery of the Errors of the Roman Church: And being exceeding Charitable in relieving the wants of the Poor, and doing other good Offices that lay in his Power, obtain'd great Respect, and Attention when he argued against the Supremacy of the Pope, Adoration of Images, Invocation of Saints, &c. His Followers grew numerous, and were call'd in Derision by the Papists. The pour Men of Lyons, and after¦wards Waldenses, from this Waldo. The first mention of them in History is about the middle of the twelfth Century, when they began to be Persecuted by the Papists, and were forced to fly into Piedmont, where they incorporated with the Vaudi, (who were ancient Christians that had never been subject to the Pope's Authority) and were afterwards indifferently call'd Vaudois and Waldensis. Another part of them retiring into Langued•c, settled in this Province of Albigeois, and encreased exceedingly. At first the Popes endeavoured to convert them by Preaching; to which purpose the Dominican order of Monks was Instituted about the beginning of the thirteenth Century: But these not prevailing, and the Albigenses being grown strong by the Patronage of the Counts of Thoulouse, whom they Converted, the Pope raised a Crusade against them, stirred up the Dukes of Austria against the Waldenses, and made our Simon Mountfort Earl of Leicester, Captain against the Albigenses, A. C. 1213, who with the Popes Legate, the Duke of Burgundy, and a great Army which was raised for (as they call'd it) this Holy War, were too strong for those poor People, took and plundered their Cities, and Barbarously tormented and murdered their Persons, which caus'd them to fly into Provence and other Parts, and in time settled themselves at Merindol, Chabriers, and thereabouts; where in the year 1545, they were most barbarously Massacred and cruelly tormented by the French Papists. Those that escaped, sent to Zuinglius for Teachers, and incorporated with the Calvinists, who altogether in time grew very numerous and powerful, as we have already shewed in the account of the Religion of France.

LAƲRAGAIS, Lauracus and Lauriacensis Ager, taking its Name from the Town of Laureac, is extended between the Banks of the Rivers Ariege and Agent. It is divided into two parts, viz. The Upper and Lower, and comprehends these principal Cities and Towns viz.

• Castlenand•ry, Capital.
• S. Pap•ul, Bish.
• ...Avignonet.
• ...Ville-Pinte.
• ...Laureac,
• ...Faujaux.
• ...Ville-Franche.

CASTLENAƲDARY, Castellum Arianorum, seu Castolavium Auriacum, and Castellum Novum Arri, stands on a Hill on the Upper Lauragais, 20 miles from Castres to the South, and 30 from Tolouse to the South-east: A Seneschalchy Court and Presidial, have been held in this Town ever since the Year 1553. It is a place of good Trade by the many Manufactures, especially Woollen Cloths that are made in it. The Mareshal de Sch•mberg gain'd a memorable Battle not far from hence, over the Duke Orleans, in which the Count de Moret was Slain, and the Duke Montmorency Wounded and taken Prisoner, A. D. 1632.

S. Papoul, Fanum S. Papuli. aut Papulepolis, is a small City on the foot of Mount Noire, near the Rivulets of Rotoure and Lampi being scarcely distant one League from Castlenaudary, and 15 from Carcassonne to the North-west. A certain Monastery was built here about the end of the VIIIth Century, which Convent Pope John XXII. changed into a Cathedral Church, alloting 43 Parishes for its Diocess, A. D. 1317.

The County of FOIX, Fuxiensis Comitatus, in the Upper Langued c, is bounded on the South by the Pyrenean Mountains, and Rousillon, on the West by Gascony, on the South by Toulousan and Louragais, and on the East by Narbonne, It contains 16 Castellanies or small Governments, and a great number of considerable Towns. It was subject to its own Counts, whom Descended Henry IV. King of France, and so it was added to the Crown. The principal Towns are,

• ...Foix.
• Mirepoix, Bish.
• Pamiez, Bish.
• Rieux, Bish.
• ...Aegs.
• ...Mazetes.
• ...Tarascon.
• ...Savardun.
• ...Maz d' Azil.
• ...Mallellegonde.
• ...Haut•rieue.
• ...Lezat.
• Le Puech, &c.

FOIX, Fuxium, a small Town or Hamlet, formerly well fortified, hath given its name to the whole County, and to an Illustrious Family; it is situated on the Brook Ariage. and the Foot of the Pyrenean Mountains, from which it is Distant 15 miles to the North, and 40 from Tolouse to the South, and is chiefly remarkable for its Abby, Assembly of the States, Seneschalchy, Treasury-Office for the Receipt of the King's Revenne, &c.

Mirepoix, Mirapincum seu Mirapis•ae, is watered by the River Lers, and stands 10 miles from Foix to the East. This City once belonged to the Diocess of Tolouse, but was erected into an Episcopal See under that Metropolitan by Pope John XXII. A. D. 1318.

Pamiez, or Pamiers, Pamiae, aut Apamiae, stands on the side of the River Ariege, and is defended by the Castle of Fredelet, whence the City it self was formerly call'd Fredelas, and is distant 12 miles from Foix to the North, and 30 from Tolouse, Pope Boniface VIII. chang'd the Abby Church Dedicated to S. Antonin, into a Cathedral, in the year 1296. And its Episcopal See hath been possessed by divers Illustrious Prelates, particularly S. Lewis of Marseille, a Pope named Benedict XII. four Cardinals, the Learned Henricus Spondanus, and others.

Rieux, Rivi, and Rivenae, is a City of small extent, and stands on the River Garonne, near the Confines of Gascony and C•nserans, 25 miles from Tolouse to the South, and 30 from Foix to the North-west. Its Episcopal See depending on the Jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Tolouse, was likewise established by Pope John XXII. A. D. 1318; and the Cathedral Church is Dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The Abby of Feuillans, is in this Diocess; where are also those of Lezat, Caletz, Salanques, &c.

The County of ROƲSILLON, Ruscionensis Comitatus, and CONFLENT is bounded on the North by Languedoc, properly so call'd on the West by Catalonia, on the South by the Pyrenean Mountains, and on the East by the Mediterranean Sea; its utmost extent from West to East consisting of about 70 miles, and 35 from South to North. This County formerly appertain'd to the Spaniards, but the French King Lewis XIII. took it from them, and it was granted to him by the Pyrenean Treaty, A. D. 1659. The most considerable Rivers are the Ter. the Tech, and the Egly; and the principal Towns are these, viz.

• Perpignan, Bish. Cap.
• Elne, formerly Bish.
• ...Salcas.
• ...Couilloure.
• ...Ville Franche de Constant.
• ...Selio.
• ...Riveltes.
• ...Stagel.
• ...Voto.
• ...B•ule.
• ...Praz de Moll•.
• ...Mont-Louis.
• Fort, &c.

PERPIGNAN, Perpinianum, and Papirianum, is situated on the River Ter, and defended by a strong Castle, at the distance of 3 Leagues from the Coast of the Mediterranean Sea to the West, and 30 miles from Narbonne to the South. It was built in the Year, 1680. by Count Isnard, out of the Ruins of old Rousillon, as yet to be seen about half a League from thence, and at first belong'd to the Kings of Spain, till the French found means to make themselves Masters of it, in 1642. ever since which time it hath remain'd in their Possession. This City is adorn'd with an University, founded by Peter King of Aragon, was dignified with the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Narbonne, A.D. 1604. and hath a very strong Citadel for its Defence.

Elne. Helena, olim Illibaris, stands on a Hill near the Banks of the River Tech, at the distance only of one League from the Gulph of Lion in the Mediterranean, 10 Miles from Perpignan, and as many from C•lliouxe. It was an Episcopal See, but that was Translated to Perpignan, by Pope Clement VIII. A. D. 1604. The Town of Elne was subject to the King of Spain, till 1640. at which time it fell into the hands of the French: A little below it are still to be seen the ruins of a Castle, wherein Constans the Son of the Emperor Constantine was slain, during the Commotions raised by the Tyrant Magnensius.

Ville-Franche de Conflent, villa Franca Confluentum, the chief Town of the Territory call'd Conflent, which lies among the Mountains Eastward from Rousillon, is seated at the foot of the Pyrenean Mountains, about 25 miles from Perpignan to the West.

The Quarter of NARBONNE, Narbonensis Tractus, lies between Louragais and the County of Foix, on the West, Rousillon on the South, the See and the Quarter of Besiers on the East, and Toulouson on the North. The principal Cities and Towns of this County are these, viz.

• Narbonne, Archb. Cap.
• Carcassonne, Bish.
• Alet, Bish.
• St. Pons de Tormiers, Bish.
• ...Limoux.
• ...L' Eucate.
• ...Lusignan.
• Capastang, &c.

NARBONNE, Narbo, Narbon, and Deucamanorum Colonia, is commodiously seated in a low Country on an Arm of the River Aude. commonly call'd la Robine, which was cut by the Romans, and serves to convey Barks laden with Merchandizes from the Mediterranean Sea, from whence it is distant but 2 Leagues. It is a large well Fortified City, and one of the most ancient of the Kingdom, for the Romans establish'd their Colonies therein, as the capital of one of their Divisions of Gaul, which from this City was call'd Gallia Norbonensis; and it was the usual place of Residence of their Pro-consuls, who adorned it with a Capitol, and an Amphitheatre, together with divers Baths, Aqueducts, Municipal Schools, and granted great Priviledges to the City, insomuch that the Inhabitants in gratitude for these favours erected an Altar in Honour of Augustus, as appears from an Inscription found here in the XVIth Century. The City of Narbonne hath been long since the See of an Arbhbishop, ever since the time of Constantine the Great, if we may give credit to some Writers, who also averred, that the Proconsul Paulus Sergius, whom S. Paul had converted, was its first Apostle and Prelate. The Archbishop is President of the States of Languedoc. The Cathedral bears the name of S. Justus and S. Pastor, and is remarkable for its admirable Organs and curious Paintings, wherein are represented the raising of Lazarus from Dead, the last Judgment, &c. There are also 5 other Parochial Churches, the chief of which is the Collegiate Church of S. Paul, a College of the Fathers of the Doctrine, and divers Monasteries for Religious Persons of both Sexes. This City belong'd to its own Dukes and Lords, till Gast•n de Foix exchang'd it with Lewis XIIth King of France, for other Lands, in the year 1507. It is distant 80 miles from Thoulouse to the E•st, 35 from Perpignan to the North, 100 from the River Ehosne to the West, and about 80 from Rodez in R•uvergne to the South.

