Switzerland

Sources from old books

1685. Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world by Pierre Duval.

Suisserland.

SƲisserland had its Name from Switz, one of its most ancient Cantons, whether this Canton was the most considerable of the three, who began the Alliance in the Year 1308. or that in the Year 1315. they first of all fought then for the Liberty of the Country, in the Battel of Morgarten, wherein fifty of the Switzers defeated an Army of twenty thousand Austrians. When Suisserland made a part of Gaul, it was divided into four Quarters, which seem to correspond with the modern Countries of Zurichgow, Argow, Turgow, Wiflispurgergow. Since it has had two parts separated by the River of Russ, the one belonging to the Germans, the other to the Burgundians, who called it their Lesser-Burgundy, or Burgundia Trans-Jurana, as being beyond Mount-Jura. The Rhine, Rhosne, Aar, Russ, Inn, Tesin, and other Rivers, have their Sources in Suisserland, for which reason this Country is esteemed the highest of Europe. The Tesin and Russ furnish them with the conveniency of Trading into Germany and Italy. Several Lakes there are, the most considerable of which, are those of Geneva and Constance. All these Waters produce Fish in abundance, and the Mountains in this Tract afford the means of Hunting Bucks, Shamoies, or Wild-Goats and Boors. The Switzers are well shap'd and proportioned, and very strong and robust for the most part. Their best Revenue comes from the Pensions they receive from the French King, and the King of Spain: Their Cattel afford them Butter, Cheese and Milk: Their Interest is to maintain Peace, and to remain united among themselves. They speak both French and German in this Country, but have corrupted several terms of both Tongues. 'Tis held, that, upon occasion, they are able to bring into the Field sixty thousand fighting Men; the Canton of Bearn alone being capable of raising eighteen thousand. It is an Infantry which renders good service to the Prince who imploys it, as numerous as it was in the time of Julius Caesar. It seems to pawn its own Liberty by engaging it self under the pay of others; but by so doing, it preserves the freedom of its Country. The Valour and Fidelity of the Switzers have invited the French Kings, the Popes of Rome, and the Dukes of Genoa, to conside in them for the Guard of their proper Persons, and the greatest Families of Europe do not disdain their Alliance. True it is, they have not so many Nobles as formerly; but those they have are very considerable, and a mistake it is to believe that they were wholly exterminated. Several Castles were there razed, when they cast off the Yoke of the House of Austria, by reason of the ill treatments of its Lieutenants.

Under the Name of Suisserland are known thirteen Cantons of the Country, which are subject to them, and of their Allies. The Cantons, as well as the Allies, are as many Republicks govern'd by their Magistrates, whom they call Burgher-Masters, or Avoyers, or Landames. This Name is given to the chief of the Cantons, where are no Cities. The Cantons and the Allies have Ordinances independent on one another; nevertheless they Govern sometimes several Provinces together, and they have Laws almost a-like with a strict Union, they have often given them the Name of the Republick of the Switzers, or of the Lords of the Leagues. In this Commonwealth are two sorts of Religion the Protestant and Roman-Catholick. When mention is made of the Catholick Cantons, they reckon either five or seven of them: The five are Ʋri, Switz, Ʋndervald, Lucerne, Zug: The two others, Fribourg and Soleurre. Zurich, Bern, Basle, Schafouse are Protestants: Glaris and Appenzel have both Papists and Protestants. This diversity of Religion does often cause their affairs to be embroil'd, and sometimes occasions their Assembling separately. Commonly the five Popish Cantons hold their Assembly at Lucerne, the four Protestant Cities at Aran. The General Assemblies are held every Year at Baden, so called from its Baths. Each Canton is free to engage it self with whom it thinks convenient, so that the Switzers are found in different Parties; nevertheless the Switzers sharing in almost all the Wars that are made in Europe, have none themselves, and live in Peace in their own Country. As concerning succours, the Cantons have certain Treaties, they can call and summon one another: Some have no right but of calling three or five, but those who summon succours, may also cause others to come, who are allied to them; thus most commonly they all joyn therein, each according to its Forces. They have not all an equal Authority over their subject Countries, they have it only according to the Associations which they have made in divers times: And those who entred last into the Leagues have not any Right over the Countries, which have been subjected before the times of their Leagues. Amongst all these Cantons, Zurich has the Presidence: Bern is the most powerful; Basle has the finest City, the abode and the Rendezvous of several Learned Men: The Canton of Schafouse, has its City of great Trade: Soleurre has one too of the same Name, where Resides the French Embassador. Ʋri, Swits, Ʋnderwald, Glaris, Appenzel have only Burroughs. Hence follows the order of the thirteen Cantons, according to their Ranks. Zurich, Bern, Ʋri, Switz, Ʋnderwald, Zug, Glaris, Fribourg, Soleurre, Schafouse, Appenzel.

The Countries, subjected to the Cantons, have either been Conquered by Arms, or submitted voluntarily. There is about a score of them, which, for the most part, have the Title of Bailywicks, as Baden and those which lie in Italy.

Among the Allies of the Cantons, the Grisons are the most powerful. They are so called from one of their Ligues, whose Inhabitants were used to wear Grey Scarfes. Their City of Coire is the Place whither are brought the Merchandizes of Italy and Germany, by reason of the conveniency of the Rhine, which begins to bear Boats thereabouts. One of their Countries is the Valtoline, the most Beautiful and Important Valley of Europe. Wallais lies along the Rhosne. There are moreover, in the number of the Allies, four Bishops, that of Sion at Saint Maurice, Basle at Porentru, Constance at Mersbourg, and Coire at Marsoila. There is likewise the Abbot of Saint Gall, who dwells at Weil; seven Cities, Saint Gall, Neuchatel, Wallangery, Biel, Geneva, Mulhausen, Rotweil. The six first Protestants, and Rotweil Catholick. Geneva is the best Fortified of all, the Burghers, or Citizens, keep a very exact Guard for the preservation of their Liberty, and that of Religion, which is Reformed. In the Year 1663. the French King obtain'd freedom for the Catholicks to say Mass in that Town, where it had not been Celebrated in this Age. The Lake of Geneva is crossed by the Rhosne, which mixeth not with its Waters; there sometimes arise Tempests even in clear fair Weather, because it abutts at the foot of the Mountains. In the Country its said, that Julius Caesar caused his Treasures to be cast into this Lake, when he was pursued by the Switzers; hitherto they have been sought for to no purpose.

1695. Thesaurus geographicus a new body of geography by Abel Swall and Tim. Child.

SWITZERLAND, Helvetia, or the Swiss-Cantons; Together with their Allies and Subjects, in general.

THIS Country at first appertain'd to the Jurisdiction of the Gauls, and was afterward enclos'd within the Limits of Germany, taking its modern name from Schwitz, one of the three first Cantons that took up Arms to shake off the intolerable Yoke which had been impos'd on them by the House of Austria. Whereupon the Emperor Albert perceiving the Revolt of these People, sent considerable Forces into their Territories to reduce them to his Obedience, a little before he was Assassinated by his Nephew; then his Sons lead thither an Army consisting of 20000 Men, who were defeated by a Band of 50 Men of the Canton of Schwitz in the Battel of Morgarten, A. D. 1315, insomuch that the Austrians hearing only the word Schweitz, Schweitz, proclaim'd aloud, call'd by this name all those that adher'd to their Religion.

SWITZERLAND, in comprehending the Territories of its Allies and Subjects, is bounded on the North by Alsatia and Schwaben, on the South by Lombardy and the Lake of Geneva, on the East by the County of Tyrol, and on the West by that of Burgundy. It is extended from South to North for the space of about 45 Leagues from the Bailiage of Mendrisi, to the Frontiers of Schwaben, and 70 from West to East, viz. from the County of Bormio as far as Mount S. Claude. A great number of Rivers take their rise in Switzerland, particularly the Rhine, the Aar, the Russ, the Inn, the Tesin, &c. which shews that this Country, tho' beset with many Lakes, is the highest in Europe: Of these Rivers the Russ and the Tesin are very serviceable for conveying of Merchandizes into Italy and Germany. The principal Lakes are those of Geneva, Constantz, Zell, Neufchatel, Biel, Morat, Thun, Brients, Lucern, Zurich, Zug, Ocarn and Riva. The Air is subtil and healthful but the Soil is very uneven and full of Mountains, more especially toward the South; nevertheless so well cultivated, that it brings forth all things necessary for the support of human Life, except Wine, which is found only in certain particular places where the White-wine is generally excellent. The tops of the Mountains afford much Grass, the Valleys rich Pastures, and the Forests good store of Game, viz. Stags, Deer, Chamois, Hairs, Wild-boars and Partridges. Moreover the Inhabitants make vast quantities of Butter and Cheese which are transported into divers Countries; and many Herds of Heifers and Oxen are here fed, besides Horses of an admirable breed.

