Europe
Sources from old books
1635. Historia mundi: or Mercator's atlas. London. by Gerhard Mercator.
EUROPE, though it be least of all, yet with the chiefe Delineators of the terrestriall Globe, we will describe it in the first place, either for the excellencie of the soyle, or the company of the inhabitants, or in regard of their famous acts, who have hitherto possessed it. Pliny calleth it the Nurse of a People conquering all Nations, and the most beautifull part of the Earth: besides, though other parts be greater, and larger, yet they are lesse inhabited; and therefore for these and other causes wee may justly begin first with Europe, which was the most noble inheritance of n 1.1 Iaphet (who being Noahs eldest sonne enlarged his Territories even to the Land of his brethren, Sem and Cham) so much concerning the order: in the next place we must shew the Etymologie of the name. Herodotus noteth, that the originall of this name was not knowne: some say it was called so from one Europa a o 1.2 Tyrian, the daughter of Agenor King of the Phoenicians, of whom it is an ancient p 1.3 fable, that Jupiter having, transformed himselfe into a Bull, and having set her on his backe, carried her from Sydon into Creete, or Cyprus. Others rejecting fables, do thinke she was carried away in a ship built in the forme of a Bull: Others say it was a ship which had the protection of Iupiter, and the image of a Bull upon it. Palephatus of Creete writeth, that it was a ship called the Bull, which brought away from the Tyrian Countrie, Europa the Kings daughter as captive, with other maids: Some do suppose that it was a militarie Legion, which among other Ensignes had one Standard with the figure of a Bull in it. Some say it was so called in regard of the beau∣tie of this Region which may be compar'd to a Virgine, carried away for the love of her beautie. And some (not unlikely) have said, that it was called so from Europus, who, as it is left to memory, had heretofore a Kingdome in this part of the World. Becanus, beeing unwilling to be per∣suaded that Europe hath a Greeke name, seeing the Cimmerians did inha∣bit it before the Greekes, & the former had a different Language from the latter, thinketh that it was so called from the excellencie of the people. For the monasyllable q 1.4 VER, being pronoūced by the dipthong, signifies some great and excellent thing; and HOP, doth denote a multitude of men. The Asiaticans do generally at this day call the Europeans Franki∣men: the Turkes call those of the Romish Religion Franki, and those Romei who are addicted to the Greeke Religion. The Abyssines in Africke, which divers Records do testifie, do call us Alfrangues, and the Christi∣ans Countrie Frankia. So much for the Name: the Situation and Quan∣titie followes: concerning which it is to be held, that Ptolomy, and other Ancient Writers did place Europe betweene the 4. & 9. Climes, between the 11. and 21. Parallels: betweene the Degrees of r 1.5 Latitude 36. and 54. and of s 1.6 Longitude 17. and 61. but in our age, seeing the Declination of the Sunne, as it is observed, is changed, and many places are added to this our Europe, for they have now discovered to the 72. Degrees of La∣titude toward the North; a further description of Climes and Parallels hath beene devised, so that Europe is situated betweene the 4th and 18th t 1.7 Climats; and betweene the Parallels 11. and 36. Lastly, betweene the degrees of Latitude 36. and 72. but almost betweene the degrees of Longitude 17. & 71. If it be considered from the Promontorie of Spaine, which is called at this day Cabo S. Vincentij, even to a right line drawne from the head of the River Tanais to the Northerne Ocean: but the shortest Longitude is betweene the 17th and 58. degrees, counting it from the same Promontorie of Spaine, even to Malea a Promontorie of Pelo∣ponesus, and excluding the Islands of the Aegean Sea, which may bee reckoned as part of Europe: so that the most Southerne parts of Europe are in the 36. degree of Latitude, as the Mountaine Calpe in Spaine, one of Hercules Pillars, the Southerne Promontory of Sicilie, heretofore cal∣led Odyssia, and the head of Peloponnesus, or Morea, anciently Taenaria, and now Cabo Maini: in which places the longest day is 14. houres, and 30. minutes. But the most Northerne limits of it are in the 71 de∣gree and a halfe, as the Promontory of Scandia, the farthest Land North∣ward, now called Wardhuys, where the longest day is 2. moneths, 22. dayes, and 7. houres. Moreover, we make account that a line drawne straight forward from the head of Tanais to the Northerne Ocean is the Easterne limite of Europe, following the common account. For anci∣ent Writers doe not agree concerning the Easterne boundes of Europe. Aristotle, Plato, Herodotus, and others who are of their opinion, doe divide Europe from Asia by the River or Isthmus of Phasis, which is be∣tweene the Euxine and Caspian Sea. Dionysius, Arrianus, Diodorus, Poly∣bius, Iornandes, doe divide it by the River Tanais. Abraham u 1.8 Ortelius makes the bounds of Europe toward the East to bee the Aegean Sea, the Euxine Sea, the Maeoticke Lake, the River Tanais, and the Isthmus