Carcassonne, Carcasso, Carcassio and Carcassum, is situated on the Aude, in the midst between Perpignan and Thoulouse, 20 miles from Alet to the South, and 30 from Narbonne to the West. It is the Capital City of the Territory call'd from thence Carcassez, or the Country of Carcassonne, and is the See of a Bishop, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Narbonne. It is divided into three Parts, the Upper Town, the Lower where the Burgh formerly stood, and the Castle-Precinct, and is more especially noted for its Woolen Manufactures, &c.

Alec, Alecta aut Electa, stands in like manner on the Banks of the River Aude, at the foot of the Pyrenean Mountains, 20 miles from Carcassonne to the North, 20 from Mirepoix to the East, and 25 from Perp•gnan to the North west, This City together with the adjacent Country, was at first included within the Diocess of Narbonne, but was erected into an Episcopal See by Pope John XXII.

S. Pons de Tomiers, Fanum S. Pontii Tomeriarum, Tomeriae, and Ponti•polis, was at first only an Abby of the Benedictine Order, founded A. C. 936. by Raimond Count of Thoulouse, in Honour of S. Pons, Bishop of Cimele, or Nice, and Martyr; afterward it grew up into a Town, and Pope John XII. established an Episcopal See there, in 1318. but the Monks were not Seculariz'd until A. 1625. The Bishop is Lord of this small City, which stands amidst the Mountains in the Lower Languedoc, about 25 miles from Narbonne to the North, as many from Castres to the East, and 25 from Alby to the North-west.

The Quarter of BESIERS, Bliterensis Tractus, is extended between that of Narbonne on the West, Rouvergue on the North, the Quarter of Nimes on the East, and the Sea on the South, comprehending these chief Cities and Towns, viz.

• Besiers, Bish. Cap.
• Agde, Bish.
• Lodeve, Bish.
• ...Persenas.
• ...Clermont.
• ...Montagnac.
• Port S. Louis, &c.

BESIERS or BEZIERS, Biteria, Blitera aut Biterrensis Civitas, is a very ancient City, seated upon a Hill, the Avenues whereof are of difficult access, near the small River Orb, which a little below falls into the Mediterranean. It was a considerable Place in the time of the Romans, who built there two Temples, in honour of Julius and Augustus; It was in a very flourishing state in the Fourth Century, when the Goths took and ruin'd it: And when afterwards it had recover'd it self, the Saracens pillag'd it about the Year 736. And to prevent its being again a Seat for those Infidels, Charles Martel quite destroy'd it. However, in time it was again rebuilt, and became flourishin

and populous as it is, It was formerly a Vicounty under the Dukes of Septimania, but at length united to the Crown of France. This City is the See of a Bishop, hath still the Title of a Vicounty, Bailiage and Presidial, and is distant 2 Leagues from the Coast of the Mediterranean, 15 miles from Narbon to the North-east, and 45 from Montpelier to the West.

Agde, Agatha, stands on the Bay of Lyons, a little above the Mouth of the River Eraut, distant one League from the little Island Brescon to the North, 15 miles from Narbonne to the East, 12 from Beziers, and about 40 from Montpelier. This City is remarkable for its Trade, the beauty of its buildings, and is an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Narbonne.

Lodeve, Luteva & Lutava Castrum, is built at the foot of the Mountains of Cevennes. on the Frontiers of Rouergue, near the Rivulet of Lergue and Salandre, which fall into the Eraut, and is distant about 30 Miles from Agde and Beziers to the North, 60 from Nismes to the West, and 16 from Ʋzes. It was dignified with an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Narbonne by the favour of Pope John XXII. And the Bishop is its Spiritual and Temporal Lord, having a right to determine all Causes, Criminal and Civil, except High-Treason, and assumes the Title of Count of Montbrun, which is an adjacent Castle: 800 Gentlemen formerly held Tenures in Fee of these Prelates, and the Bishoprick on that account was Styled the Noble. This City was expos'd to great Calamities during the Wars of the Goths and Albigeois; the French Protestants surpriz'd it in the Year 1573. and it was retaken by the Duke of Montmorency, A. D. 1583.

Pezenas, Piscenae, is a fair neat Town, seated on a Hill, on the River Peyne, near the Eraut, 12 or 14 Miles North from Agde, and 20 South from Lodove; in which the States of the Province commonly assemble.

The Quarter of NIMES, Nemausensis Tractus, lies between that of Besiers on the West, the Mediterranean Sea on the South, Provence on the East, and Covennes on the North; and contains the ensuing considerable Cities and Towns, viz.

• Nimes, Bish. Cap.
• Montpelier, Bish.
• ...Beaucaire.
• ...Alais.
• ...Aigues-Mortes.
• ...S. Gilles.
• ...Belle-Garde.
• S. Laurens, Abb.
• ...Montferrand.
• ...Lunel.
• Sommieres, &c.

NIMES, Nemausus, is most pleasantly seated, near the Spring-head of the River Vistre, as being surrounded on one side with Hills, on which grows abundance of Vines, and all sorts of Fruit-Trees, and on the other with a spacious fertile Plain. But it is more especially famous for its Antiquity, whereof as yet remain many illustrious Monuments: The chief of those is an Amphitheatre, built of Free-stone, of an extraordinary length and breadth, the out-side being adorn'd with Columns and their Cornishes, on which are to be seen the Roman Eagles, and the Figures of Romulus and Remus sucking a Wolf, besides the Temple of Diana, without the Town; an admirable Spring, expatiating in form of a Pond, and mentioned by Ausonius &c. And in this City was plac'd a Colony, which the Emperor Augustus brought out of Egypt, after the Conquest of that Province, as appeareth from divers ancient Medals. Neither •s its present Grandeur less considerable, for it is the Seat of a Bishoprick, subject to the Metropolitan Diocess of Narbonne; of a Seneschals Jurisdiction, call'd of Beaucaire and Nimes; of a Presidial Court; and of a flourishing University. And is also a Place of very good Trade, which consists chiefly in Wollen Stuffs made here. The City of Nismes was possessed by the Goths until the time of Charles Martel; and by the Protestants during the Civil Wars of France: It is distant not above 10 miles from the River Rhosne to the East, 30 from Montpelier to the North-East, and 35 from the Mediterranean to the North.

Montpellier, Mons-Pessulanus, Mont Pussulus & Mons Luellarum, the Capitol City of the Lower Languedoc, the largest and most flourishing of all the Province except Thoulouse, is pleasantly seated on the Top of a Hill, near the Rivulet of Lez, at the distance scarcely of one League from the Pool of Maguelonne, 2 from the Coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and 60 miles from Narbonne to the East. The Episcopal See of Maguelonne, depending on the Metropolitan of Narbonne, was translated hither under the Popedom of Paul III. in the Year 1536. An University for the Study of Physick, one of the most famous throughout Europe, was founded here (as they say) by the Disciples of Averroes ahd Avicenna, A. D. 1196. and re-established in 1220. Besides a Law Academy, a Colledge of Jesuits, a Court of Aides, a Chamber of Aides, a Chamber of Accounts, a Generality and a Chamber of the Treasures of France, a Seneschals Court, a Presidial, a Chamber of the lesser Seal, and a Royal Court of ordinary Justice. This City is also adorn'd with divers stately Edifices, viz. The Hall of Justice or Ses¦sions-house, the Churches of S. Peter and the Virgin Mary; and a strong Citadel, flanked with four Royal Bastions: The King's Physick Garden, without the Town, and other Curiosities, that deserve well to be view'd by Travellers. The Inhabitants are employed in making of Treacle, Verdegrease, white Wax, Silk, and other sorts of Manufactures. James III. the Son of Sanchez, King of Majorca, sold the City of Montpellier to King Philip of Valois, A. D. 1349. for the Sum of 26000 Crowns of Gold. The French Protestants made themselves Masters of it in 1561. but Lewis XIII. took it from them after a vigorous Defence on the 20th Day of October, A. D. 1622.

GEVAƲDAN or GIVAƲDAN, Gabalensis, Ager, hath Vivarais and Velay for its Eastern bounds; the Diocesses of Nimes and Ʋsez on the South, R•uergue on the West, and the upper Avergne on the North. This Country hath been some time possessed by certain particular Counts, & is very fruitful, although encompased with Mountains. The Towns of chiefest note are these

• Mende, Bish. Cap.
• ...Marvejou.
• ...Florac.
• ...Baignols.
• ...La Canourge.
• Randon, &c.

MENDE, Mimatum, seu Mimate Gebalorum, is situated in a Valley, surrounded with the Mountains of Cevennes, near the Source of the River Lot, 70 miles North from Montpellier, 20 from the Borders of Auvergne, and 50 from the River Rhone. Some Authors make this the ancient Anderitum or Gabalum; but the Village Javoux, 4 Leagues hence, seems rather to have been that, and that this grew out of its ruins, having been at first only a Village or Hamlet. It is now a good City, the See of a Prelate, Suffragan to the Archbishop of A by. The Bishop hath the Title of a Count, possesseth the Lordship of the Mannor together with the King, having also enjoy'd in time past a Privilege of Coining Money. This City is beautified with divers fair Churches, a stately Episcopal Palace, &c.

VIVARAIS, Vivariensis Provincia, was the Country of the ancient Helvii, and is now part of that of Gevennes, lying between Languedoc proper on the South, Givaudan on the West, Forets and Velay on the North, and the River Rhone on the East. It is extended from North to South, the space of about 60 miles, and from East to West about 40 miles, being divided into two Parts, viz. The Upper and Lower, and comprehending these Principal Cities and Towns, viz.

• Viviers, Bish. Cap.
• ...Tournon.
• ...Annonay.
• ...Aubenas.
• ...Privas.
• ...Joyeuse.
• ...L'argentiere.
• Ʋzes, Bish.
• ...Pont S. Esprit.
• ...Ville-neuve-lez Avignon
• ...Ville-neuve de Berg.
• ...Seriere.
• le Bourg, &c.

VIVIERS, Vivario seu Vivarium, is seated on a Hill and the Banks of the River Rhone, over-against the Province of Dauphine, about 60 miles North from Montpellier, and 55 miles South from Lyons. It was at first only a Village, and in process of time grew up into a large City, out of the Ruins of Abs or Abba Helviorum, which was destroy'd by Crocus King of the Germans; and that Episcopal See was remov'd thither about A. C. 430. The Bishop is styled Count of Viviers and Prince of Donsere, Chateau-Neuf, &c.