The Switzers are generally robust and of a strong Constitution, but somewhat heavy; they sometimes think it convenient to correct the moisture of the Air with plentiful Entertainments: They are also great Lovers of Liberty, Maintainers of impartial Justice, and no less noted for their extraordinary Valour, insomuch that formerly most Princes were wont to esteem them as the greatest security of their Persons and Armies; but their Reputation in process of time began to decline by reason of their mercenary Temper, and more particularly their Treachery in betraying Luigi Sforza Duke of Milan, who had put himself under their Protection; however, Swiss-Guards are still retain'd in several Courts of Europe, and more especially in that of France. These People having been first subdu'd by the Romans, were constrain'd to submit to the Arms of the Burgundians and Germans under Honorius and Valentinian II. Afterward they became subject to the Emperors of Germany and the Dukes of Zeringhen, and their whole Country was divided into many Lordships, among which the House of Hapsburg, from whence sprang that of Austria, endeavour'd to render it self chiefly predominant; insomuch that the Lieutenants that were sent to preside here, treated the Inhabitants so rudely, that three of them, viz. one of Ʋri, another of Schwitz, and a third of Ʋnderwald, excited these three Cantons to raise a Commotion in the year 1307 1308, being chiefly animated thereto by these Reasons, viz. 1. The Insolence of the Governor of the Canton of Ʋnderwald, who had unjustly deprived a certain old Man of his Estate and Goods. 2. In regard that he had attempted to ravish the Wife of one Conrade of Bomgarten. 3. On the account that the Governour of Ʋri, nam'd Grifler, caus'd a Hat or Cap to be set on the top of a long Pole in the Market-place of Altorf, commanding, at the same time, that all Passengers should fall down on their Knees before it and remain uncover'd, as it were in his presence: Whereupon, William Tell neglecting to obey this Order, was immediately condemn'd to death, but escaped the punishment by performing the condition mention'd in the Sentence of Condemnation, which was, to shoot an Apple off from his Son's head, with an Arrow, at a considerable distance. Then the other Cantons following their Example, enter'd into mutal Leagues at several times, viz. Lucern, in 1332. Zurich, in 1351. Zug and Glaris, in 1352, Bern, in 1353. Friburg and Soloturn in 1481. Basil and Schaffhausen. in 1501. and Appenzel, in 1513. And, indeed, they are all united together for the conservation of their Liberty, and are govern'd in form of a Republick, altho' they have different Laws, and do not in any wise depend one on another; the People being, for the most part absolute, that is to say, it is a State or Common-wealth purely Democratical.

The Christian Religion was first propagated in Switzerland, A. C. 177. and the Reformation was begun here by Zwinglius; so that the Cantons of Zurich, Basil, Bern and Schaffhausen, embrac'd his Doctrin, and conven'd a Synod at Basil for the establishing thereof, A. D. 1530. However the Animosities between the Papists and Protestants soon broke forth into an open War; the latter being defeated at the first Onset, and Zwinglius, their famous Reformer slain in Battel. But the Protestants took up Arms again, and entirely routed the Forces of the Roman Catholicks, until, at length, both Parties came to an Accommodation, and have ever since enter'd into a mutual League and Confederacy for the defence of the Republick, being oblig'd to assist one another whensoever there shall be occasion to defend their common Liberty and Interest. The Political Government of both these sorts is likewise (as it has been already intimated) that of a Common-wealth, altho' various, some Cantons being entirely Democratical, as those of Glaris and Appenzel, and the others some more, some less, yet not absolutely Aristocratical; for in Basil the Gentry are not admitted to any share in the Government; but their Authority prevails most in Zurich, Soloturne and Bern; but it ought to be observ'd, that every one of the Cantons are altogether absolute within their respective Jurisdictions.

The Country in general, tho' beset with Mountains, has nevertheless many fruitful Valleys, but being far remote from the Sea, is the cause the Inhabitants have no setled Trade. However it is the thorough-fare of Merchants and Travellers, and the most considerable Advantages of this State arise from hiring out their Soldiers to Foreign Princes and Republicks; their Linnen-Manufactures at S. Gall; the two great yearly Marts at Zurzeaken, the University at Basil, and divers other Colleges. Their military Forces consist altogether in Foot, in regard that the Mountains and uneven situation of the Country, renders Horse unserviceable. The Switzers and their Allies are able to levy an Army of above 80000 Men, or even 120000, if we may give credit to the Report of Boterus; but perhaps the intention of this Author was to express the number of all Persons capable of bearing Arms within these Territories. Indeed the whole State is dispos'd for War, every Man keeping good Arms in his House, and knowing his proper station; the Lists are likewise so order'd, that every one knows where to appear on the first, second or general Summons. But experienc'd Commanders are generally wanting, so that altho' they may well make Head against a sudden Invasion, yet they seem not to be able to endure the fatigue of a tedious War, more especially since the Soil requires so much Cultivation, that a sufficient number of Men cannot long be spar'd for the defence of their Country.

In the end of the XV Century the Switzers signaliz'd their Valour in Battel against Charles, sirnam'd the Rash, Duke of Burgundy; and divers Sovereign Princes have thought fit to maintain an Alliance and amicable Correspondence with them. Their Religion is of two sorts, viz. the Roman Catholick and the Protestant; for 7 Cantons adhere to the former, namely, those of Ʋri, Schwitz, Ʋnderwald, Lucern, Zug, Friburg and Soloturn; and 4 embrace the latter, that is to say, those of Zurich, Bern, Basil and Schaffhausen. Lastly, 2 of them, viz. Glaris and Appenzel, admit both Religions with equal Liberty of Conscience. However the 4 Evangelical Cantons, tho' inferior in number, are much more potent than the others. The Conventions of the Catholicks are held at Lucern, those of the Protestants at Araw, and the general Assemblies at Baden. These 13 Cantons are distinguish'd in the ensuing Table, according to their Precedency in the general Diets; as also afterward their Allies and the Countries that are subject to their Jurisdiction either by mutual Compact, or the right of Conquest.

Switzerland divided into three parts.

• 13 Cantons,
  • 1. Zurich, Prot.
  • 2. Bern, Prot.
  • 3. Lucern, Cath.
  • 4. Uri, Cath.
  • 5. Schwitz, Cath.
  • 6. Underwald, Cath.
  • 7. Zug, Cath.
  • 8. Glaris, Cath. and Prot.
  • 9. Basil, Prot.
  • 10. Friburg, Cath.
  • 11. Soloturn, Cath.
  • 12. Schaffhausen, Prot.
  • 13. Appenzel, Cath. and Prot.
• 13 Allies,
  • 1. The Grison League.
  • 2. Cazdee or Gotthespunt.
  • 3. The 10 Commonalties.
  • 4. The Valteline.
  • 5. The County of Chiavenna.
  • 6. The County of Bormio.
  • 7. The Republick and Abbey of S. Gall.
  • 8. The Bishoprick of Constantz.
  • 9. The Bishoprick of Basil.
  • 10. The County of Valais or Wallerslandt.
  • 11. The Provostship and County of Neuchatel.
  • 12. In Alsatia.
  • 13. In Schwaben.
• Switzers. Subjects of
  • 1. The County of Baden.
  • 2. The free Provinces.
  • 3. The Bailiage of Mellingen.
  • 4. Turgow.
  • 5. Rheinthal.
  • 6. The 4 Governments of Italy.

SWITZERLAND in particular.

I.

The Canton of ZƲRICH, Tigurinus Pagus, being the first of all the Thirteen, according to the general Assemblies, is bounded on the North by that of Schaffhausen, on the West by the County of Baden, the Bailiage of Millengen, and the free Governments; on the South by the Cantons of Zug and Schwitz, and on the East by Turgow. Its extent from North to South consists of about 15 Leagues, and 12 from West to East. And indeed it is a very potent Province on the account of its Largeness, Wealth and Multitude of Inhabitants. It ought also to be observ'd that Zurich, as well as the other Cantons and their Allies are govern'd in form of a Common-wealth, by their Magistrates which they call Burgomasters, Advoyers or Landames; besides these there are other inferior Officers, viz. Aldermen or Masters of several Wards, whose Employment is to take care of Military Affairs, Treasurers that are appointed to receive the Publick Revenues and Imposts, and Mace-bearers. However their Ordinances are every where different and independent one of another, but by reason these People have obtain'd the Government of many Provinces,

and some Laws almost alike, together with a very strict Union, the Title of a Republick, or that of States of the League, is often attributed to them. Nevertheless every Canton is permitted to engage in the Interest of any Party at their pleasure, and they frequently enjoy a profound Peace, whilst divers other Nations of Europe are embroil'd in Wars. Julius Caesar makes mention of the Inhabitants of Zurich, and they were heretofore united in a League with the Cimbrians, whom Marius defeated. This Canton is much less than Bern, yet the Publick Bank is much richer, and 'tis reported that 50000 Men may be rais'd here upon an occasion within the space of 24 hours. It is divided into 9 large Bailliages, and 21 Castellaneries. The most considerable Towns and Villages are,

• Zurich, Cap.
• Kiburg, Count.
• ...Gruenningen.
• ...Laufen.
• ...Rufy,
• ...Wedischwil.
• ...Andefingen.
• ...Grisensec.
• ...Ktingenew.
• ...Eglifow.
• ...Regenspurg.
• ...Stafen.

ZƲRICH, Tigurum, is pleasantly seated at the end of the Lake of the same name, from whence the River Limat or Limmack springing forth, divides the Town into two parts, lying in the midst between Schaffhausen to the North, and Lucern to the South, at the distance of 25 miles from each; as also 11 from the River Rhine to the South, and 45 from Soloturn to the East. It was heretofore an Imperial City, made free by the Emperor Frederick II. A. D. 1218, and at last separated from the Empire in 1351. It is adorn'd with two very ancient Churches and three fair Bridges: But it is prohibited to ride on Horseback over that near the Tower of Villenberg, under penalty of losing the Beast. The Emperor Charlemaign or Charles the Great caus'd the grand Church to be built, and his Statue is as yet to be seen therein. The publick Library is very noble, and the Hall containing it, is a large and well-contriv'd Structure, where also is to be seen a fine Cabinet of Medals. The Government is almost the same as at Bern, and the chief Magistrate, who in that place bears the name of Advoyer, is here simply call'd the Burgomaster. The Arsenal is likewise much better furnish'd, and the Fortifications are more regular. The Lake of Zurich is 24 miles long, and about 2 or 3 broad, supplying the Inhabitants with Provisions, as the River serves to carry their Manufactures, the chief of which is a very good sort of Crape, to the Rhine, from whence they may be convey'd at pleasure. The Dean and Chapter are still continu'd as an Ecclesiastical Corporation, and enjoy the same Revenues they had before the Reformation. This City was formerly laid waste & burnt by the Germans, A.C. 300, but afterward rebuilt by the Emperor Dioclesian. The Citizens in time past discomfited the Roman Forces, and the Consul Crassus, who commanded them, was here slain in Battel.

KIBƲRG stands on the banks of the River Toss, 2 Leagues East from Zurich, and was sometime subject to the Jurisdiction of its Counts of great Reputation.

II.