which lyeth straight forward from the head Springs thereof towards the North; and others make other bounds. Ptolomaeus doth part Europe from Asia, by the same River of Tanais, and a line drawne from the head thereof toward the Northerne Sea. Now (wee subscribing unto him with other most skilfull Geographers, and descending from the Line and River of Tanais towards the South) let us with others place the Easterne bounds thereof in the Maeoticke Lake, the Cimmerian Bospho∣rus, the Euxine Sea, the Thracian Bosphorus, the Propontis, and the Aegean Sea even to the Mediterranean Sea, which parts it from Africke South∣ward: on the West, the great and wide Ocean beates upon it. Lastly, on the North it is encompassed with the Northerne Sea. Strabo doth attribute to it the forme of a Dragon, of which Spaine doth represent the head, France the necke, Germany the body, Italie and the Cimbrian Chersonesus the right and left winges.* 1.9 For the most part it enjoyes a temperate Aire, and milde Weather. Whence Europe is every where inhabited, although very incommodiously and hardly in those places which are beyond the 60th degree of Latitude, in regard of cold. And it doth not onely farre excell the other parts of the World in the won∣derfull temperatenesse of the Climate, temper, pleasantnesse, and great company of the inhabitants;* 1.10 but also in the abundance of Fruits, Trees, Plants, all kinde of living Creatures, Mettals; and in the plentie of all other things which are necessarie to sustaine mans life. Yet it hath not vines everywhere, but where wine is wanting it supplies the defect thereof with drinke made of fruits. This (for here I cannot refraine from praising it) is the mother of the Conquerours of the World.* 1.11 Here Ma∣cedon did heretofore bring forth Alexander, Italie the Romanes: who in a certaine succession (God in his Eternall Providence so decreeing) did conquer the whole World, so farre as it was knowne: and Germany doth at this day bring forth Princes of great Prowes. Have not here beene borne many noble Heroes, which have added to their Empire America unknowne (as the most do suppose) to the Ancients, and the better and stronger parts of Asia, and Africke? Is it not the onely mother of many Kings and Princes fighting in Christs cause? This our w 1.12 Europe, besides the Romane Empire, hath above eight and twentie Kingdomes instructed in Christian Religion, if we adde the foureteene, which Damianus à Goes reckons to be in Spaine, whence wee may estimate the dignitie of this Countrie: what shall I speake of the populousnesse, and renowne of the cities thereof. Heretofore Africa hath beene proud of her Carthage, Asia hath beene puffed up with her three Cities, Babilon, Ninivie and Hieru∣salem. America doth glory at this day in Cusco, and new Spaine in Mexi∣co: but who seeth not in these times the like and greater, almost in eve∣ry Countrie of Europe? Let any one in his minde onely walke over Italy (for this doth afford an example of all the rest) the sumptuous magnifi∣cence of Rome, the Royall wealth of Venice, the honourable Nobilitie of Naples, the continuall commerce and traffique of Genoa, the happie and fertile pleasantnesse of Millaine, and the famous wonders, and com∣modities of other places. So that the other parts of the World may be silent, for none are equall to Europe. The Countries in it (as they are now called) are Spaine, France, Germanie, Italie, Hungarie, Transilvania, Dalma∣tia, Greece, Poland, Lithuania, Moscovie, Russia, Denmarke, Swethland, Norway: besides the Isles in the Northerne Ocean, which are, England, Scotland, Ireland, Island, Frisland, and others in other places; and those in the Me∣diterranean Sea, as the Baleares, which are two Isles in the Spanish Sea cal∣led Majorica and Minorica, also Corsica, Sardinia, Sicilia, with the Isles of Malta, Corfu, Creete, and many others. And as for the Lakes,* 1.13 standing Pooles, Rivers, and Waters having diverse vertues in them, which (be∣side their fish, whereof they yeeld an incredible company) are as it were a wall unto Countries, who can number them? What should I mention the Seas?* 1.14 it would be tedious in this place to reckon up their commodi∣ties, profits, and delights, these things shall therfore be unfolded in their proper places. Europe doth not want Mountaines, among which the Pi∣renean hills, and the Alpes, are alwaies white with continuall snow, and it hath many woods and forrests, which afford pasturage for cattell,* 1.15 and have few harmefull beasts in them. What should I speake of the private or publique workes, both sacred and profane that are in this part of the World? Here are innumerable magnificent Temples, innumerable Abbies, many famous Pallaces of Kings, innumerable faire and magni∣ficent houses belonging to Noble-men and Princes: and many rare buildings, both publique and private. We have here Justice and Lawes: we have the dignitie ofx 1.16 Christian Religion, we have all the delights of mankinde,* 1.17 we have the strength of Armes, innumerable Senators, Men venerable both for Wisedome and Learning: and if you please to com∣pare famous men together, there was never so great a company of He∣roes, and Noble men in other parts of the World, as in any one part of Europe. Besides, this part of the World is so studious of Arts and Sci∣ences, that for the invention and preservation of many things, it may worthily be called,* 1.18 the Mother and Nurse of Wisedome. In this are ma∣ny excellent and flourishing y 1.19 Universities, but in other Countries there is nothing but meere Barbarisme. It would be too much to reckon up the vertues of the Inhabitants; but as for the vices (as who is without some?) they are noted in some short sayings, which I will here adde: The people of Franconia are foolish, rude, and vehement. The Bavarians are prodigall, gluttons, and railers. The Grisons are light, talkative, and braggers.