Source:MoreriT

T. (BOOK T)

T. THIS Letter is sometimes put for s, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, pultare for pulsare; and sometimes for d, as Alexanter for Alexander. In English, when joyn'd to h it has sometimes the Sound of a d, as in the Words the, this, that, which comes from the Dutch, de, dis, dat. The Romans us'd it to signifie that the Tribunes had approved what was mark'd with it. Lucian says, that it was a Mark put upon Robbers because it represented a Gibbet to signifie what they deserved.

* Tabago, or the Tobacco Island in the West-Indies, in the North Sea, possessed by the Dutch, lies eight Miles from Le Trinidad to the North-East, and 90 South of Barbadoes, water'd with 18 small Rivers, and well provided with safe Harbours. It's about nine Dutch Miles long, and three broad, very fruitful, and scarcely wanting any Necessaries. The Dutch began to plant it about forty Years ago. The English under Sir Tobias Bridges took and plunder'd it in 1673, and carried away four hundred Prisoners, and as many Negroes. In 1677 the French King sent the Count D'Estree with ten Ships thither, who entring Klips Bay, engaged for several Days together a Fleet of eight Dutch commanded by James Bincket a Dutchman, who defended the Island so well, that though the French pretended to keep the Fort, yet they were forc'd to draw off, and leave the Dutch Masters of it. The whole Plantation of this Island is Tobacco. Long. 316. Lat. 10. 30.

Tabanestan, a Province of the Kingdom of Persia, on the Caspian Sea, to which it giveth Name. 'Tis a part of ancient Hir•ania, which lies between the Provinces of Gilan and Khoemus. Its capital City is Asterabath.

Tabarque, a City of Africk towards the Mediterranean, on the Coast of the Kingdom of Tunis. It was formerly a Bishops See, but at this day is only considerable for its Harbour, which belongs to the House of Lomellini of Genoa.

Tabarca, a Sea-Port Town on the Coast of Barbary, twenty Leagues from Biserta to the West over-against Cape Pulo in Sardinia, thirty Leagues, So. Nub. pag. 88. 44. from Collo East. This was anciently called Tabraca.

Tabenna, an Island of Egypt in Thebais, where is at present the Eastern Part of Said, near the ancient City of Syene, which is believed to be Asna or Asuan. There was a little Town called Tabennis, which is spoken of in St. Pachom's Life. This Island was formerly famous, by the Reputation of the Monks to whom it gave the Sirname Tabenniosites. Palladius Hist. tripart.

Tabernacles. The Jews had a Feast which they called the Feast of Tabernacles, or Tents, in Commemoration of their Encamping in the Wilderness after their Departure out of Egypt. It was called Scenopegia, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Gr. which is a Word compounded of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 a Tent and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to fix, build, make. It was celebrated on the 15th of the Month Tisri, which answers to September. This Feast is instituted in Lev. 23. where it is said, Seven days shall ye dwell in Tabernacles or Tents. Leo of Modena says, that every one made in an open Place a Lodge covered with Leaves, hung round, and adorned to their utmost Ability. They eat and drank, and some even lay in them. The eighth day was solemnly observed in a publick Assembly. The Feast of the Rejoycing of the Law, Laetitia Legis, which is celebrated the Day following, makes a part of the Feast of Tabernacles, which likewise lasts nine Days: The two first and two last Days of this Feast are solemn, but the other five are not. They procure against that time one Branch of Palm-Tree, three of Myrtle, two of Willow, and one of Lemmon-Tree; and when they say over the Psalms Hallel in the Synagogue, they take in their Right-Hand all the Branches tied together, except that of the Lemmon-Tree, which they hold in their Left; and bringing them by one another, they shake them towards the four Corners of the World, as 'tis said Lev. 23.40. And on the first day ye shall take the branches of goodly Trees, and branches of Palm-Trees. Then singing some Songs, they go round this little Altar or Desk that is in the Synagogue every Day, holding these Branches in their Hands. Because that anciently they performed the same Ceremonies in the Temple round the Altar. Leo of Modena's Treatise of Ceremonies, part 3. ch. 7.

Round-Table. A kind of Tilting or single Combat, so called because the Knights that had fought at these Combats came after they had done to sup with the Author of the Tilting, where they were set at a Round-Table. The ancient Romans ascribe the Glory of Inventing the Tournament, Tilting, and the Round-Table, to the famous Arthur King of the Britons: And some English Authors write, that this Table is to be seen still, fastned to the Walls of the old Castle of Winchester; which the Learned Cambden calls in question, remarking that this Table is of a later Fabrick. Thomas of Walsingham says, that King Edward III. who began his Reign An. 1042, caused a House to be built at Windsor-Castle, which he called the Round-Table. However it be, there is this difference between Tournaments and the Conflicts of the Round-Table, that the first was performed by Troops, and the latter were single Combats with a Lance. Matthew Paris distinguishes these two Military Exercises An. 1252 in these Words, Non in hasti-ludio illo quod Torneamentum dicitur, sed potius in illo ludo militari qui Mensa rotunda dicitur. Du Cange Dissert. 7. on St. Louis's Life.

New-Tables, in Latin Tabulae novae, was the Name of a certain Edict anciently made use of by the Romans, whereby all sorts of Debts were generally abolished, and all Obligations made null. It was called Tables, because that anciently before Paper or Parchment were used in writing Publick Acts, they were graved with a small Needle on little Boards of thin Wood covered with Wax, which were called Tabulae; and the Publick Acts still retain this Name in Latin. This Edict was called New because it obliged them to make New Tables to write the Acts upon, the old ones being rendred useles. Aul. Gell. l. 9. c. 6.

Table of the Sun, a Place of Ethiopia in the Island of Meroe or Guerguere. The People believed that a vast quantity of good Meat that they saw exposed there every day to those that would take it, was produced there; but the Magistrates set it there before day. The Italians call it Paëse della Cucagna; and the French, Païs de Coccagne. Theagenes and Charicleus's Romance speaks at large of it. Herodot. l. 3. Mela. Solin.

Tabor, a little City of Bohemia, on the River Lauznic. The Hussites retired thither during the Wars of Bohemia, in the 15th Century; for which Reason they were called Taborites. Aeneas Sylvius Hist. de Bohem. Cocleus.

Tabor, a Mountain in the Tribe of Zebulon in the Land of Canaan, called by the Seventy Itabyrium, by others Tabyrium, by Polybius, Mastoim. It stood six German Miles from Ptolemais to the South-East, and was remarkable for the Rendezvouz of the Army of Barac against Sisera, and also for the Transfiguring of our Lord upon it: And it is also supposed to be the Mountain on which, by Appointment, he shewed himself to five hundred of his Disciples after his Resurrection. In memory of which, St. Helena built here a noble Church dedicated to the three Apostles; to which were after added two Monasteries: of all which nothing remains but the Ruins. Matth. 17. Mar. 9. Jud. 4.5.

Tabuc, a Town in Arabia Deserta, in the Road between Damascus and Medina, supposed to be the Medaba of Ptolomy. It has a beautiful Castle, and a fine large Spring of Water which affords Drink to the Inhabitants and Support to the Palm Trees. Nub. pag. 110. 119. It stands forty German Miles South of Damascus, about seventy North of Medina, thirty South-East of Herat, five Stations North of Hagiar, and fix from Madian. Ibid. pag. 109.

Tacfarinas, a Numidian Slave, who having learned the Art of War under the Romans, as a private Sentinel, deserted them, and retired into Africk, where he got together a great number of Robbers, whom he disciplin'd, and formed into a potent Army, being joyned by a great many Troops of Saracens and Moors. Having got himself proclaimed King, he ravaged all the Country, and defeated the Roman Army commanded by Decius Proconsul of Africk, whom he wounded in the Eye. But afterwards he was overcome by Camillus, and in fine killed by Dolabella. Tacit. lib. 2.

Tacitus (Marc-Claud) Emperor, esteemed for his Prudence. He was chosen Aurelian's Successor after an Interregnum of about seven Months. The Soldiers approved this Election, and every

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one hoped for a happy Government from the Vertues of a Man advanced in Years. He owned Tacitus the Historian for his Kinsman, and caused his Statue and Works to be set up in all the Libraries, for fear they should be lost. Some Authors say, that he died a natural Death; but 'tis certain that he was assassinated by the Soldiers near Tiane, being 65 Years of Age, and about six Months after his Election, An. 275. Florian, his Brother German, made himself Master of the Empire, and enjoyed it but two Months.

Tacitus (Cornelius) a Latin Historian. He was of an illustrious Family of Roman Knights, and his Merit as well as his Birth raised him to the highest Places of Trust in the Commonwealth. He lived under the Emperor Vespasian some following Reigns, and was esteemed and beloved as one of the chief Men of his Age. Pliny the Younger extols him highly, and avoucheth in one of his Epistles, that he had taken him for the Pattern of Eloquence that he would follow, amongst the very great number of Orators that were then to be met with at Rome. 'Tis believed that Tacitus did not begin to write till well advanced in Years, and under the Empire of Trajan, as he himself remarks. He wrote his History, whereof we have no more than five Books, and afterwards his Annals, a great part whereof is likewise lost: Besides these two Pieces, he has also composed a Treatise of the different sorts of People that inhabited Germany in his Days, where he speaks of their differing Manners; and a Book of the Life of his Father-in-law Agricola. Some attribute to him in like manner, that of the Causes of the Corruption of the Latin Tongue, which others will have to be Quintilian's; and according to Justus Lipsius it was writ by neither.

* Tadcaster, a Market Town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, having a large Stone Bridge over the River Warfe. It's of note for the Lime Stone digg'd here in great Plenty. From London 182 Miles.

Tadda (Francis) a famous Italian Graver, whom Cosme de Medicis had in great esteem. This Prince having in 1555 found some Pieces of Porphyre among many Pieces of old Marble, would have a Bason made for a Fountain; and to facilitate the Work, he caused some Herbs to be distilled, from which he drew a Water, that gave an extraordinary Hardness to hot Iron Tools soak'd in it: By this means Tadda made a very fine Bason for the Fountain. And as the Duke had communicated this Secret to him, he tryed it upon other Works, and succeeded so well in it, that he made in a Demi-relievo a Head of Christ, and in the two other Ovals those of the Duke Cosme de Medicis and the Dutchess his Wife. Tadda made afterwards other Pieces with like Success: But this Secret was lost, and 'tis not known that any has it at present. Felibien Principles of Arts.

Tadica, an Arabian Woman, whose Servant Mahomet was. She was 50 Years of Age, but rich, when Sergius the Monk persuaded her to marry Mahomet, who afterwards invented his new Religion. Volaterr. l' Geograph. 12.

Tafilet, a Kingdom of Biledulgerid in Africk, beyond Mount Atlas. It is a very sandy Country, and almost every where barren, by reason of the excessive Heat most part of the Year. It produces no Wheat, and the Barley which they sow along the Rivers grows not without a great deal of pains, none but Cherifs or Princes, and the Alcayds or Governours, can afford to buy it; and the People live on Dates and Camels Flesh. The Provinces which depend on this Kingdom are Touet towards the East, Dras towards the South; with the Deserts of Sara, which contain the People of Ferquela, Toudega, Liguerisy, Toguedout, Sedrat, Mougouna, Secoura and Hadet, each of whom dwell near Rivers of the same Name. There is no City but Tafilet in this Kingdom. The People are of three sorts, the Cherifs, the Arabians, the Barbarians: The first say that they are descended of Mahumet, and dwell in the Castles: The Arabians came from Arabia with their Prince Mouley Meheres, and pitch in the Plains in Tents. The Barbarians are the ancient Inhabitants, and live in the Villages. These are a big and tawny People, breed Cattel in the Mountains, and exchange them with the Arabians for Dates. This Country abounds in Dromedaries, so admirably swift, that they will make more way in twenty four Hours than a good Horse can in seven or eight days. Mouley Archy King of Tafilet is become famous by his great Conquests in this Age. See Mouley Archy. Moliette Hist. of the Kingdom of Marot.

Tafilet, the capital City of the Kingdom abovementioned. It has a strong Castle, and is peopled with a great number of Bereberes, called Filelis. The Country about it is sufficiently fruitful, and produceth excellent Dates; hath all sorts of Cattel, and a great many Camels: They likewise traffick much in Indigo for dying, and Goats Leather, which brings the Merchants of Europe and Barbary. Here are made Bucklers of wild Ox Leather, fine strip'd Silks, with Moresk Work, and rich Coats, which they call Filelis, with curious Tapistry, like those of Turkey. Marmol. of Africk lib. 7.

Tagaste, a City of Africk, formerly a Bishops See, and famous for having been the Place of St. Augustine's Birth. 'Tis at this day but a pitiful Village in the Province of Constantine within the Kingdom of Algier.

Tagat, a Mountain two Leagues to the Eastward of Fez, Capital of a Kingdom of the same Name in Africk. It extends to the River Bunacer about two Leagues. All the foreside of the Mountain that looks towards Fez is covered with Vines, but the other side and the top is arable Ground. Every Winter some of the poor Inhabitants of Fez come to this Mountain to search for Treasures, which they pretend the Romans left there at their Departure. They say that they have Memoirs which shew the Places where these Treasures are, and nothing can dissuade them from this Opinion, which they have imbibed from Father to Son; so that they lose both their Time and their Goods in digging this Mountain. When any would undeceive them they say that these Treasures are enchanted, and that they'll never find them till the Enchantment is removed. They have wrought more than five hundred Years in this fruitless search. Marmol. of Afr.

Tage, or Taje, a River of Spain, whose Source is in New Castile, on the Confines of Arragon. It passes to Toledo and Talavera, and being then encreased by some other Rivers, it watereth Estramadura, and runs through Portugal. It forms the vast Haven of Lisbon, and on the South side of that City passeth into the Atlantick Ocean, having its Fountains run 110 Spanish Leagues, and being at its Mouth two Spanish Leagues broad. This River is frequently mentioned by the Poets on the account of its Golden Sands.

Tages, was a young Child that appeared in Tuscany, near the City Tuaquini, now destroyed, while a Peasant was plowing the ground. His Countenance represented a staid Man, and his Discourses had nothing but what was great. He taught the Art of Predicting Things to come by the Inspection of Entrails of Living Creatures to those who out of Curiosity came from all Parts to see him. The Tuscans, who in this were the most superstitious of all Men, transmitted these Ceremonies from their Country to Rome by means of the Tarquins, who were of this Country. Ciubo de Divinatione, Lucan l. 1. Phars. Ovid 15 Metam.

Taicko, Emperor of Japan in 1573. He was a Soldier of Fortune, who first appeared at the Head of 50 Men, with whom he did so great Exploits, that in a little time he was back'd by a considerable Army. He at first seized some Castles, took many Cities afterwards, and in three Years time made himself Master of all the Empire. He left to Dayro, the lawful Emperor of Japan, all his external Grandeur, but usurped the Authority. This Tyrant rendred himself hateful to all the Lords of his Court, and was poisoned Anno 1598. On his Death-bed he pray'd Ongoschius, one of the greatest Lords of that Country, to take upon him the Guardianship of his Son Fidery, but six Years old; which he accepted; but he made himself Sovereign, and usurped the Crown from this young Prince. Mandesh's Voyage into the Indies.

Taillebourg, a City of France in Xaintonge. It is upon the Charant, famous for the Victory which St. Louis obtained there in 1242 over Hugh de la Marche and other Malecontents, who had called in the King of England.

Taisnier (John) a learned Mathematician, born at Ath in Heynault, in the 16th Century. He was an excellent Man, and applied himself to several sorts of Studies, as Law, Philosophy, Mathematicks and Musick; and having commenc'd Doctor, he taught the Law and other Sciences publickly: but, as he was a Lover of Novelties, he quitted his Country, and travelled through almost all Parts of the World. Having brought over some Friends to the Emperor Charles V. when he was making Preparation for the Siege of Tunis, he was entertained at that Princes Court in Quality of Chaplain and Musician of the Oratory, and accompanied him in that Expedition, during which he informed himself of the Doctrin of the Moors and Arabians. From Africk he went into Asia; and after he had instructed those of the East in the Secrets of the Mathematicks, he sailed to Maltha and Sicily, where he invented a kind of Ship of an extraordinary Form and Bigness. Being arrived at Rome, he taught the Mathematicks there to above three hundred Students, as he did likewise at Ferrara, and some other Universities; afterwards he took a Turn into Germany, and staid some time at Cologne to look after the Musick of John Gebhard Archbishop of that City. In fine, returning to his Country, he wrote a Book of the Loadstone, which has since that time been of great use in Navigation; one of perpetual local Motion against Aristotle and the Peripateticks, another of the Sphere, and one of the very rapid Motion, till then unknown; but instead of continuing to seek after Renown by those laudable Studies, he applied himself to the Publishing what he had learn'd in his Travels about the Art of predicting Mens Fortunes by the Lines of the Hand. He addicted himself wholly to these Vanities, by which he drew the Ignorant and Credulous after him; wherein he lost the rest of his time, with the Reputation he had acquired in the Places where he taught. He died very aged towards the end of the 16th Century.

Taitung, a City of China in the Province of Xansi, the third of that Province, very well fortified, and a Place of great Trade.

Talasse, a God, who, according to the Romans, presided over Marriages, as Hymenaeus did among the Greeks; therefore they used to call upon him on their Wedding-days, that their Marriage might be prosperous: It happened on this Occasion, when the Romans ravished the Daughters of the Sabines (who came to Rome to see some Plays that Romulus had instituted) some having carried away a very beautiful Virgin, went crying along the Streets, à Talassius, à Talassius, that no body might attempt to take her away from them, pretending that they were taking her for a Wife to Talassus, who was a very valiant young Roman, and much beloved by the People. His Marriage proving very fortunate, he was after his Death invoked by the Romans in their Marriages, to the end they might have as much Content in

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their Marriages as he had in his. Tit. Liv. l. 1. Plut. in his Problems, and on the Life of Romulus.