The Canton of BERN, Bernensis Pagus, hath that of Soloturn for its Northern Bounds, the County of Valois for the Southern; the Provinces of Ʋri, Ʋnderwald and Lucern for the Eastern, and that of Friburg, the Lake of Biel, the Territories of Vaux and part of the Lake of Geneva on the West. Its extent from South-west to North-east comprehends about 43 Leagues in length, and 33 from West to East. It is divided into 72 Bailiages, and every one of the Bailiffs is nominated by the Council of 200. They must also be Citizens of Bern, and Members of the same Counsel of 200, whereto no Man can be elected (as Bishop Burnet observes) until he is marry'd. This Canton alone is able to raise 20000 Men (as 120000 may be levied throughout the whole Continent of Switzerland) and the principal Towns thereof are these, viz.

• Bern, Cap.
• Lausanna, Bish.
• ...Theim.
• ...Arberg.
• ...Vangen.
• Lansburg, Coun.
• ...Erlach.
• ...La Serre.
• ...Bruk,
• ...Nion.
• ...Sana.
• ...Aubone.
• ...Brientz.
• ...Walen.
• ...Yverdon.

BERN, Berna, is seated on the Banks of the River Aar, between Soloturn to the North and Fri•u•g to South, and communicates its Name to the whole Canton, as Zurich has done to that whereof it is the Capital. Indeed it is a fair and rich City, but not very large, and takes its denomination from the word Bern, which in the Swiss Language signifies a Bear, Berthold IV. Duke of Zeringhen having kill'd one of these wild Feasts as he was laying its foundation in the year, 1175. so that a Bear was also given for its Coat of Arms; but Berthold V. his Son finish'd the Buildings in 1191. The City stands in a Plain in form of a Peninsula, encompass'd with the Streams of the Aar that wash it on three several sides, the fourth being fortify'd with four great Bastions and deep Trenches continually supply'd with Water by a neighbouring Torrent. An adjacent Hill that commands the Town is in like manner defended by divers strong Out-works. The Streets are very neat, water'd with clear Brooks running through the midst of them, and adorn'd on each side with Porticoes, Arches and Pillars of free Stone, affording at all times a convenient sheltet to Passengers, altho' these Porches are somewhat too narrow. It is well worth the while to take a view of the principal Church, which is a very noble Structure, and has a Bell of a prodigious size; as also of the Town-house that was formerly the Church of S. Vincent, the Court of Chancery, the Arsenal and the publick Library, together with an Inscription shewing the Reasons why the Town was built: But the Fortifications are not as yet finish'd nor reduced to any regular form. In one of the Apartments of the Ars•nal, which is well furnish'd with Arms for 40000 Men, is to be seen the Statue of William Tell the famous Burger of Schwitz, who was compell'd by the Governor Grifler to strike off an Appel from his Child's head with an Arrow, which cruel Injunction, and some other Grievances, excited the Switzers to take up Armes and vindicate their Liberty.

In the Church which formerly belong'd to the Dominican Friers, still remain certain Marks of one of the most notorious Cheats that 'ere was known in the World, and which happen'd about 20 years before the Reformation was establish'd in Bern, having not a little contributed (as it is probable) to that change. Wherefore, it may not be improper here to subjoin a brief Account of the matter of fact. After violent Contests which arose at that time between the Franciscans and Dominicans about the Conception of the Virgin (Mary whom the latter affirm'd to be exempt from original Sin) four Jacobins of Bern, nam'd John Vetter, Stephen Boltzhorst, Francis Ʋlchi and Henry Steniker, complotted together, at the sollicitation of many others of the same Order, to prove their Thesis by a Miracle. For the better management of their Project, having met with a fit Tool for that purpose, viz. one John Jetzer, a silly Novice, who had lately taken the habit of a Lay-brother on Lady-day, A. D. 1507. they counterfeited several Apparitions in the Night, and personated the Virgin with great Address, to declare, That she was conceiv'd in Sin. The Device took effect so far, that the poor Novice being deluded made report of his Vision; all the People in the Town throng'd to visit him as a Saint or great Prophet, and the opinion of the immaculate Conception was generally decry'd; until at length the Monks over-acting their part, Jetzer perceiv'd the Juggle. Whereupon they us'd all possible means by Entreaties, fair Promises and even Threats, to engage him to carry on the Cheat; and when nothing could prevail, attempted at several times to poison him. However, the Novice found means to escape out of the Convent, and discover'd their Plot to the Magistrates. Insomuch that two Bishops, and the Provincial of the Dominicans being deputed by the Pope to take cognizance of the Affair, the four Monks, whose Intrigue had involv'd them in a complication of the most enormous Crimes, were put to the Wrack, and confess'd the whole matter laid to their Charge; so that being afterward condemn'd they were deliver'd up to the secular Power, degraded and publickly burnt in the Market-place, A. D. 1509. All the Circumstances of this Story are related, at large, by Bishop Burnet in his Letters, pag. 27, &c.

It is reported, that Berthold V. having some cause to complain of the Proceedings of the Inhabitants of his new Town of Bern, render'd it subject to the Empire under Fredreick II. who committed the Government thereof to Otho of Ravenspurg; but the Bernians behav'd themselvs so well, that in process of time they recover'd their Liberty. However, when a certain Count of Kiburg, afterwards endeavour'd to enslave them, under pretence that they had presum'd to build a Bridge ovet the River Aar, without sufficient Authority, they were oblig'd to have recourse to Peter Earl of Savoy, to disengage them from this vexatious Suit, and frustrate the Designs of their Enemy. As an Acknowledgment of which signal Favour, the Citizens of Bern unanimously chose the same Prince for their Protector, and ratify'd their Election by a Treaty on the 25th day of November A. D. 1266. Whereupon the said Earl caus'd the Town to be much enlarg'd, and merited the Title of its Defender, Father and second Founder in 1268. Moreover, this Alliance re-establish'd the Liberty of Bern, which was very near being lost in 1286, and 1287, by reason of the War which Rodolph of Hapsburg elected Emperor in 1272. maintain'd against them. At length, in 1353. the Inhabitants enter'd into a League with the other Swiss Cantons, and in 1527. embrac'd the Protestant Doctrin preach'd by their famous Divine Huldricus Zwinglius, through whose Persuasion they publish'd certain Ordinances concerning their Religion, and entirely abolish'd the Pope's Authority.

LAƲSANNA, Lausonium aut Lausanna, the chief Town of the Country of Vaud, is so call'd (according to the report of the Inhabitants) from its situation between the Brooks Laus and Anna, at the distance scarcely of half an hours Journy from the Northern Coasts of the Lake Lemen, which is often call'd from thence the Lake of Lausanna; as also 8 German miles from Geneva to the North-east, 16 from Bern to the South-west, 7 from Friburg, 5 from Yverdon to the South, and 18 from Lucern to the West. It is founded on three Hills, having every where a steep ascent and descent, more especially on that side where the Church stands, which is a noble Edifice. This odd situation of the Town was occasion'd by a Legend of Miracles, suppos'd to have been wrought near the Church, so that the contiguous Buildings were added to the old Town, which is seated on the other Hill near the Road from the Lake into Switzerland, and whereto the chief Privileges, particularly the Judicature of Life and Death are as yet annex'd. Lausanna was formerly dignified, in the room of Wiflispurg, with an Episcopal See, subject to the Jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Bezanson, which, after that the Protestants had made themselves Masters of the Town, A. D. 1535. was translated to Friburg. This Prelate had also a Right to consecrate the said Archbishop of Bezanson his Metropolitan.

III.

The Canton of LƲCERN, Lucernensis Pagus, is bounded on the North-west and South by that of Bern, and on the East by those of Schwitz, Zug and the Free Provinces; being extended from South to North for the space of about 12 leagues, and 8 from West to East. It hath been united to the other free and confederate Provinces ever since the year, 1332. and its most remarkable Towns are these, viz.

• Lucern, Cap.
• ...Sempach.
• ...Sursee.
• ...Rot.
• ...Sualhusen.
• ...Viklen.
• ...Villisow.
• ...Hosburg.

LƲCERN, Luceria, aut Lucerna, call'd Lutzern by the Inhabitants, derives its Name (as it is reported) from a certain Lanthorn, in Latin Lucerna, which was set on the top of a Tower to direct the course of the Boats, on the Lake of the same name, during the night; and stands in a Plain environ'd on the left Hand, and behind with high Mountains that support its Walls and Towers, being also bounded before with the Lake and divers deep Ditches full of Water on the right; the River Russ running from thence divides the Town into two unequal parts, which was heretofore only an Abby, and hath been since much enrich'd by Traffick. It is at present the first in order of the Roman Catholick Cantons, and the usual place of Residence of the Pope's Nuncio, being distant 9 German m. from Bern to the East, 7 from Schwitz, and 6 from Altorf to the North-west toward Basil. The grand Church is adorned with two large Steeples, an high Alter beautified with Marble Columns, an excellent pair of Organs and a fair Cloyster. In the spacious Market-place is erected a Fountain and a stately Town-house, besides a College of Jesuits, and two Bridges very much admir'd for their length, consisting of about 500 paces, and in regard that they are cover'd with a great quantity of curious Paintings. This was at first a free and Imperial City, but was united to the other Cantons of Switzerland, A. D. 1332. From hence one may pass on the Lake to the Cantons of Schwitz, Ʋri and Ʋnderwald, and through the Road, in traversing the Mountain of S. Godard, into Italy. Moreover, Merchandizes are frequently transported from Friburg over the neighbouring Mountains, and from thence to Italy, on Mules. One may also descend through the Lakes and the River Russ into the Rhine, and through this last River into the main Ocean. This Lake spreads it self 24 m. from East to West, and is oft call'd Waldtstattenzee, from four Towns that surround it, viz. Lucern, Altorf, Switz and Stantz.

SƲRSEE is built on the Banks of the Lake of Sempach, about 5 leagues from Lucern to the North-west; and the Town of Sempach stands on the Western side of the same Lake.

IV.