Ʋzes, Ʋcetia, is the capitol City of a Country, thence so called, and dignified with the Title of a Dutchy, and an Episcopal See, depending on the Metropolitan of Narbonne. It is distant 12 miles from Nimes to the North, 30 from Viviers to the South, and 20 from Avignon to the West. On the Road between this City and that of Nimes is to be seen the stately Bridge of Guard, built over the River Gardon between two Mountains, that are thereby joyned together; and indeed its Structure is admirable, as consisting in three Stories of Arches one above another, the last of which was an Aqueduct.

Pont S. Esprit, a small City with a good Castle, and a Stone-Bridge over the Rhone, is seated on the borders of the Vivarais, and at the confluence of the Ardosche with the Rhone, 20 miles from Ʋsez to the North, and 15 from Viviers to the South.

VELAY, Velaunia, lies between Vivarais on the East, Forets on the North, Auvergne on the West, and and Givaudan on the South. It is divided into two parts by the Mountains of Mezeres, Pertuis and Meigal, all cover'd with Woods, and comprehends these Town•. viz.

• Puy, Bish. Cap.
• ...Mont-Falcon.
• ...S. Didier.
• ...S. Paulhan.
• ...Solignac.
• Alegre, &c.

PƲY, or PƲYEN VELAY, Podium, olim Vellanorum Ʋrbs & Anicium, stands on a Mountain, near the Rivers Loire and Borne, at the distance of 2 Leagues from the ancient Town of Ruesium, now the Village of S. Paulhan, out of the Ruins whereof it took its rise, also 50 miles from Viviers to the North-west, 60 from Lyons to the South-west, and not above 10 from the borders of Auvergne. It is a fair, large, well-built City, and an Episcopal See, which depends immediately on that of Rome, not being subject to the Jurisdiction of any Metropolitan. The Cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary, is an Ancient and Noble Pile of Building, but more especially famous for the concourse of Pilgrims and other devout Persons, frequently resorting thereto. Here are also divers Parochial Churches and a great number of Monasteries. The Bishop is Count of Velay, and formerly had a Privilege to Coin Money: He administers Justice together with the Kings Seneschal, who hath his Seat here.

Languedoc hath for its Governour General, the Duke du Main, Prince of Dombes; and the Duke of Noailles Commander in chief for the King, who hath a Lieutenant General. Here are also 3 Lieutenant Generals, 1 for the Upper Languedoc, who resides at Thoulouse. 2. For the Lower, residing at Montpellier: And 3. for Vivarois at Pont S. Esprit. There are also the Seneschal of Nimes, the Seneschal and Governour of Thoulous and Albigeois, the Seneschal of the Country of Foix, Carcassonne, Besiers and Limoux. A Governor of the Country of Foix, 3 Bailiffs of Velay, Givaudan and Vivarais: and particular Governours in Montpellier, Nimes, Pont S. Esprit, Narbonne, Carcassone, Fort of Brescon, Egde, du Puy, &c. And in Roussilion the Duke Noailles is Governor General. There is also a Lieutenant General and particular Governors in Perpignan, and six other Places on the Frontiers.

CHAP. XII. PROVENCE, Provincia.

THIS Province, which bears the Title of a County, is bounded on the East by Piedmont, and the River Var; on the South by the Mediterranean Sea, on the West by the River Rhone, that separates it from Languedoc, and on the North by Dauphine, being extended between the 42 Degree 30 Minutes, and the 44 Degree 6 Minutes of Latitude, as also between the 22 Degree 30 Minutes, and the 25 Degree 40 Minutes of Longitude, which space comprehends 100 English Miles from South to North, that is to say, from the Cape of Cenchiech almost as far as Talard in Dauphine, and from West to East, viz. From the River Rhone to the River Var, 130 Miles.

PROVENCE was the first part of Gaul that the Romans got Footing in, and was therefore called the Province of the Romans. In the Division by Augustus, this was the Gallia Narbonnensis secunda. It was afterwards possess'd by the Goths: And under the French it was part of the Kingdom of Arles or Burgundy. Afterwards cut off from that, and govern'd by its own Counts for about 400 Years, till the Year 1481, when Charles the last Earl of Provence bequeathed it to Lewis XI. King of France.

The Air is somewhat cold in the Upper Provence, by reason of the Mountains, but the Country affords Corn, Wine, Almonds, Apples, Pears, and Fish, as also very good Pasture for Cattle, &c. In the Lower Prove•ce, along the Sea-Coasts, it is hot, and hath little Winter, except when the North Winds blow. The Soil here is very Fertile, and produces abundance of Corn, Grapes, Olives, Figs, Oranges, Limons, Citrons, Pomegranates, Apricocks, Plums, Almonds, Apples, Pears, &c. Divers sorts of excellent Fish are taken out of the Sea, especially Tunnies. The principal Rivers of these Territories are the Rhone, the Durance, the Verdon, the Hubay, the Vrgens, the Var, the Arc, &c. The most considerable Gulphs are those of Marseille, Hyeres, Grimaut and Lerins, between the Crau and the Durance; besides a great number of Lakes and Ponds.

Provence is usually divided into the Upper, Middle and Lower; however, its several Parts may be better distinguish'd by the Diocesses, as they are placed in the ensuing Table.

Provence divided into 18 Parts or Diocesses, viz.

The Diocess of Aix,	Aix, Archb. Cap.
Riez,	Riez, Bish.
Senez,	Senez, Bish.
Digne,	Digne, Bish.
Arles,	Arles, Archbish.
Marseille,	Marseille, Bish.
Toulon,	Toulon, Bish.
Frejus,	Frejus, Bish.
Grace,	Grace, Bish.
Vence,	Vence, Bish.
G•andeve,	Glandeve, Bish.
Sisteron,	Sisteron, Bish.
Apt,	Apt, Bish.
County of Venaissin,	Avignon, Archb. Cap.
Principality of Orange,	Orange.

The Islands in 4, viz.	of Martegue,	Martegue,
of Stecades,	Ribaudon,
of Lerins,	S. Margaret,
of Chateau-d'If,	Chateau-d'If.

The Diocess of AIX, Aquensis Diaecesia, is extended along the Banks of the River Durance, and includes these chief Towns, &c. viz.

• Aix, Archbish. Cap.
• ...S. Maximin,
• ...Brignole,
• ...Barjols,
• ...Peyrols,
• ...S. Paul,
• Alenson, &c.

AIX, Aquae-sextiae, the Metropolis of Provence, is seated in a Plain at the Foot of the Hill of S. Eutropius, and near the Rivulet of Arc, 20 miles from Marseille to the North, 50 from the Confines of Dauphine to the South, 80 from Monpellier, and about 40 from Arles to the East, and 90 from Nice to the West. It is a large, well built and very ancient City, as deriving its Name from the Bagnios that were erected by Caius Sextus, who brought hither a Roman Colony. It was formerly the usual Place of Residence of the Counts of Province, and at present the See of an Archbishop, being also honoured with a Parliament, a Chamber of Accounts, a Court of Aids, a Generalty, a Treasury-Chamber, the principal Seat of the Grand Seneschal of Provence, and that of the ordinary Judge, and another Magistrate appointed by the King, called the Vignier. This City was heretofore sacked by the Lombards, and afterwards by the Saracens; but it hath been since well repaired and much enlarged, so that it may be justly esteemed as one of the Noblest of the Kingdom. The Cathedral bears the Name of S. Saviour, and is adorn'd with a high Tower, built in Form of a Hexagon: The Baptistery is an admirable Structure, being adorn'd with Pillars standing round about the Fonts, which support a Dome over them. The Chapel of Nostre Dame de Grace is extreamly rich. Here are also two Parochial Churches, viz. of S. Magdalen and the Holy Ghost, several Monasteries, a College of Jesuits, &c.

The Diocess of RIEZ, Reiensis Episcopatus, lies toward the Spring-head of the River Verdun, and comprehends these Principal Towns, viz.

• Riez, Bish. Cap.
• ...Valensole,
• ...Oreson,
• ...La Palu,
• Montpesat, &c.

RIEZ, Reii, Reii Apollinari & Regium, is situated in a Fruitful Country on the Rivulet of Auvertre, about 35 miles from Aix to the South-East, 45 from Toulon to the North, and as many from the Frontiers of Dauphine to the South. It is a small City, but well built, and hath been very considerable in the Time of the Romans, as appears from divers Inscriptitions and other Monuments of Antiquity found here. The Bishop is also Temporal Lord of the Mannor and and Suffragan to the Archbishop of Aix.

The Diocess of SENEZ, Saniciensis Diaecesis, lies along the Banks of the Verdun, and contains these Towns, viz.

• Senez, Bish. Cap.
• ...Castelane.
• ...Baremme,
• ...Colmars,
• Mervoiles, &c.

SENEZ, Sanitium aut Senecium, is a City below the Mountains, of a very small compass, not much inhabited, and now almost reduc'd to a Village, nevertheless it retains the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Ambrun, although its Bishop generally resides at Castelane, a fair Town on the Rivet Verdun, from whence it is distant 10 miles to the N. 20 from Riez to the N. E. and about 40 from Ambrun to the S. The Cathedral Church bears the Name of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary; and the Chapter, which had been formerly of the Augustine Order, was seculariz'd by Pope Innocent X. A. D. 1647.

Colmars, Colmartium, sive Collis Martii, stands on the Banks of the Verdun, near the Alps and the Confines of the County of Nice, and 20 miles from Digne. It is a well Fortified Town, but sustain'd much Damage by a great Fire, which happen'd therein, A. D. 1672.

In the Diocess of Digne, Diniensis Diaecesis, which is likewise bounded by the River Verdun, are contained these Towns, viz.

• Digne, Bish. Cap.
• ...Mirabel,
• ...Brusquet,
• ...Collobrieux,
• ...Verdaches,
• S. Seine, &c.

DIGNE, Dinia, is seated at the Foot of the Mountains in the Upper Provence, on the River Bleone, which there receives a Brook of hot Waters, at the distance of 15 miles from Senez to the N. and 25 from the Frontiers of Dauphine to the S. It was heretofore the Capital City of the Sentii, and is at present the Seat of a Prelate, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Ambrun. The Cathedral Church is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and the Chapter was sometime Regular of the Augustine Order.