* Talbot. The first of this Name whom Dugdale mentions is one Richard in the time of William the Conqueror, the next is Geffrey, who had a large Estate in Kent in K. Henry the First's time: He was Banished by King Stephen for his Cruelty in his Military Employments in behalf of Maud the Empress. He was afterwards taken as designing to seize the City of Bath, but pardoned. In the 3d Year of Stephen he held out the Castle of Hereford against the King, for Maud the Empress. He was succeeded by Hugh his Brother, who took a Monks Habit in the Monastery of Beaubeck in Normandy, to which he had been a great Benefactor. His Son Richard succeeded, whose Son Gilbert in the 5th Rich. 2. was Governour of Ludlow Castle. His Son Richard married Aliva Daughter to Alan Basset of Wiccomb Com. Bucks, Sister to Philip Basset Justice of England: Their Son Gilbert succeeded, and was made Governour of the Castles of Grosmund, Skenfrith, and Blancminster, and one of the Justices itinerant for the County of Hereford. In 47 Hen. 3. upon the Commotions of the Welsh he was commanded by the King to fortifie the Castles abovesaid, and that of Monmouth. Having married the Daughter of Rhese ap Griffith Prince of Wales, he changed his Arms, the Bend of ten Pieces Argent and Gules, and bore the Lyon Rampant Or in a Field Gules with a Bordure engrail'd of the first, being the Arms of the said Princes of Wales. He died 2 Edw. I. and was succeeded by his Son Richard, who served that Prince in his Expeditions into Wales and Gascony, and against the Scots, being one of those Nobles who subscribed that Letter to the Pope asserting King Edward's Superiority over Scotland. He was succeeded by his Son Gilbert, who also serv'd Edw. I. in Scotland, and was one of those who cut off Pierce Gaveston, for which he was pardoned 7 Edw. 2. whom he also served in his Wars against Scotland. In the 16th of that King he was made Governour of the Town and Castle of Glocester, but afterwards Fin'd for being concern'd in the Insurrection of Thomas Earl of Lancaster, and afterwards pardoned. He was at that time a Banneret, and very active for the King in his Wars, so that he procured a Grant of more Mannors, was made Lord Chamberlain to the King, and Justice of South Wales. He had been summoned to Parliament from the 4th to the 18 of Edward III. and died in the 20th, being succeeded by Richard his Son, who married Elizabeth Daughter to John Cumin of Badenoch in Scotland; and she being forcibly taken by Hugh le de Spencer Earl of Winchester, was kept Prisoner a Year, and for fear of Death forced to resign her Mannor of Painswick in the County of Glocester, and the Castle of Goderick to him and his Son. An 1331, in 5 Edw. 3. he was one of those who invaded Scotland and obtain'd a great Victory: In the 8th of that King he was taken Prisoner there after a great Slaughter of the English, but was afterwards ransom'd, and made Governour of Berwick upon Twede. He served that King afterward in his Expeditions into France and Scotland, and having been summoned to all the Parliaments held during his Life in that Kings Reign, died in the 30th Edw. 3. being succeeded by Gilbert his Son, who also served the King in his War with France, and died in the 10th of Rich. 2. being succeeded by his Son Richard, who serv'd that King in his Wars against Scotland, and attended John Duke of Lancaster King of Castile and Leon into Spain. He died 20th Rich. 2. succeeded by his Son Gilbert, who as Son and Heir to Sir Richard Talbot Knight, Cousin and Heir to John de Hastings sometime Earl of Pembroke, claimed to carry the Spurs at the Coronation of King Hen. 5. He afterwards served the King against Owen Glandower the Welsh Rebel, as also against the French, was constituted Captain General of the Marches of Normandy, and employed to reduce all the Castles and Forts in that Country. He died leaving only one Daughter, who dying without Issue, Sir John Talbot Knight, her Uncle, succeeded. He married Maud the eldest of the two Daughters and Coheirs of Sir Thomas Nevil Knight, by Joan his Wife, sole Daughter and Heir to William Lord Furnival. He was first summoned to Parliament in 11 Hen. 4. and in 1 Hen. 5. was committed to the Tower, but why is not said; but in Feb. following he was constituted Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and had Letters of Protection sent him thither by the Name of Sir John Talbot Knight, Lord Furnival: At that time he retained James Butler then Earl of Ormond to serve him with his whole Retinue upon Occasion. In 5 Hen. 5. he attended the King at the Siege of Caen, and the Duke of Exeter at that of Roan. Whilst he was Lieutenant in Ireland he took Donal Mack Murghe a great Rebel, brought him to the Tower of London, and in 3 Hen. 6. he was given to him to make his best Advantage of him. In 5 and 6 Hen. 6. he attended John Duke of Bedford in the Wars of France. In 6 Hen. 6. his Success having made him terrible to the French, he was sent thither as General of the Army, reduced Main, took Pontoise, and assisted at the Siege of Orleans, fortified Mebune, and took La Vall. Whereupon the French marched against him under the Conduct of the Maid of Orleance, defeated and took him Prisoner; whereupon many Places fell off from the English: being afterwards ransom'd, he raised new Forces, and went into France, where he took Bellomont by Assault. In 18 Hen. 6. he with Thomas Earl of Dorset defeated the French at Obrune in Normandy, plundered the Country, and besieged Diep, but in vain. In 20 Hen. 6. March 20. he was created Earl of Shrewsbury. He was afterward sent as Embassador to treat of Peace with France, and again made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and Earl of Waterford, and Hereditary Steward of that Kingdom; and in a few Weeks after his Son, Sir John, was constituted Chancellor of the same. He was after this employed again in the French Wars, and the Fortune of the English there being on the Declension, he quitted Faliese on honorable Terms. In 30 Hen. 6. he was made General of the English Fleet, and next Year Lieutenant of Aquitane, where he Took and Garison'd Bourdeaux; upon which several other Cities submitted. Thence he marched to relieve Chastillion Besieged by the French, to whom he gave Battel; but being killed by a Cannon-Ball, his Army was routed, July 20. 1453. His Body was brought into England, interred at Whitchurch in the County of Salop, his eldest Son being slain with him. His Grandson John succeeded, who during his Fathers Life-time had been made Knight, Chancellor of Ireland, and employed in the French Wars. In 35 Hen. 6. he was made Lord Treasurer of England; but he was slain in the Battel at Northampton, fighting for the House of Lancaster An. 1460, and succeeded by his Son John, who in 11 Edw. 4. was made Chief Justice of North Wales, with a Commission of Array to arm all who were able to bear Arms for the Defence of the Country. In 12 Edw. 4. he was one of the Commissioners to treat with the Scots, and by his Wife, Daughter to Humphry Stafford Duke of Buckingham, had amongst others George his Successor, who in 2 Hen. 7. was at the Battel of Stoke near Newark on Trent, against the Rebels, who were there vanquished. In 5 Hen. 7. he was one of the chief of those sent with a powerful Army to Flanders, to assist the Emperor Maximilian against the French. In 1 Hen. 8. he was made one of the Chamberlains of the Exchequer, Steward of the Kings Houshold, and one of the Privy Council. In 4 Hen. 8. he commanded the Van of the Army at the Siege of Therouenne, and in 12 H. 8. present at the Enterview betwixt the King and Francis I. of France. He was afterward made Lieutenant-General of the North, Constable of Radnor and Wigmore Castles, one of those who subscribed the Articles, which proved so fatal to Cardinal Woolsey, and that Declaration sent to the Pope about Hen. 8.'s Divorce. He died July 26. 33 Hen. 8. with this Character, that he was Vir Nobilis ac Sapiens ac in omnibus Vitae partibus moderatus. His Son Francis succeeded, who Commanded the Rear of the English Army when they plundered Leith and Edinburg on account that Cardinal Reaton's Faction had broke off the Treaty of Marriage betwixt Prince Edward and Mary Queen of Scots. He afterwards Commanded 15000 Men who reinforced Hadington at that time Garison'd by the English, and Besieged by some French and Scots, and brought back his Men without fighting. He was also made Justice of all the Forests beyond Trent, and President of the Council of the North by Queen Mary, of the Privy Council to Queen Elizabeth, and was the only Lord, besides the Viscount Montacute, who opposed the Bill for abolishing the Pope's Supremacy and establishing the Reformation, 2 Eliz. and died Sept. 21. the same Year, succeeded by his Son George, who in his Fathers Life-time Commanded 3000 Soldiers, and relieved the Earl of Northumberland in danger at Lowick; was afterwards a Colonel of 500 Horse upon the Borders, and in 11 Eliz. was entrusted with the Keeping of the Queen of Scots. He was Lord High Steward upon the Tryal of the Duke of Norfolk, and after his Death constituted Earl Marshal of England, and behaving himself so as to gain a great Reputation for Fidelity, Prudence, Fortitude and Valour, he had the Custody of the Queen of Scots for 17 Years; and though reproached as being too familiar with her, Queen Eliz. was so well satisfied of his Innocency, that she named him as one of the Peers to be upon her Tryal, and entrusted him to see the Sentence executed. He ordered by his Testament June 24. An. 1590, 32 Eliz. that he should be buried at Sheffield in Yorkshire, and that the Mayor and Aldermen of Pomfret, with the Assent of the Earl of Shrewsbury for the time being, should on every Whitsun Munday Lend the poor Tradesmen of that Town 5 l. each, for three Years, on Security, as far as 200 l. would go, which he bequeathed for ever for that Use, to encourage Trade: and he gave 500 l. to the Town of Chesterfield in Derbyshire, to set up Tradesmen, who had no Stock to begin with. He was succeeded by his Son Gilbert, who in his Fathers Life-time was sent over into France 15 Eliz. with Edward Earl of Lincoln Lord Admiral of England for confirming the League then made, and was in the 32d of that Reign called to Parliament as a Baron, before his Fathers Death. In 39 he was sent Embassador into France, at which time he was Knight of the Garter. In 1 Jac. he was constituted Guardian and Chief Justice of all the Forests beyond Trent, and died May 8. 1616, having only three Daughters Survivors, who became Heirs to the greatest part of his Estate; viz. Mary Wife of William Herbert Earl of Pembroke, Eliz. of Henry Earl of Kent, and Aletheia of Thomas Earl of Arundel. Whereupon his Title devolved to Edward his Brother and Heir Male, who Married the eldest Daughter and Coheir of Cuthbert Lord Ogle, but died without any surviving Issue Feb. 8. 1617. Upon which George Talbot of Grafton Com. Wigorn. Esq. lineal Heir to Sir Gilbert Talbot of Grafton Knight Banneret, second Son to the famous John first Earl of Shrewsbury, to whose Issue Male the Earldom was limited, became Earl, whose Descendents do still enjoy that Honour. This present Earl being very instrumental in the Revolution, was made principal Secretary of State to their Majesties King William and Queen Mary, which Office he hath since demitted. Dugd. Bar. &c.

Taled, is the Name which the Jews give to a certain white Vail made of Wool, which is square, and has Tufts at the Corners. They never pray in their Synagogues, but they

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put it on their Head, or at least about their Necks.

Talga, an Island of the Sea of Sala, which brings forth several sorts of Fruits without Cultivation: and for this Reason the neighbouring Nations believed it a Sacrilege to touch them, judging that it was reserved for the Gods. Pomp. Mela lib. 3. Ptolem. lib. 6. cap. 9. Pliny calls it Tazata.

Talismans or Muthalsans. The Name of certain Figures graved upon Stones or Metals, whereof the Anonymous Author of a Book intitled The Talismans justified gives this Description. The Talisman, saith he, is the Seal, the Figure, the Character, or Image of a Celestial Sign, Constellation or Planet, graved on a sympathetick Stone, or on a Metal correspondent to the Star, in a time convenient for the receiving the Influences of this Star. The Effects which are attributed to these Figures are altogether marvellous. 'Tis said, for Example, that the Figure of a Lyon engraven on Gold while the Sun is in Leo, preserves those from the Stone that carry this Talisman; and that that of a Scorpion made under the Sign Scorpio, secures from the Wounds of that Animal. For Joy, Beauty, and Strength of Body, they grave the Figure of Venus on the first Face of Libra, Pisces, or Taurus. To purchase Honours and Dignities easily, they grave the Image of Jupiter, that is, a Man having the Head of a Ram, on Silver, or a white Stone; and he that carries this Talisman about him will see, say they, surprizing Effects. To be successful in Merchandize and in Gaming, they represent Mercury on Silver. To be Couragious and Victorious they engrave the Figure of Mars on the 1st face of Scorpio. To procure the favour of Kings, they represent the Sun in likeness of a King sitting on a Throne, with a Lyon at his Side, on very fine Gold in the 1st face of Leo. In the Number of Talismans are ranked the Palladium of Troy, the Roman Bucklers called Ancilia: the Fatal Statues of Constantinople, for the preservation of that City: the Statue of Memnon in Egypt, which moved and gave Oracles assoon as the Sun was risen: the Statue of the Goddess Fortune that Sejan had, which brought good luck to those that possest it: the Brazen Fly, and Virgils Golden Leech, which hindred the Flies from entring Naples, and destroyed all the Leeches of a Well in this City: the Figure of a Stork, which Apollonius set up in Constantinople, to drive away these Animals: the Statue of a Knight, which served as a Preservative to this City against the Plague: the Figure of a Serpent in Brass, which hindred all Serpents from entring into the same Place. Whence it happen'd that Mahomet II. after the Taking of Constantinople, having broke the Teeth of that Serpent, a prodigious number of Serpents came upon the Inhabitants of that City, but without doing them any hurt, because all their Teeth were broke as were those of the Brazen Serpent. Thiers Treat. of Superstitions.

Talismans are distinguish'd into three sorts, viz. Astronomical, Magical, and Mixt. The Astronomical are referred to Signs or Celestial Constellations, which are engraven with other Figures, and some intelligible Characters. The Magical have extraordinary Figures with superstitious Words, and the Names of unknown Angels. The Mixt are composed of Signs and barbarous Names, but which are neither superstitious, nor of unknown Angels. They Bury them in the Earth, or in the Squares of publick Places, or they may carry them about them. Some have believed that Apollonius Tyanaeus was the first Author of the Talismans, but others are of Opinion that the Egyptians were the Inventers of them; which Herodotus seems to insinuate in the second Book of his History, when he says, that this People having first of all given Names to the twelve Celestial Gods, did likewise engrave Animals on Stones. The Inhabitants of the Island of Samothracia made Talismans with Gold Rings, which had Iron set in them instead of precious Stones. Petronius speaks of it, when he says, that Trimalcion carried a Gold Ring set with Stars of Iron. The Gods which they called the Gods of Samothracia were those who presided over the Science of the Talismans; which is confirmed by the Inscriptions of those three Altars whereof Tertullian speaks; Before the Pillars, saith he, there are three great Altars dedicated to three sorts of Gods, which they call Great, Mighty, and Strong; and which are believed to be those of Samothracia. Apollonius makes mention of three Divinities, to whom he joyneth Mercury, and relateth the barbarous Names of those Gods which it was prohibited to reveal, viz. Axierus, Axiocerso, Axiocersus, and Casmilus, which he says are Ceres, Proserpina, Pluto, and Mercury. The Egyptians, from whom the greatest part of other People have learned the Secret of those Rings, had also other Talismans for all Parts of the Body: And perhaps 'tis for this that we find so many petty Figures of Gods, Men, and Animals, in the ancient Tombs of this Country. The most ancient Talismans are made upon Plants, Branches of Trees or Roots. Josephus speaks of them in the eighth Book of his Antiquities, and attributeth the Invention of them to Solomon. They apply, says he, to the Nose of the Sick (possessed by the Devil) a Ring wherein a Root was set instead of a Stone: Solomon had taught it in his Works. This Historian says that he has even seen the Effect; and that a Jew, Eleazar by name, cured many possessed in this manner, in the Presence of the Emperor Vespasian. The ancient Egyptians believed that certain Stones cut out into Beetles had considerable Vertues, to procure Strength and Courage for those that carried them about with them; because, says Elian, this Animal has no Fe¦male, and is an Image of the Sun. They put likewise sometimes the Figures of Frogs in Talismans; and Pliny testifies, That if we believe those that improve that Science, Frogs should be accounted more profitable for Life than Laws. Elian says, that those of Egypt took a Reed, which preserved them from being devoured by Adders or Crocodiles of the Nile; and that they are the Emblem of Wisdom and Prudence. Tretzes relateth, that a Philosopher put a stop to a Plague at Antioch by a Talisman of Stone, wherein there was a Head of Charon graved. Apollonius made use of the Figure of Storks against Serpents. And the Egyptians commonly made use of the Figure of Serapis of Canope, God of the Egyptians; of the Spar-Hawk and Asp against the Evils which might come from the four Elements, Earth, Water, Air and Fire. The Modern Talismans are not so curious as the Ancient; and we may know them by the Characters, which are purely Arabick, Turkish, or of other Oriental Tongues. The principal Authors that have treated on this Subject in the latter Ages, are Camilli Leonardi, who has writ The Mirror of Stones; Geber, Bacon, and Paracelsus, who have treated of Astrological Magick, and of the Sympathy of Stones, Metals and Planets. Gaffarel has composed a Book on this Subject, intitled, Ʋnheard-of Curiosities: and Agrippa has treated of it in his occult Philosophy. Gregory of Tours relateth, that the City of Paris had been built under a Constellation, which preserved it from Conflagration, Serpents and Mice; and that a little before the Fire that happened, they had found in raking up an Arch of a Bridge the two Talismans, Preservers of that City, which were a Serpent and a Mouse of Brass. Some have derived the Arabick Name Talisman from the Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies Preservation. We will not spend time to shew the Vanity of the Talismans, for we live in an Age that is not much addicted to such Superstitions. Saumaisius in Kerkoëtium. Gaffarel. Reichelt.

Talmud, is properly the Book which contains the Civil and Canon Law of the Jews; and it principally consists of two Parts, the former whereof, which serveth as a Text, is called Misna, and the other, which is as the Comment, is called Guemara. The Misna, as Father Simon remarks in his Catalogue of the Jewish Authors, is written in a Rabbinical pure Hebrew; but so concise, that 'tis difficult to understand it, at least that the Matter whereof it treats is not known. The Guemara, which is an Exposition worse than the Text, is writ in a sorry Chaldaick, and in a very intricate Style; so that 'tis understood even by very few Jews. There are a great many Editions of the Misna by it self; but the best and most convenient is that published by the Jews of Holland some Years since, to which they have added the Points of the Vowels. There are also many Editions of the whole Talmud; that which is most sought after, and is now very scarce, because the Jews of the Levant carry the greatest part of the Copies thither, is the Edition of Venice by Bombergue, which is in several great Volumes. Father Simon remarks in his Supplement to the Jewish Ceremonies, that the Jews having two famous Schools, viz. that of Babylon, and that of Palestine, where they taught their Traditions, gave Occasion for two different Collections of these Traditions, and by consequence to two Talmuds, whereof one is called the Babylonian, and the other the Jerusalem Talmud. This latter was first composed, but 'tis so obscure, that the Jews can make but little use of it; so that when they cite the Talmud, they ordinarily cite that of Babylon, and when they would denote the other they add Jerusalem. Besides the Fables which the Talmud is stuff'd with, there are manifest Falshoods in History and Chronology; but the greatest part of the Jews don't mind that so narrowly. This Talmud is prohibited the Jews in Italy; so that they dare not read, nor keep it by them. See what is remarked on R. Juda surnamed The Saint.

Talus, Nephew to Dedalus, otherwise called Perdix. Being of quick Apprehension, he learned Architecture under his Uncle in a short time. He invented the use of the Saw and Compass. Dedalus envying his Industry, for fear he should in time surpass him in his Art, threw him down from the top of the Tower of Minerva. But this Goddess being a Favourer of great Minds, received him in the middle of the Air, and changed him into a Bird, giving him swiftness of Wings in recompense of his Subtility. Therefore it is that the Partridge, that retains his Name, dares not raise himself high, and flies only near the Earth, where she builds her Nest; for his ancient Fall makes him avoid high Places. Ovid. Met. l. 8.

Tamaraca, a City and Isle of Southern America. One of the 14 Governments of Brasil belonging to the Portuguese.

* Tamar, Lat. Tamaris, a River in the East of Cornwal, which divides that County from Devonshire. It runs South from its Source which is in Devonshire near the Irish Sea, waters Bridg-rule, Telcoc, Tamerton, Beyton, Lawhitton, Calstock, and forms a capacious Haven at Plymouth, where it empties it self into the British Sea. Camb. Brit.

Tamerlane, Tamberlan, or Temir-Lanc, whom his Subjects surname Temir Cuthlu, that is, Happy Iron, Emperor of the Tartars, he became formidable towards the end of the 14th Century. Some Authors will have it, that he was Kinsman to the Cham of the Tartars, to whom he succeeded; but 'tis more probable that he was the Son of a poor Shepherd, and that he raised himself by his Courage and Conduct. At first he put himself at the Head of some Troops, which he got together in haste, and obtained divers Victories in Persia. This good Success encreased his Ambition and Army, which afterwards consisted of eight hundred thousand fighting Men. He invaded his Neighbours, though none were able to oppose him; and in a little time he subjected the Parthians, forc'd the Walls of China, subdued divers

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Fortified. The Province of Taragone, called Taragonoise by the Ancients, comprehended the Country of the Celtiberians, Vardules, Vascons, Cantabrians, Austurians and Gallecians. Now all the Province of Taragone contains Murcia, Valencia, Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre, Biscay, the Austuries, Galicia, the Kingdom of Leon, and almost both the Castiles. Merul. desc. Hisp.

Tarsus, a Town of Cilicia in Asia Minor, now called Terasse, Tersis, or according to others Hamsa. The Ancients called it Tarsus and Tarsos, and since that it had the Names of Antonin, Severin, and Adrian, in Honour of such Emperors as lov'd the Town. It was famous for its Situation upon the River Cydnus, its Magnificence and Riches, the Genius of its Inhabitant, and for Sciences, being the Birth-place of St. Paul, of Antipater the Stoick, Archidamus, Nestor, the two Athenodorus's, and some others. This Town stands 44 Miles East of Tortosa, 54 West of Barcelona, and 112 North-West of Majorca. Long. 19. 26. Lat. 40. 36. Strabo l. 14.

Tarta, a Lake upon the Confines of Capadocia the Greater, which is said to prove mortal to the Birds that come near it, for their Wings grow so big and heavy that they cannot fly, and so are easily catch'd.