The Canton of ƲRI, Pagus Ʋranius, aut Ʋriensis, lies between the Mountains of Crispaltberg and S. Gothard, and the River Russ; having the Canton of Schwitz to the North, those of Ʋnderwald and Bern on the West, the Valley of Verzasco on the South, and the Grison League, together with the Canton of Glaris on the East. Its utmost extent from South to North comprehends about 16 leagues, and 5 from West to East. All the Inhabitants of this Country profess the Roman Catholick Religion, and retain these Towns, or Burroughs, under their Jurisdiction, viz.

• Altorf, Cap.
• ...Attinghusen.
• ...Jornike.
• ...Ariola.
• ...Gessinen.

ALTORF or ALTDORF, Altorfium, that is to say, the old Village, is seated in a Plain near the River Russ at the foot of the Alps, about 4 Swiss miles from Lucern to the South-east, and 7 from Schwitz to the South. The Houses being generally painted are so fair and the Streets so well paved, that it seems to be a beautiful City, encompass'd with Gardens and Country-houses, affording a very delightful Prospect. The Courts of Justice for the whole Canton are also held in this Town, but the access thereto is extreamly difficult, by reason that it stands at the bottom of the dangerous Precipices of the Mountain S. Godard or Gothard, near which four considerable Rivers have their source, viz. the Russ to the North, the Tesin to the South, the Rhine to the East, and the Rhone to the West.

V.

The Canton of SCHWITZ, Suitiensis Pagus, is bounded on the North by those of Zurich and Zug, on the West by those of Lucern and Ʋnderwald, on the South by that of Ʋri and part of that of Glaris, and on the East by the same Canton of Glaris, and the Bailiages of Gasteren and Ʋlzenach. It is extended from North to South for the space of about 7 leagues, and 9 from East to West, being divided into six parts, consisting only of a great number of little Burghs and Villages, and surrounded on all sides with high Mountains. The whole Country of Switzerland hath taken its name from that of this Canton, in regard that it was the first Theatre on which these People began to raise those Wars that were maintain'd by them for the gaining of their Liberty. The chief Towns are these, viz.

• Schwitz, Cap.
• ...Kusnach,
• ...Einselden,
• ...Wag.
• ...Grinew.
• ...Euachen.

SCHWITZ, Suitia, is situated on the Banks of the River Muse, in a Valley encompass'd with Mountains, wnich are always cover'd with Snow, at the distance of 2 miles from the Lake of Lucern, 10 from the Town of the same name, to the East, and as many from Glaris. This large Village is compos'd only of a spacious open Court, round which are erected five or six Houses, well-built and curiously painted. The principal Church stands in the midst of the Church-yard, and is adorn'd with a stately Tower.

VI.

The Canton of ƲNDERWALD, Sylvania, aut Sylvadiensis Pagus, lies between Schwitz and Lucern to the North; between part of the Provinces of Lucern and Bern to the West and South, and that of Ʋri to the East. Its extent from South to North includes 8 leagues, and 6 from West to East. Within these Territories are found five Lakes, comprising part of that of Lucern, and two Rivers that traverse them with their Streems from North to South. This Canton takes its name from a Forest of Oaks, which is extended through the midst thereof; for the Term Ʋnderwalden in the Switzer's Language, signifies sub Sylva, or Ʋnder the Wood. However, Leopold Duke of Austria invaded this Country in 1386. but was defeated; nevertheless, he march'd again the next year with an Army of 15000 Men as far as Navalia, endeavouring to force that narrow Passage, where he was so warmly receiv'd by 350 of the Inhabitants of Glaris and 30 Switzers, that he was constrain'd to leave the Field to that small Band of Men, after having lost a¦bove 3000 of his own Soldiers, besides those that were drown'd in the Lake Rivarius; by which memorable Victory the Inhabitants wholly recover'd their Liberty, and retain it to this day. The most considerable Towns are these, viz.

• Stantz, Cap.
• ...Krientz.
• ...Sarnen.
• ...Engelberg
• ...Liungeren.
• ...Bekenriet.
• ...Hansstadt.

STANTZ, Stantia, is a large Village built in a Plain on the foot of the Mountains, at the distance of 4 leagues from Lucern to the South-east, near the Lake of that name.

VII.

The Canton of ZƲG, Tugiensis Pagus, is bounded on the North by those of Zurich and Lucern, the latter serving likwise in part for its Southern Limits, together with that of Schwitz, and on the East by the same Canton of Schwitz, extending it self from South to North about 3 leagues, and as many from West to East. This Country enter'd into the league with the other Confederate Provinces, A. D. 1352. that is to say, 44 years after those of Schwitz, Ʋri and Ʋnderwald, had shaken off the Yoke of Albert Arch-duke of Austria. The chief Towns are these viz.

• Zug, Cap.
• ...Cham.
• ...Bar.
• ...Egen.
• ...Rischt.
• ...Oberwil.

ZƲG, Tugium, is a fair Burgh standing on the Coasts of a Lake of the same name, very full of Fish, and on the foot of an Hill that brings forth good store of Grapes and affords rich Pasture for Cattle, some part of it being also cover'd with a large Wood, wherein are to be found all sorts of Game both for Hound and Hawk. However, this little Town consists only of one open and wide Plot of Ground, environ'd with stately Houses, divers Churches and a Town-house. It is distant only one mile from the Lake of Lucern to the East, and altogether inhabited by Roman Catholicks.

VIII.

The Canton of GLARIS, Glaronensis Pagus, is partly inhabited by that of those Roman Catholick, and partly by those of the Reformed Religion, being stretched out between the River Limat, the Country of the Grisons and that of Schwitz, and bounded on the North by the same Canton, and the Bailiage of Gasteren; as also on the West, by those of Schwitz and Ʋri, on the South by the Grison League, and on the East by the Sargans, Riva and the Bailiage of Gasteren. As for the extent thereof, it includes about 8 leagues from South to North, and 7 from West to East. These Territories are almost entirely shut up within the Mountains, and were compriz'd in the general League of the States of Switzerland, A. D. 1352. It obtain'd its Freedom about the year, 1260. and enter'd into the general League of Switzerland in 1307. The principal Towns are these, viz,

• Glaris, Cap.
• ...Wesen,
• ...Ʋrnen.
• ...Nestel.
• ...Elm.
• ...Quart,

GLARIS, Glarona, aut Clarona, is remarkable on the account of its situation amidst extreamly high Mountains call'd Glarnischberg, in a Valley of the same name, and on the River of Sarneff. The Inhabitants are generally esteem'd the most sagacious throughout Switzerland. This little Burrough or Town, the chief of the whole Canton, is distant 18 miles from Altdorf to the North-east, as many from Schwitz to the South-east, and 30 from Chur or Coire.

IX.

The Canton of BASIL, Basileensis Pagus, is bound- on the North by Brisgaw, on the West by Alsatia, on the South by the Canton of Soloturn, and on the East by part of the Black Forest. This is at present one of the most potent Cantons, and altogether adheres to the Protestant Religion, comprehending within its Jurisdiction the ensuing Towns, viz.

• Basil, Bish. Cap.
• ...Dugst.
• ...Dornach.
• ...Augst.
• ...Leichstall.
• ...Munchstein.
• ...Hamburg.
• ...Veltemburg.
• ...Grolingen.
• ...Dirmenach.
• ...Betingen.
• ...Vildestein.
• ...Ramstein.

BASIL, Basilea Rauracorum, is divided by the River Rhine into two parts, the greater whereof toward the Frontiers of France, is situated on the side of an Hill, in form of an Amphitheatre; and the lesser extended in a a very fruitful Plain, but they are both join'd together by fair Stone Bridge. The Channel of the Rhine here receives two Rivulets, viz. Byrs and Wics, the Waters of which serve to cleanse the Streets, and to drive divers Mills. Indeed Basil is the fairest and richest City of the whole Continent of Switzerland, and the Capital of the Canton of the same name; the original whereof is unknown, altho' some derive it from Basiliana, Mother to Julian the Apostate. This City is distant 6 German miles from Friburg, 18 from Constantz to the West, 12 from Zurich, 38 from Augsburg, and 14 from Strasburg to the South. It hath also acquir'd much Fame by reason of its Largeness and Traffick, more especially in vending Toys and small Wares. It was heretofore an Episcopal See under the Metrapolitan of Bezanson, but the Bishop, who is a Prince of the Empire, being afterward expell'd by the Protestants, took up his habitation at Porentrus, and the Chapter at Friburg in Brisgaw. The most remarkable Publick Edifices of this City are, the Cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary, built by the Emperor Henry Augustus, a venerable Gothick Building; the two stately Towers of S. Martin and S. George; the Arsenal, the lower Apartments whereof serve to keep the Artillery, and the higher as a publick Magazine; and the Palace, wherein the principal Citizens usually hold their Conventions, which is properly a Town-house or Guild-hall; besides the curious Painting of the ancient Cloister of the Dominicans, and the University founded, A. D. 1459, that hath afforded liberal Education to many renowned Personages who have been the singular Ornaments of their Age, and well vers'd in all sorts of human Literature, particularly Des. Erasmus, Amerbachius, Joh. Buxtorsius, &c. Moreover, at Basil are to be seen many considerable Libraries, and some Cabinets of Curiosities, particularly that of Mr. Sebastian Fisch, wherein is contain'd a great number of Paintings and rare Medals, not to be found elsewhere. The Repository of Erasmus and Amerbachius belong to the University, in which, among other Rarities, are preserv'd 20 original Draughts of the famous Painter Holben, a Native of this City; particularly a Picture of Christ dead, for which a certain Person offer'd to give a 1000 Ducats. The Dance of Death, drawn by the same Holben is likewise much admir'd, and is affix'd on the Wall of the Church-yard of S. Francis. In the publick Library is kept a very rare Manuscript Copy of Virgil, and another of the Alcoran, written on China Paper. The Art of making ordinary Paper was invented here by Antony and Michael Galicion, A.D. 1417, and Bernard Richel first began to exercise that of Printing in 1478. The Reformation was promoted by Oecolampadius in 1522, and 12 Wagon Loads of Images were publickly burnt in 1529. The City of Basil is likewise noted for affording a Burying-place to that g•eat advancer of Learning Desiderius Erasmus of Roterdam, who dy'd here on the 11th of July; A.D. 1536, aged 70 years; as also on the account of its Fortifications, as having a strong Wall with Bastions, and a Ditch quite round it, as you may see in the Draught here subjoin'd.