The Diocess or Archbishoprick of ARLES, Arelatensis Diaecesis, is extended along the Sea-coasts, and the Banks of the River Rhone, comprehending these chief Towns, viz.

• Arles, Archb. Cap.
• ...Salon,
• ...Les Beaux,
• Berre, &c.

ARLES, Arelate & Arelatum, is situated on the Eastern Bank of the River Rhone, over which it hath a Bridge of Timber, 40 miles from Aix to the West, and as many from Montpellier, and in the mid-way between Avignon to the South and the Mediterranean Sea. The Romans establish'd their Sixth Colony in this City, and caused the General Assemblies of the Six neighbouring Provinces to be held annually here. Many Marks of its ancient Grandeur have been discover'd, as the Remains of an Amphitheatre, several Statues and Tombs, but especially a Roman Obelisk of Oriental Granate Stone (a piece much admired by the Curious.) It is 52 Foot high and 7 Foot Diameter at the Base, and yet but one Stone. It hath been erected not many Years since, and makes a very agreeable shew to Travellers. This was the Capital of the Kingdom of Burgundy, and is at present a very fair and large City, dignified with a Metropolitan See, and a Royal Academy for Languages lately established. The Emperors at several times granted great Privileges to it; which though it hath been deprived of by its Princes, yet still hath a Territory of 30 Miles extent, depending on it; which is the Islands made by the three Branches of the Rhone, call'd Camargue, and the Crau or Campi Lapidei of Strabo and Plin•, which is a large Country covered with Stones, and reaches from the Rhone to the Mer de Martigne, a small Bay between that and Marseilles.

Salon or Salon de Crau, Salona aut Salum, is the chief Town of the Crau abovemention'd, and is situated 25 Miles from Arles to the East, about 20 from Aix to the West, and 5 or 6 from the Bay of Martigues to the North. This Town is adorn'd with an old Castle, a Collegiate Church and divers Monasteries, and was the Place of the Nativity of the Famous Michael Nostradamus, who also died there in the year 1566.

The Diocess of MARSEILLE, Massiliensis Diaecesis, lies along the Sea-coasts, and hath these considerable Towns, &c. viz.

• Marseille, Bish. Cap.
• ...Aubagne,
• ...Sainte Beaume,
• ...La Cicutat,
• ...Oriol,
• ...Cassis,
• Olliols, &c.

MARSEILLE, Massiiia, is seated on a little Hill, and hath a very capacious and safe Harbour on the Coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, at the distance of 20 miles from Aix to the South, and 40 from Arles to the South-East. This City was built (as it is suppos'd) by the Phenicians, and flourish'd in the time of Julius Caesar, when it was govern'd in Form of a Republick, and had a Famous Academy much frequented by the young Gentlemen of France, and even of Rome it self. The Inhabitants acquir'd much Reputation in former Times on the account of their Learning and Courteousness (according to the Testimony of Cicero) but now they excel chiefly in the knowledge of Maritime Affairs; for many of the Capital Gallies of France ride at Anchor in the Haven of Marseille, and it is the usual place of Rendezvous of their Levantine Ships. The Port, which is defended on one side by a Fortress and the Abbey of S. Victor, is flanked on the other with a Wall above 1300 Paces long, its Mouth being shut up with a Chain lying at a certain distance on three different Pillars of Stone, leaving a space open for the passage only of one large Vessel. The City it self at present enjoys great Privileges, and is one of the largest, fairest and most populous of the Kingdom, more especially since it hath been enlarg'd by the Order of the present French King Lewis XIV. so that its Citadels, new Streets, publick Places, stately Edifices, magnificent Churches, Monasteries, Colleges, Seminaries, Hospitals, Courts of Judicature, Haven, Arsenel, Gallies, &c. are well worth a Stranger's particular Observation.

The Episcopal See of Marseille, formerly subject to the Metropolitan of Vienne, now depends on that of Arles. The Inhabitants heretofore often maintain'd Wars against the Gauls, Ligurians, Carthaginians, and divers other Nations, but their City was taken by Julius Caesar, afterward became a prey to the Goths and other barbarous People, and was likewise surpriz'd by Alfonsus King of Arragon, in the year 1423. However, having been afterwards well repair'd, it resisted the Forces of Charles of Bourbon, in 1524. and those of the Emperor Charles V. in 1536. It was for some time subject to the Jurisdiction of certain particular Viscounts, as also to that of the Counts of Provence, Anno 1243. and at length was united to the Crown of France, together with the whole Country, in 1481.

Aubagne, Aubanca, is a fair Town, wherein the Assemblies of the States of the Province are often convened.

It is distant only 10 miles from Marseille to the East, and 15 from Aix to the South.

The Diocess of TOƲLON, Telonensis Diaecesis, is likewise extended along the Coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and includes within its bounds these considerable Towns, &c. viz.

• Toulon, Bish. Cap.
• ...Hyeres,
• ...Lanary,
• ...Sifours,
• ...Bormes,
• Pierre-Fuec, &c.

TOƲLON, Telo, aut Telo Martius, Tolonium & Tolemium, is situated in a plain Fruitful Country, and on a Bay which makes a very safe, large and commodious Harbour on the Coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, at the distance of 30 miles East from Marseille by Land, 75 miles from Nice to the West, 90 from the Borders of Dauphine to the South, and 400 miles from Paris. It is a very fair, strong and well-built City, being adorn'd with many stately Churches, Monasteries, and other publick Edifices. King Henry IV. fortified it with strong Walls, and built two large Moles, each whereof is 700 Paces long, enclosing almost the whole Port; near them is also erected an Arsenal furnished with all sorts of Naval Stores, whence the largest Ships of the Royal Fleet of France are usually fitted out. And for their Security the Fortifications have been much encreased by the present King.

Hieres, Hierrum, Areae & Olbia, is a small Town on the Coasts, about 10 miles from Toulon to the East, and over against the Islands Stechades, to which it hath given their modern Name, on which account only this Town is mentioned, being not otherwise considerable.

The Diocess of FREJƲS, Foro-Juliensis Diaecesis, lies to the East of that of Toulon, and contains these chief Towns, &c. viz.

• Frejus, Bish. Cap.
• ...S. Tropez,
• ...Draguiguan,
• ...Aulps,
• Caillon, &c.

FREJƲS, Foro-Julium aut Forum Julii, is seated in a Valley amidst the Marshes near the mouth of the Riuer Argens, and distant only half a League from the Sea-coasts, 40 miles from Toulon to the North-East, and 60 from Aix to the East. This City was heretofore very considerable, and there yet remain therein divers Monuments of Antiquity. It hath also at present a capacious Harbour, and is dignified with an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Aix.

S. Tropez, Fanum S. Tropetis, is a small but strong Town on the Gulph of Grimaut, and hath in like manner a large Haven 5 Leagues from Frejus to the S. and 35 miles from Toulon to the E.

The Diocess of GRASSE, Grassentis Diaecesis, is situated on the Coasts to the North-East of that of Frejus, comprehending these Towns, &c. viz.

• Grasse, Bish. Cap.
• ...Antibes,
• ...Canes,
• Le Bart, &c.

GRASSE, Grassa, is a very populous and rich City seated on a Hill 2 Leagues from the Sea, 20 Miles from Frejus to the North, and 20 from Nice to the East. The Episcopal See of Antibes under the Metropolitan of Ambrun, was removed hither by Pope Innocent IV. A. D. 1250. by the reason of the unwholsomness of the Air of that Place, and the Incursions of Pyrates. Besides the Cathedral, there are divers other Churches, and a great number of Monasteries, &c.

Antibes, Antipolis seu Antipolis Julia Augusta, was formerly the Seat of a Prelate, and is at present well Fortified with a Castle, and hath a convenient Harbout, about 3 Leagues from Nice to the West, and 20 miles from Frejus to the North-East.

The Diocess of VENCE, Vensiensis Diaecesis, lies to the North-East of that of Grasse, and hath these Towns, &c. viz.

• Vence, Bish. Cap.
• ...S. Paul,
• ...S. Laurence,
• Le Bec, &c.

VENCE, Vincium, Vintium, Vensiensis Ʋrbs & Vencium, is situated on the maritime Alps at the distance of 5 or 6 miles from the River Var, about 12 miles from Grasse to the N. E. and as many from Nice to the N. W. This City is of a small compass, although very ancient, as having been a Roman Colony: and its Episcopal See depending on the Metropolitan of Ambrun, was formerly united to that of Grasse, but hath been lately separated from it. The Cathedral is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and S. Eusebius was its first Prelate. Moreover, the Civil Jurisdiction of the City and Lordship of the Mannor, is divided between the Bishop and the Baron of Vence, viz.

The Diocess of GLANDEVE, Glandatensis Diaecesis, is extended along the Banks of the River Var, and comprehends these principal Towns, &c. viz.

• Glandeve, Bish. Cap.
• ...Entrevaux,
• ...Guilleumes,
• ...Annot.
• ...Lupene.

GLANDEVE, Glandata, Glandate & Glanateve Capillatorum, was built near the Banks of the Var, and formerly bore the Title of a County, as also of an Episcopal See under the Metropolitan of Ambrun; but at present there remains only a Fortress erected on a Hill, the City it self being ruined: For about 800 years ago, the continual overflowing of the River obliged the Inhabitants to settle elsewhere, more-especially at the Town of Entrevaux, where the Bishop now resides. This City hath imparted its name to the Family of the Glandeves, one of the most illustrious of Provence, which in the X. Century re-established the Bishoprick, after it had been abolished by the Saracens.

Entrevaux, Intervallium & Intervalles, is seated on the River Var, at the Foot of the Mountains, on the very Limits of the Dutchy of Savoy and County of Nice, at the distance only of one mile from the Ruins of the City of Glandeve, 16 from Vence to the N. W. and 30 from Digne to the E.

The Diocess of SISTERON, Segusterensis Diaecesis, lies to the North, and contains these Towns, viz.

• Sisteron, Bish. Cap.
• Forcalquier, County,
• ...Manosque,
• Brelhane, &c.

SISTERON, Segustero, Segesterorum Ʋrbs & Sistarica, is watered by the River Durance, which there receives the Brook Buech, and stands near the Borders of Dauphine, 50 miles North from Aix, and 40 North-west from Glandeve. It was heretofore dignified with a Title of a County, and is as yet a large well built City, and the See of a Prelate Suffragan to the Metropolitan of Aix. A Seneschal's Court hath been established in this City ever since the year, 1635.