Tartarie, a great Country of Asia, that comprehends almost a third of that part of the World. It's generally called Great Tartary, to distinguish it from that of Europe. Some divide this spacious Country into four or five Parts, which are Tartary Proper, Tartary the Desert, Zagatai, Catai, and Turquestan. All this Country lies between the Frozen Sea, that of China, and the Streights of Anian, the Caspian Sea, the Dominions of Persia and China, and the Rivers Obi and Tanais. Some Modern Authors despise this, and follow the Arabian Division, who count in Tartary, the Kingdom of Thibet or Tobbat, which was formerly the Northern part of Scythia; the Maurenaher or Mawaralnahara, Olgarie or the Kalmuki, the Chazalgites, the Caulachites or Kara Cathai; Mongal, Moal or Magog, the Kaimachites or Naimans; the Kingdom of Tangut or Taniu, and Bagarghar; the Kingdoms of Niuche or Tenduc, and Jupi. This King of Niuche was he that made himself Master of China some Years ago. The Ancient or Proper Tartary is towards the North, and most part of it unknown. Some say there is a Place in it called Tartar, which gave its Name to the Country, though there is more likelyhood that it was called so from a River of that Name. Tartaria Deserta reaches from the Rivers Jaxarte and Tanais to Mount Imaus, and it's thought to be a part of the Sarmatia Asiatica of the Ancients, is possessed by several Companies of People or Clans, which the Tartars call Hordes, and do much resemble the Tribes of the Jews. Tartarie of Zagatai has more polish'd and civiliz'd Inhabitants than the first, as are also those of Catai. This is the Empire of the Great Cham, who is said to have about a hundred Tributary Kings: His Subjects have that Respect and Veneration for him, that they generally call him the Son, the Shadow and Soul of God; and when he dies kill all they meet, that they may go serve their Prince in the other World; which sometimes costs above 10000 People their Lives. The ordinary Residence of the Great Cham, in Winter, is Cambala, the Capital of his Territories, situated in the furthermost part of Catai. Modern Relations speak of it as one of the greatest and richest Towns of the World. As for Quensai, that signifies the City of Heaven, placed in this Country by Marc Polo, 'tis not known where it is, nor are the 12000 Stone Bridges which he says it has, to be found. Besides this Kingdom of Catai, the Great Cham has several others that are very considerable; as that of Tangut, where it's said Printing has been in use above a thousand Years; and it's hence we have our best Rhubarb: The other Places are the Kingdom of Tenduc, where live some Nestorians; that of Thebat, which abounds in Coral, whereof they make use as Current Coin. It's believed that all this Land was inhabited in former Times by the Scythians, a cruel and barbarous Nation.

Tartarie in Europe, call'd Little Tartary, comprehends not only the ancient Taurica Chersonesus, but also divers Countries between the Borysthenes or Nieper and the Tanais. It generally goes by the Name of Crim or Precop Tartary. High Mountains divide this Peninsula in 2 Parts: Its Name of Precopensis comes from a Ditch dug in the Isthmus or Neck of Land about half a League or 1200 Paces wide for its greater Strength; and it is this Tartary which is divided into the Precopensian that comprehends the Peninsule and Crimee, which reaches far beyond it, and takes Name from a City called Crim: the capital Town is Bavesarai. We may add to these the Tartars of Nogais of Budziack in Bessarabia, the Tartars of Dobruce in Bulgaria, and those of Oczacow, about the Euxine Sea, all in Europe. The Chersonesus Taurica, where now are the Little Tartars, in the Beginning had its particular Princes, until it was subdued by the Fauro-Scythians, who gave it their own Name. Mithridates took it from them, and join'd it to the Kingdom of Pontus. The Romans depriving him of his Kingdom, established Sovereigns in Chersonesus, which were call'd Kings of the Bosphorus. After this, these Provinces belonged to the Eastern Empire; and the Genois subdued a great part of it, but were forc'd to pay the Tartars a Tribute, who came to settle here in 1250. So that they were sole Masters of all this Country until Mahomet II. took Caffa in 1452, and beat them quite out of it. The Little Tartars were always great Robbers and Plunderers of their Neighbours; so that their Frontiers are very desert. They have a Prince called Kam, who is Tributary to the Turk, and employ'd by him very often to make Incursions into Poland and Muscovy. If we believe Relations, their Customs are very odd. They put no Value upon bread, which they call Beasts Food, and eat nothing but Flesh, which they stew under their Saddle.

The Tartars of Kin, People of the Kingdom of Niuche upon the Confines of China, towards the Country of Leaotung, are commonly called Lords of the Golden Mountains, because it's thought this Country abounds with such, Kin in the Tartar Language signifying Gold. These have always been capital Enemies to the Chinese, for they invaded their Country in 1206, and made themselves Masters of the Provinces of Peking, Leaotung, Xantung, Xansi, and Xensi; so that the Emperor of China was forced out of the Northern Provinces called Catai, to the Southern called Mangin. These Tartars would then have subdued all the Empire, if the Tartars of Samahania or Samarcanda, jealous of their Conquests, had not entered China by the Provinces of Xensi and Suchen, beat them out, and set one of their own Family of Ivena upon the Throne in 1278, whose Successors Reign'd after him until the Priest Cha, Chief of the Family of Taiminga, beat them home to their own Country, and established his Family, which governed until 1644, that the Tartars of Kin deprived them, who now Govern there, Ysumte being the first Tartar Emperor, after him his Son Xunchi, and after him the present Emperor Yunchi. The Tartars live generally in Tents covered with wax'd Silks or Hides. Some wear Skins, others Silk and Cotton: They carry their Cimeter on the Left-side with the Handle raised behind, so that they draw it easily with the Right hand alone: Their Caps, in Winter, are faced with very rich Furr, as Castor, &c. but in Summer they wear one of Rushes. These seem more polish'd than the other Tartars, perhaps because they live so near China. They are better Soldiers than the Chineses, and accustomed to Toil and Fatigue from their very Youth. As for Religion, they have none at all, but hate Mahometism and the Turks very much, because they assisted the Chinese to beat them out of their Country under the Reign of the Founder of the Family of Taiminga, when the Christians, especially the Nestorians, stood by the Tartars: yet they have several Superstitions from the Indians, and hold their Priests, called Lamas, in Veneration. They seem much dispos'd to receive the Christian Religion, and many of them have embrac'd it already. Their Language somewhat resembles the Persian; in Reading they begin at the upper part of the Page, and end at the bottom, as they of China, continuing from the Right to the Left, as the Hebrews and Arabians, and all the rest of China do. M. Thevenot Description of China, vol. 3.

Tartars Nogays, Neighbours to those of Perecops, inhabit the Peninsula of Crim towards Circassia, Moscovy, Poland, and Moldavia. These have no Towns, but a great number of Cabins, which they carry upon Chariots, and obey particular Princes called Cankariers, that is, Chief of the Hordes or Tribes, who can raise above 50000 Horse. Though they are Mahometans, yet they are no strict Observers of the Laws of that Sect. The Coggia or Doctors and Priests come not amongst them, because they cannot accustom themselves to their way of living; they live on Flesh and Milk without Bread; their Drink is sower Milk and Water; and upon Holy-days they drink Mares Milk prepared with Barley: They have abundance of good Pasture in their Plains, and Cattel in great numbers, as also wild Horses, Deers, Wolves, Elks, Foxes, Bears, &c. Skins, Slaves and Butter, are their chief Commodities, which they truck for Cottons, Cloth, Maroquins, Knives, and such other Ware, for they do not care for Mony. They are very deform'd, and have neither Honesty nor Civility. Their Children do not see well a long time after they are born, their Eyes are so little, and so much sunk in their Heads: They have neither Books nor Writing: He that Commands administers Justice. Peter of Luca. But others make a more exact Division of the Tartars, saying, the Crim Tartars possess the Peninsula, and are above 60000 Men. The Nogays possess the Country which begins at Perecops and reaches on one side to the River of Nieper, and on the other to the Town of Oczakar, and can raise 12000 Men. The Tartars of Oczakou, and the Neighbourhood of Don, are about 2000 fighting Men, otherwise called Bessei, that is, paid or hir'd. The Tartars of Budziack live about the Town of Bilogrod upon the Frontiers of Moldavia or Bessarabie, and can make up 15000 Men. As for Nogaye it's divided into greater and lesser: The Greater Nogaye, whose Hordes made frequent Incursions to the West, was quite over run by the Cham of Tartary who forc'd the People into the Peninsula; and the Lesser Nogaye, which lies between Donets and the Sea of Limen from the Perecops to Oczakou, is under the Protection of the same Cham. The Orbey or Governour of Perecops is their Chief and Judge. M. Thevenot.

Tartars of Precops or Crim Tartars, People that inhabit the Peninsula between the Black Sea and the Sea of Limen, formerly called Chersonesus Taurica, which joyns the firm Land by an Isthmus half a League broad. This Place is about 700 Miles in Circuit, comprehending 800000 Coi or Villages, eight Towns which are Perecop or Or situated upon the Isthmus: Baciesarai or Baccasarai in the middle of the Country, where they build their Galleys and other Vessels; Criminda or Solar, Kersi or Karasu, Mancop, Coselow and Caffa, where the Grand Signior puts a Bascha; but his Jurisdiction does not reach into the Country, whereof the Cham is sole Sovereign. This Prince takes the Title of King of the Tartars, Nogays, Circassia and Malibase. The Perecops is a very plain, but cold, Country, by reason of the Wind it is exposed to.

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There are four Rivers called Alma, Cabarta, Bejesula or Kacia, and Carasu. These Tartars have such great Quantities of Wheat and Millet, that they fell a Cart loaden with as much as two Oxen can draw, for two Crowns: Besides these they have good Pasture and vast Numbers of Cattel, good Horses, great and double-bunch'd Camels. Other Provisions are so cheap, that a Hen is sold for four Aspers or two Pence, fifteen Eggs for an Asper or a Half-penny. Their Water is good, but best near the Sea: They have so much Fish, that it's far cheaper than Flesh; nor do they want Fruit Trees either in the Plains or along the Sea and Rivers sides The Salt they use is gather'd without any Trouble in the Fens and Marshes, where People may have and take as much as they please. They make a great Quantity of Earth-Oyl, which they call Oyl of Stones. Here are no ravenous Beasts. Wine is dear, as also Oyl of Olives. They eat but little Bread, but devour a great deal of Meat, especially Horse-Flesh. When a Murse or Country-Lord makes a Feast it's not regarded if they have not a young Colt. Mares Milk pepared with B•rley is their ordinary Drink, mixing a little Wine sometimes with it: This Preparation is made by putting the Vessel near the Fire, or exposing it to the Sun for about three Weeks to boil and purifie the Liquor. They eat, sitting on the Ground upon Carpets or Mats. Their Tables are round, and covered with Leather. They entertain Strangers pretty civilly, for when any comes into their Villages they send him to the Mosque, where he has Meat sent him; but if he be one they know, they take him to their House, and lodge him in an Apartment kept for Strangers. Their Marriages are made in Presence of the Coggia or Priest of their Law, and they take as many Wives as they can maintain, besides whom they have Slaves, called Cuma, that is, Concubines. The common sort make a Traffick by selling the Children of those Concubines. The Crim Tartars are generally at War with the Polanders, Muscovites, Russians, Circassians, and Moldavians, and carry a great many into Slavery from those Countries. They know no other Calling but War, whereof their long Experience has taught 'em all the Secrets: Sometimes they are above a hundred thousand Horse, and march for four Months together in Deserts, for all People quit their Dwellings at their Approach: Each carries a Bag of Barly-Meal upon his Horse, with some Biskets and a thing they call Cuscum, which is a kind of P•ste fry'd in Butter. They take greater care of their Horses than of themselves; it being a Proverb amongst them, That to lose ones Horses is to lose ones Head. The Horses are most of them very small and lean, but will do great Service, and endure Fatigue. The Murses or Gentry have very fine Horses, yet they never house them in the depth of Winter nor greatest Snows. Their Saddles are very light, and serve them for many Uses: The under-part is a woollen Cloth well folded, which they spread and lye upon; the Back serves for a Bolster, and their Cloak hung upon Pikes, which they always carry, makes a Tent: Their Arms are a Sword and Bow, with Head-pieces of Mail, much esteemed in Tartary They can shoot their Arrows behind them, as the ancient Parthians us'd to do. The Cham has no standing Troops, except five hundred Fusiliers that are his Guards. He takes a Tenth of what Booty his Subjects make. The Towns of most Trade in Tartary are Caffa, Corasu, Caslow, and Bachasarai, where there are always Slaves to be sold, which the Turks, Arabians, Jews, Armenians, and Greeks do buy; for there are of all these Nations in this Country that pay Tribute to the Cham of Tartary and Bascha of Caffa. The Precopites are great Observers of their Religion, and go four or five times a day to their Namas or Mosques, and render Justice upon the Place whether in Criminal or Civil Matters. Their Houses are generally of Wood, built without any Observation of the Rules of Architecture. In Summer they have round Cabins made of Willow, which they put upon their Chariots and carry from one Place to another for the conveniency of Pasture. They speak the Turkish Language, with some other mixture. The King has five Seraglio's, pretty well built: His Treasure lies in a Town called Mancop. built upon a Mountain and inhabited by Jews that obey a Tartar Governor. Hither the Cham retires when there is any Trouble or Rebellion in the Country, or that he is in War with the Grand Signior, who possesses and keeps a strong Garison in Caffa, the best Town in his Dominions. M. Thevenot in his Relation of the Tartars, vol. 1.

* Other Authors give this Account of the Religion of the ancient Tartars, That they Worship'd the Sun, Stars, Fire, Earth, and Water; to whom they offered the first Fruits of their Meat and Drink each Morning: That they believ'd there was one God, Creator of all Things, but did not Worship him: That they placed Idols at their Tent-doors to preserve their Cattel and Milk: That they offer'd Horses to the Emperor's Idol, which no Man must ride upon afterwards. They burnt the Bones of their Sacrifices: They believed the other World to be such as this, and set Meat and Mares Milk before their Dead, while they themselves did eat a Horse, and burnt the Bones for their Souls. They buried with the Deceased a Mare, Colt, and Horse, bridled and sadled, together with his Gold and Silver; and that he may have a Tent in the other World, set the Skin of the Horse which they eat upon Poles. At Prayer they used to lift up their Hands and smite their Teeth thrice, and poured Mares Milk on the Ground, or threw it in the Air, to feed the Ghosts. They had Monasteries, and a particular Order called Senscin, who did eat nothing but Bread steep'd in Water. They forced no Man to be of their Religion. Their Priests used to Preach to them from high Trees, and afterwards besprinkle them with a mixture of Blood, Milk, Earth, and Cows Dung. Ortelius. Paul. Venet. Vincentius, Matth. Paris. The Modern Tartars have diversity of Religions among them, some being Christians, others Mahumetans, and a third sort Pagans. In Sachien they have divers Monasteries for their Idols, to whom they dedicate their Children, and sacrifice Rams on Festival-days, eating the Flesh, but reserving the Bones as holy Relicks. The Priest is allowed the Head, Skin, Feet, Inwards, and some part of the Flesh. When Great Men are buried they set a well-covered Table before the Corps, thinking that the Soul is refreshed with the Odour of the Meats, and throw the Pictures of his Men, Women, and Horses, &c. into the Fire with the Body, to serve him in the other World. In Tangoth they Worship Idols with many Heads. In Camdu they prostitute their Wives, Sisters, and Daughters to Strangers, in honour of their Idols. In Cathai and Mangi they offer Blood to the Idols for recovering the Sick, as also Rams with black Heads, and spiced Drinks; and fling the Broth in the Air; and the Monks wear Strings of Nutshels, on which they say their Prayers, Will de Rubruquis.

Tartarus, according to the Ancients, was the lowest Place in Hell, which Plato in his Phaedon inclines to believe is the Centre of the Earth, and calls it in another Place the Prison of the Wicked. Hesiod in his Theogonia says, that Place sprung from the Chaos, and is as far from the Earth •s it is distant from the Heavens.

Tarudant, in Latin Tarodantum, a Town of Africa, Capital of the Kingdom of Sus in the Western part of Biledulgerid, now in the King of Morocco's Dominions.

Tasget, King or Sovereign Prince of Chartres, which his Ancestors have possest 600 Years: His Subjects were against receiving him, until Caesar, whom he had served faithfully, setled him upon Throne. Yet he was murdered publickly by some of his Enemies three Years after, none of his Subjects troubling themselves to defend him; which made many think that they were in the Conspiracy themselves. Caesar upon this News fearing a general Rebellion, sent Plancus thither with his Legion to keep the People to their Duties, and to discover who were the Authors of the Murder, that they might be punished. Jul. Caesar de Bello Gall. lib. 5.

Tasso, an Island of the Archipelago towards Europe, formerly called Thasso or Thalassia. It lies one League from the firm Land of Romania, and is seven or eight in Circuit: the Land is unequal, half plain half hilly. The Mountains of the Southern side have Quarries of very good Marble and Vineyards, that bear excellent Grapes. There are also great numbers of Pine and Fir Trees, and some heaps of the Refuse of Metal which shew that there have formerly been good Mines there, which yielded Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great 80 Talents per an. A Colony of Phoenicians built this Town, now much short of its ancient Splendor, though it be very well inhabited. Before the Phoenicians came to this Island it was called Chryse for its Gold; and Thas in the Phoenician Tongue signifies a thin Plat of Gold; whence the Island had its Name. Bochart. Canaan. l. 1. c. 40.

Tasso, Torquato, a famous Italian Poet born at Sorrento a Town of the Kingdom of Naples. He composed several ingenious Pieces, as, his Poem of Jerusalem Deliver'd, which was the first that introduc'd Shepherds upon the Stage, and his Amintas the Masterpiece and Model of all Pastoral Comedies. His Disputes with the Academy of Crusca in Florence, and his new Troubles at Ferrara where he was imprison'd, made his Life very uneasie. He died at Rome in 1595, the 51st of his Age, being on the point of receiving the Lawrel Crown. Laurenzo Crasso Elog. d' huom. &c.

Tassoni (Alexander) an Italian Poet, Native of Modena, was of the Academy of the Humourists, took upon him to Criticize on Petrarque and Homer, which procured him Contempt; but the Poem on the Wars betwixt Modena and Bolonia was well esteemed. He was of such an odd Humour, that he caused himself to be Painted with a Fig in his Hand, to intimate that he was not a Fig the better for his Access to great People. He quitted those Exercises when he grew more in Years, and applied himself to write an Ecclesiastical History, which he continued from our Saviours Birth to the 15th Century. Pinacoth vir illustr.

Tatian, an Heresiark of the 11th Century, a Syrian and Disciple of Justin Martyr, he was look'd upon at first to be of eminent Piety and great Learning; for Origen quotes a Book of his in Defence of the Christians against the Greeks; yet there are some false Doctrins in this Treatise too, as, That the Soul being mortal of its own Nature, becomes immortal, &c. He returned into the East from Rome after St. Justin's Death, where he fell into the Errors of the Valentinians and Marcionites, and afterwards became Chief of the Encratites or Continents, condemned Marriage, and held many other Absurdities. He composed a Harmony of the four Evangelists, intitled, Diatessaron, wherein he left out the Proofs of Christ's Humanity. There was another Work attributed to him, intitled, Of the Perfection according to the Saviour, which he makes to consist in abstaining from Marriage, and from several other things which are lawful according to the Gospel. St. Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clem. Alexandrin. Origen. Baronius, Bellarmin. See Encratites.

Tatius, King of the Sabins, being enraged that the Romans had taken away his Subjects Daughters, march'd against them; but the War was prevented by the Womens Prudence, who put themselves between their Fathers and Husbands. This happened 〈1+ pages missing〉

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...Teare, a River of Thrace, now Romania, takes its Source from 38 Fountains, and empties it self into the River Hebrus now called Mariza. It's said Darius, Son of Hystaspes, liked these Waters so well, that he staid here three days, and built a Pillar with this Inscription in Greek, The Water of this River surpasses all the other of the World in Beauty and Goodness. Herodotus.

* Tectosagae, an ancient People of Gallia Narbonensis, whose Capital was Tolose. They made an Incursion into Germany, and established themselves near the Hyrcinian Forest.

* Teddeles, Tedles, a Province and Town in Barbary, 30 Miles East of Algier, environed with most ancient and strong Walls, seated in a fruitful Soil as to Corn, and having many Rivers and Streams running through it. The Inhabitants are most Dyers, and they have such plenty of Fish that they give them away freely. They are a rich and a civil People. Leo Afric. pag. 232.

* Tedza, Tezza, Teza, a rich and a noble City in the Province of Chauz in the Kingdom of Fez, five Miles from Mount Atlas, 50 from Fez to the South, 130 from the Ocean to the East, and 170 from the Mediterranean. Of old it had about 5000 Families, being sumptuously built, especially the Palaces, Colleges and Temples. Out of the Atlas riseth a small River which passeth through the chief Mosque; but it has been diverted, to the great Damage of the Inha•itants, when they had Quarrels with their Neighbours; so that they have been forccd to use Cistern Water. For Wealth, Civility, and People, it is the third City in the Kingdom of Fez; and its Inhabitants are more Liberal and Civil than they of Fez. It has a large Temple, three Colleges, and divers Baths, fruitful Fields, and learned and rich Inhabitants, and about 500 Families of Jews, who make much excellent Wine, the best in Africa. It has a fair Castle, in which the Governour resides, who is the second Son of the King of Fez; and the King himself often comes thither for the pleasant Air, and to defend it from the wild Arabs, who bring thither, in Exchange for Corn, the Dates of Segelmesse and great Sums of Mony, which makes the City very rich. Leo Africanus.