[illustration] map of Basel

BASEL

X.

The Canton of FRIBƲRG, Friburgensis Pagus, lies between the Bailiage of Morat to the North, that of Orbe and the Lake of Neuchatel to the West, and the Canton of Bern to the South and East. The Inhabitants generally make Profession of the Roman Catholick Religion, and possess the ensuing Towns, viz.

• Friburg, Cap.
• Romont, Coun.
• ...Favernach.
• ...Bersisch.
• ...Joun.
• ...Corbers.
• Griers, Count.
• ...Rut.
• ...Plafey.
• ...Peterlingen.
• ...Montenach.

FRIBƲRG, Friburgum, that is to say, a free Town, is seated on the Banks of the Sane, and the side of a Mountain, one part of the foot thereof is wash'd by the said River, and the other adorn'd with very large Suburbs. The Inhabitants began to form their Government into a Republick in the year 1481, but could never be perswaded to embrace the Reformed Religion, as yet affording a place Residence to the Bishop of Lausanna. It is distant about 7 German m. from Soloturn to the S. 6 from Lausanna, and 3 from Bern to the South-west. Its Fortifications are very irregular; nevertheless Nature has well supplied this defect of Art, the Ramparts having the Rocks and Mountains for their Foundation. The City is divided into four parts, after the same manner as that of Bern; the first of which is call'd the Burgh, the second the Isle or Meadow, the third the Town, and the fourth the Hospital. It is also famous for its magnificent Piazza's and publick Buildings, the chief of which are the Cathedral, with its grand Altar, the high Tower, the Town-house and the Fountain, together with its large Basin and Foot, besides divers other Churches and Convents; a Commandery of Malta and a noble College of Jesuits, founded by Petrus Canisius, who died in it, A. D. 1597. Here are solemniz'd every year 2 great Festivals, viz. one on the 2d of May, and the on the 22d of June, in memory of two signal Battels gain'd in time past over Charles Duke of Burgundy, the former at Granson, and the other at Morat. The City of Friburg was first sold by one of its Counts to the Emperor Rodolph I. and afterward was subject to the House of Austria for 200 years; but being much oppress'd by the Nobility, it enter'd into a League with Bern, yet still continu'd under the Jurisdiction of the same House of Austria, until it was admitted into the general League of the Swiss Cantons in 1481. But it ought to be observ'd, That this Town is situated in the Country of Nuitlandt, and is different from another commonly call'd Friburg in Brisgaw, which was taken by the French Forces, A. D. 1677, and granted to their King by vertue of the Treaty of Nimeguen in 1679.

XI.

The Canton of SOLOTƲRN, Salodorusensis, aut Saladorius Pagus, is bounded on the North by that of Basil and part of Alsatia, on the West by the Franche Mountains or the Bishoprick of Basil, and on the South and East by the Canton of Bern, being extended from South to North for the space of about 12 Leagues, and 9 from West to East. The most considerable Towns and Villages are these, viz.

• Soloturn, Cap.
• ...Osten.
• Threistein, Coun.
• ...Leingen,
• ...Humenthal.
• ...Balstein.

SOLOTƲRN, Solothurum, aut Salodorum, call'd Soleurre by the French, stands in a fruitful Valley on the banks of the River Aar, and in the midst between Basil to the North, and Friburg to the South, almost at an equal distance of 7 German miles from both, as also 5 from Be•n to the North. It is a Town of very great Antiquity (as is evident from divers old Inscriptions still extant) and claims the prerogative of being Sister to Rome and Triers. It is mention'd in the Itinerary of Antoninus under the name of Solothurum, by reason of a Tower (as some say) which was erected in honour of the Sun. It suffer'd much damage in time past by the Incursions of the Germans, Huns and Franks, but was repair'd by the later, who kept it in their Possession until the time of Hugh Capet. It became subject to the Emperors of Germany, A. C. 921, yet enjoy'd certain peculiar Privileges and Immunities. In 1441, after 20 years War with the House of Austria, during which Duke Leopold was slain, the Inhabitants concluded a Treaty of Peace on the same Terms as the other Confederates then did, and were admitted into the number of the Leagu'd Cantons in 1481. They were also inclin'd to embrace the Reformed Religion in 1531, but a popular Commotion arising on that account, Mass was re-establish'd in 1533. And indeed, they have been ever since very superstitious, in regard they had a Crucifix dress'd up after the Swiss fashion, and their Images (as Bishop Burnet observes) are still extreamly gross; one of them in the grand Church, representing God the Father as an old Man with a great black Beard, having our Saviour on his Knees and a Dove over his Head.

Soloturn is at present one of the most considerable Towns of Switzerland, and usually affords entertainment to the French Embassador. It is divided by a Bridge into the greater and lesser Quarters, the Houses being fair and the Streets large, adorn'd with a great number of Fountains, besides a stately Church and a sumptuous College of Jesuits, for the building the Front whereof the present French King Lewis XIV. gave 10000 Livres. But the Fortifications of this Town are more especially remarkable, having cost near two Millions of Livres. The Wall is finish'd on that side toward the River, and fac'd with a kind of course white Marble, every quarter of Stone being ten foot long, and two in breadth and thickness: The Counterscarp and Glacis are likewise finish'd, and a Fortress on the other side of the River is to be built after the same manner; so that this vast Expence has caus'd the Inhabitants to repent of their Undertaking.

XII.

The Canton of SCHAFFHAƲSEN, Scaphusianus Pagus, hath Schwaben for its Northern Bounds, the Black-Forest for its Western, the Canton of Zurich for its Southern, and Turgaw for its Eastern. Its usual extent from South to North consists only of 3 Leagues and an half, and about 8 from West to East. The chief Towns are these, viz.

• Schaffhausen, Cap.
• ...Herblingen.
• ...Neuwkilch.
• ...Halaw.

SCHAFFHAƲSEN, Scaphusia, aut Probatopolis, is remarkable for its situation on the Rhine, and so called as it were Schitfhauss, from the Skiffs or Boats, since the Channel of the River being very much straitned near this place, it runs with a great noise and impetuous Torrent over the Rocks, insomuch that the Barks not being able to pass through, are unladen and carried below the Town, where they receive their freight again and continue their course on a more gentle Stream. This Town is distant 4 miles from Constance to the West, 2 from the Lake of Zell, 6 from Basil, and 4 from Zurich to the North. The Streets are very broad, and the most part of the Houses painted on the out-side according to the custom of many other places in Switzerland. In the upper Quarter of the Town is erected a large Tower, which nevertheless serves rather for its Ornament than Defence. However a great number of Cannons are mounted on it, and the French King is oblig'd to send thither the Sum of 800 Livres every year to keep it in repair, conformably to a Treaty of Alliance concluded with the Switzers. The Bridge of Schaffhausen is one of the most stately of those that are built over the Rhine.

This Town had its rise from an Abbey of Benedictin Monks, founded by Eberard Count of Nelemburg, A. D. 1052, and was sold by Lewis Duke of Bavaria to Frederick Duke of Austria, 1330. The Citizens were very serviceable in many signal Battels to the House of Austria, and continued under their Protection 85 years. In 1424 they entred into a League with those of Zurich and S. Gall, as also into another in 1454 with Zurich, Bern, Lucern, Schwitz, and some other Cantons, and at last were united together with those of Basil in the general and perpetual Confederacy of the Switzers, A. D. 1501. The Reformation was carry'd on here by Jacobus Riegius, Erasmus Ritterus and Nicholas Hoffmeister, and an Idol, formerly call'd the great God of Schaffhausen, was burnt in 1529. The Government is administer'd by a great Council of 86 Senators, and a lesser of 26, the principal Publick Revenues arising from an Impost laid upon Salt. The Town gives for its Arms a Sheep, which is likewise stampt on the Coin, and whence it is sometimes nam'd Probatapolis.

XIII.

The Canton of APPENZEL, Abbatiscellensis Pagus, encompassed with very high Mountains, is bounded on the North by the Abbey of S. Gall, on the West by the Republick of Liecthensteg, and on the South and East by the Country of Rhinthal and the River Rhine, being extended from S. W. to N. E. for the space of about 8 Leagues, and 6 from W. to E. This is the last Canton of Switzerland, where both the Roman Catholick and Protestant Religions are tolerated, as in that of Glaris; and takes its name from its Capital Town. It heretofore depended on the Abbey of S. Gall, enter'd into the General League with the other Provinces, A. D. 1513, and at present is united to that of Zurich. The whole Canton is divided into 12 Parts, 6 of which bearing the name of the Inner Appenzel, are inhabited by Papists, but the Protestants have taken Possession of the other 6, called the Outter Appenzel, being partly free and partly govern'd by the Nobility.

The Chief Towns are these, viz.

• Appenzel, Cap.
• ...Gonten,
• ...Ʋrnaschen.

APPENZEL, Abbatiscella, is a large, rich and populous Town, situated near the Source of the small River Sintra, at the distance of 12 French Leagues from Chur, almost as many from Constance, and four from S. Gall to the South.

CHAP. II. The ALLIES of the SWITZERS.

THE GRISONS Rhoeti, are the most potent Allies of the Switzers, and were so call'd by reason that all the Inhabitants that were ingag'd in their first League were wont to wear grey Scarffs. Their Country is bounded on the North by part of the County of Tyrol, that of Sargans and the Canton of Glaris; on the East by the same Province of Tyrol, on the South by the Territories of Milan, and the State of Venice, and on the West by the Canton of Ʋri. It is extended from North to South, for the space of 20 Leagues, and about 22 from East to West. Within these Limits are comprehended the Bishoprick of Chur, the Grison League, that of the 10 Commonalties, that of Gotthespunt or Casdee, the Valteline and the Counties of Chiavenna and Bormio, which are the 7 usual Divisions of the State of the Grisons, who concluded a mutual League among themselves, in the year 1471, and afterward another with the Switzers, in 1491. Their Country, which is the ancient Rhoetia, lies amidst inaccessible Mountains and dangerous Precipices, the principal Towns and Villages whereof are specified in the ensuing Table.