Forcalquier, Forcalquerium olim Forum Neronis, the chief Town of a County of the same Name stands on a Hill, and the side of the Rivulet Laye, in the midst between Sisteron to the N. E. and Apt to the S. W. about 2 Leagues from the River Durance.

Manosque, Manuasca, is a small but fair Town on the River Durance, subject to the Jurisdiction of the Knights of Malta, and distant 20 miles from Reis to the W. 25 from Aix to the N. and about 12 from Forcalquier to the S.

The Diocess of APT, Aptensis Diaecesis, is situated on the Frontiers of the County of Venaissio, and includes in its bounds these Towns,

• Apt, Bish. Cap.
• ...Saut,
• ...S. Sevarnin,
• ...Simiane.

APT, Apta, seu Apta Julia Vulgantium, is a small City situate on the River Coulon near the Mountains, at the distance of 25 miles from Aix to the N. as many from Avignon to the E. and 40 from Sisteron to the S. W. This City has been heretofore one of the largest and most illustrious of the Celtae, and was the Capital of the Vulgentes in the time of the Romans. It was likewise enlarged by Julius Caesar, who made it a Colony, and caused it to bear his own Name. The most ancient Prelate of this Diocess was S. Auspicius Marto, and the Bishop at present is the first Suffragan to the Metropolitan of Aix, and stiled Prince of Apt, and his Predecessors have had a Privilege to coin Money. In the Cathedral of S. Anne, and the Church of the Cordeliers, are preserved a great number of Relicks.

The County of VENAISSIN, Vindascinus aut Vindauscensis Comitatus, is bounded on the E. by Provence, on the N. by Dauphine, on the S. by the River Durance, and on the W. by the River Rhone, which divides it from Languedoc, being extended from S. to N. for the space of about 35 miles, and 30 from W. to E. This Country took its Name (as it is believed) from Venesque, formerly its Capital City, and was granted by Joanna Queen of Naples and Countess of Provence, to Pope Clement VI. A. D. 1348. ever since which time it hath been possessed by his Successors, together with the adjacent City of Avignon, comprehending an Archbishop, 3 Bishopricks, 4 Baronies, and 78 Towns and Villages; the chief whereof are these, viz.

• Avignon, Arch. Cap.
• Carpentras, Bish.
• Cavaillon, Bish.
• Vaison, Bish.
• ...Miolans,
• ...L' Ile.
• ...Pont de sorgue,
• ...Vencluse,
• ...Fontaine,
• ...Boulenes.

AVIGNON, Avenio, is situated on the River Rhone, over which stands a Stone-bridge now half ruin'd, at the distance of 25 miles from S. Esprit to the South, 20 from Arles to the North, and 45 from Aix to the Nor-West. It is a large and flourishing City, a Place of good Trade, which consists chiefly in Silks manufactur'd here, erected into a Metropolitan See under the Pontificate of Sixtus V. in the year 1475. having been before subject to that of Arles. It is also adorn'd with an University, and a Mint-house for the coining of Mony with the Arms of the Popes, of whom seven have successively resided for the space of 70 years; that is to say, from A. D. 1307, to 1377. viz. Clement V. John XXII. Clement VI. who purchased Avignon of Q. Joanna, Innocent VI. Ʋrban V. and Gregory XI. who, through the Persuasion of S. Catharine of Sienna, brought back the Papal See to Rome. Here are divers stately Palaces, and magnificent publick Buildings. The Walls are strong, the Churches stately, and the Avenues of the City very pleasant. The Canons of the Cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary, wear Scarlet Robes, and the Chaplains others of Violet Colour. As for the Civil Government of Avignon, it is administred by Consuls and their Assisters, who is as it were Chief Justice of the City. The Viguier, an Officer like the Provost of the Merchants of Paris, judges Causes that do not exceed the value of four Ducats of Gold without Appeal. In greater Causes Appeals lie to the Vice-Legate, who commits the Affair to the Court of the Rota, where there are five Auditors; and from thence an Appeal lies to Rome.

Carpentras, Carpentoracte, is watered by the River Russe, and seated in a very Fertile Country about 12 miles from Avignon to the N. E. as many from Vaison to the S. and somewhat more from Orange. It is an Episcopal See subject to Avignon. It grew up out of the Ruins of Vindausca or Venasque, and is now the Capital City of the County of Venaissin in its room. It is enclosed with strong Walls, and stands on the Foot of Mount Ventoux, which riseth up from thence 4 Leagues in height. In this City is establish'd a Court of Justice, a Treasury-Office, &c.

Cavaillon, Cabellio aut Caballio, is a City of a small compass now seated in a Plain near the River Durance, although it was Founded before on an adjacent Hill, where its Ruins are as yet to be seen. The Prelate of Gavaillon is Suffragan to the Archbishop of Avignon, from whence it is distant 12 miles to the S. E. and 15 from Aix to the N. W.

Vaison, Vasio, Vasion & Vassionensis Ʋrbs, is built on the side of a Hill on the Banks of the River Louvese, at the distance of 12 miles from Carpentras to the N. as many from Orange to the E. and 24 from Avignon to the N. E. This City was heretofore more considerable than at present, and hath been after ruined by the Goths, Vandals and Saracens. The Church of the Virgin Mary, reported to have been formerly the Cathedral, stands without the City on the Plain, and the other within the Walls, hath a Chapter of Canons, among whom are 4 Dignitaries. The Episcopal See of Vaison is subject to the Metropolitan of Avignon.

The Principality of ORANGE, Arausicanus Principatus, is enclosed within the Country of Venaissin on the E. and the River Rhone to the W. being extended for the space of 20 miles in length. This small Territory of right appertains to the Illustrious House of Nassaw, but hath been unjustly Usurped by the present French King, Lewis XIV. on the Pretensions of the Family of Langueville. It comprehends the Capital City of Orange, together with about 15 other Towns and Villages, the chief of which are these, viz.

• Orange, Bish. Cap.
• ...Couriezon,
• ...Jonquieres,
• ...Bigondas,

ORANGE, Aurasio, is situated near the Rivulet of Aiguel and Maine, distant 3 or 4 miles from the River Rhone to the East, 12 from S. Esprit to the South, and 15 from Avignon to the North. It is called Colonia Secundanonum by Pliny, in regard that the Triumviri, caused the second Roman Legion to be brought hither. This City hath been much larger in time past than at present, as having suffer'd great damage through the Inroads of divers Barbarous Nations: Of which former Grandeur, there are evident marks in the Remains of a Cirque, very artificially Built, an Amphitheatre and a Triumphant Arch almost entire, which Caius Marius and Luctatius Catulus had erected after the Victory obtained of the Cimbrians and Teutones, besides part of a large Tower, which some suppose to have been a Temple of Diana, and divers other remarkable Monuments of Antiquity. The Fortress which Maurice of Nassaw Prince of Orange made so regular in the year 1622, stood on a Hill, and render'd this Place one of the strongest Holds of Europe; but it was Ras'd together with the other Fortifications, in 1660. The City of Orange is the See of a Prelate, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Arles, and is also adorned with a University, which Raymond V. Founded, A. D. 1365. and a Parliament Established by William of Aralon, 1470; but the French King suppress'd the latter in 1687, and chang'd it into a Viguirie, under the Jurisdiction of the Parliament of Aix.

The Principality of Orange was convey'd by Marriage to John de Chalons of the Illustrious Family of Burgundy, who in the year 1475, became absolute Prince of Orange, and was Succeeded in it by William, John, and Philibert his Descendants, the last of whom left an only Sister, Married to Henry Earl of Nassaw, A. 1515, and had Issue Rene of Nassaw, who was Adopted by Philibert, and Succeeded him in this Estate, from whom is Descended his present Majesty of Great Britain.

The Island of MARTEGƲES, or Martigues, Maritima Colonia, is dignified with the title of a Principality, and call'd by some the Venice of France. It is divided into three Parts, viz. Jonquiers, L'Isle, and Forrieres, having a capacious and safe Harbour at the Mouth of the Gulph, named the Bay of Martigues, the Town being situated on the Lake of Berre, from whence divers deep Chanels have been cut to make a Communication with the Sea, at the distance of a large quarter of a League. Barks of the largest size pass through these Ditches, to the great advantage of Merchants; and the Towns are joyn'd together by Bridges. The Inhabitants are very expert in Sailing on the Mediterranean, and admirable Fisher-men, for they take vast quantities of all sorts Fishes in certain Huts made for that purpose of Reeds or Sea-rushes, and tearmed Bourdigous. This Town hath been possessed by different Lords, especially the Viscounts of Marseille, and Counts of Provence; but at length Frances of Lorrain, Dutchess of Merceux, Estampes, and Ponthieore, as also Princess of Martigues, brought it to the House of Vendome, by her Marriage with Caesar, Duke of Vendome, the Natural Son of King Henry IV. &c.

The Islands of STOCHAES, or of HYERES, are so called as lying over against the Town of this name, between the Gulph of Grimeur to the E. and Thoulon to the W. Among these there are three principal, viz. The Island of Levant, or of Titan, in Latin Hypaea, toward the East; that of Portcros in the midst; and that of Portquerolles to the West: Near to the former are also situated two other small Islands, viz. Ribaudon and Ribaudas, by the Ancients called Stirium and Phenice, on the Coasts between the Promontory or Cape of Hyeres to the North, and the Isle of Portcros to the South, besides those of Tele de Can, Langoustier, &c. In the time of Cassianus, these Islands were inhabited only by Monks; and there were some of the Cistercian Order under the Popedom of Innocent III.

The Islands of LERINS, Insulae Lerinenses, are two in number, and lye over against Cannes, near Antibes: The former, call'd in Latin Lero, and commonly St. Margaret, from a Chapel dedicated to this Saint, is three quarters of a league long, and one broad, being defended with five Forts and a Citadel, lately Fortified. The other of S. Honoratus Lorina, aut Planatia, is distant about two leagues of Antibes to the South, and five from Frejus to the East, taking its name from that Saint, who Founded a Famous Monastery therein, A.C. 375. and was afterward ordained Archbishop of Arles. This Solitary Place hath been for many Ages the Seminary of the Prelates of Provence, and the neighbouring Churches, having brought forth 12 Archbishops, as many Bishops, 10 Abbots, four Monks reckon'd among the Confessors, and 105 Martyrs, together with a great number of other Illustrious Personages. The Spaniards Surpriz'd these Islands in the month of September, A.D. 1635, and cut down the Forest of Pine-Trees, that afforded a delectable Shade during the excessive heat of the Sun, and stood in rows, at the end whereof were built certain Oratories in honour of Abbots and Monks, who had been Canonized for Saints. But those Spanish Forces were entirely expell'd from thence in the Month of May, A. D. 1637.