* Tees, a River in the North of England, which rises upon the Borders of Cumberland, takes its Course Eastward for the space of four Miles: It parts the Bishoprick of Durham from Westmorland, and from thence all along serves for a Boundary betwixt that Bishoprick and Yorkshire, till it falls into the Sea about seven Miles South of Hartlepool.

* Teferhne, a Sea-Port Town in the Province of Hea in the Kingdom of Morocco, seated on the North-side of Mount Atlas, three Days Journey from Messa (North) in the Province of Sus. It consisteth of about 600 Families, and hath a convenient Harbour for small Ships, frequented by the Portugal Merchants for Goat Skins and Wax. It is surrounded with a Wall of hewen Stone and Brick, and was built by the Africans. The Inhabitants are now Mahometans, who have Judges for their Civil Causes, but revenge Murders by the next of Kin by way of Retaliation; but if the Murderer escape he is banished seven Years, and then he returns and payeth a Fine, which acquits him. The Inhabitants are White, Courteous, and have great Plenty of Barly and Goats, which latter being at Night housed in their Dwelling-houses, make them very nasty and offensive. At this Place Mount Atlas begins.

Teffilin. The Jews calls that Teffelin, which Moses's Law terms Tapsot, and are certain Papers they carry about them in time of Prayer; some they wear tied to their Left-Arm, and another to their Forehead. St. Jerom makes mention of these Teffelins of the Jews in his Commentary upon St. Matthew. Father Simon assures that the Caraites make no use of these Teffelins, and that on the contrary they laugh at the Rabbanites, calling them bridled Asses with their Teffilin. See Leon of Modena. Fath. Simon in his Supplement to that Authors Book.

Teflis, or Tiflis, Capital of Gurgistan, or Georgie properly so called, is situated at the Foot of a Mountain and on the Banks of the River Kut, with a great Fortress towards the South, upon the side of the Hill, inhabited and garison'd by none but natural Persians, a safe Shelter for Criminals or other People in Debt. The Vice-Roy is to come through this Citadel when he goes to receive at the Gate the Presents and Letters the Sophies send him, who have established this Custom that when they please they may seize him without running the hazard of causing an Insurrection. There are fourteen Churches in the Town, whereof six belong to the Georgians, and the rest to the Armenians. The Cathedral of the Georgians, called Sion, is an ancient Structure consisting of four Quires, abundantly furnished with flat Paintings after the Greek manner, but has no Images in relief. The chief Church of the Armenians is called the Monastery of the Bacha, said to be built by a Bacha who fled hither. There is not one Mosque, though the Place belongs to the King of Persia a Mahometan, and though that, with all the Province, is governed by a Vice-Roy of that Sect. The Persians have several times endeavoured to Build some, but could never finish any, for the People always rose, took Arms, demolish'd the Work, and beat and abused the Men that carried it on: The Princes were glad at the Heart at these Seditions of the People, though they pretended the contrary, because they never abjur'd their Religion, but to obtain the Place of Vice Roy of the Estates they were dispossessed of. And because the Georgians are very mutinous, valiant, and not far off the Turks, the Persians are not over-rigorous, but leave the Town of Teflis, as well as the rest of Georgia, the liberty of keeping all outward Signs of their Religion; for they have their Bells and their Crosses at the top of their Steeples, which is in no other part of the Ottoman Empire. They sell Pork and other Flesh every Day, and their Wine in the Corners of the Streets: the Persians have lately built a small Mosque in the Fortress, which the Georgians could not prevent; but when the Mahometan Officer got upon the Tower to call the People to it, they threw so many Stones at him, that none durst venture up since. There are some Capucin Missioners established here and in other Places in the Country, first admitted under the Title of Physicians, which Name they retain still, and receive large Presents as Fees, by which, and the Pension sent them from Rome by the Congregation de propaganda fide, they make a shift to subsist. Teflis is very well inhabited, and has a great number of Strangers in it from all Nations. The Court is very magnificent, always attended with many Lords and Gentlemen of very good Fashion. The Turks were twice Masters of it; the 1st time in the Reign of Ismael II. King of Persia, and the 2d in the following Reign, Solyman becoming Master of it much about the time he took Tauris in 1535. The King of Persia retook it afterwards, and named it Darel Melce, that is, a Royal Town, because it's the Capital of the Kingdom. Chardin Voyage of Persia.

Tegaza, a Desert upon the Frontiers of Zaara and the Country of Negroes in Africa. The Inhabitants hereof never appear before other People, and they of Zanhaga traffick with them after a very strange manner; they bring their Salt, and lay it upon the Banks of a certain River, then withdraw, the other come in their Absence and lay by each Heap of Salt the Price they are minded to give for it; when these are also gone, the Zanhagues return and take the Gold the others have left; all which is done very honestly on both sides. Some Years ago two of these Savages were taken, who died without being heard to have ever spoken, which makes People believe they are Dumb. Joan. Leo.

Tegre, a Kingdom of Abissinia in Africa, which others call Pegremahon, and Francis Aluarez, Ausen. It's the best and greatest part of Abissinia, containing 17 Provinces, whereof the most Northern and next to Egypt is call'd Barnagas. The Town of Ama, where the Queen of Saba kept her Court, is thought to be in this Kingdom, besides which there is a very considerable Place called Kaxumo or Aciam, which some say was that Queen's Residence. Here are still 17 fine Pyramids and three Churches built upon the Mountain. Dapper Descrip. of Africa.

* Teijeut, a pleasant and very populous Town or City in the Province of Sus and Kingdom of Morocco, built by the Africans, in a fruitful Soil, yielding Plenty of Corn, Sugar Canes, Dates, and Gold, Figs, Grapes, and Peaches. This City contains 4000 Families, who trade only with Gold and Iron. They have excellent Leather. The Inhabitants are rude and fierce, and very warlike. They have Judges in Civil Cases, but revenge Murders by Conspiracies against the Murderer or Banishment for seven Years. There live here many Jews, who pay no Tribute. This City is seated on the Sus South of Messa. Leo. Africa. p. 60. It lies 35 Miles from Taradant to the East.

Tekeli (Stephen) a powerful Count of Ʋpper Hungary, where he was worth 300000 Livres a Year. Some write that this Wealth was the Occasion of his Misfortune, making the Emperor's Ministers to seek means to involve him in Count Serini's Conspiracy; for after this Count's Execution, and that Frangipani, Nadasti, and Tattembach were Beheaded in 1671, General Spork, at the Head of some of the Emperor's Troops, came to Besiege Tekeli in his Fortress; who finding himself in no condition to resist, endeavoured to amuse them with good Language to gain time for his Son Emeric to make his Escape, which he did in a Boors Attire, with two other Gentlemen in the same Apparel, who carried him safe to Poland. The Count did not out-live his Son's Escape any long time. After his Death his Goods were confiscated, and his three Daughters carried to Vienna, where becoming Roman Catholicks they were married to three great Lords of the Empire. In the mean time their Brother retired into Transilvania. Memoire du Temps.

Tekeli (Emeric Count of) having made his Escape thus by his Fathers Policy, went into Transilvania in 1671, with some other of the Chief of the Malecontents of Hungary, his Wit and Valour soon distinguish'd him at Prince Abafti's Court, where he became, in a little time, first Minister of State, and afterwards Generalissimo of the Troops sent to assist the Malecontents, with which he made himself Master of several Places in the Ʋpper and Lower Hungary; whereupon the Archbishop of Strigonia endeavoured to bring him and the Emperor to an Agreement: Count Tekeli declared he would come to none before the Clergy, of whom he was suspicious, were banished the Kingdom, until a general Amnestie were granted, and the free Exercise of Religion allow'd, their Goods and Churches restor'd, and Power given them to chuse a Palatin of their own Nation; adding, that if these Conditions were not agreed to, he would deliver all the Towns in the Mountains that he was Master of to the Turks. The Emperor's Council not thinking fit to make a decisive Answer to these Proposals, the Acts of Hostility begun as before. In 1680 there was a Truce for two Months, during which there were new Propositions for an Accommodation, and the States of Hungary met at Tirnau for that purpose: But the Count being enraged that the Emperor would not consent to his Marri•ge with the Princess Ragotski Count Serini's Daughter, declared he could conclude nothing without the Grand Signior's Approbation: so having received a Reinforcement of Turks and Tartars, divided his Army into three Bodies, Heading one himself, and giving

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the Command of the other two to Petrozzi and Palaffi Imbre, with a Design to enter by three several Places into the Hereditary Country of the House of Austria, whilst the Bassa of Buda should invade Croatia. After this he made a Truce and new Articles; but the Turk hearing of it, sent a Bassa to dissuade him from an Accommodation, and promise him the Principality of Transilvania after Prince Abafti's Death. This Bassa had many Conferences with the Count and the other chief Heads of the Malecontents, who promised in the Name of all the rest of the Kingdom to pay his Master a Yearly Tribute of 80000 Crowns so he would assist them powerfully. Some time after this Tekeli went to Buda to consult with the Bassa about the Measures they were to take, and changed all his own Accoutrements for a rich Turkish Garb the Bassa presented him with from the Grand Signior, who also declared him King of Hungary. After this Tekeli sent his Secretary to Vienna for the Emperor's Leave to marry the Princess Ragotski, which he obtained, partly to reclaim him, and partly because they had resolved to go on whether he had consented to it or no. This Business being over, and the Places that belonged to the Princess being Garison'd by her Husbands Troops, Tekeli in 1682 joyned the Turks, and struck Terror wherever he came, Coin'd Mony, with his Image and these Words Emericus comes Tekeli Princeps Hungariae on one side, and on the Reverse these Words Pro Deo, pro Patria, & pro Libertate. Then dispatched his Deputies to Vienna, with Memoirs to the Emperor, that both he and the other Malecontents solemnly protested, that they did not think themselves answerable for what Christendom should suffer from the Turks, because they had no other Intention, but to preserve the Liberty and Privileges of Hungary, which his Imperial Majesty, at his Accession to the Crown, promised inviolably to observe. He call'd a Diet in 1683, where, amongst the rest, there was to be a Turkish Aga or Bassa for the Grand Signior's Interest, from which Tekeli declared, in this Assembly, he could not part: But though he continued to block up the Places that were left the Emperor in Ʋpper Hungary, and cut off their Relief, yet he pretended still he could wish his Imperial Majesty would allow him reasonable Conditions; until finding the Turks near at hand, he published his Manifesto, by which he acquainted the People, that the Grand Signior would protect all those that stuck to the Malecontents, and allow them the free Exercise of their Religion, with all other their Privileges; but, that they were to expect no Quarters who did not submit. This had such great Effect, that several Towns open'd their Gates for his Party. Then Tekeli joyned the Great Vizir as he march'd to Besiege Vienna, to receive his Orders for the Campagne. After the raising of this Siege, and the Victory gain'd over the Turks, the King of Poland endeavoured to reconcile the Malecontents to the Emperor. Their Pretensions were reduced to five principal Heads; 1. The Preservation of the Privileges of the Kingdom; 2. The Liberty of a free Exercise of Religion; 3. The Restitution of Confiscated Goods; 4. To declare Count Tekeli Prince, and give him the Counties profered him before. To which Prince Charles of Lorrain returned this Answer, That the only means to be received into the Emperors Favour, was, to part from the Turks, lay down his Arms, and submit to his Clemency. These Conditions were rejected: In the mean time the Count understanding that he was accused to the Grand Signior of Corresponding privately with the Imperialists, posted incognito to Adrianople about the end of the Year 1683; and having found means to come into the Sultan's Presence, he declared, he was come wiih his Head himself, which he chose to lose rather than be exposed to his Enemies Calumnies, or his Protector's Disgrace. This Boldness succeeded so very well, that the Sultan believed all that happened was to be imputed to his Vizir's bad Conduct, and dismist Count Tekeli with a farther Assurance of his Protection and Assistance; so that he has ever since remained Head of the Malecontents, and firm to the Interest of the Port. Histoire des Troubles de Hongrie.

Telamon, King of the Isle of Salamine in the Salonick Gulf, was Son of Eacus, Brother to Peleus, and Ajax's Father. He was one of the Argonautes, and assisted Hercules at the Siege of Troy, who for Recompense gave him Hesione Laomedon's Daughter.

Telamon, a Sea-Port Town in the States of Siena, East of Piombino, of great Antiquity, Plutarch mentioning it by this Name in the Life of Marius. It was accounted in ancient Times the chief City of Tuscany, and is remarkable for a Battel fought near it between the Romans and the Galls in the Year of Rome 528, in which Attilius one of the Consuls was slain, Aemilius the other Consul gaining the Victory, killing 40000 and taking 10000 Prisoners. This Town is now in the Hands of the Spaniards.

Telchines, Children of the Sun and Minerva, or Saturn and Aliope, inhabited the Isle of Rhodes for some time, whence it took the Name of Telchine. It's said they were Magicians, or rather Devils, that inchanted with their Sight only, and caused Rain or Snow as they pleased. Some add, that they used to take the Water of the River Styx and sprinkle the Earth therewith, which produced all manner of Inconveniencies, as, Sickness, Plague, Famine, &c. for which Reason the Greeks called them Alastores or Destroyers. Jupiter at last to punish their Wickedness changed them into Rocks. Ovid.

Telegone, Son of Ʋlysses and Circé, who being come to Age and desirous to see his Father, went to Ithaca the place of his Abode. The Servants taking him for a Stranger, would not let him come it; whereupon he kill'd some of them; and his Father running to their Assistance, was also slain by him; which when he understood, he quitted Ithaca, and came into Italy; where he laid the Foundations of the Town of Tusculum, now called Pascari. Plut in his Paral.

Telemachus, a Monk that lived in the 5th Age, under the Empire of Honorius and Arcadius. He left his Convent to come to Rome, where one Day seeing the Fencers or Gladiators Plays, he boldly entred to part them, but was stoned to Death by those that took Pleasure in that cruel Pastime. To punish this Murder, the Emperor Honorius abolished these Plays. Euseb. de Hist, Eccles.

Telemachus, Son of Ʋlysses and Penelopé. His Father left him to keep his Mother Company when he went to the Siege of Troy. Her Gallants abus'd the Child, who had his Fathers Assistance at his Return to revenge the Injuries he had suffered. Homer.

Telephanes, Slave to a Cart-Maker of the Town of Cumes in Asia Minor, was designed by the Oracle to be King of the Lydians. Whose Embassador finding him in the Shop, bought him of his Master, and immediately declared him King. At the same time there happened to be a Country-man who had bespoke a Cart, and would have Telephanes finish it, that he might brag he had a Cart made by the King of the Lydians. Heraclides in Politicis.

Telephanes (Sicyonian) an excellent Painter, and the first that became famous in that Calling. The famous Statuary of this Name flourished under Xerxes and Darius K. of Persia.

Telephus, Son of Hercules and the Nymph Augé, being by his Grandfather's express Command expos'd in a Wood, was found sucking a Hind: This was thought a good Omen of what he would afterwards come to, and influenc'd the K. of the Mysians to adopt him. He succeeded this King when the Grecians were going to Besiege Troy, and endeavoured to stop their Passage, but was wounded by Achilles in the Engagement. He consulted the Oracle for a Remedy for the Hurt; and being answered, that none could cure but he that wounded him, he reconcil'd himself to Achilles, who gave him the Rust of his Lance, wherewith he made a Plaister that quite eased him; or rather, he received some Remedy from Achilles, who had learned some from the expert Physician Chiron. Ovid. lib. 15. Metam.

Telescope, or Prospective Glass, wherewith one distinguishes an Object at several Leagues distance as if but a hundred Paces off. This Instrument was invented in the beginning of this Age, by James Metius a famous Mathematician, Native of Alcmar in Holland, who presented the States with one in 1608. By means of this Telescope we observe some Spots in the Sun, and a great number of little Mountains that seem to vomit Flames, and also Inequalities in the Moon, with the Likeness of Mountains and Valleys; as also that Mercury, Venus, and Mars, seem sometimes round and full, and at other times there is but part of their Circle seen, and imitate the several Forms of the Moon according to their different Positions in respect of the Sun: Besides this, there have been little Stars observed to move round Jupiter, and therefore call'd his Attendants: There is also a kind of Star that makes its Revolution round Saturn. We have observed also, that the Milky Way or Via Lactea is but a heap of Stars of less Light than the other, and that there are a great many more Stars than were known to the Ancients, who determined the number to 1022, for that number is found in the very Constellation of Orion, without speaking of several other Stars that appear and disappear from time to time; as, that which was seen from 1600 to 1626 upon the Swan's Breast, that which appear'd in 1700 near the Swan's Head, and that which was observed in 1612 and 1664 in the Constellation of Andromeda, &c. Descartes Discourse de la Dioptrique.

Telesilla of Argos, a Lady famous for her Wit and Courage, persuaded her Companions to beat the Lacedemonians home, which succeeded very happily. Her Skill in Poetry, and other great Talents, got her the Honour of a Statue that was built in one of the publick Places of Argos. Clem. Alexand.

Telesphorus (Pope) a Grecian and an Hermit, was forced to quit his solitary Life to Govern the Church after Sixtus I. He was chose the 8th of April 140, and died a Martyr the 5th of January 152. It was he, as is pretended, who order'd that the Hymn Gloria in excelsis Deo should be sung in Mass, and the Midnight-Mass at Christmas. Baron. in Annal.

Tell (William) one of the chief of the Swissers Conspiracy in 1307, having passed several times before the Cap that Grisler Governour of that Country for the Emperor Albert had put on the top of a Pike in the Publick Market Place of Altorf, that all they that came by should put off theirs, and make a low Reverence; and refusing to stoop to so mean a thing, was carried before the Governor, who condemned him to shoot an Apple from off his Sons Head with his Arrow at a good distance. Tell made Answer, that the Command was inhumane, and that he had rather dye than hazard his Child's Life: but Grisler threatning to put them both to Death, Tell ventured, and had the good Fortune to beat it off without hurting the Child. All admired the Address besides the Governor, who observing that he had another Arrow under his Doublet, asked, What he carried it for? He presently answered, It was always the Custom never to carry a Bow without two Arrows. This was not satisfactory; so Grisler pressed him to tell the Reason, with a Promise of his Life if he told the Truth; whereupon Tell confessed, that it was to kill

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* Tendue, a City and Kingdom of the Asian Tartary, bounded on the North by Great Tartary, on the East by Jupia, on the West by the Kingdom of Tangut, and on the South by China. The Prince of this Country about 1644 Conquered the Kingdom of China, and is now one of the greatest Princes in the World, his Dominions extending from Cochin China to the River Obb North-West and South-East.

Tenedos, a small Island of the Archipelago, near Natolia, two Leagues from the ancient Troy, near the famous Promontorium Sigeum now called Cap de Jannizari. When Troy stood this Island was particularly dedicated to Apollo. The Grecians, who feigned to lose the Hopes of Taking Troy, and hid themselves in one of the Harbours of this Island the better to cover their Design, have rendred it very famous. Its Inhabitants exercised Justice with so much Severity and Rigour, that according to the Laws of Tennus its Legislator, when the Judge sat to pronounce Sentence, an Officer stood behind him with an Axe in his Hand immediately to strike either the Criminal or the False Witness. The Venetians and Genoises had a long Dispute about this Island, which is now in the Turks possession. It's considerable for its good Muscadin Wine, which is sold for a Crown a Tun: They also have abundance of Game. Its Port is shelter only for light Vessels, yet is so very advantageous, that if it belonged to the Christians they might make an Arsenal in it to command the Streights of Gallipolis, and to secure the Archipelago. This Island is 28 English Miles in Circuit, and has two strong Castles, which were both Taken by the Venetians in 1655. Grelot Voyage de Constantinople.

Teneriffe, the biggest of the Canaries or Fortunate Islands, was formerly called Nivaria. Its Circuit is pretty considerable: The Burroughs are Laguna, St. Croie, Garrico, St. Cristoral, and Ria lejo. Besids its high Coasts, it has the highest Mountain of the whole World called the Pic of Adam or Teneriffe, being fifteen Leagues to the top, discovered by Sea-men with their prospective Glasses at 60 and sometimes in fair Weather at 80 Leagues distance. It was formerly thought to vomit Flames at the Top as Mount Aetna does in Sicily, but this does not appear now; for its Summet is for the most part covered with Snow, and the Air is so cold there that none can go up it but in July and August. The other Islands round this Place look from the Top as if they all stood at its Foot; and sometimes there is one more seen than is mark'd in Maps, because it's so difficult to find it out, being low and always covered with Clouds; so it's called the Inchanted or Inaccessible Island. The Hollanders consider their first Meridian as passing by the Pike of Adam and Cap. Verd. Hacklut adds, that it's half a Mile broad at top, and hollow like a Cauldron, there being nothing but Ashes and Pumice-stones within two Miles of the Summet; and beneath this Place it's covered all the Year with Snow; and somewhat lower grow huge Trees which will not rot in Water; and for 10 or 12 Miles below them there are pleasant Woods of Bay-Trees abounding with melodious Birds. This Island yields more Corn than any of the rest. It was anciently govern'd by seven petty Kings, who lived in Caves, and were clad in Goats-skins. This and two other Islands pay 50000 Ducats per Ann. to the King of Spain, and 12000 to their Bishop. Hackluit. Lincschot des Isles Canaries.