• The Bishoprick of Chur wherein are included these Towns,
  • Chur, Bishoprick and Cap.
  • ...Zitxers.
  • ...Haldentein.
• The Grison League, in which are compris'd these Towns,
  • Ilantz, Capital.
  • ...Tront,
  • ...Splagen,
  • ...Flintz,
  • ...Dissentis.
• In the Ten Commonalties,
  • Davos, Cap.
  • ...Alsenow,
  • ...Majenfeld,
  • S. Pieter.
• In Gotthespunt or Cazdee,
  • Casaccia, Cap.
  • ...Vesprum,
  • ...Tenesone,
  • ...Tufoncastel,
  • ...Bergon.
• In the Valteline,
  • Tirano, Cap.
  • ...Morbegno,
  • ...Teglio,
  • ...Sondrio.
• In the County of Chiavenna,
  • Chiavenna, Cap.
  • Pleurs, swallow'd up by an Earthquake,
  • ...Riva.
• The County of Bormio.
  • Bormio, Cap.
  • ...Valdelevin,
  • ...Cepina.

CHƲR, Curia, call'd Coire by the French, and Coira by the Italians, being the Capital City of the Grisons, and the usual place of their general Assemblies, is adventagiously seated at the Foot of two Mountains, and on the banks of the Rivulet Plessur. The Rhine begins to be Navigable a little above the Town, and causeth it to be much enrich'd by Traffick. It is distant 7 German miles from Chaivenna to the North, and 11 from Altorf to the East, as also 13 Italian miles from Majenfeld, about 10 hours Journey from Feldkirk, and 16 from Bregentz to the South. It was some time an Imperial and Free City, but afterward exempted from the Jurisdiction of the Empire, A.D. 1498. It is also the See of a Prelate, who acknowledges the Archbishop of Mentz in Germany as his Metropolitan, yet is himself a Prince of the Empire, and has a Seat in the College of these Princes, altho' his Revenues amount only to about 15000 Crowns. However, the Inhabitants have generally embrac'd the Doctrin of Zwinglius, except the said Bishop, Chapter and some few Lay-men, that profess the Roman Catholick Religion, and are confin'd within the Precinct of the Cathedral Church, where they live securely and enjoy all manner of Liberty.

ILANTZ, Ilantium aut Lepontii, is a small Town, situated in like manner on the Rhine, at the distance of about 15 m. from Chur to the S. W. wherein is held the Convention of the States of 3 Leagues, namely the Grison or upper Leaguc, that of Gotthespunt or Cazdee, and that of the 10 Commonalties. The first of these, whereof Ilantz is the Chief Town, hath the Canton of Glaris for its Northern Bounds, that of Ʋri for its Western, the 4 Governments of Italy on the South, and the 10 Commonalties on the North.

The Ten Commonalties or Jurisdictions, call'd by the French les Droitures, and in Latin Foedus decem Judiciorum aut Jurisdictionum, lie between the County of Tyrol on the North, part of Cazdee, along the banks of the River Inn on the East, part of the same League of Cazdee on the South, and that of the Grisons on the West. Their principal Towns is Davos, Davium, built near a Lake, about 5 or 6 Leagues from Chur to the N. E.

The League of Cazdee or Cadee, as it is termed in French, but call'd Gotthespunt by the Germans and Inhabitants, that is to say, The House of God, Foedus domus Dei, is bounded on the North by the Commonalties, and the Province of Tyrol, on the West by the Grison League, on the South by the County of Chiavenna and the Valteline, and on the East by that of Bormio. The most considerable Town of this Country is Casaccia near the River Pregel.

The VALTELINE, Vallis Tellina, lies between Cazdee on the N. the County of Chiavenna on the W. the Dominions of the State of Venice on the South, and the County of Bormio on the East. It is part of the ancient Rhoetia, and takes its name from the Fort or Village of Tell, in Latin Tellina Vallis or Valturena. These Territories are situated on the foot of the Alps, and were heretofore inhabited by the Vemnonetes. The Valteline is usually divided into three Parts, call'd Terzero di sopra, Terziro di Mezzo and Terzero di sotto. The Spaniards some time ago expell'd the G•isons from thence; but the French, at the Sollicitation of Pope Ʋrban VIII. dispossessed them, and restor'd the Country to its ancient Masters.

TIRANO, Tiranum, the Metropolis of this Province, is seated on the River Adda, at the distance of 6 miles from the Frontiers of Italy and the Territories of Venice, 30 from Chiavenna, and as many from the Lake of Como to the East.

SONDRIO, Sondrium aut Sondrisium, another considerable Town and Fort, stands in like manner on the banks of the same River Adda, where it receives the Brook Maler, almost in the midst between Tirano to the East and Mor•egno to the West, being distant 37 m. from Bergamo to the North, and as many from Chur. It is the str•ngest Hold in all the Valteline, and its Governor takes upon him the defence of the whole Country, acting as General in time of War. He likewise substitutes a Vicar to determine all Causes, both Civil and Criminal; but an Appeal lies from his Court of Judicature to that of the Grisons.

The County of CHIAVENNA, Comitatus Clavens•• is bounded on the North and West by the Grison-••ague▪ on the South by the 4 Governments of Italy, and on the East by the Va•teline. It derives its name from its Capital Town of Chiavenna, Clavena, termed also Claven in the German Tongue, which is situated at the foot of the Alps and Mount Adula, on the Brook Meira, the Waters whereof are not far off intermixt with those of the Adda, and discharged together with them into the Lake of Como, from whence this Town is distant 40 m. to the N. as also 30 from Chur, 15 from the River Rhine, and only 5 from the Lake of Chiavenna.

The County of BORMIO, Comitatus Bormiensis, hath Cazdee for its Northern and Western Bounds, being also limited on the S. by the Valteline, and on the E. by the Dominions of the State of Venice. The chief Town of this Lordship is likewise call'd Bormio or Vorms, and seated on the Adda 3 m. below its Spring-head, near the Entrance of the Valteline, and the Source of the River Oglio, being distant 38 m. from Morbegno to the E. 40 from Chiavanna, 65 from Como to the N. E.

The Republick and Abbey of S. GALL, Respublica Sancti Galli, is bounded on the N. by the Territory of Turgow; on the West by the County of Gasteren, on the S. by the Canton of Appenzel, and on the E. by the Lake of Constantz, taking its name from that of its chief Lown, according to the Custom observed in many other Places of Switzerland.

The principal Towns are these, viz.

• S. Gall, Archb. Cap.
• ...Liecthenstes,
• ...Gofcou,
• ...Viss.

S. GALL, Fanum Sancti Galli, is seated between 2 Hills, on a rising Ground, near the banks of a small River, between Appenzel and the Lake of Constantz, being distant only one German m. from the said Lake, and 4 from Lindaw to the W. It was first founded above 800 Years ago, and encompass'd with a Wall, in the time of the Emperor Arnold, owing its original to an adjoyning Abbey of the same name: For it is reported that one S. Gall, a Scot, or (as others say) an Irishman, arriving in France, accompany'd with S. Columba, in the XVII Century, continu'd his Travels as far as Switzerland, where he propagated the Christian Religion in divers parrs, more especially the adjacent Territory of Turgow, and having refused to accept the Bishoprick of Constantz, offer'd to him by Gonzom D. of the Almans, retired to a Desert Place, where this famous Abbey was afterward built, and called by his name. The number of his Disciples, being, in process of time much encreased, they •ollow'd the Rule of S. Benedict, and one Omer a P•iest ••rst obtain'd the Title of Abbot, by the special Favour of Pe••n, Son to Charles Martel, •bout 80 Years after •he death of S. Gall. Neither were Charles Martel and Pepin the only Benefactors, but also Cha•lemagne, and many other Kings of France, as also some Emperors of Ge•many, who bestow'd great Privileg•s and Revenues on these Abbots, insomuch they were extreamly enrich'd, and assumed the quality of Princes of the Em••re ever since the time of Conradus, who was elected to 〈◊〉 Dignity in the Year 1226. Thus his Successors became very potent Lords, and even at this Day are Masters of a Territor•, in which they can raise 6000 Men, their Grandeur being chiefly supported by the Alliance made with the Cantons Zurich, Lucern, Schwitz and Glaris. However, the Abbot at present usually resides at Viel, by reason that the Citizens, who are zealous Calvinists, now enjoy a Sovereignty altogether independent from that of the Abbey, which has a s•parate inclosure, yet between these is a common Gate, lock'd on both Sides, the Keys whereof are kept both by the Abbot and Citizens. The Town it self is not very large, but fair and well-built, its chief Trade consisting in a curious Manufacture of fine Linnen.

This Corporation is divided into 6 Companies, out of every one of which are chosen 12 Persons, who constitute the greater and lesser Councils. The Magistrates are elected every Year, and the Inhabitants have maintained an Alliance with 7 of the Swiss Cantons, Zurich, Bern, Lucern, Ʋri, Schwitz, Zug and Glaris, ever since A. D. 1454.

The Bishoprick of CONSTANTZ, Episcopatus Constantiensis, is bounded on the North by part of Schwaben, on the West by the Canton of Zurich, on the South by the Country of Turgow, and on the East by part of Germany, comprehending within its Jurisdiction the ensuing considerable Towns, viz.

• Constantz, Bish. and Cap.
• Menaw, Abb.
• ...Merspurg.
• ...Zell,
• ...Ʋberlingen,
• ...Richanau.

The City of CONSTANTZ we have already spoken of in our account of Schwaben in Germany, to which the Reader is referred; and the other Towns do not deserve particular Descriptions.

The Bishoprick of BASIL, Episcopatus Basiliensis, called also the Franche Mountains, lies to the W. of the Canton of Soloturn, to the S. of Alsatia, to the E. •f the County of Burgundy, and to the N. of Neuchatel. The most considerable Towns are these, viz.