CHATEAƲ-D'IF, Castrum Iphium, is a small Island, rather Rock, encompassed on all sides with the Sea, and defended by a strong Fortress, distant about a quarter of a league from Marseilles, where the very large Vessels ride at Anchor that cannot Sail into the Port for want of a sufficient d•pth of Water at its entrance. There are also some other Islands at the mouth of the River Rhone, but nothing very considerable is to be found in them.

The Governor General of Provence is at present the Duke of Vendosme; here is also one Lieutenant-General, three Grand Seneschals, of Aix, Marseille, and of Arles; and particular Governments in Thoulon, Marseilles, in the Islands of Chateau-d'if, &c. In the Islands of St. Margaret, and Honoratus; in Antibe, &c.

CHAP. XIII. DAUPHINE, Delphinatus.

THIS Province is one of the twelve principal Governments of France, and bounded on the North by Bresse and Savoy, on the East by Piemont and the Alps, on the South by Provence, and on the West by the Rhone, which separates it from Languedoc and Lyonnois. It is situated between the 43d. deg. 50 min. and the 45 deg. 46 min. of Latitude; as also between the 22 deg. 40 min. and the 26 deg. of Longitude, comprehending from South to North, about 100 miles, that is to say, from beyond Buis in the Baronies, as far as Lanieu in Bresse, and 130 from West to East viz. from Valence to Pignerol.

Dauphine was Conquer'd by the Romans, under whom it was at first part of Narbonnensis, and afterwards upon the Division of Gaul by Constantine, it composed the Viennensis. In the declension of the Roman Empire the Burgundians got Possession of it, who were again beaten out by the French, and by them it was made part of the Kingdom of Arles; and at length became subject to the Emperors of Germany; but during the Differences between the Pope and the Emperor Henry IV. it was Usurped by Guigne the Fat, Earl of Grisinauden, A. 1100, whose Successor gave it the name of Dauphine, either as some say, from the name of his Wife, or as others, from the Dolphin born in his Arms. In this Family the Sovereignty of this Province continued till the time of Imbert, or Humbert II, Count Dauph•n of Viennois, who having lost one Son in the Battle of Crecy, and unfortunately let fall his youngest out of a Window, whereof he died; perceiving also that Amedeo Count of Savoy, his irreconcileable Enemy, insulted over his Calamity, sold his Country to Philip of Valois, King of France, for the Sum of 100000 Florins of Gold, on condition that the eldest Son of the French Monarchs should bear the name of the Dauphine, and that his Arms should be q•arter'd with those of Dauphine; which Contract was ratified at Bois de Vincennes, near Paris, on the 23d day of April, A. D. 1343. and Charles V. the Grandson of the said Philip was first stiled the Dauphin, in 1350, and the same Custom hath been ever since observed, and Dauphine continued part of the Kingdom of France.

Tho' this Province be full of Mountains and Hills, it is nevertheless very fruitful in Wheat Rye, Oats, and Barley, affording also good Pastuers for the feeding of all sorts of Cattle, and the Forests yield good store of Game, as Stags Fallow-Deer, Roe-Bucks, wild Boars, wild Goats, and Hares, together with Partridges, Pheasants, Heathcocks, Plovers, &c. Some Mines of Iron, Lead, and other Metals are found here. In this Province are to be seen three notable Abbies, being the chief of so many different Orders, namely that of S. Antony, that of S. Ruf, and the great Charter-house, as also four Wonders, viz. The inaccessible Mountain, the Tower without Poison, the Pit of Sassenage, which foreshews the Plenty or Dearth of the Year, by a quantity of Water found therein at certain times; and the Fountain or Quick-Spring near Grenoble, that appears covered with Flames and boyling up in great Bubbles, yet never hot: There is also a certain Hole or Cavern near Nions, from whence riseth up a Wind, which can scarcely be felt by those Persons that come near it, and yet blows violently when one stands at the distance of 20 or 30 paces. The principal Rivers of Dauphine, are the Isere, which receives the Drac below Grenoble; the Durance that takes its rise and runs into Provence; the Drore, the Stream whereof is extreamly rapid and dangerous; the Buelch, the Romance, the Dia, &c. The whole Province is usually divided into the Upper to the East, and the lower to the West, which are again subdivided according to the following Table.

D•uphin divided into 2 Parts.	The Upper in six.	Graisivauden.	Grenoble, Bish. Cap.
Diois.	Die, Bish. Capital.
The Baronies.	Buys.
Gapencois.	Gap, Bish.
Ambrunois.	Ambrun, Arch-bish.
Brianconnois.	Briancon.
The Lower in 3.	Viennois.	Vienne, A. B. Cap.
Valentinois.	Valence, Bish.
Tricastin.	S. Paul Trois.
		Chateau, B.

GRAISIVAƲDAN, Grationopolitanus Ager, is a Valley which was heretofore Inhabited by the Tricollores, and lies between the Rivers of Isere and Drac, being also bounded on the North by Savoy, properly so called, on the East by the Valley of Maurienne and Brianconnois, on the South by Gapencois, and on the West by Diois and Vennois. The places of Note, are these, viz.

• Grenoble, Bish. Cap. Mens.
• Lesdiguiers, Duchy.
• ...La Chastreuse.
• Vizile, &c.

GRENOBLE, Gracianopolis, olim Acusio and Cular, is situated on the Confluence of the Isere and Drac, and an the foot of the Mountains, being distant 40 miles from Vienne to the East, 55 from Lyons to the South-East, about 80 from Geneva to the South, 110 from Aix to the North, and 100 from Turin to the West. Maximian who was sent into France by Dioclesian, Fortified this Place; and being afterward enlarged by the Emperor Gratian, it took the name of Gratianopolis, which in time melted into that of Grenoble. It is a large well-built City, and adorn'd with divers fair Churches. The Episcopal See depends on the Metropolitan of Vienne, and its most ancient Bishop was S. Domninus, who assisted in the Council of Aquitain, AC. 381. His Successors at present assume the Title of Princes of Grenoble, by reason of the Donations which the Lords of the Country have made to them at several times. King Lewis XI. being as yet only Dauphin of Viennois, erected the Dolphinal Council of this Province into a Parliament, in the year 1453, and Francis Potier was its first President. Moreover an University was formerly established at Grenoble, and at present besides the Parliament above-mentioned, here is a Chamber of Accompts, a Treasury Office, a Court of Generality, and a Bailiage. The Grand Charter-house, chief of the Carthusian Order, stands three Leagues from this City, on one side; and the boyling Spring is at the like distance on the other.

DIOIS, Diensis Ager, lies between Grasivaudan on the North, Valentinois on the West, Provence on the South, and Gapencois on the East, including these Towns, viz.

• Die, Bish. Cap.
• ...Crest.
• Saillans, &c.

DIE, Dia, Dea Vocontiorum, aut Dea Augusta of the Ancients, is seated on the foot of the Mountains and the Banks of the Rivulet Drome, at the distance of 30 miles from Grenoble to the South, 26 from Valence to the East, and 50 from Gap to the West. It was formerly a considerable City with the title of an Earldom, and had five fine Churches, and a good Citadel, but through the Wars of the Lombards formerly, and the Civil Wars lately, they have been almost destroy'd; however it is still the See of a Bishop.

The BARONIES of Baroniae, lie on the Frontiers of Provence, and comprehend these principal Towns, viz.

• Le Buys, Cap.
• ...Nions.
• ...Meri•ndel.
• Piles, &c.

BƲIS, or BƲYZ, Buxium, is a small Town standing upon the River Louveze, on the Frontiers of Provence, 30 miles from Dye to the South.

Nions, Neomagus, stands on the Frontiers of Provence and the side of the River Eygues, about 28 miles from Dye to the South, five or six from the Frontiers of Provence, and 20 from the River Rhone to the East. It had a Castle, but it is destroy'd, and the Town is not very considerable.

GAPENCOIS, Vapincensis Tractus, is extended toward the River Isere, between Gresivaudan on the North, Diois on the West, and Provence on the East and South, comprehending these Towns, VIZ.

• Gap, Bish. Cap.
• ...Arpres.
• Ventavon, &c.

GAP, Vapincum, Vapingum, & Vapinquum, is a large City and well Fortified with a strong Citadel, besides the Fort of Puymore, erected very near it on a rising Ground, scarcely two Leagues from the River Isere, 35 miles from Dye, and 65 from the Rhone to the East, not above 10 from the Frontiers of Provence, and 45 from Grenoble to the South-East. Its Episcopal See depends on the Metropolitan of Aix. The Cathedral Church is Dedicated to the Virgin Mary; and the chief of its Chapter is the Dean, besides an Arch-Deacon, 10 Canons, &c. the Bishop assumes the title of a Count, and bears in his Coat of Arms a Sword and Cross in Pail. The City of Gap hath been often Taken and Recovered by the Roman Catholick and Protestant Parties during the Civil Wars of France, but the former gain'd the advantage, A.D. 1561.

AMBRƲNOIS, Ebrodunensis Tractus, is bounded on the North by Brianconnois, on the West by Gapencois, on the East by Piemont, and on the South by part of Piemont and Provence, comprehending these Towns, viz.

• Ambrun, Archbish. Cap.
• ...Seine.
• Guillestre, &c.

AMBRƲN, or EMBRƲN, Ebrodunum, & Eborudunum, is seated on a steep Rock in the Confines of Province, near the River Durance and the Mountains, 15 miles from Gap to the East, 20 from Brianc•n, and 30 from the Frontiers of Savoy to the West, 55 from Grenoble, and 110 from Lyons to the South-East. It is a City of small compass, nevertheless well Fortified and honour'd with the title of a Metropolitan See and a Bailiage, the Archbishop sharing its Jurisdiction together with the King. The Judges of the Bailiage are Alternative. This City was honour'd with great Privileges by the Romans; for some time subject to the Counts of Forcalquier, and hath since sustained many Revolutions. The Protestants took it in 1583, and found vast Wealth there. And in this War, viz. 〈◊〉 1692, the Duke of Savoy besieged, and in 10 days took it. But quitted it soon after.