Teneriffe, a small Town of America Meridionalis, in the firm Land, near the Place where the River of St. Madelaine joyns that of St. Martha.

Tenes, the Name of a God that was adored in the Isle Tenedos, where he built a Town of that Name.

Tenez, a Town and Kingdom of Africa in Barbary, towards the West of that of Alger, and upon the Coasts of the Mediterranean.

* Tennis, a vast Lake in the Lower Egypt at the Mouth of the most Easterly Branch of the Nile, abounding with Islands, upon one of which stands the City Tennis. Baldwin King of Jerusalem when he Invaded Egypt in 1221 being overflowed by the Waters let out upon him, was forced to return to this Island. Nub. pag. 102. The Waters of this Lake, in the Summer, when the Nile overflows, are sweet, but salt at other Times, because it lies open to the Mediterranean.

Teno, a small Island of the Archipelago, which hath been in the Venetians Possession near upon 300 Years. It abounds with Marble Rocks, lies high, and is extreamly populous. Its principal Town is in the middle of the Island, with a Castle situate on a high Rock 90 English Miles South-West from Tenedos.

* Tenterden, a Market Town in Kent, in Scray Lath, a Member of Rye, noted for one of the finest Steeples in England; from Lond. 50 Miles.

Teramo, in Latin Interamina, a Town formerly of the Samnites, now in the Kingdom of Naples and Farthermost Abruzzia, with a Bishoprick, and the Title of Principality.

Teraphim, a Name which Moses gives the Idols of Laban stoln by Rachel, Genesis 31.19. Some have thought that these Teraphims were Brass Instruments, that serve to shew the Time of Day and Number of Hours by the Sun or by the Fall of Water into a Bason, which augmenting continually and alike, shewed by its Height and Elevation what the other did by the Shadow. Others pretended they were Figures made by Astrology, and that the Stars influenced them with a certain Vertue that made them speak. R. Levi Ben-Gerson will have the Teraphims to have had Humane Shapes, and that they were made at certain Hours for the Uses they were designed for. Selden in his Book de diis Syris, writes a whole Chapter of these Teraphims; and several others have writ on the same Subject. Pere Simon.

Terberis, or Trebelius, the first Christian King of the neighbouring People to the Black Sea, about 866 left the Kingdom to his Son, who also became a Christian, and turn'd Fryar himself, until hearing that the Son re-established the Worship of False Gods, he quitted the Convent, put out his Eyes, gave the Kingdom to his Brother, and then retired again to his Cloister. Sabell. l. 3.

* Tetbury, an indifferent good Market Town in Glocestershire, on the Confines of Wiltshire, has a fair Market House. Its chief Magistrate is a Bailiff. It' 77 Miles from London.

Tercera, an Island of the Atlantick Ocean, between Africa and America Septentrionalis, and chief of the Azores or Terceras, being 16 Leagues round, and so environed with Rocks, that its almost inaccessible. The Town of Agra is Capital hereof and all the other Islands, with a Port in form of a Crescent between two high Mountains that stretch into the Sea. It belongs to the King of Portugal: The Soil is very good, but the Corn will not keep, which makes them put it up in Pits and Holes dug in the ground, until Christmas. Their Cows are very big, yet so tame, that they come when call'd like any Dog. Here happen also frequent Earthquakes that overturn Churches and Houses; and three Leagues from Angra is a Fountain that petrifies Wood, as appears evidently by a Tree that grows part in the Water, for the Root of one side is all Stone, whilst the other is still Wood. Mandeslo's Voyage of the Indies. It was plundered by the English in 1597, who took five Spanish Ships out of the Port of Fayal.

Tereus, Son of Mars and King of Thrace, having married Progné Daughter of Pandion King of Athens, came thither at her Request for her Sister Philomela, whom she desired to see; but falling in love by the way, he forced this Sister to cut her Tongue out, that she might not discover the Incest, and kept her Prisoner in a remote Place, persuading Progne that she died on the Road. Philomela finding means to acquaint her Sister with what had past, the Queen chose the Time of the Orgies, and with her Companions went to deliver her out of her Imprisonment; and to revenge her Husband's Crime cut his Son Itys in pieces, and made him eat of it: This enraged K. would have pursued Progne and Philomela, but they were all changed into Birds, he into a Lap-Wing, Progne into a Swallow, Philomela into a Nightingale, and Itys into a Pheasant. Ovid. lib. 6. Metamorph.

Terentia, Cicero's Wife, well known by the Epistles she writ after he had repudiated her. Salustus married her, to discover, as is said, his Enemies Secrets. She lived 117 Years according to Pliny l. 7. c. 48.

Terentius, a Comick Poet of Carthage in Africa, was Slave to Terentius Lucanus at Rome; but his Wit and good Mean soon got him his Liberty. He happily hit upon the fine Strain of Comedy, and left some Pieces of that kind that few have been able to imitate; so that he was not only in the Rank of the best and most esteemed Authors, but was also thought so incomparable in the Pureness of his Stile, the Grace and Neatness of his Expression, that Cicero, a Man of great Judgment in this, praises him in several Places, and considers him as the Rule and Standard of the Language; adding, that his Comedies seemed so charming and eloquent, that they were thought to be written by Scipio and Lelius, two great Men, and the most eloquent then amongst the Romans, as Terence himself owns in his Prologue of Adelphes. We have six Comedies of this Author, who died Ann. Rom. 595. Lilio Girald. Vossius.

Terentius, General of the Roman Army under the Emperor Valens, returning Victorious out of Armenia, this Prince offered him whatever Recompense he should name; whereupon he presented a Petition for a Church for those who expos'd their Lives in the Defence of their Faith. Valens, who was an Arrian, being mad at this Request, tore the Paper, and bid him ask any thing else. Terentius having gather'd up all the pieces spoke thus, I have received a Present from you, I hold it, and shull ask no other; the Judge of the Ʋniverse can only judge of what I resolved to do. Euseb. Histor. Ecclesiast.

Terich, Dilkarnaim, a famous Epocha of the Eastern Greeks, generally called the Aera of the Seleucides. It began A. M. 3742, 312 Years before our Saviour, when Seleucus, one of Alexander the Great's Generals, took the City of Babylon, Media, Susiana, and several other Eastern Provinces, from his Rival Antigonus; and by these and other great Victories laid the Foundation of the Kingdom of Macedonia in Syria. The Authors of the two Books of the Maccabees have made use of this Epoque, but with this difference, that in the first Book these Years of Seleucides begin in the Month of Nisan, which answers to our March; and in the second in the Month of Tisri, which is the same with our September. Some Authors call it the Alexandrian Period, and place it precisely on the 6th of September 12 Years after Alexander's Death, that is, A. M. 3742. It is not to be confounded with the Philippen Era, or of Philip Arideus Brother and Successor of Alexander the Great, which began the Year of Alexander's Death, i. e. A. M. 3730, and 324 before Christ. P. Petan de Doct. Temp. Labbe in Chronolog.

* Terki, Lat. Terchium, the principal City of Circassia in Asia, situate upon the River Temenski, in a vast Plair. It was some Years ago put into the Hands of the Duke of Muscovy, who has Fortified it with Rampiers and Bastions of Earth, and keeps always a Garrison of 2000 Russ in it, because it's his Frontier on that side, against the Persians. It has been three times Fortified,

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the first by a Russ, the second in 1636 by Corn. Claass a Dutchman, the third in 1670 by Bayly a Scotch-man, who added huge Bastions, and a wide and deep Mote quite round the Town. It is seated in a Champain Country without Wood or Hill in view, and is a Place of great Trust, being the Key or Frontier of the Russian Dominions, and has always a good Garison. Lat. 47. 27. It stands upon a Neck of Land between two great Bays to the South-West of Astracan. Struys.

Terme, Terminus, a God who set Bounds to, and parted Lands from one another. Numa Pompilius built this God a Temple upon the Tarpeian Mount, and made its Worship one of the chiefest Points of his Religion; which was a signal proof of his great Wisdom, because Covetous and Ambitious Men needed to be kept within the Limits of their own Possessions by something so Sacred that they durst not violate it. This God had also his Feasts and Sacrifices: The Feasts called Terminalia were celebrated about the end of February, because that was the End of the Year: And as for the Sacrifices, they never offer'd him any living thing, to shew he was God of Concord and Peace, and therefore could not delight in Blood. The Vaults of his Temples were always open over his Statues, and it was a great Crime, according to Festus's Observation, to cover the God Terminus in any manner, since the Bounds and Limits of Land should be order'd so, that all People might see them. This Deity was generally represented by a Stone, a Tile, or Post, stuck in the Ground at the Extremity of Gardens and Fields.

Termine, sive Lapis sive es defossus in agris

Stipes, ab antiquis tu quoque numen habes. Tit. Liv. Plut.

Ternate, the chief of the Molucco Islands in the Indian Seas, has the small Island Ileris to the North, Initerra to the South, a Channel of a League broad, separates it from Tidoro: The Spaniards were first Masters of it, but were beaten out by the Hollanders, who have two Ports there. Baudr.

Terni, in Latin Interamna, a Town of Ombria a Province of the States of the Church in Italy, near the River Nar or Nera upon the Frontiers of the Sabins Land, 12 Miles from Spoleto. It's an independent Archbishoprick. The famous Family of the Castelli's, with some Remains of its Antiquity and former Splendor, render it still considerable. In the time of the Roman Empire it was a Colony of the Latins, and its Inhabitants had the Privileges of Roman Burgesses. Baudr.

Ternoua, Lat. Ternobum, a City of Bulgaria, the ancient Seat of the Despote, now the Residence of the Turkish Sangiack. It stands upon a Hill, near the River Janthra or Ischar, and the Borders of Thrace. It was heretofore very strong, but is now much neglected. It's 30 German Miles from Adrianople to the North-West, and 25 from Sophia to the North-East.

Terovane, a Town of the Low-Countries in Artois, with a Bishoprick Suffragant of Reims. Latin Authors call it Teruana or Cicutus Morinorum, because it was Capital of the ancient Morins. These People were Converted in the third Age by St. Fuscian and Victoricus; but having relaps'd again into their Idolatry, Antimonde, sent by St. Remi, preach'd them the Gospel a second time. It was look'd upon as an impregnable Place; but Ponthus de Laillan L. of Bugnicourt took it in 1553 for Charles V, who order'd it should be Demolished; so that now there are but a few Inhabitants, who are under the King of France. The Year it was Demolished in is marked by the Numerical Letters or Chronogram of these Words De Leti MorInI. It stands six Leagues from Bologne to the East, and two from St. Omer to the South. Cesar, Gazei, Sancte Marthe le Mire.

Terpsichore, one of the Muses, to which the Invention of Set-Dances, and the Keeping of Time is attributed. She was represented Crown'd with a Garland holding a Harp in one Hand, with other Instruments at her Feet.

Terra Arctica, or the Artique Land. This Name is given to the Country that is near the Arctique Pole, where are Spitzberg, Groenland, New Denmark, Estotiland, and several other Places not yet discovered.

Terra Australis, or Southern Land, a large Country towards the Antarctique Pole, discover'd by Captain Gonneville of Honfleur in Normandy, who was driven thither by Storm in 1503, as he sail'd to the East-Indies. This Captain, after he had staid some time to observe the Quality of the Soil and Customs of the Inhabitants, returned into Normandy; and the better to confirm his Discovery, brought one of the King's Sons of that part, which he landed in along with him; but falling into the Hands of an English Privateer in sight of Guernsey, they made Complaint to the Admiralty, and gave in an Account of their Voyage, and amongst other Particulars, that this Country which he calls the Southern Indies is very fruitful; that there are many Roots which give extraordinary Tinctures or Dyes, not known to the Europeans; and that there are great Numbers of all kind of Beasts, Birds, and Fish, with several other very singular things: that its indifferently well inhabited, and the People are divided into small Towns of 40 or 80 Cabins each: that they are docile, and of a good Complexion, love their Ease, and go half naked, especially the young People, and wear fine Cloaks of Mat or Feathers, which some tye round them like Aprons, the Men down to the Knees, and the Women to the middle of the Leg. Their Arms are a Bow and Arrows, and each Canton has its King very much respected by the Subjects. Terre Australe Meridionale.

The Hollanders have lately discovered in the Southern Lands to the East of the Streights of Maire, a Place they now call the States Land. Geographers do not agree about the Situation of it; for some will have it an Island, and others a part of the Southern Continent: however, this is certain, that it was discover'd by James Maire Native of Amsterdam in 1615, who called it by the Name of the States Land, and at the same time discovered that famous Channel to which he gave his own Name, and call'd the Land to the West of this Channel Maurice of Nassau. The History of this Voyage adds, that both in this Sea and the Northern they met such vast numbers of Whales and other Fish, that they were often forced to give them Broad-sides to get clear of them. They also observed in all these Turns and Windings, that the States Land seem'd all covered with Green, and that of Maurice with Snow, and appeared low to the North, but very hilly to the South. They also still discovered in this Voyage a great marry Places that look'd like Islands, whereof the chiefest seemed to be but about two Leagues asunder. These they named Barnevelt. Herrera Description des Indes Voyage de le Maire.

Terra del Fuego, is an Island in the Form of a Triangle, having the Streights of Magellan to the North, the Mar. del Zur. to the West, and the Mar del Nort or Atlantick Ocean to the East: The most Southern Cape is called Cape Hoorn, Lat. 57. 48. It is for the most part of it surrounded with high Mountains covered with Snow. The first Discoverer of it was Magellan. Hawkins, Lemary, and the rest, found it was nothing but a Knot of Islands, and cut through by many Channels, some passing into the two Oceans, and others into the Streights of Magellan. The greatest part of it is mountainous, but so that it has fruitful pleasant Valleys; between this Hills watered by Rivers and small Torrents, and yielding good Harbours for Ships between the Islands. The Mountains are covered with fine useful Timber. The Air is very much subject to violent Winds and Tempests from the West and South. The Inhabitants are as White as the Europeans, but they paint themselves Red; They are nimble, and of the same Stature with us; their Hair Black, and they are very hardy. They are very Barbarous, eating raw Flesh; destitute of all Religion and Civil Government; immodest to the highest Degree, treacherous and perfidious, flattering Strangers at first, and destroying them upon the least Advantage. Laet. p. 517. cap. 14. See Magellan and Le Mary.

Terra Firma, or the Firm Land, a Country of America Meridionalis that belongs to the Spaniards. It comprehends a Province of this Name, the Isthmus of the two America's, the Golden Castile, Cuiana, &c. Its Towns are Nuestra, Senora de Remedios, or Rio de la Hacha, Cali, New Carthagena, Cori, Sainte foi de Bogota, Sainte Marthe, New Cardoua, Panama, Popajan, and Puerto Belo, which two last are properly in the Province of the Firm Land. The Spaniards have another Place they call Terra del Fuego or Land of Fire, and is an Island of America Meridionalis, between the Streights of Magellan and le Maire. It has a Promontory called the Cape de Horn.

Terra di Lavoro, a Province of the Kingdom of Naples, upon the Coasts of the Tuscan Sea between Abruzzo to the North, the County of Molosse and furthermost Principality to the East, the hithermost Principality to the South, and the Tuscan Sea and Campania di Roma to the West. This was call'd the happy Country for the Fertility of its Soil, the chief Town being then Capoua; but now Naples is Capital of this as well as all the Kingdom. Here are still 22 Towns, 166 Castles, 170 Villages, besides Corn, Wine, and all other Necessaries for the support of Life. This Country hath many Physical Springs and good Baths, with Minerals of Brimstone and Allum. The Lake Avernus, Mount Misene, and the flaming Mount di Somma, are also in this Country.

Terre-Neure, a Dutchy of the Kingdom of Naples in the Furthermost Calabria.

Terracina, Tarracina, Anxur, an ancient City in the States of the Church in Italy, in the Province of Campania di Roma in the Borders of the Kingdom of Naples, situate at the Mouth of the River called Il Portatore, upon the Tyrrhenian Sea. It has a Castle, but is a Place of no Strength, by reason of a Mountain which commands it. It has a Harbour too, but of little use, the City being almost deserted by reason of the Unhealthfulness of the Air. It's 60 Miles West of Rome, and so many East of Naples.

Terrail (Peter) of Bayard, one of the best Generals of his time, surnamed the Knight without Fear or Reproach, was much beloved by, and did considerable Services for Charles VIII, Lewis XII, and Francis I, which last having won the Battel of Marignan against the Swissers, desired to be Knighted by him, and to be embraced according to the Ceremonies of the Ancient Knights. Bayard, who was always very facetious, holding his naked Sword in his Hand, spoke to it thus; How happy are you, in conferring Knighthood on so Vertuous and Powerful a Monarch! Truly, good Sword, you shall be henceforth honoured and kept as a Relick; for I will never make use of you but against the Turks, Saracens, and Moors: And so sheathing it, leap'd thrice for Joy. After this he was at the Siege of Pampeluna, and defended Mezeres a Place of no considerable Strength, against Charles V, who batter'd it for six Weeks with 100 Pieces of Cannon. But having followed Admiral Bonnivet into Italy, he was mortally Wounded in the Battel of Rebec; and being not able to stand, he set himself against a Tree with his Face towards the Enemy, saying, that Since he never turn'd his Back whilst he liv'd, he would not begin 〈1+ pages missing〉

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reign'd amongst them, so that it was he that prepared the way for Lycurgus to bring the Lacedemonians to their Duty.

Thalia, one of the Nine Muses which some will have to be the first Inventor of Geometry and Agriculture; she presides over Comedy, and is represented with a Waggish and Lascivious Countenance, crown'd with Ivy, and holding a Mask in her Hand.

* Thame, a Market Town in Oxfordshire upon the Borders of Buckinghamshire, which takes its name from the River Thame, which almost encompasses it, and is here cover'd with a Bridge, leading into Buckinghamshire. Its Capital of its Hundred, enjoys the Benefit of a Free School, and has an Hospital founded by the Lord Williams of Thame.

* Thames, Tamisis, the principal River of England, is so called from the Thame and Isis, which joyning into one Stream at Dorchester in Oxfordshire, take there the name of Thames. The Tame has its source in Buckinghamshire, the Isis springs in Wiltshire, receives the Windrush, and the Even Lods before it comes to Oxford, beneath that City the Charwell a large Stream at Dorcester; the Thames, as was said before, is joyned by the Kennet and the Loddon from Barkshire; the Coln from Buckinghamshire receives the Brent from Middlesex, the Wey and Wandle from Surrey, the Lea and Roden from Essex, and the Darent from Kent. It waters in its course Dorchester and Henley; in Barkshire, Reading and Windsor; in Buckinghamshire, Maidenhead; in Middlesex, Stanes, Brentford, Westminster, London; in Surrey, Kingston, Richmond, Lambeth and Southwark; in Essex, Berkin; in Kent, Deptford, Greenwich and Gravesend. Though this River is in no way to be compared for the length of its course with the Danube, Rhine, and Loire, yet it may be said to exceed them in the Excellency of its Waters, and the Gentleness of its Stream, and especially in the vast Riches that are continually conveyed upon it from all parts of the World, Ships of great Burthen coming up as far as London, which is sixty Miles from the Sea, and the Tide reaches as far as Kingston, which is twenty Miles higher.

Thamuz, an Idol of the Hebrews and Phenicians, spoken of in the eighth Chapter of Ezekiel, R. David Kimchi says, That they celebrated its Feast in the Month Thamuz, which answers our June and July, and that then the Idol seem'd to Weep: Which was effected thus, The cheating Priests after having put Lead round the Eyes, heated the Statue in the inside, until the heat melted the Metal. Most Authors say, that Thamuz was the same with Adonis, of whom St. Jerom speaks thus: Adonis or Thamuz, Venus's Lover, was a very handsome Young Man, who being killed in the Month of June, was brought to Life again, as is reported. The Idolatrous Hebrews call the Month of June by this Name, and celebrate every Year a Feast in Honour of this Thamuz or Adonis, whereof the Ceremony was to bewail him as Dead, and praise him afterwards as come to Life again. Some believe that Thamuz or Adonis was the same with Osiris King of the Egyptians, in whose Honour these People kept two Feasts the same Month, one for his Death, that they called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the other for the Resurrection, which they called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Abenephe says, that Thamuz was King of Egypt when the Israelites were in Bondage; That he instituted the Ceremonies of Osiris. Which these People after their return continu'd to celebrate and call the Month they did it in Thamuz. Father Kircher says, that this Thamuz was also called Tetmosis and Tamosis. Kircher Oedipus Aegyptiacus, Tom. 1.