• Porentru, Capit.
• ...Franquemont,
• ...Delsperg,
• ...Pagsfelden,
• ...Liesperg.

PORENTRƲ, or Bruntrut, according to the Pronunciation of the Inhabitants, Brundusia aut Bruntrutum, seated on a small River, hath appertain'd to the Jurisdiction of the Bishop of Basil, ever since the Protestants took possession of that Episcopal City.

This City is built on the very Confines of Suntgow and the Upper Alsatia, at the distance of 3 German miles from Pfirt, and 6 from Basil toward Montbeliard. It is defended with an old Castle on a Hill, and enclosed within the Destrict of the County of Eligaw. But we must take Care not to confound this Porentru with Porentrui, another little Town, situated to the South of the same Bishoprick of Basil.

The County of VALAIS, Vallesia, called Wallisserland by the Germans, is bounded on the North by the Cantons of Bern and Ʋri, on the East, by the same Canton of Ʋri, and the 4 Governments of Italy; on the South by the Dutchy of Milan, and on the West by that of Savoy, extending it self from the Source of the River Rhine, as far as the Lake of Geneva. This Country was heretofore inhabited by the ancient People of Gallia Narbonensis, called Veragi & Soduni. It is a pleasant fruitful Valley, encompass'd on all Sides with steep craggy Rocks and inaccessible Mountains, whereto there is only one single Passage, defended by 2 Gates and a Castle. But within these rude Ramparts are enclosed many rich Pastures and Meadows, abounding with Saffron, Corn, Grapes and other Fruits, together with Mines and Springs of Mineral Waters. Here are also bred several sorts of Wild-Beasts, affording much variety of Game, the utmost extent of the whole Country from East to West includes almost 100 miles, and its breadth between 15 and 30. The Inhabitants are generally Roman Catholicks, and entred into a mutual League with the Switzers in the Year 1533. The most considerable Towns are these, viz.

• Sion, Bish. and Cap.
• ...Martinach.
• ...Visp.
• ...Leuch.
• ...Natters.
• S. Moritz.

SION, Sedunum, call'd Sitten by the Germans, is situated in a delightful Plain, over which hangs only one single Mountain of a moderate heighth, rising up toward the East, as it were with 2 Tops; and serving as a Foundation to 3 Forts; in the first whereof stands the Episcopal Palace called the Majorian: The second, bearing the name of the Valerian, is built over against it on the other Top of the Mountain: And the third Tower, named Turbilion, is erected on the Top of the Majorian, being the highest and principal Fortress appertaining to the Bishop, to whose Jurisdiction the Town it self is subject, and who hath concluded a firm League with the 7 Catholick Cantons of Switzerland. This Prelate, who is elected out of the Body of the Chapter, assumes the Title of Count of Wallise•••nd and Prince of the Empire, having a Right to Coin Mony, as also to nominate his own Officers, and enjoying divers other Privileges, that were granted by the Emperor Charlemagne to The•dotus, A. C. 8•2. Amo•g other publick Edifices of this City the Cathedral Ch•r•h is more especially remarkable, as being a very ancient and stately Pile of Building. The Episcopal See, under the Metropolitan of Moutiers in Tarentaise, was formerly establish'd at Octodurum or Martignac, in Chablais, and after the Ruin of that Town remov'd to Sion.

The Provostship and County of NEƲWCHATEL. Neufchastel or Neuvemburg, Neocomensis Comitatus, lies between the Bishoprick of Basil to the North, the County of Burgundy to the West, the Territories of Vaux to the South, and the Canton of Friburg. Joanna of Hochberg translated this County to the Family of the Dukes of Longueville, through her Marriage with Lewes of Orleans, the first of that name, A. D. 1504. The principal Towns are these, viz.

• Neuwchatel, Cap.
• Biel, Repub.
• ...Vallangin.
• ...Munster.
• ...Engolen.
• Geneva, Repub.

NEƲWCHATEL, or Neufchastel, Neccomum, is seated on a Lake of the same name, and so call'd from a Castle built on an Hill, that commands the Town, being distant. 8 German miles from Lausanna to the North, almost 7 from Bern to the West toward Besancon, and 8 from Soloturn to the S. W.

Biel or Bienne, Bienna, is a small Town, built on the banks of the River of Pierre Port, and the principal of the Republick of Biel, lying in the midst between Neufchastel to the South, and Soloturn to the East, at the distance only of half a League from a Lake of the same name, which is full of Fish, and more especially contains good store of a sort call'd Heu•lings; It h•s also some Islands, whereof that of S. Peter is very pleasantly situated, the rest being often over•low'd, and the Banks are every where planted with Vines. The Inhabitants of Biel were at first subject to the Jurisdiction of the Bishop of Basil, but afterward became free States, having embrac'd the Reformed Religion, and made a League with the Switzers, A. D. 1547.

GENEVA, Geneva aut Genevensium Civitas, is a rich, fair and very ancient City, sounded long since in the Country of the ancient Allobroges on the Frontiers of Savoy and the banks of the River Rhone, at one end of the Lake Leman, often call'd from thence the Lake of Geneva. And indeed, its situation is admirable, the greater part thereof being built on a Hill, that rises with a gentle ascent, and the other in the Plain, and a small Island made by the Rhone, which flowing out of the Lake surrounds the Eastern Side of the Town, and separat•s it from the Suburbs of S. Gervase, that properly d•pend on the Country of Gex. The same River here receives the Arve, the Channel whereof serves as it were for a Trench on the Southern Side, as the Nothern is defended by the Lake. All these Sides are likewise guard•d with considerable Fortifications; Nevertheless, the chiefest Strength of this City undoubtedly consists in that firm Alliance which has been maintain'd so long between it and the Cantons of Bern and Zurich; indeed the Ramparts may well secure it from a sudden Surprize or Scalado, but are not sufficient for its defence against the Assaults of a numerous Army. However, the Arsenal (as Bishop Burnet assures us) in proportion to the State▪ is the greatest in the World, containing Arms for more Men than are in the whole Republick, together with many pieces of Artillery. Here are also kept the famous Scaling-Ladders, that were set up against the Walls by the Savoya•ds, when they attempted to surprize the Place, A. D. 1602, and the Petard with which they endeavour'd to break down the New Gate, as Memorials of so signal a Deliverance. The principal Church, dedicated to S. Peter, is built on an Hill, and in it is to be seen the Tomb of Henry II. Duke of Rohan. There is also a Dutch and an Italian Church, and formerly one was set apart for the Use of the English Nation. The Town-House is a very fair Building, and has a Staircase of singular Workmanship. The Streets are large and beautiful, and the Walks extream pleasant, especially along the Side of the Lake; those call'd La Riviere, making 3 different Streets, for in the middle is a Passage for Coaches and Horses, and on each Side stands a Row of Shops, facing the Houses, with large Portico's, supported by Pillars, under which one may walk at all times secure from the Injury of the Weather. The Emperor Charles IV. founded an University here, A. D. 1368. which is still supplied with very able Professors, and in the Publick Library are preserved a great number of Books and rare Manuscripts, particularly a very Ancient MS. Bible of S. Jerom's Translation, &c.

The City of Geneva hath been for a long Time overn'd by its nwo particular Counts since the IXth Century, first of whom was named Ratbert, and flourished A. C. 880. Thus, in process of Time it devolved on Humbert de Villers, who dying without Issue, left it to his Heir Odo de Villers, and this last Count granted the whole Territory of Geneva to Amedeo VIII. Duke of Savoy, by vertue of a Treaty concluded at Paris on the 5th day of August, A. D. 1401. However, the Bishop, who acknowledged the Arch-bishop of Vienne in Dauphine as his Metropolitan, obtained the Government of the City, and his Successors have even styled themselves Princes thereof, ever since the Emperor Frederick Barberossa gave it to Bishop Arducius, in 1162. But at last the Reformed Religion having prevail'd among the Inhabitants, they found means, •y the Assistance of those of Ber• to expel the Rom•• C••holicks, together with their Prelate Peter de l• 〈◊〉, in 1534 and 1535. Whereupon they abolished the Mass, and •stablished a popular Form of Government; wh•ch Revolution was carried on chiefly through the Industry of their famous Reformers William •••el, J••n Calvin and Theodore Beza, the two latter o• whom dyed and w•re buried in the same City; but th• titular Bishop thereof now resides at Annecy, the Constitution of the Government here is very near the same as in most of the Cantons of Switzerland; for the Sovereignty lies in the Great Council of 200, and out of that Number 25 Persons are chosen to make up the Lesser Council; both these are for Life, and serve as Checks one to another, the Soveraignty residing in one and the Magistracy in the other: The Syndick is the Chief Magistrate of the Common-wealth, and is elected by the whole Body of the Burgesses, on the first Sunday of the Year. there is this difference between the Burgesses and Citizens, that is to say, the former degree of Honour may be purchased or bestowed on Foreigners, so that they may be admitted into the Council of 200, but none is reputed a Citizen but he that is the Son of a Burgess, and born within the Town. The Publick Justice is regularly administred, although the private Dealings of the Tradesmen are not so exact. The Magistrates and Consistory of Divines take great care to suppress Vice and no publick Debauchery is any were tolerated, so that such Disorders are manag'd with great Address and Privacy; neither are the Inhabitants much addicted to drinking, notwithstanding their Neighbourhood to the Switzers. Their Vulgar Tongue is the Savoyard; but all those of any considerable Quality speak French, which if it be not the best, is at least as pure as that of the greater Part of the Provinces of France. The Revenues of this little State may amount to about 10000• Crowns, and the City stands 7 •eagues from Ann••y, 15 North of Chambery, 24 North-east of Bern, and as many from Lyons.