BRIANCONNOIS, Brigantius Ager, near the Spring-head of the River Durance, between Piedmont on the East, the Valley of Maurienne in Savoy on the North, Graisivaudan on the West, and Ambrunois on the South. Its most remarkable Towns are these, VIZ.

• Brianc•n, Capital.
• ...Exilles.
• ...Pignerol.
• ...Perouse.
• ...Chateau-Dauphine.

BRIANCON, Brigantium, is remarkable for its situation on the highest Ground (as it is supposed) of Europe, being the side of a steep Rock, on which stands a Castle, near the Alps, almost in the midst between Susa, a Town of Piedmont, and Ambrun, at the distance of eight leagues from the former, and seven from the other. It gives name to this Country, and is the seat of a Bailiage. A little below this City two Brooks intermix their Waters, one of which springs out of Mount Genevre, and is called Dure; the other descends from the Valley of Menetrier and Chantemerle, bearing the name of the Ance. These two Rivulets are the Sources of the River Durance, and form its Name. About two Leagues from this Town there is a Passage cut through the middle of a Rock, which as it was a stupenduous Labour, gives occasion to many Conjectures concerning the performance of it. Some impute it to Julius, others to Hannibal, &c.

PIGNEROL, Pinarolium, stands on the foot of the Alps, and the very borders of Dauphine, but in the Pri•cipality of Piedmont, and is Fortified with a very considerable Castle, commanding the adjacent Valleys, being distant 40 miles from Briancon to the East, 12 from Turin to the South-west, and 25 from Susa to the South. This Town was formerly subject to the Dominion of the Dukes of Savoy, and serv'd as an Inheritance for the younger Sons of that Illustrious Family, until it was taken by the French under the Conduct of Armand John du Plessis, Cardinal of Richelieu, in the year 1630. Afterward Duke Victor Amedeo sold it, together with the Fort and Valley of Prusa, as also 10 or 12 other Towns and Villages, to Lewis XIII. for the Sum of 494000 Crowns, and the City and Territory of Alba in the Duchy of Montferrat, which the French resign'd to him; which agreement was made by a private Treaty, and concluded at Chrasco, on the 31st day of March, A. D. 1631. The Citadel of Pignerol, near which runs the River Cluso or Chiso, is built on a Rock, and by its situation and the Works the French have built since they have had it, is become one of the strongest Holds in Europe.

Perouse, Perusa, is Water'd with the Streams of the Rivulet Cluso, and defended by a Fortress, about 3 miles from Pignerol to the North. This Town hath impos'd its Name on the adjacent Valley, and formerly belong'd to the Duke of Savoy, but was granted to the French by the Treaty above-mentioned.

Chateau-Dauphin, Castrum Delphini, is a Town built at the foot of the Alps, on the very Confines of Piedmont, almost in the midst between Ambrun to the W. and Saluces to the E. It formerly bore the name of Eusebio, Fanum S. Eusebii, and constituted a part of the Marquisate of Saluces, but was granted to the French Kings, A. D. 1375.

VIENNOIS, Viennensis Tractus, is the North-west part of Dauphine, and lying between the Rivers Rhone and Isere, was anciently call'd the Island of the Allobroges; it is bounded on the East by Gresivaudan, on the South by Valentinois, on the West by Bugey. This County was sometime Govern'd by its own Princes, under the name of Dauphins of Viennois, but came to the Crown of France with the rest of Dauphine. The chief Towns are,

• Vienne, Archb. C.
• ...S. Valier,
• ...Romans,
• ...S. Antoine,
• ...Beaurepaire,
• ...Tulins.
• ...La Tour du Pin,
• ...Pugignan,
• ...La Vulpillere,
• ...Cremiau,
• ...Bourgoin,
• Saforin, &c.

VIENNE, Vienna aut Vienna Allobrogum, is situated at the Foot of a Mountain, on the River Rhone, which there receives the Gere, at the distance of 40 miles from Grenoble to the West, 20 from Lyon to the South, and 35 from Valence to the North. It hath been a very large and famous City, but at present is not above the fourth Part of its former extent, and both its ancient Fortresses, nam'd Pipet and Bastees, are now destroy'd. It was founded (as is generally believ'd) by the Allobroges, and afterward became a Colony of the Romans, who adorn'd it with a Palace, an Amphitheatre, and divers other magnificent Works, the Ruins whereof are still to be seen. After the Decay of their Empire, this City was the Capital of the Kingdom of Burgundy, and the usual Place of Residence of those Princes; and since hath been subject to many Masters, and suffer'd much by the Wars. However, it is the See of an Archbishop, who hath the Title of the Grand Primate of the Primates of France, and (as they say) S. Crescens, the Disciple of S. Paul, was its first Prelate. The Cathedral of S. Maurice is a stately Pile of Building, as also are some other Churches and publick Edifices. The Inhabitants are very expert in making divers sorts of Manufactures, particularly Plates of Iron, Steel, Paper, &c. by means of certain Mills and Engines upon the River Gere.

VALENTINOIS, Valentinensis Ager, lies between Vienn•is on the North, the River Rhone on the West, Tricastin on the South, and Dicis on the East. This Country at present bears the Title of a Dutchy, and was granted, together with Diois, to Charles VII. then only Dauphin of France by Lewis of Poitou, its last Count or Earl, on the 22d day of June, A. D. 1419. The Principal Towns are these, viz.

• Valence, Bish. C.
• ...S. Marcelin,
• ...Montelimar,
• ...Chaveuil,
• ...Etoile,
• Livron, &c.

VALENCE, Valentia, is seated on the River R•one, a little below its confluence with the Isere, over-against the Province of Vivarais, about 30 miles from Vienne to the S. 60 from Avignon to the N. 25 from Die to the W. and 40 from Grenoble to the S. W. It is a Place of great antiquity, having been some time a Roman Colony; and is at present a fair, reasonable large and well-built City, divided into the City and Town, defended by a strong Citadel, and dignified with the Title of an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Vienne, and hath a Presidial Court. The Cathedral Church now having S. Apollinarius, one of its Prelates, for its Patron, was at first dedicated to S. Stephen: The Chapter consists of a Dean, a Provost, an Archdeacon, a Prebend and nine Canons, and the Bishop bears the Title of a Count. There is also another Collegiate Church, and the Abby of S. Ruf the chief of that Order, together with a great number of other Monasteries and Convents; besides a famous University, in which are 4 Professors of the Civil and Canon Law: It was first founded by King Lewis XI. A. D. 1452. and afterward that of Grenoble was incorporated into it under the Reign of Charles IX.

Montelimar, Aemarorum Mons, Mons Ademari, seu Montilium Adomari, a Town formerly well fortified, and sustained divers Sieges during the Civil War; stands on a Hill, at the distance of half a League from the River Rhone, 25 miles from Valence.

TRICASTIN, Tricastinus Ager, is extended between Valentinois on the North, and the County of Avignon on the South, comprehending these Places of chief Note, viz.

• S. Paul-Trois-Chateaux, Bish. Cap.
• ...Suse,
• ...Pierrelate,
• ...Donzere,
• Grignan, &c.

S. PAƲL-TROIS-CHATEAƲX, Augusta Tricastinorum & Fanum S. Pauli Tricastinorum, olim Senomagus, aut Neomagus, the Capital City of the small Territory of Tricastin, took its modern Name from S. Paul, one of its Prelates, and is situated on a rising Ground in the Confines of Provence, scarcely one League from the River Rhone, 12 miles from Montelimar to the South, and as many from Orange to the North. Its Episcopal See was formerly subject to the Metropolitan of Vienne, but now depends on that of Arles, and the Bishop is also styled a Count, sharing the Civil Jurisdiction with the King; so that their respective Judges keep their Courts alternately in the Bailiages. The Protestant Party made themselves Masters of this City during the Civil Wars, and retain'd it in their Power near 50 years.

Dauphine hath a Governour General, at present the Duke de Feuillade, a Lieutenant General, a Seneschal, and a Commandant in the Province, three Bailiffs, and particular Governors in Grenoble, Vienne, Ambrun, Valence, Montelimar, the Castle of Brianc•n, Pignerol, &c.

CHAP. XIV. LORRAINE, Lotheringia.

BEsides the 12 Principal Provinces or Governments of France already described, there are other Provinces and Towns lying on the Frontiers of Italy, Germany and Flanders, made subject to, and reckon'd part of this Kingdom; an account whereof is given in the Description of every particular Country, where they are situated, excepting Lorraine, which although it be not compriz'd within the aforesaid 12 large Governments, nevertheless constitutes a portion of that Country which is properly call'd France.

The Dutchy of LORRAINE and BAR is bounded on the N. by Luxemburg and the Palatinate, on the E. by Alsatia, on the S. by the County of Burgundy, and on the W. by Champagne, being extended from the 48th Degree to the 49th Degree 50 Minutes of Latitude, and from the 23d Degree 30 Minutes to the 25th Degree 50 Minutes of Longitude; extending from N. to S. 110 miles, and about the same from E. to W. The whole Country is at present entirely possessed by the French King, and divided into three principal Parts, according to the ensuing Table.

• Lorraine divided into 3 Parts, viz.
  • The Dutchy of Lorraine, properly so called, in 3 Bailiages, viz.
    • The Bailiage of Nancy, Chief Town, idem.
    • The Bail. of Vauge, Mirecour,
    • The Bailiage of Vaudrevange, Idem.
  • The Dutchy of Bar-le-Duc.
  • Three Bishopricks not properly within Lorraine.
    • Bishoprick of M•rs,
    • Bishoprick of Toul,
    • Bishoprick of Verdun.

The Bailiage of NANCY, Balliviatus Nanceii, lies in the midst of the Province of Lorraine, and comprehends these considerable Towns, &c. viz.

• Nancy, Cap.
• ...S. Nicolas,
• ...Vaudemont,
• ...Vezelice,
• ...S. Diey,
• ...Luneville,
• ...Gerbervillers,
• ...Blanc-Mont,
• ...Estival,
• ...Marsel,
• ...Mayenvic,
• ...Sales,
• ...Saremburg,
• Phaltzburg, &c.