* Thanet, Lat. Tanetos, Thanatos, a small Island on the Eastern Coast of Kent, surrounded on the South by the Sea, and on the West by the River Stoure, here call'd the Yenlade. It's about eight Miles long and four broad. It was in this Island that the Saxons first landed, and also St. Augustin the Monk. Nocholas Lord Tufton was created Earl of Thanet by King Charles I. in 1628. Richard the fifth of this Family succeeded in 1680.

Tharbis, Daughter of one of the Kings of Ethiopia, who is said to have fallen in love with Moses as he assisted the Egyptians at the Siege of Saba, so that they married, and the Town thereupon surrendred to Moses who led his Victorious Egyptians back into their Country, but was ill rewarded for his Service. Joseph. lib. 2. cap. 5. Antiq. Jud.

Thargelies, in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Feasts which the Athenians kept in Honour of Apollo and Diana, under which Names they worshipped the Sun and Moon.

Tharsamunthe, a famous Roman Soldier, who gain'd a Victory over the Goths, but being wounded in the Leg, was so transported with Fury against the Enemy, that he vow'd to be reveng'd when he was cur'd: He went alone into their Camp, where he kill'd many of them before they could put themselves in a posture of Defence; and being environ'd, he laid many at his Feet, and would never give up his Sword until he drop'd in sight of the Romans, who stood and admir'd his Courage.

Tharshis, according to most of the Interpreters of the Holy Scripture, is the place whither Solomon sent his Fleet for Gold, Silver, and other precious Merchandises. Authors do not agree what place this was, some think there was a particular place of this name, whether it was Tharsis of Cilicie, or Tartessus in Spain, and that because the Hebrews were not good Seamen, and look'd upon the Voyage of Tharsis to be a long one, they call'd all their other long Voyages by the same Name, as in the last Age the Name of the Indies, which properly belong'd but to a Country of Asia, water'd by the River Indus, was given to all the Southern Coasts of Asia, as also to America, because they were long Voyages as the former. M. l'Abbe de Chois. Vic. de Salomon. See Ophir.

Thassilon, Duke of Bavaria, and Son of Chiltrude Sister to Pepin King of France, to whom he did Homage in an Assembly held by this Prince at Compeigne. But Pepin suspecting that he had contracted an Alliance with Didier King of the Lombards, his Father-in-Law watch'd him so close, that he never could undertake any thing to his Disadvantage. Thassilon swore the like Allegiance to Charlemagne, but broke his Oath, which drew that Prince's Arms into his Country. Thassilon, to procure Peace, beg'd pardon for what had passed, and gave his Son Theudon as Hostage for his future good Deportment. Yet this inconstant Duke, at his Wifes request, undertook a new War against the King, in which being made Prisoner, he and his Son were condemn'd to be put to Death, but Charlemagne chang'd the Sentence into a perpetual Imprisonment. Thassilon died in the Abby of Jumiege, in 794 or 795.

Theaco, an Island of the Ionian Sea, between Cephalonie, the Isle of St. Maure, and the Curzolaires. It has a wide and safe Port, and formerly had a Town which Plutarch calls Alalcomene, but now there are only some Villages: The Inhabitants are about fifteen thousand, and most of them People that were banish'd from Zante, Corfou and Cephalonie. The Cephalonians chuse one every Year, to whom they give the Title of Captain of Theaw, but must be approved by the Ministers of the Commonwealth of Venice, and then Judges between these Islanders, and decide their Differences. It's thought this Island was Ulysses Country, and the place of Penelope's Residence, whose Memory is still in such Veneration there, that the Inhabitants have a consideration for some certain Ruins thought to be the Remains of that Chaste Princesses Palace. P. Coronelli Description of Morea.

Theagene, a very famous Wrestler, who won about 140 Crowns in the Olympick Games, and was therefore by the Oracle of Apollo ranked amongst the Heroes, and had a Statue of Copper erected for him after his Death. An envious Fellow whipt this Statue so often, that it fell and crush'd him to death at last; whereupon his Children call'd it to an account, (for according to Draco's Laws, inanimate things were to be brought to trial for Murther or Manslaughter) and condemn'd it to be cast into the Sea. But the Thessalians being afterwards afflicted with Famine, and the Oracle consulted what they should do, it bid them recall the Banished: Which being understood of Theagene's Statue, they fish'd it up, put it in its former place, and Sacrific'd to it as a God upon the Reputation it had acquir'd of curing several Distempers. Suidas makes mention of three other Athenians of this name.

Theano, Pythagoras's Wife, and Daughter to Pithonacte; was Native of the Town of Crotone. She was a very deserving Woman, and of so great Learning and Wit, that she taught Philosophy with her Sons after her Husband's Death. It's also said, that she writ a Poem in Hexameter Verse. Diogenes Laertius.

Theatins, or Teatins, Fryars so called from the Town of Teate in the Kingdom of Naples, whereof John Peter Caraffe, Superior of this Order, was Bishop. Their proper Name, according to the first Institution, was that of Regulars, and their Founder one Gaetan of Thiene. The Theatins were establish'd at Rome in 1524, afterwards at Venice in 1527, at Naples three Years after, and Cardinal Mazarin settled them at Paris in 1644.

Theatrum, a place design'd for the sight of Publick Plays, differing from the Amphitheatre in this, that the first was in form of a half Circle, the Amphitheatre of a round or oval Figure. What we now call Theatrum was call'd Pulpitum by the Romans, and was a high built place, where the Actors came to rehearse and act their Comedy; and what we call Galleries and Boxes, was much the same with what they call'd Theatrum; all the Building comprehended the Scene, the Orchestre or space between the Stage and Seats, and the Steps or Stairs whereon the Spectators sate. The Scene in general comprehended all the Room, the Actors took up, as well they that repeated, as they that danc'd or did their parts by Gestures, and were called Pantomimes; this was a sumptuous Building, enrich'd with Ornaments, behind it was a place where the Actors retir'd and clad themselves. The second part call'd Orchestre was the lowest part of the Theatre, where the Senators sate as now in our Comedies Persons of Quality are suffered upon the Stage, and take up part of the place allotted for the Actors. The Ancients distinguish'd three sorts of Scenes, viz. the Tragick, Comick and Satyrick, whereof the Decorments were Paintings applied to the purpose by certain turning Machines. The Tragick had its Pillars, Statues, Balusters, and other Ornaments belonging to a Royal Palace. The Comick represented particular Houses with their Balconies. The Satyrick was adorn'd with Groves, Mountains, Caves, and all sorts of Landskips. The third part were the Steps or Seats for the Spectators. Valerius Maximus says, that until the 558th. of Rome, the Senators sate amongst the common People: But their Seats were separated by Attilius Serranus and L. Scribonius Ediles, according to the Advice of Scipio Africanus; and there was also a Law made afterwards to give the Knights their Seats apart. Suetonius relates, that Augustus issued an Edict, to forbid Womens sitting

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upon the Steps of the Theatre, but ordering them up to the top amongst the common People. The Ancient Romans had no Theatres nor Amphitheatres for their Stage-plays, but all stood to look upon them; they had afterwards Seats of Earth raised round the place where they were acted in, and in the 599th. there was a Theatre built, which Scipio Nasica destroy'd soon after. Pompey the Great was the first that built one of Stone, on the top of which was a Temple dedicated to Venus, thereby to hinder the Censors from demolishing it.

Thebaldeschi (Francis) Cardinal and High Priest of St. Peter, Native of Rome, one of the sixteen Cardinals that assembled there after Pope Gregory XI. his Death in 1378, whilst the Sacred College held a Conclave for the Election of a new Pope, and expected Bartholomy Prignan Archbishop of Paris his consent; the People impatient for a Roman Pope, rush'd into the Conclave with so much Fury, that the Cardinals, to appease them, and secure themselves from danger, cry'd out, That the Cardinal of St. Peter was just then chosen, and that it was the part of the Magistrates of Rome to make him consent to his Election. This was no sooner noised in the Town, but the People flock'd in great numbers to worship this pretended Pope, who was a poor old Man above Fourscore Years of Age, then forced him to St. Peter's Church, and put him upon the Altar according to custom, though he cry'd out as loud as he could, That it was not he but the Archbishop of Bari that was chosen. Thence they carried him, do what he could, to the Pope's Palace, and created him with the usual Ceremonies. Thus things went on until the next Morning that Bartholomy Prignan's Election was publish'd. Maimbourg Histoire du Grand Schisme.

Thebes or Diospolis, a Town of Egypt, one of the greatest and most beautiful of all Antiquity, it being assured that it was 140 Furlongs round, and had a hundred Gates, which made it be call'd Hecatompyle. It was ruin'd by Cornelius Gallus Governour of Egypt. Tacitus speaks thus of it in his Description of Germanicus his Voyages. Thence he visited, says he, the great Streets of ancient Thebes, where were then still in Egyptian Characters, engraven on Obelisks, the Marks of its former Wealth. An ancient Priest order'd to interpret them said, That there had been 700000 Combatants in this Town, and that with this numerous Army King Rhamsee subdued Libya, Ethiopia, &c. The Tributes the People paid were also mark'd, the weight of Gold and Silver, the number of Horses and Arms, the Ivory and Perfumes for the Temples. The Customs upon Corn and other Goods, which bore great Proportion with what the Roman Power, and the Violence of the Parthians imposed upon the Nations they had subdued. John Leon assures us that the Modern Name of this Town is Theres; but Sanson thinks it's Minio, which now belongs to the Turks. Tacit. lib. 2. Annal. c. 19.

Thebes, a Town of Greece in Beotia, call'd Heptapyle by Pindar, by reason of its seven Gates. Cadmus built it A.M. 2620. or at least augmented it with a Fortress call'd Cadmea, famous in the Works of Poets. Thirty seven Years before the Destruction of Troy, Polinice Son of Oedipus, and Jocasta, arm'd against his Brother Eteocles, and besieged Thebes, with Adrastus King of Argos and some others. This War, generally call'd the Enterprise of the Seven Generals against Thebes was Fruitless, but their Children carried the Town ten Years after, A.M. 2843. The Thebans were very Powerful, and maintain'd a War against the Athenians and Lacedemonians, which last they utterly defeated at the Battle of Leuctres in Beotia, by the Valour of Epaminondas, though they were but few in comparison of the Enemy, who with their Credit, lost there their best Men, and their King Cleombrotus: Philip of Macedon conquer'd the Thebans, and put a Garrison of Macedonians in their Town to the Sword, cutting all them off that he either had an Aversion for or suspected, forc'd the rest away, and recall'd those of his Faction whom they had banish'd, giving them Offices and considerable Places. The Thebans carried this heavy Yoke with much Reluctancy, so that upon the report of Alexander's Death they revolted, and sollicited their Neighbours to do the like; but the Town being taken the second time was quite destroy'd, not one House being left standing but that of Pindarus. This happen'd in the CXI Olympiad, about the 419th of Rome. Cassander, Antipater's Son, repair'd it twenty Years after, and it had afterwards the Title of an Archbishoprick, but is now an Inconsiderable Borough call'd Stives, subject to the Turks.

Theers, otherwise call'd Alchores, are a sort of Indians, who profess no Religion; all People abhor them, which is the reason that they live in the outermost parts of the Suburbs, to be out of the way of other People: They are employ'd to lead Criminals to the place of Execution. Mandeslo Tom. 2. of Olearius.

Thelesphore, a Soothsayer of Pergamus in Asia Minor, he foretold things to come with a Noise that seem'd to issue from the bottom of his Belly: His Fellow-Citizens worship'd him as a God. Pausanias.

Themis, said to be the Daughter of Heaven and Earth, was consider'd as the Goddess of Justice, and the first that gave Oracles to the Pagans.

Themis, call'd Carmenta by Eusebius, refused to marry Jupiter, whereupon he forced her, and begot Justice, Law and Peace upon her, according to the Fable.

Themison, a famous Physician, Author of the Sect of the Methodicks.

Themistoclea Daughter of Mnesarchus a Goldsmith of Samos, and Sister of Pythagoras, was very Learned in Morals, as appears by the several good Maxims which she communicated to her Brother.

Themistocles, an Athenian Captain Son of Neocles, a Man Famous for his Birth and Vertue: He was so Wild in his Youth, that his Father disinherited him; but instead of daunting him, this did but raise his Courage, for judging with himself that he could not wash off that Stain, but by the great Actions of Courage and Wit, he devoted himself to the Publick Good, and applied all his Care to get Friends and acquire Reputation. He was generally taken up in judging of particular Business, and proposing necessary Expedients, which he was as happy at putting in execution as inventing. He was intrusted with the Management of the War against Corfu, which he brought to a happy Conclusion, ridding the Sea of all Pyrates, and rendring Commerce free. This was soon follow'd with greater Advantage by his Victory at Sea against Xerxes in the LXXV Olympiad. But being afterwards accused by the Lacedemonians, and banish'd by the Athenians, he went to Admetus King of the Molossians, thence to Asia, and afterwards into Persia, where the King gave him some Towns for his Subsistence. He died at Magnesia, some say of a Natural Death, or according to others, by taking a draught of Bulls Blood rather than bear Arms against his Country. This happen'd about the 290th of Rome. Cornelius N•pos and Plutarch in his Life.

Themistogenes of Syracuse, a Greek Historian, who liv'd in Artaxerxes Mnemon's time. Xenophon speaks thus of him, They that have the Curiosity to see how Cyrus assembled his Men, how he marched his Army against Artaxerxes, how he ordered the Fight, and how after his Death the Grecians return'd into their Country by the Bridge over the Euxin Sea, let him read Themistogenes of Syracusa's History of Cyrus, Brother to the same Artaxerxes.

* Theobalds, a Royal Seat of the Kings of England in Hartfordshire in the Hundred of Hartford, not far from Hodsdon on the Lea, and less from Waltham-Abbey in Essex. It is delightfully situated amongst Groves and Springs, Sir William Cecil, Lord Treasurer of England, built it; and Robert Lord Cecil his Son of the same Office to King James I. much beautified it.

Theocatagnostes, or Blasphemers, Hereticks of the Seventh Century, who were so Impious, as to charge God with having done and said many things not to the purpose. Prateolè, Sanders.

Theocrines, a Grecian, who was the first Author of Tragedies, and afterwards an Informer; his Name became odious by inventing of Calumnies, which made Demosthenes call Eschines a Tragical Theocrines. And St. Jerom observes that the Pagans used to call the Christians by this wicked Name, because by their Profession of Holiness they seem'd to accuse the Idolaters of Impiety.

Theodas, a certain Jew, an Impostor and Magician, who seduc'd the People so far, that he gather'd four hundred Men, persuading them to quit the City of Jerusalem, assuring them, that by his Word alone he would drain Jordan: Yet his Troop was at last exterminated, he himself Beheaded, and the Head brought to Jerusalem. Act. cap. 3. Euseb.

Theodat, or Theodahade, King of the Goths in Italy, was Son to Amalfride Sister to King Theodoric, and of a Person of Quality of this Court. Amalasuntha having lost her Son Athalaric, and seeing her self without Support, put Theodat on the Throne, but on this Condition, That she her self should always Govern; which he promised: But finding himself well settled, and assur'd of the Crown, he banish'd his Benefactrix to an Island of the Lake Volsena, where he got her Strangled in a Bath in 534. The Emperor Justinian resolv'd to revenge the Death of this Princess, and taking his Opportunity, during the Disorders of the Goths, reunited Italy to the Empire. Mundus and Bellisarius did him considerable Service in this Juncture, one subduing Dalmatia, and the other making himself Master of Sicily. These Successes frightned Theodat so much, that he profer'd to subscribe to what the Emperor pleased, even to the resigning of the Kingdom, so he might be allow'd a Pension, and live quietly. But the Face of Affairs changing afterwards, he put Pope Agapet upon a Journy to make his Peace with that Prince. But these Precautions were to no purpose, all went against him, his own Son-in-Law, Ebremond, submitted to Belisarius, who reduc'd Naples, and all the neighbouring Country, so that not knowing what to resolve upon, he gave the Conduct of his Army to Vitiges, one of his Captains, far more noble by his Valour than Birth, who being well beloved by the Goths, was proclaim'd King in 536 or 37, seizes Theodat as he return'd from Rome to Ravenna, and put him and his Son Theodegisile to Death, a just Punishment for his Ingratitude to Amalasuntha. And thus God made use of one Traytor to punish the others Treachery. It's said that Theodat was Learned, and composed a History.

Theodebert, or Thietbert I. of the Name King of Metz, succeeded his Father Tierry or Theodoric I. King of Austrasia in 534, and in the beginning of his Reign committed several violent Actions unworthy a Christian Prince, but afterwards mended his Life, and liv'd with as much Justice and Piety as could be desir'd. Seeing the Romans and Goths engag'd in a 〈1+ pages missing〉

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the Town to the Discretion of his Troops, who kill'd Seven thousand of the Inhabitants: All People murmur'd against this Action, and St. Ambrose writ the Emperor a Letter, to exhort him to Sorrow and Repentance for it. And some Months after, this Prince being at Milan, he refused to admit him into the Church until he had made eight Months Penance for that rash Action. After this Arbogastus having kill'd Valentinian to avoid the Punishment of his Crime, chose Eugenius, a mean Man who had taught Grammar, and got him declar'd Emperor, on Condition that he would tolerate Idolatry. Theodosius march'd against him, routed his Army, and he himself being taken Prisoner, the Soldiers cut off his Head in 394, and Arbogastus kill'd himself, for fear of falling into the Conqueror's hands. After this Victory the Emperor came to Milan, where he died of a Dropsie in 395, aged 60, leaving two Sons, Arcadius Emperor of the East, and Honorius of the West. Theodoret. Socrates. Zozimus.

Theodosius II. call'd the Young, was Son of Arcadius and Eudoxea, Arcadius dying in 408, left his Son, then but seven Years of Age, under the Guardianship of Isdegerde King of Persia, in whom he had great Confidence. This Prince not thinking it safe to leave his own Kingdom, sent Antiochus, a very able Man, to take care of the young Emperor's Education. He began his Reign by severe Edicts against the Jews and Hereticks, and in 415 declar'd his Sister, Pulcheria, Augusta, with whom, though but young, he divided the Imperial Power. She, to render her Brother as Great by his good Qualities, as he was by his Birth and Dignity, chose him very able Masters, and took care of his Education her self. Socrates speaks very advantagiously of his Inclinations, Prudence, Piety and Love for the Study of Philosophy. He made this fine Answer to some who ask'd him why he did not put some People to Death who had offended him: Would to God I could bring all those to Life that have died on that account. Theodoret also praises and brings many Examples of his Piety, concluding that God recompenc'd his Zeal for Religion, by a visible Protection of him against his Enemies; and that Rhodas, General of the Scythians, having crossed the Danube, ruining all Thracia, and threatning Constantinople, was consum'd, with all his Army, by Fire from Heaven. Yet we must confess, that Theodosius was rather a Good Man than a Great Prince, and that Pulcheria govern'd all along absolutely under his Name; it's true, she govern'd so very well, that during her Administration, the Empire enjoy'd perfect Peace, and was a Terror to its Enemies. Theodosius married Athenais the Philosopher Leontius his Daughter, which at her Baptism took the Name of Eudoxea. He sent a great Army into Africa against Genseric King of the Vandals, under the Conduct of Aspar; and this being defeated, he sent another by Sea against him, under the Command of Areobindus, Anaxillus and Germain, but was forc'd to recall them, to oppose Attila who ravaged all Thracia; and being unable to stop these Barbarians, before the return of his Army, he was forc'd to dispatch his Ambassadors to Attila, to give him six thousand Livres of Gold, and promise them a thousand yearly to retire. He banish'd Nestorius from Constantinople, endeavour'd to reconcile the Prelates, especially John of Antioch, and Cyrillus of Alexandria, and publish'd new Laws against the Pagans, Jews, Samaritans and Hereticks. But in the mean time Pulcheria quitting the Court upon some Difference with the Empress Eudoxia, the Emperor for some time was a Prey to the Eutychian Hereticks, until Pulcherius's return brought things aright again, and Theodosius went to Ephesus to make publick Satisfaction for protecting the false Council: And after his return to Constantinople, as he was a Hunting, his Horse fell and hurt him, so that he was brought home in a Litter, and died soon after. Others say he died of a Sickness, and some will have it that he fell into a River; however it was he died in 450, aged 49, without Issue. Pulcheria chose Marcian after him. Socrates l. 7. Histor.