* 1.20 The Turingi are distrustfull and contentious. The Saxons dis∣semblers, craftie, selfe-willed. The Low-country-men are horsemen, de∣licate, and tender. The Italians proud, desirous of revenge, and wittie. The Spaniards haughtie, wise, covetous. The French eloquent, intempe∣rate, and rash. The People of Denmarke and Holsteine, are great of stature, seditious, and dreadfull. The Sarmatians great eaters, proud, and stealers. The Bohemians inhumane, new-fangled and robbers. The Illyrians un∣constant, envious, seditious. The Pannonians cruell, and superstitious. The Greekes miserable. And there is another saying no lesse pleasant. A Bridge in Poland, a Monke of Bohemia, a Knight of the South, a Nunne of Suevia, the Devotion of Italie, the Religion of Prutenicks, the Fasts of Germans, and the Constancie of Frenchmen are nothing worth.
1682. Cosmography and geography in two parts by Richard Blome.
EƲROPE is one of the three parts of our Continent, of which Asia makes the most Eastern, Africa the most Southern, and Europe in regard of them is be∣tween North and West.
It is for the most part bounded by the Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea; that which we call the Septentrional, or Frozen Ocean, on the North; and the Occidental, or Atlantick Ocean, on the West: The Mediterranean Sea (which is but an Arm of the Ocean) lies on its South, and separates it from Africa; but from Asia, it is separated towards the East by divers Seas, which fall into the Mediterranean; by several Streights between these Seas, to wit, the Archipelago, the Sea of Marmara, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Zabaque. Between the Archipelago and the Marmara, is the Streight of Gallipoli, or the Dardanelles of old Hellespontus: between the Marmara and the Black Sea, is the Streight of Constantinople, or the Channel of the Black Sea; and between the Black Sea and the Sea of Zabaque, is the Streight of Caffa, or Vospero. Then the Rivers of Don, Wolga, and Oby, compleat the division of Europe from Asia, by drawing a line from the one to the other.
The scituation of Europe is between the 35 and 72 degrees of Latitude; and between the 10 and 100 of Longitude, though it fill not all this space; and it is almost all in the Temperate Zone, no part in the Torrid; but some under or near the Frozen Zone.
But the Ocean, together with the divers Seas which encompass and divide the parts of Europe, have given so great an advantage to its People, that they are long since become the most expert in the World in Navigation, all Arts and Sciences, and in Arms and Military Discipline.
We will consider Europe in Nine (or three times three) principal parts: And of these, the first three shall be Spain, Italy, and the Estates of Turkey in Europe; and these possess the Southern part of Europe: the second three parts shall be France, Germany and Poland, and these take up the middle part of Europe; and the third shall be Scandinavia, where are the Estates of Den∣mark and Sweden, Russia Alba, or Muscovia, and the Isles of Great Britain and Ireland; and these are most Northward. As to the several small Isles, I shall com∣prehend them under one and the other of these 3 parts, and that according to their scituation or vicinity unto them.
Besides these 9 parts, there will remain some Estates and Lands between France, Germany, and Italy; likewise between Germany, Poland, Turkey and Moscovia; and some in Turkey, which shall be described as occasion presents.
But before we proceed to the Parts, let us consider that there are 3 principal Tongues, and as many principal Religions in Europe, viz. the Latin, which ex∣tends it self into Italy, France, and Spain, though in divers Idioms: the Teuto∣nick into Germany, the British Isles, and Scandinavia: the Sclavenian into Po∣land, Moscovy, in good part of Turkey, Bohemia, &c. though still in several Idioms and Dialects. The other Tongues are much less general, as the Greek, Albanian, Hungarian, and the Tartaresque in the Eastern parts; and lastly, the Basque, Welsh, Irish and Laplandish, in the most Western and Northern parts.
The Religions are the Protestant, which hath spread it self where the Teuto∣nick Tongue is spoken; the Roman Catholick is almost every where with the Latin; Schism, alone and every where amongst the People speaking Sclavonian and Greek; the Mahumetan Religion is among the Natural Turks of Europe. But to proceed to its Parts.