NANCY, Nanceium, the Capital City of Lorraine, is situated in the midst of a Plain, at the distance of 100 paces from the River Meurte, 155 miles directly E. from Paris, and 20 from the River Meuse, 50 from the Borders of Alsace, and 65 from Strasburgh to the W. 30 from Metz to the S. and 50 from the Confines of Franche Comte to the S. It is divided into the Upper or Old Town, wherein stands the Duke's Palace and Magazine, and the Lower and New Town, which is of larger extent, and contains many very fine Buildings, taken into the City in 1587, having been before only a Suburbs. It is also adorned with divers Churches and Monasteries, a College of Jesuits and 3 Gates. A Chamber of Accounts and Seneschal's Court are held here. This Town, or rather this City, hath been often taken, and sustained many Sieges, for Charles the last Duke of Burgundy, took it, A. D. 1475, from Rene Duke of Lorraine; who regained it the next year: At which Charles being enraged, immediately besieged it, but lost both his Life and the Battle on the 5th day of January following. Nancy was extreamly well fortified in 1587, during the Civil Wars: Nevertheless Lewis XIII. made himself Master of it in 1633, and its Fortifications were destroyed by the present French King in 1661: But they have been since repaired with great advantage.

S. Nicolas, Fanum S. Nicolai, is a Burrough very pleasantly seated on the River Meurte, two Leagues above Nancy to the S. and famous for the Concourse of People resorting thither to pay their Devotions at the Shrine of S. Nicolas, sometime Bishop of Myra in Lycia, who vigorously oppos'd the Errors of Arius, and assisted in the General Council of Nice, A. C. 325.

Vaudemont, Vadanus Mons & Valdemontium, stands on a Hill between the River Meuse and Moselle, 20 miles from Nancy to the S. and about as many from Toul to the S. E. It is a small Town, nevertheless dignified with the Title of a Principality, and fenced with a strong Castle, &c.

Marsal, Marsalium, is a small but well fortified Town, built on the Banks of the Brook Selle, amidst the Marshes, at the distance of about 20 miles from Nancy to the East.

The Bailiage of VAƲGE, Balliviatus Vogesi aut Vasagi, is extended on the South side of the Province of Lorraine, and comprehends these Principal Towns, viz.

• Mirecourt, Cap.
• ...Neufchatel,
• ...Espinal,
• ...Remiremont,
• ...Charmes,
• ...Bruyeres,
• ...Dompaire,
• ...Plombieres,
• ...Fontenay,
• Darney, &c.

MIRECOƲRT, Mirecurtium, the Chief Town of the Bailiage, although of a small compass, is situated near Mount Vauge, from whence the Bailiage hath its Name, on the Rivulet of Maiden, which falls into the Moselle at Chaligny: It is distant 25 miles from Nancy to the S. about as many from Toul, and 15 from the Confines of Champagne to the E.

Remiremont, Romaricus Mons, Romarici Mons, & Romaricum Castrum, olim Avendi Castrum, is situated on the River Moselle, at the Foot of Mount Vauge, and remarkable on the account of a famous Abby of Nuns there. It is distant only one League from the Frontiers of the Franche-Comte, and 30 from Mirecourt to the S. E.

Fontenay or Voutenay, Fontenaeum, a small Village, seated on the Frontiers of the Franche-Comte, about 25 miles S. from Mirecourt; famous on account of a fierce Battle fought near it, with a very great Slaughter on all sides, between the Emperor Lotharius, Lewis King of Germany, and Charles the Bald, King of France, all three Brothers, A. C. 841.

The Bailiage of VAƲDREVANGE, Balliviatus Valderfingae, takes up the N. E. part of Lorraine, and contains these Places of chief note, viz.

• ...Sare-Louis,
• ...Vaudrevange,
• ...Sirk,
• ...Dieuse,
• ...Saralbe,
• Putlange, &c.

SARE-LOƲIS, Saravum Ludovici, is a very strong Fortress, lately built on the River Sare, about 2 or 3 miles above Vandrevange, and so called in honour of the present French King Lewis XIV. who built it, and established therein a Presidial Court of a large Jurisdiction. It is distant 12 Leagues from Triers, 4 from Sarbruck, and 7 from Homburg, &c.

VAƲDREVANGE, Veldersinga, the Chief Town of the Bailiage of the same Name, is likewise seated on the Sare, 30 miles from Mets to the E. as many from Thionville, and somewhat more from Deux-Ponts. It was almost ruin'd during the last German War, but hath been since well repaired.

Sirk or Sircques, Sirca & Sericum, is watered with the Streams of the River Moselle, and defended by a strong Fort, built near it on a Hill, and the very Borders of the Dutchy of Luxemburg, about 20 miles from Mets to the N. 15 from Triers, and as many from Luxemburg to the E. This Town hath been in the Possession of the French King ever since the year 1643.

The Dutchy of BAR or BARRAIS, Barentis Ducatus, is extended on both sides the River Meuse, from the Country of Burgundy to the Dutchy of Luxemburg, between the 3 Bishopricks, the Bailiage of Nancy and of Vague on the E. and the Province of Champagne on the W. This Country is divided into 6 Bailiages; the 3 first of which depending on the King are commonly call'd La Mouvance; and the other 3 are in the Jurisdiction of the Parliament of Barrois, and are termed La Non-mouvance.

• The Bailiage of Bar-le-duc,
• The Bailiage of Grand-Recours.
• The Bailiage of Bassigne or de-la-Mothe.
• The Bailiage of S. Michel, or Miche.
• The Bailiage of Pont-a-Mousson.
• The Bailiage of Argonne, or Clermont, &c.

BAR-LE-DƲC, Barroducum, is built on a rising Ground, near the Banks of the River Ornain, and hath a strong Castle for its Defence, at the distance of about 40 miles from Nancy to the W. and 5 or 6 from the Borders of Champagne: This Town, being the Capital of the Dutchy of Bar, is fair and well built, and was formerly subject to the Jurisdiction of the Dukes of Lorraine, &c.

S. Michel, Fanum S. Michaelis, is advantageously situated on the E. side of the River Meuse, almost in the midst between Toul to the S. and Verdun to the N. and 20 miles from Bar-le-duc to the E. It hath been for some time a very considerable Town, and is at present the Seat of the Parliament of Barrois. It was taken by Lewis XIII. in the month of June, A. D. 1632. and afterward resigned to the Duke of Lorrain by the Treaty of Livurdin, nevertheless the same French King made himself Master of it a second time in 1633, when the Inhabitants revolted against his Garison, but were at length constrain'd to surrender on discretion.

Pont-a-Mousson, Mussipontum, is seated on both sides of the River Moselle, near the Ruins of the Castle of Mousson, from whence it took its Name, at the distance of 17 or 18 miles from Nancy to the N. toward Mets, and almost as many from S. Michael to the E. It is a very fair Town, but destitute of Walls, dignified with the Title of a Marquisate, and adorn'd with two Abbies, divers stately Churches; and a University founded in the year 1573, by Charles Cardinal of Lorraine, who gave it to the Jesuits for the Teaching of Divinity, Philosophy, and the Learned Languages: Afterward the Duke of Lorraine establish'd therein certain Professors of Law and Physick, and Pope Gregory XIII. added a Seminary for the Scotch Nation.

The THREE BISHOPRICKS, Tres Episcopatus, form, as it were, an equilateral Triangle in the Northern and Western part of Lorraine: The most considerable Places of this Country are these, viz.

• Mets, Bish.
• ...Nomeny,
• ...Vic,
• ...Toul,
• ...Liverdun,
• Verdun, Bish.
• Tilly, County, &c.

METS, Metce & Metensis Ʋrbs, olim Divodurum & Mediomatrices, is remarkable for its advantageous situation on the confluence of the Rivers Seille and Moselle, in a very fruitful Country, at the distance of 30 miles from Nancy to the N. 20 from Thionville to the S. 30 from Verdun to the E. 90 miles W. from the River Rhine, and 150 E. from Paris. It was heretofore the Metropolis of the ancient People named Mediomatrices, as also afterward of the Kingdom of Austrasia, under the first Race of the French Monarchs; and is at present the Capital City of the Country of Messin, dignified with an Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Trier. The Bishop is styled Prince of the Empire, and the Cathedral, dedicated to S. Stephen, is an ancient and noble Pile of Building, wherein are to be seen many Curiosities, particularly a Font, made of one entire piece of Porphyry, 10 foot long. The whole Diocess is divided into 4 Archdeaconries, comprehending 623 Parishes, whereof 16 are included within the Walls of Mets. There are also 7 Abbies for Nuns, divers other Religious Houses, a College of Jesuits, &c. This City hath been for a long time Imperial and Free, until it was taken in 1552 by the Constable of Montmorency, General under the French King Henry II. who caused it to be fortified with a Citadel and other Bulwarks; by which it was made so strong, that the Emperor Charles V. having invested it in the same year, was compell'd to raise the Siege. This City is the Seat of a Bailiage, and of a Court of Parliament, established here by Lewis XIII.

TOƲL, Tullum, aut Tullum Leucorum, is seated on the River Moselle, in a fertile Soil, as are all the Towns of this Province, at the distance of 30 miles from Mets to to the S. 12 from Nancy to the West, and 27 from Bar-le-duc to the E. It was constituted an Imperial and Free City by the Emperor Henry I. but fell into the Possession of the French Kings, A. D. 1552. It is the Capital of the Country of the same Name, the See of a Prelate, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Triers, and the Seat of a Bailiwick: Its Diocess is very large, and contains a great number of Abbies, &c.

VERDƲN, Verodunum & Virodunum, is a very ancient City, and one of the largest of Lorraine, is seated upon the River Meuse, which there dividing its Stream, forms divers small Islands, which do not a little contribute to its Advantage: It is fortified with a Citadel and other regular Works, and honour'd with an Episcopal See, depending on the Metropolitan of Triers. The Cathedral Church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, hath a considerable Chapter, from whence have proceeded divers illustrious Prelats, who are usually stiled Counts of Verdun, and Princes of the Sacred Empire. This City hath been formerly Imperial and Free, but was taken by the French, together with some others, under Henry II. A. D. 1552, and is at present the Capital of a Bailiage.

Lorraine and Barr have for Governor General the Marshal de Lorge, who, this present year 1694, succeeded the Marshal de B•ufflers, removed to the French-Flanders, upon the Death of the Marshal Humiers. Here is also a Lieutenant General, and particular Governors of 9 Towns and Castles.