Theodosius III. surnam'd the Adramitian, was set on the Throne against his Will in 715, the Fleet sent about that time against the Sarazens, having kill'd their General, and revolting to escape Punishment, bethought themselves at Adramitium a Town of Phrygia, to proclaim Theodosius Emperor, who was one of the Prince's Receivers or Collectors. He did what he could to hinder their Design, but they forc'd him to accept the Empire, and supported him against Anastasius II. In the mean time Leo of Isauria, who pretended to the Crown, declar'd against Theodosius with all the Land Army which despised such a ridiculous Choice, advanced to Nicomedia, and took Theodosius's Son Prisoner, who endeavour'd to oppose his passage; and then march'd towards Constantinople. Whereupon Theodosius, who had no ill Design, sent the Patriarch St. Germain with an offer to yield him the Empire, and devote himself to God in retiring from the World, so he would grant him his Life. This being agreed, both he and his Son entred into Orders, and withdrew into Ephesus, where he passed the remainder of his Life in Pious Exercises; and at his Death order'd they should put no other Epitaph upon his Tomb, but this Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies Health. Theophanes, Zonaras Cedrenus.

Theodotion of Ephesus liv'd about the end of the eleventh Century, was Disciple of Tatian, and afterwards Follower of Marcion; then became Jew, and translated the ancient Testament into Greek in Commodus's Reign; this Translation is more ex•ct than that of Aquila, yet there are many things cut off, and Additions made to it, as Origen has observ'd. Baronius A. C. 184.

Theodotus, a Silver-smith invented new Errors, holding the Son of God to be Inferior to Melchisedec, Who was, said he, Eternal without Father or Mother, and the Advocate of Angels: That Jesus Christ was but Pure Man, and exercised the Office of Mediator only for Men. His Followers were called Melchisedecians. Tertull. Eusebius, Baronius.

Theodotus of Byzantium, a Currier or Tanner by Trade, having denied Jesus Christ in the Persecution, added a new Crime to his Apostasie, teaching that our Saviour was Conceiv'd by the Operation of the Holy Ghost, and yet was but a Pure Man; excelling others only in Justice and the Sanctity of Life. He came to Rome to spread his Errors there, and lay hid a long time before he was discover'd, but was forc'd thence by Pope Victor's Excommunication. Euseb. Baron.

Theodorus, or Theodotio, was Master to the last Ptolomey, whom he counsel'd to put Pompey to Death, and the better to persuade him to it, made a long Speech, which he concluded with this Proverb, The Dead never Bite. He fled betimes to avoid the Punishments which Julius Cesar threatned Pompey's Murtherers with, and wandred up and down hated by all Men. Plutarch.

Theon of Alexandria, a famous Philosopher and Mathematician, flourish'd in the fourth Century in Theodosius the Great's time: He writ Commentaries upon Ptolomy, and some other pieces that have made him Famous to Posteri•y. He had a Daughter call'd Hypatia, whom Synesius calls his Mistress in Philosophy. Socrates, Vossius.

Theopaschites, Hereticks that attributed the Passion to the three Persons of the Trinity. Foulon.

Theophanes of Byzantium liv'd in the Sixth Age, in the Reign of Justin II, who succeeded Justinius in 565. He is esteem'd for a History in Ten Books, which he publish'd of Justin's War against Chosroes, and for some other pieces. This Author says, that the use of Silk-worms began to be known to the Greeks and Romans in the Emperor Justinian's time.

Theophania the Empress, Wife of Romanus Emperor of Constantinople, after whose Death, in 963, she poison'd her eldest Son Stephen, sparing Basil and Constantine, because being then very young, they could prove no Obstacle to her Ambition. Afterwards having made Nicephorus Phocas Triumph in the Hippodrome, she intreagu'd so well, that the Eastern Army declar'd him Emperor, so that he was receiv'd at Constantinople and Crown'd by the Patriarch Polieucte, and then married the Empress. But she who consented to the Match only through a Blind Passion, soon chang'd her Love into Hatred; so that upon the News she receiv'd that Otho's Lieutenants whom he endeavour'd to surprise Treacherously, had cut his Troops in pieces, and retaken Calabria and Apuleia from the Grecians, she caused him to be Murther'd by John Zimisces an Officer of great Reputation, who was at the same time plac'd upon the Throne; but he repenting himself of the Crime, banish'd the Murtherers and the Cruel Theophania who put them and him upon the Action, and associated the young Princes Basil and Constantine to the Empire, who after his Death recall'd their Mother from Banishment, and gave her part of the Government as before. Maimbourg History of the Schism of the Greeks.

Theophilus, Bishop of Alexandria, succeeded Timotheus about 385, and was so much consider'd for his Learning, that the Council of Capua, in 389, nam'd him to decide the Difference between Evagrius and Flavian, both ordain'd Bishops of Antioch, this last being suspicious of him, refused to consent he should be Judge; yet Theophilus, by his great Prudence, composed the Dispute, and reconcil'd Flavian in 402. to Pope Innocent I. He was a great Persecutor of the Origenists, declar'd himself an open Enemy to St. John Chrysostom, presided at the Council of Chesne, where he was deposed; and after his Death would never consent to have his Name put in the Dypticks; Though Pope Innocent I. did thereupon Excommunicate him. He died in 412, after he had presided over the Church of Alexandria 27 Years. St. John of Damascus says, That he was in a very great Agony on his Death-bed, and could have no quiet in his Spirit, till he had honour'd Chrysostom's Picture which was brought him. He wrote against the Origenists, and Anthropomorphites, and about the day of Celebrating Easter. St. Jerom, Baronius, Bellarmin.

Theophilus, Emperor of the East, succeeded his Father Michael the Lisper in 829, who had associated him to the Empire before, and inspir'd him with a Hatred against Images: He began his Reign by punishing those that assisted his Father in the Murther of Leo V. and sent his Mother-in-Law Euphrasne into that same Convent whence his Father had taken her. This Prince had many good Qualities, he was Dextrous, and a lover of Justice, and knew how to conceal his Faults so well, that he was admir'd and praised by all his Subjects. He fought five Battles against the Sarazens, and was always unfortunate; his Sorrow for the last was so great that he died of it, A. C. 842, after a Reign of twelve Years and some Months. Curopalatre, Baronius.

Theophobus, Brother-in-Law to Theophilus the Greek Emperor, was born at Constantinople, his Father was a Persian Ambassador of the Royal Blood; and Theophilus, to engage him in his Service, married his Sister to him, and made him Commander of the Troops composed of those Pe•sians, who, to escape the

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Tyranny of the Sarazens, had passed into the Grecians Service. These Troops being not well paid by Theophilus, proclaim'd Theophobus their General, Emperor, but he appeased the Tumult, and refused the Sovereign Authority, as he did once afterwards; and though he thus gave Proofs of his Fidelity, as he had done of his Courage upon several Occasions; yet Theophilus suspecting him, ordered that he should be closely confin'd; and being himself soon after very Weak, and near his end, commanded Theophobus's Head to be cut off, though Innocent; and having desir'd it should be brought him to his Bed, with all the Strength left him, he took it up by the Hair, and raising his Voice cry'd, Well, if I cease to be Theophilus, you must also cease to be Theophobus. Maimbourg, Histoire des Iconoclastes.

Theophrastus of Eresus, a Philosopher, Son of Melanthus, first heard Lucippus, then was Plato's and at last Aristotle's Disciple, who chang'd his Name of Tyrtanus to Theophrastus, because of his Divine Eloquence. He succeeded this Philosopher, and composed several Treatises mention'd by Diogenes Laertius. He said of an Orator without Judgment, that he was a Horse without a Bridle. When he observ'd one that said nothing: If you are a Man of Parts, said he, you do ill; if you are not, you are an able Man. He always used to say, That there was nothing so Dear as Time; and that they that lavish'd i• to no purpose, were the most prodigal People of the World. His Characters of Vertues and Vices are translated very well into French by M. de la Bruyere. He used to say that a Learned Man was never alone, a Stranger in any Country, or without Friends. Cicero says, that at his Death he expostulated with Nature, for making Stags and Ravens so long liv'd, who needed it not at all; and Men so short, who could improve a longer Life, in rendring themselves perfect in all sorts of Literature and Arts. Diogenes Laertius, Strabo.

Theophylactus, Patriarch of Constantinople, was Son of Romanus, who abusing the Youth of his Son-in-Law Constantine, Prophyrogenetes plac'd his own Children upon the Throne, and made Theophylactus, a younger Son, Patriarch at the Age of Sixteen; but the Care and Management of the Ecclesiastical Affairs were left to Tryphon, who in 944, refusing to resign his place, was deposed, and Theophylactus put in Possession of the whole. This hopeful Prelate doted so upon Horses, that being one day at Divine Office, when news was brought him that a Mare which he lov'd much had Fol'd, he ran to the Stable to see it, and then return'd to make an end of the Office. Baronius.

Theophylactus, call'd Simocetta, flourish'd about 612 under the Empire of Heraclius. He writ the History of the Emperor Maurice in eight Books, whereof the five first treat of his War against the Persians, and the three other of that against the Avares and Slavonians, with the account of his Death. Besides these, he has writ Letters on all sorts of Subjects. Photius, Suidas.

Theopompus, a Native of the Isle of Scio, an Orator and Historian, liv'd in the time of Artaxerxes, Ochus, and Philip of Macedonia, and was Disciple of Isocrates, and in great Esteem for his many Works mentioned by the Ancients. Atheneus, Strabo.

Theopompus, King of Sparta, who establish'd the Ephori.

Theoskeposti, the Name of the Grotto, where St. John the Evangelist writ his Apocalypse in the Isle of Patmos, which many now call Palmosa: This Island is in the Archipelago towards Asia. Daviti de L'Asie.

St. Theressa, born at Avila a Town of Old Castille in Spain. She was a professed Carmelite at 21 Years of Age, and establish'd an Order which she call'd Reformed, with such Success, that she left thirty Monasteries, fourteen of Men, and sixteen of Nuns of that Order at her Death, all founded by her self; and besides a great number of Letters all gathered into a Volume: She composed ten several Books upon Godly Subjects, or concerning her Order, and died in 1582, that being the 67th of her Age. Popish Authors magnifie her extreamly, and talk much of her Revelations, Extasies, and such Enthusiastick Dreams.

* Thereus, the eighth King of Scotland, about 171 Years before Christ, was Son to Reutherus their sixth King, succeeded his Uncle Reutha, who resigned, in his Favour, much against the Mind of the People. The first six Years of his Reign he govern'd extreamly well, but afterwards abandon'd himself to all manner of Vice, cutting off his Nobles by False Indictments, insomuch that Leud and Dissolute Fellows did fill the Kingdom with Rapines and Robberies. The Phylarchae or Chiefs of Clans, bewailing the deplorable State of the Publick, determin'd to proceed Judicially against him: Whereupon he fled to the Britains, amongst whom he died in great Ignominy. Buchan.

Thermia, an Island of the Archipelago towards Europe, formerly call'd Polyagos; Italian Pilots gave it the Name of Ferminea or Fermia, a corrupted word from Thermia, which signifies a hot Bath, for near the Sea it had some Mineral and hot Fountains of excellent use for a great many Distempers, particularly for Swellings. The Town of Thermia is very considerable, and there is a great Borough at the foot of an old Castle. Baudr.

Thermodon, now call'd Pormon according to le Noir, is a River of Cappadocia, which discharges it self into the Euxin Sea towards Themiscyre. Suidas will have another of that Name in Thrace, and Plutarch makes mention of that which was in the Europian Scythia, in the Country of the Amazones,

Thermopylae, now call'd Boca di Lupo, a famous Passage of Mont Oeta call'd Banina, upon the Gulph of Ziton in Thessaly, leading into Phocis in Achaia. Near this place Assemblies of all Greece were kept on certain days: And it was here also that Leonidas at the Head of 300 Lacedemonians couragiously resisted the whole Persian Army. Demosth.

Thermuth, Pharoah's Daughter, that sav'd Moses, and brought him up when exposed upon the River. Joseph.

Thersippus of Athens, a Man of very great Strength, who always exposed himself generously for his Country; being at last disabled, Solon assign'd him a Pension, and made a Law, that all such as lost the use of their Members in the publick Service, should be maintain'd at the Commonwealth's Charge. Heracl.

Thersites, one of the most Deformed and Silliest Men in Greece, who presuming to Affront Achilles, was struck Dead by him with his Fist. Homer has describ'd his Ugliness so much to the Life, that to express the greatest Deformity, it suffices to compare it to that of Thersites. Homer. L. 2.

Theseus, placed in the number of Demi-Gods, was Son of Egeus King of Athens, and of Aethra Daughter of Pitheus, he gave Marks of his Courage on all Occasions, in opposing those that disturbed the publick Peace, defeating whole Companies of Robbers, taming Monsters, &c. He made War against the Amazones in their own Country, and defeated Creon King of the Thebans. Poets feign'd, that he kill'd the Minotaure of the Island Crete, whereof Minos was King: The Truth is, that Minos being very powerful at Sea, to revenge his Son Androgeos's Death, oblig'd the Athenians to send him a yearly Tribute of Boys and Girls; until Theseus, by his Valour, freed them from the Obligation, by killing the Minotaure; and came out of the cross Windings of the Labyrinth, by the Assistance of Ariadne the King's Daughter. This Princess follow'd him, but he left her in the Isle Naxos. Theseus coin'd some Mony with an Ox stamp'd on one side, either in memory of the Minotaure, the Bull he had overcome at Marathron, or that he would incite the Athenians, by such a Figure, to apply themselves to Agriculture. And it was hence, in Plutarch's Judgment, that the Ancients used to say, Such a thing is worth ten Oxen, such another worth a hundred, meaning the Pieces coin'd with that Stamp. Theseus instituted the Isthmick Plays in Honour of Neptune, and in Imitation of Hercules, who had establish'd others for Jupiter. It's said that Lycomedes King of the Isle of Scyros, threw him head-long from a Rock: Pirithous was his special Friend. Hoffman adds, that the Minotaure was a famous General under King Minos, that the Poets feign how Theseus went with Pirithous to Hell to force Proserpine thence, and that Pirithous was kill'd, and he himself kept in Chains by Pluto, until Hercules his great Friend set him at Liberty. Plutarch in his Life.

Theseus a Greek Author, who writ the Lives of famous Men in five Books.

Thesmophores, otherwise called Cereales, Feasts instituted in the Town of Eleusa, in Honour of the Goddess Ceres, by Triptolemus, whom she had taught to Sow all kind of Grain. During the Solemnity of the Feasts, several Virgins carried certain Books on their Heads, that contain'd the Secret Mysteries of that Goddesses Service, which were not to be reveal'd on pain of Death. These Ceremonies and Sacrifices were so Religiously observed, that during all the time, the Women lay upon the Ground, without Eating or Drinking, and had not the Liberty of having their Husbands with them, for they were to be Pure, and without any Crime. There were also other Ceremonies observed, according to the difference of places. The Sicilian Women ran with their lighted Torches, and call'd Proserpine aloud, because Ceres did so in search of her. The Country-men and Labourers also Solemniz'd a Feast in her Honour, call'd Ambarvales by the Latins, which were Processions round their Fields: See Ambarvales. They also used, when their Corn was cut down, to offer this Goddess the first Fruits of their Grain. And they that were a-kin, or any ways allied, celebrated Feasts together in her Honour. VI Tom. Biblioth. Ʋniver.

Thesmothetes, certain Magistrates of the Council of Athens, who to the number of six, with the Archonte, the King and Polemarch, govern'd the Commonwealth. This Name was given them, because they chiefly had the Care to establish Laws, and put them in Execution, took cognizance of Criminal Matters, and gave places to Judges according to their Ranks. Demosth.

Thespis, an Athenian, Son of Erictheus King of Boeocia, so great an Admirer of Hercules his Actions, that having invited him to a Feast, and made him Drunk, he put him to Bed to his fifty Daughters, all of whom Hercules got with Child that night. The fifty Boys they were brought to bed of were called Thespiades, who with his Nephew Jolaus came to inhabit Sardinia, where they built several Towns. Pausanias, Strabo.

Thespis, a Tragick Poet, Native of Icaria a Town of Attica in Greece, flourish'd about A. M. 350. In his time Tragedy was carried on by a Quire, that is, a Set of Musicians and Dancers, who, as they Danced, sung Hymns to the Praise of Bacchus. He, that the Musicians and Dancers might have time to rest, and that the People should have some other new Diversion, introduced an Actor, who between every two Songs, repeated some Discourse upon a Tragical Subject: This Actor's Discourse was call'd Episode, whence some have call'd this Poet the Inventor of Tragedy. He also furnish'd Satyr with Actors; and Horace says he brought forth his Satyrs in an uncover'd 〈1+ pages missing〉

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rational Probability of the Things reported. Gregory of Tours tells us of a Lamp which burnt before his Tomb at the Solemnization of his Anniversary, without any humane Assistance; but the Reader may chuse whether he will believe it.

Thomas, Christians of St. Thomas, a Name given to the Christians of the Indies of the Chaldean and Nestorian Sect. Their History at length may be seen in that writ by Alexis of Meneses Archbishop of Goa in 1599. These Christians of St. Thomas, notwithstanding the several Attempts made to reform them, remain obstinate in their ancient Customs; and if they comply sometimes with the Missionaries, it's but in outward Appearance. When they are desired to submit to St. Peter or to the Church of Rome, they answer, That as St. Peter was Chief of that, so St. Thomas was Head of their Church, and that both Churches were independent the one of the other, and stand stedfast in acknowledging the Patriarch of Babylon, without minding the Pope, for they hold Nestorius's Opinion, receive no Images but the Cross, nor have they any great Regard for that neither: They hold, that the Souls of Saints do not see God before the Day of Judgment, and allow three Sacraments, Baptism, Orders, and the Eucharist; nor do they agree in these neither, there being several Forms of Baptism in the same Church. They abhor Auricular Confession, and for their Consecration make use of small Cakes made with Oyl and Salt: The Wine they use is nothing but Water, in which they steep Rasins: They observe no Age for Orders, but make Priests at 17, 18, 20, &c. who may marry as often as their Wives dye. They administer no Sacraments without their Fees or Reward; and as for Marriage, they make use of the first Priest they meet with. They all have an extraordinary Respect for the Patriarch of Babylon Chief of the Nestorians, and cannot abide to hear the Pope named in their Churches, where for the most part they neither have Curate nor Vicar, but the eldest presides. It's true they go to Mass on Sundays, not that they think themselves obliged in Conscience to do so, or that they would sin if they did not. In 1546 Dom Juan Albuquerque, a Franciscan, Archbishop of Goa, erected a College at Cranganoor for the Conversion of these Christians to the Church of Rome: The Jesuits established another a League from Crangannor; and in 1559 Meneses Archbishop of Goa and Primate of the East, was employed in a great Mission hither to promote the same Conversion, but all to no purpose. Children, unless in case of Sickness, are not Baptized till the 40th Day. At the Death of Friends their Kindred and Relations keep an eighth Days Fast in memory of the departed. They observe the Times of Advent and Lent, the Festivals of our Lord and many of the Saints, those especially that relate to St. Thomas, the Dominica in Albis, or Sunday after Easter, in memory of the famous Confession which St. Thomas on that Day made of Christ after he had been sensibly cur'd of his Unbelief, another on the 1st of June, celebrated not only by Christians, but by Moors and Pagans. The People who come to his Sepulchre on Pilgrimage carry away a little of the red Earth of the Place where he was interred, which they keep as an inestimable Treasure, and conceit it to be a sovereign Remedy against Diseases. Their Priests are shaved in fashion of a Cross. Histoire Orientale.

Thomas a Kempis, a Canon Regular of St. Augustin's Order in the Archbishoprick of Cullen. We have several Editions of his Works, the chief of which are his Imitation of Christ, in 4 Books, Soliloquia Animae, Hortulus Rosarum, Vallis Lilliorum, &c. His Book of the Imitation of Christ, which some attribute to John Gerson, others to the Abbot Gessenus a Benedictine, is translated into most Languages, and is seen in the Turkish Tongue in the Emperor of Morocco's Library. Joh. Badius in ejus Vita. Valer. Andr. Bibl. Belg.

Thomas Aquinas, a Fryar of the Dominican Order, was born in 1224, studied at Cologne and Paris: He new-modell'd the Scholastick Divinity, and was therefore called the Angelick Doctor and Eagle of Divines. The most illustrious Persons of his time were ambitious of his Friendship, and put a very high Va¦lue upon his Merit, so that they offered him Bishopricks, which he refused with as much Ardor as others seek after them. He died on his Journey to the second Council of Lions in 1274, the 50th Year of his Age. Pope John XXII. Canoniz'd him in 1323, and Pius V. declared him Doctor of the Church in 1567; his Body was removed to Toulouse under the Pontificate of Ʋrban VI. in 1368, and is look'd upon as a great Ornament to the City. We have his Works in 18 Volumes, printed at Lions in 1556, at Rome in 1570, at Antwerp in 1612. Baron. Bellarm.