The Lake of Geneva extends it self about 9 German miles in length, and 2 in its greatest breadth; but its depth in some Places could never be found, as exceeding 500 Fathom. It is well stock'd with excellent Fish, but the Trouts are the most remarkable, many of them weighing 50 pounds apiece, and some being larger by a third part. However, the Numbers of Fish sensibly decrease, and one sort is quite lost, which diminution is attributed to the ravenousness of the Pikes and another kind of Fish call'd Moutils, which never appear'd in the Lake until 6 or 7 years ago, and were probably conv•yed thither through certain subterraneous Channels. The Water of this Lake is extremely clear and fresh, yet is so•etimes disturbed by the Winds, and rages as it were a little Sea. It is not only a great Pond made by the River Rhone runn•ng in to it (which does not pass through unmixt, as some Auth•rs, both ancient and modern, have vainly imagin'd) but is also enlarged by many Springs flowing (as it is believed) from some vast Caverns in the adjacent Mountains, being, as it were, huge Cisterns that ••scharge themselves into the Valleys, which in the•e P•rts ••e covered all over with Lakes.

MƲLHAƲSEN or MƲLNHAƲSEN, Mulhusia, so call'd, as it were the Mill-house, an Imperial and Free City in the Upper Alsatia, is seated on the River Elle, into the Channel whereof that of the Hall, discharges its Waters a little below, being distant 3 leagues from Pfirt to the North, as also from Basil to the N. W. and from Newburg to the W. The Inhabitants enter'd into a League with the Switzers, in the Year 1515. But we must distinguish this City from another of the same Name in Thuringen, that stands on the Foot of the Mountains, near the Rivulet Ʋnstr•t, and remains under the Protection of the Elector of Saxony.

ROTWEL, Rotevilla, is in like manner an Imperial City of Schawben, and one of the Allies of Switzerland. It stands on the Side of the River Necker, near the Mountains of Albenow, at the distance of 10 German m. from Brisach to the East, and 6 from Schaffenhausen to the North. A Soveraign Court of Judicature for the whold Province of Schawben was erected here by Duke Conrade III. A. D. 1147. and Monsieur de Guebriant Marshal of France being mortally wounded in besieging this City, died therein, after it was taken by the French Forces, on the 17th Day of Novemb. A.D. 1643.

CHAP. III. The Subjects of the SWITZERS, who may be distinguished into Twelve several Societies or Corporations, viz.

• 1, The County of Baden, to the S. of Schawben, subject to the 8 ancient Cantons, in which are comprised these Chief Towns.
  • Baden, Cap.
  • ...Zurzach.
  • ...Keyserstal,
  • ...Kelingenaw.
• 2. The Free Provinces dispersed throughout divers Places appertaining to 5 Cantons
  • Maiemberg, To the East of Lucern.
  • Kichenzee, To the East of Lucern.
  • Mutt, To the East of Lucern.
  • Vilvergen. To the East of Lucern.
  • Rapers Viller, a County. On the Lake of Zurich to the 4 Canton
  • Ergaw, On the Lake of Zurich to the 4 Canton
• 3. The Bailiages of Bremgarten and Mellengen to the South of the Counto of Baden to 8 Cantons.
  • ...Bremgarten,
  • ...Mellengen.
• 4. The County of Thurgow to the West of the Lake of Constance, to 7 Cantons.
  • Fravenfeld, Cap.
  • ...Viscofzel,
  • ...Pfin,
  • ...Arbon,
  • ...Fravensee,
  • ...Reinow,
  • ...Burglen,
  • ...Vinfelden.
• 5. The Territories of Rhinthal lying between that of Tyrol, the Lake of Constance and Appenzel to 8 Cantons
  • Alsteten, Cap.
  • ...Reinech,
  • ...Oberied

• 6. The Barony of Altsax to the South of Rhinthal, subject to Zurich.
  • ...Altsax,
  • ...Fonsteg,
  • ...Gains.
• 7. The County of Verdemberg to Glaris
  • Verdemberg.
• 8. The County of Sargans to the North of the Grison League to 7 Cantons.
  • Sargans, Cap.
  • ...Riva,
  • ...Ragartz.
• 9. The Bailiages of Gasterne, Ʋlznach and Quart, to the East of Schwitz and Glaris depending on these 2 Cantons.
  • Gasteren, Cap.
  • ...Ʋlznach,
  • ...Quart,
  • ...Schenis,
  • ...Wesen.
• 10 Four Bailiages bordering on the Canton of Friburg, and appertaining to Bern and Friburg.
  • ...Granson,
  • ...Morat,
  • ...Orbe.
  • ...Schwartzemburg.
• 11. The 3 Bailiages of Bellinzona to the South of the Grison League to 3 Cantons.
  • Bellinzona Cap.
  • ...Poleza.
• 12. The 4 Governments of Italy to the North of the Dutchy of Milan depending on 3 Cantons.
  • ...Logan,
  • ...Locarno,
  • ...Mendrisi,
  • ...Valmedia.
• Within the Precincts of these Four Governments and the adjacent Places are comprised Five several Valleys and Four Lakes.
  • ...Cento Valli,
  • Valley of Ossernon,
  • Valley of Media,
  • Valley of Lanza
  • Valley of Verzasco,
  • Lake Major,
  • Lake of Locarna,
  • Lake of Logan,
  • Lake of Como.

BADEN, Castellum Thermarum, aut Aquarum olim Aquae, is seated on the River Limat, which a little below the Town falls into the Aar, at the distance of about 8 miles from the Rhine to the South, 12 from Zurich to the North-west, and 35 from Basil to the South-east. It is the usual place where the General Diets or Assemblies of the Cantons are held for the transacting of their publick Affairs, and where the Ambassadors of Foreign Countries are entertain'd. It is also the Capital of a County, taking its name from thence, and one of the Free Towns of Switzerland; for altho' the eight ancient Cantons retain a Sovereign Jurisdicton over it; nevertheless their Bailiff, who usually Resides there, has no power to act in the Government, since the Burgers chuse their own Magistrates and have certain peculiar Laws. The lesser Council consists of 12 Persons, to whom is committed the management of publick Affairs, together with the Administration of Justice. But the great Council is compos'd of 40, comprehending the 12 of the lesser; and the Head of them is nam'd the Advoyer. The Town of Baden is famous for the Conference held there A. D. 1526, about matters of Religion, and the mutual League made by the Cantons in the same Year; as also for the late General Diet Conven'd in 1690, wherein they resolv'd on a Neutrality with respect to the War between the Confederates and France. This Town is call'd Ober Baden, or the Upper Baden, to distinguish it from another of the same name in the Province of Schawben, which is distinguish'd with the Tittle of a Marquisate: But both these Towns are famous for excellent Baths of hot Water, and each of them is defended by a Castle built on an Hill.

MAJEMBERG, is a small Village or Burrough, within the Territories of the Free Provinces, distant about four Leagues from Lucern to the North.

BREMGARTEN, Bremocartum, is a little Town, which bears the Title of a Bailiage, and appertains to the eight old Cantons, being seated on the banks of the River Russ, and distant only two or three Leagues from Mellingen, which is in like manner a Bailiage; as also 15 miles from Baden toward Lucern, 2 large miles from Zug to the North, and 2 short miles according to the Standard of Switzerland, from Zurich to the West.

FRAVENFELD, is a small Town, water'd by a Rivulet in the County of Turgow, within 5 or 6 Leagues of the City of Constance.

ALSTETEN is the principal Town of the District of Rhincthal, from whence one may pass within the space of three Hours to Appenzel.

ALTZAX is the chief Town of the Barony of the same name, and stands at the distance of 2 or 3 Leagues from Appenzel to the South, as also does,

GAINS, only at that of one large League from the same place.

VERDEMBERG, the Metropolis of the County, that takes its name from thence, is distant only 6 Leagues from Chur.

SARGANS is the Capital Town of the County that bears the same name, and is subject to the Jurisdiction of 7 ancient Cantons.

This County was heretofore Inhabited by the Sarunetes, a People of whom Pliny makes mention, and in process of time fell into the possession of the Counts of Wertenburg, but they Mortgag'd it to the House of Austria; and when redeem'd in 1483, George Count of Wertenburg, sold it to the Swiss Cantons, who send a Governor thither every Year: Nevertheless, the Town still enjoys divers peculiar Privileges, and has a right to chuse its own Magistrates,

GASTEBEN, is the most considerable Burrough of the Bailiage, so call'd, lying between the Canton of Zurich and that of Bern.

GRANSON, Gransonium, is a little Burrough or Hamlet, with the Title of a Bailiage, near the Lake of Neufchastel, depending on the Cantons of Bern and Friburg, and being distant one mile from the Town Neufchastel to the South, and 3 from Friburg to the West. It is famous for the first Battel which the Switzers gain'd here over Charles, Sur-named the last Duke of Burgundy, on the 2d day of May, A. D. 1476.

MORAT, MƲRAT, MOƲRAT, Moratum aut Muratum; call'd also Murten by the Germans, is situated in the County of Romont, on the Lake of the same name, made by the River Mourena. This little Town is no less Renowned than the former, on the account of a signal Victory which the Switzers obtain'd over the Forces of the same Charls the Hardy, on the 23d. of June, A. D. 1476; for they slew above 18000 Men, and laid the Bones of their Enemies in a Chapel erected on the side of the Lake. This War broke forth on the occasion of a Waggon-load of Sheep-Skins, which a Switzer convey'd to Geneva, by reason that they were taken from him in the Country of Vaux, which then appertain'd to the Possessions of James of Savoy, Count of Romont, with whom the Switzers were at variance, and the Duke of Burgundy declar'd on his behalf. Morat is distant about 2 Leagues from Friburg to the North, and 3 from Bern to the West.

LODARNO, Lodarnum, nam'd Lugaris by the Germans, is a considerable Town and Bailiage of Italy, lying near the Lake Verbanus, or Maggiore, at the distance of 30 miles from Como to the North-east, and 40 from Novana; but only 5 from the Confines of the Dutchy of Milan. And indeed it heretofore depended on the Dominions of those Dukes, But the Switzers made themselvs Masters thereof, A. D. 1512. Thus it appears, that the Cantons of Switzerland, together with those of their Allies and Subjects, form a potent Common-wealth; and that an Alliance with them may be very advantagious to the Interest of some States of Christendom.