* Thomas Hogg, a famous Scotch Minister of the Parish of Kildarn in the County of Rosse, near the Laird of Fouls's House. He entred on the Ministry in 1655, and was blest with eminent Success, the Seals of his Ministry being visible to this Day on many judicious and solid Christians. He was deposed upon Charles II. his Restoration because of his Non-compliance with Episcopacy, imprisoned a long time afterward in the Bass, and at length banished; upon which he retired to Holland, where he was much esteemed for his Learning and extraordinary Piety. He was, in short, a singular Man both for natural and acquired Parts, and so faithful in the Discharge of his Function, that he stood in awe of no Man, though even his very Enemies stood in awe of him: And as the Secrets of the Lord are with them that fear him, he had more than an ordinary Foresight into Things to come, having plainly foretold the Prince of Orange's Descent and Success; and after his coming to the Crown, his Majesty was pleased to send him a Commission to be one of his Chaplains for Scotland a little before his Death, which happened in September 1692.

Thomas, became a Tyrant of the East from a simple Soldier who aspir'd to the Throne. It's said, that a Hermit meeting Leo the Armenian, Michael the Lisper, and this Thomas together in the Army, told them that the two first would be Emperors, and that the last should perish in his Attempt to become one: This Prophecy, whatever Spirit it proceeded from, was true, and the Event quickly began to verifie it. Leo came to the Empire, and gave Thomas one of his best Legions, and some time after Michael having placed himself upon the Throne, Thomas, who always had been his Enemy, made the Army revolt against him, took Possession of Asia, and under colour of revenging his Benefactor resolved to march to Dethrone him: In the mean time hearing that the Saracens had Revolted, he turn'd his Arms that way; and having subdued them in a little time, and augmented his Troops with theirs, he marched to Antioch, and got himself Proclaim'd Emperor, and Crown'd by the Patriarch Job: Then having had the good Fortune to make himself Master of the Naval Army of the Empire, he marched to Besiege Constantinople, but without Success; for being twice beaten at Sea, and having lost three Battels on Land, he retired, out of Despair, to Adrianople, where the Inhabitants deliver'd him to Michael in 823. This Prince put him to inexpressible Torments to have the Pleasure to see him dye a lingring Death; and when he found he was just spent, he caused him to be impaled with Anastasius, whom this unfortunate Thomas had drawn out of a Monastery and created Caesar. Others say, That having Debauched the Wife of one of the Senators of Constantinople, he fled to the Saracens, and abjured his Faith; that afterwards he called himself Constatin Son of Irene; and that he made himself Master of Armenia under Leo the Armenian. Baron. Annal.

Thomyris, or Thomyris Queen of the Scythians, being enraged that Cyrus had put her Son Spargapises to Death, whose Army he defeated in an Ambuscade, raised fresh Troops, and set upon the Victorious Army with such extraordinary Courage, that she put 200000 Persians to the Sword; and not content with that Revenge, cut Cyrus's Head off, which as she dip'd in a Kieve full of Blood she cry'd, Fili mi sanguinem hausisti, & meum sitivisti, Cyre, at ego te cruore saturabo, You spilt my Son's Blood, and thirsted after mine, bu• now Cyrus I will give thee thy Fill. Justin. l. 1. Herod. l. 2. Yet Xenophon says, that Cyrus died peaceably in his own Kingdom.

* Thongcaster, or Thongcastle, a Market Town in the North of Lincolnshire. It belongs to Brodley Wapentake in Lindsey Division, and is so called from an ancient Castle built here by Kengist the Saxon after he had beaten the Picts in Vortiger's Quarrel, for the raising whereof King Vortiger granted him so much Ground as an Ox-hide cut into Thongs would compass; from whence it got the Name of Thongcaster. The Town is well compacted, and stands upon the side of a Hill.

Thanon or Tounon, in Latin Tunonium, a Town of Savoy, on the Lake of Geneve, being the Capital of Chablais.

Thor, or Thordoen, Thoron, which in the Swedish Tongue signifies Thunder, is the false God of the Idolatrous Laplanders, which in their own Language they call Tiermes, that is, Thundering, or the noise of Thunder: They also give it the Name of Aijeke, which signifies Great Grandfather or ancient Father, and attribute to him a Sovereign Authority over all mischievous and malevolent Spirits that inhabit Mountains, Lakes, and live in the Air: They also allow him a Bow to kill these with, and imagine he makes use of the Rainbow. They worship him as Author of Life and Death, and Governour of all Men: They represent him by the Stump or Trunk of a Tree, the top being somewhat formed, but very coarsly, like a Mans Head. They stick a piece of Steel and a bit of Flint in this Head that it may strike Fire at pleasure: They set also a Hammer by his Hand, which they say he sometimes makes use of besides his Bow and Arrows against evil Spirits. Being thus drest up, they place him upon a Table in form of an Altar, which generally stands behind their Cabins: Round this Altar they stick Branches of Pine and other Trees, and border the Alley towards it with the same. The Victims they generally sacrifice to these Idols are Rennes, which are a sort of Deer: and sometimes they offer other Beasts, as Lambs, Dogs, Rats, and Hens, which they buy from the Merchants of Norway, for they have none in their own Country. After the Sacrifice, they place before the Idol a kind of Box made of Bark of Trees, full of Bits of Flesh taken from every part of the Body of the Victim, with the Fat melted. Scheffer History of Lapland.

Thorax, a Mountain of Lydia near the Town of Magnesia or Manisso, where a certain Grammarian, called Paphitas, was crucified, because he used to speak ill of Princes in his Verses, whence came the Proverb Remember Thorax, when we would have one hold his Tongue lest he might injure himself Strab. lib. 14.

Thorismond, King of the Wisigoths, eldest Son of Thierry or Theodoric, who was killed in the Battel fought against Attila in 451. Theorismond was in this Fight himself, and was wounded. He came to receive the Crown after his Fathers Death, but enjoyed it not above a Year and some Months, being then murder'd by his Brothers Theodorick and Frederick, as we learn from Idacis his Chron.

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Thorn, a Hanse or Free Town of the Royal Prussia upon the Wesil; it's a strong place, and was built in 1234 by the Knights of the Teutonick Order, who were forc'd to deliver it to the King of Poland in 1454, in whose Possession it remains. It's Famous both for the long Sieges it sustain'd, and the Birth of the Famous Mathematician Copernicus. It was here also that Albert King of Poland died in 1501, and where the great Disputes arose between the Bernardins and Jacobins, which were appeased in 1345. * There was a Conference of Lutherans, Calvinists and Roman Catholicks held here in 1645, which had no Success: It was taken by the Swedes in 1655, but was retaken by the Poles in 1658, after a Siege of six Months. The Swedes recover'd it afterwards, and the Poles surpriz'd it again in 1665. It has a fine University. Harlfnoch. Dissert. de Orig. Relig. Christ.

Thoras, or Theodorus, King of Armenia, was Son of Haiton, whom he succeeded in the Kingdom. He could not abide that Amauris of Lusignan, his Cousin, should have the Administration of the Kingdom of Cyprus, which King Henry his Brother had given him, and therefore confin'd Henry very close, to make him give it to some other; but at last he was forc'd to set him at Liberty and come to a Peace. After his first Wifes Death, who was Daughter of Capesan Emperor of the Tartars, he married Chelvis Sister of Henry King of Cyprus, and died in 1300, leaving Luion her Son, who succeeded him in the Kingdom.

Thracia, a great Province now called Romania, between Mount Haemus, which parts it from Moesia or Bulgaria, the Euxin Sea, the Propontis, the Eugean Sea, and the River Strymon. It formerly had very famous and considerable Towns, as Abdera, Cypsele, Perinthe, Apollonia, Bizantium now Constantinople, Philippopolis, Adrianople, Trajanople, &c. The Hebre or Mestro, which runs by Adrianople, the Nessus, and the Marize, are the greatest Rivers; and Rodolpe, Orbelus and Haemus its most renown'd Mountains. The ancient Thracians were distinguish'd amongst themselves, as well by Name as in their Manners, and scarce agreed in any thing but Barbarity and Brutality. They first had their particular Kings, afterwards became Tributary to the Macedonians; and Caius Scribonius Curio Proconsul, subjected them to the Romans. After this they were forc'd to follow the Destiny of the rest of Greece, and fell under the Tyranny of the Turks, who are the only Absolute Masters of it, since the taking of Constantinople by Mahomet II. The Thrausi mention'd by Livy for a Custom of Rejoycing at Deaths, and Mourning at Births, were some of its ancient Inhabitants. This Province is twenty days Journy in length, from East to West, and seven broad.

* Thrapston, a Market Town of Navisford Hundred in Northamptonshire upon the Eastern Banks of the River Nen, 53 Miles from London.

Thraseas, or Thrasus, a Pretender to Prophecy, told King Busiris in a great Drought which laid Egypt waste, that there was no other way to obtain Rain, but by Sacrificing to Jupiter all the Foreign Passengers. The Tyrant ask'd him what Country he was of himself: And having declar'd that he was a Stranger, Busiris answer'd, That he should be the first Sacrificed; which was performed accordingly. Ovid. lib. 3. de Arte Amandi.

Thrasimond, or Thrasamond, King of the Vandals in Africk, succeeded his Brother Gondebaud or Gunthamunt in 496. They were all Arians, and great Persecutors of the Orthodox. Gunthamaud issued three rigorous Edicts against the Orthodox Bishops; so that those left in Africk thinking their Church could not hold much longer, ordain'd a great number, that there might be some to defend the Flock against the Hereticks. Which this Prince took so ill, that he banish'd above a hundred of them into Sardinia, amongst whom was St. Fulgence, much admir'd by the King himself for Learning and Eloquence, and this Persecution lasted 27 Years. He made War against the Moors, but generally to his Disadvantage; and at last the Governour of Tripoli, a Man of Piety and Courage nam'd Cabaon, defeated and cut off most of his Troops, and Thrasimond died soon after this loss in 522.

Thrasybulus, Captain of the Athenians, beat the thirty Tyrants out of the City, and restor'd it to its Liberty: He afterwards won several Victories in Thrace, took some Towns in the Isle of Metelin, and kill'd Therimacus General of the Lacedemonians, in a Battle which was about the 302d of Rome.

Thrasybulus succeeded his Brother Hieron Tyrant of Syracusa, in the LXXVIII Olympiad, but was forc'd a Year after to retire into Lower Italy, where he liv'd like a private Man in the Town of Lacres.

Thrasydeus Son and Successor of Theron, Tyrant of Agrigentum, he was defeated by Hieron, and some time after kill'd by his Citizens, who thereby recover'd their former Liberty.

Thrasylaus, a noble Athenian, who imagin'd that all the Vessels which anchor'd at the Port of Pyreum near Athens, from whatever Country they came, belong'd to him; being a Person of Quality they treated him highly, and when he recover'd from his Indisposition, he said, That he never had more Pleasure, than whilst he was Distemper'd, which he remembred very well. Adding, That they would have oblig'd him much, to let him enjoy a Happiness that put him in Possession of all things, without depriving any Body of the least. Athenaeus.

Thrasyllus, an Athenian, very expert in Military Affairs, who governing the State of Athens with Thrasybulus Admiral of the Fleet, beat Mindare a Lacedemonian, chief of the Peloponnesians, in a Sea-fight near the Town of Sestes. Thucydides Lib. 8.

Thrasyllus, a famous Mathematician, much belov'd by Tiberius, whom he comforted when banish'd to the Isle of Rhodes by the Emperor Augustus, with the hopes of seeing him soon again at Rome; and boldly told him, That the Vessel they saw draw near the Island, came with some good News, which fell out accordingly, for Tiberius receiv'd Letters from Augustus and Livia, which recall'd him. Some add, That Tiberius, when in this same Island, design'd to have thrown Thrasyllus head-long from the Top of a high Wall, because this Learned Man knew all his Thoughts and Designs: But seeing him look Sad, and hearing his Answer, That it was because he fear'd some ill Accident; he chang'd his Resolution, not being able to put to Death a Man endued with such great Knowledge. Dion. Sueton. Zonar.

Thrasymachus, a Rhetorician, Native of Calc•donia, was the first that taught the Artificial ordering of Words, and Cadence of Periods: He liv'd in Alexander the Great's time. Suidas makes mention of his Works.

Thrasymedes, Son of Philomelus, being deeply in Love with the Daughter of Pisistratus, and meeting her, in a great Solemnity Kiss'd her, which the Brothers looking upon as a great Affront, the Father spoke to them thus, If Punishment be the Requital of Love, what must we do to those that Hate us? Afterwards Thrasymedes having got some of his Companions together, and observing his Mistress Sacrificing on the Sea, he with Sword in Hand put the Attendants to Flight, and took her into his Ship; but as he was sailing to Aegina, was taken by Hippias Pisistratus his eldest Son. Being brought before the Tyrant, he boldly bid him to do what he pleased: Adding, That he despised Death, when he resolv'd to take his Daughter away. Pisistratus admiring his Courage, freely gave him his Daughter in Marriage. Polyaen. lib. 5.

Thrasymene, a Lake of Hetruria in Italy, now call'd the Lake of Perouse in Ombria, a Province of the Church-lands upon the Frontiers of Tuscany, seven Miles from Perouse: The Italians call it Il lago di Perugia; and it's otherwise call'd Il lago di Castiglione, and Il lago di Passignano. This place is Famous for the Victory won by Hannibal over the Consul Flaminius. Plutarch. in vita Flaminii.

Thrizus, or Trysus, a cruel Tyrant, who fearing that his hard Government should occasion some Conspiracy against him, he forbad his Subjects upon pain of Death to speak to one another, either in publick or private, and this reach'd the very Gestures and Signs they were oblig'd to make use of for necessary things. Whereupon one of the Subjects, of more Courage than the rest, bethought himself to go to the middle of the publick place, where Sighing and Weeping in great Despair, without speaking a Word, he drew all the People about him, upon whom Trysus rush'd with his Guard, which the People, being rendred Desperate, disarm'd, and then kill'd himself. Elian. l. 14. Var. Hist.

* Thronburg, a Market Town of Thornbury Hundred in the South-West of Glocestershire, on the East side of the Severn 89 Miles from London.

* Thrusk, or Thrisk, a Market and Borough Town in the North Riding of Yorkshire, and Hundred of Budforth; it had anciently a strong Castle, and now sends two Burgesses to Parliament. It's 153 Miles from London.

Thuanus Iacobus Augustus, youngest Son of the President de Thou, was much admir'd by all Great Men that were his Contemporaries, for his Prudence and Probity in the Discharge of his Office of President a Mortier, and will be no less by succeeding Ages, for the Depth and Erudition of the Works he left behind him. He was born in 1553, and having studied in the Universities of Paris and Orleans, travel'd into Italy, Flanders and Germany. Being the youngest Son, his Father design'd him for the Church, and got Nicholas de Thou his Uncle, Bishop of Chartres, to resign his Benefices to him: But he quitted these after his Father's Death, was receiv'd Counsellor in the Parliament; and at last, through the Care of his Uncle, Augustus de Thou, had the Survivance of the Place of President a Mortier, and took Possession thereof in 1595. He follow'd King Henry III. after the Barricado's at Paris, and was sent by him along with the Sieur Schomberg into Germany, whence he went to Venice, where receiving the News of that Prince's Death, he return'd into France, where Henry IV, Charm'd with his Learning and Integrity, often call'd him to the Council of State, and imploy'd him in Important Negociations, as to treat with the Deputies of the Duke of Mercaeur at the Conference of Surene, &c. After the Death of Amio• Bishop of Auxerre, he nam'd him great Master of his Library: He was afterwards one of the Catholick Commissioners in the Famous Conference of Fontaine bleau, between Perron Bishop of Evreux, and the Sieur de Plessis Mornai. During the Regency of Queen Mary of Medicis, this Sage Magistrate was one of the General Directors of the Treasury; was deputed to the Conference of Loudun, and imploy'd in other important Business, which he discharg'd with so much Prudence, that he was esteem'd the Cato of his Age, and the Ornament of France. The King joyn'd him in Commission 〈1+ pages missing〉

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name of Pasitigris, runs through the Lakes of Chaldea, and at last empties it self by two mouths into the Persian Gulf. The Emperor Trajan design'd to cut a Canal, to joyn the Tigris with the Euphrates, but having found that the Euphrates was the highest of the two, he was afraid it should empty so much of its Water into the other, that it would become unnavigable. Monsieur Thevenot, who sail'd upon this River, observes that it's very crooked, full of Islands and Banks of Stone. Mr. Tavernier adds, That it's divided below Bagdat, and that there are the Ruins of a great City between the two Branches; the Walls still standing are so very broad, that six Coaches may go a-breast on them. At the point of the Island form'd by these two Streams, are three strong Castles. As for its Rapidity, Corvin Novofor saith, it goes as far in one day, as a Horse-man can run in seven. Other Travellers who saw it say, That its Rapidity makes the Onlookers Giddy. The Overflowing of this River makes the neighbour Country Fruitful in Corn, Rice, Pulse and Dates Strabo. Plin.

* Tiken-Hall in Darbyshire, where are made great store of earthen Pots, dispersed into several Countries.

* Tilbury, a Fort in Essex, seated on the Thames over against Gravesend in Kent. Here the four Proconsular ways made by the Romans crossed each other. This place is famous for the Residence of St. Chad Bishop of the East-Angles, when about 630 he Converted and Baptiz'd that Nation. Also for an Encampment here by Queen Elizabeths order in 1588, when the Spanish Armado was expected.

Tillemont, in Flemish Thienen, in Latin Tena, or Tenaae, or Tillemontium, a considerable Town of the Spanish Netherlands in the Dutchy of Brabant on the River of Geet three Leagues from Louvain. It was one of the four Principal Towns of Brabant, until it was almost ruin'd during the Civil Wars between the French and those of Liege. The Duke of Guelderland plunder'd it in 1507, but the Inhabitants of Namur pursu'd him, and having surpriz'd his Camp in the Night near St. Hubert in Ardenne, recover'd the Booty, and took many Prisoners. This Town was Surrendred to Don John of Austria in 1578, and has a very fine Church dedicated to St. Germain Bishop of Paris. Guiceardin.

Tilon Colup, a Famous Impostor, who call'd himself Frederic II. About 1284 h• had much of that Emperor's Air, and could give an account of his Life, Wars and Adventure• to the least Circumstances, because he was one of his Domesticks, he appear'd in Germany 35 Years after Frederic II's Death, which happen'd in 1250, the 54th Year of his Age. He recounted his Lies thus, that finding after all hi• Misfortunes they had a design to Poison him, he resolved to retire from the World, and shut himself up in a Monastery; and that feigning to pass into Sicily on this design, he entred Apuleia, and went to a Castle call'd Florentine, where he pretended Sickness, that having trusted the Secret to a Lord who had a little before quitted his Service, and had then a Faithful Servant with him; he by their means procur'd the Body of a Man who died the day before, which he put in his Bed, and went out at the Window himself, and that it was this Body which his Son Mainfroy buried at Palermo instead of his: That for himself he arriv'd at the Chartreuse of Squillace in Calabria in a Disguise, where for a Sum of Mony, and some Diamonds, he was receiv'd; and the Lord that accompanied him having a Brother there, took the Habit also. That after Charles of Anjou had cut off his Grandchild Conradin's Head in 1268, he came to another Chartreuse Convent in Champagne near the Town of Langres call'd Luny, whence afterwards he came into Germany. And thus, either by his Cunning or Witchcraft, he drew not only simple Burgesses, but also some Princes and great Lords to his Party; amongst others the Marquis of Misnia and Thuringia; and being receiv'd by those at Nuz, he had the Boldness to write to the Emperor Rodolphus I. to quit the Empire; who under a pretext of Willingness to comply, made use of all means to seize his Person; and having gain'd the Inhabitants of Wetzlar in the Country of Hesse, he caused him to be brought back again to Nuz. Others say, That this Impostor being besieg'd in the Town of Nuz, the Inhabitants deliver'd him to the Emperor, who condemn'd him to be burnt as a Magician. De Rocoles les Imposteurs Insignes.

Timagoras, an Athenian, who being sent Embassador to Darius, had the Complaisance to adore him after the Persian way; which being told to the Athenians at his return, they condemn'd him to Death for that Meanness, which they reckon'd dishonourable to their Country. Val. Max.

Timarate, one of the three Old Women which Jupiter made use of to pronounce his Oracles at Dodona; the two others were call'd Promenie and Nicandra. The Thessalonians call'd these Women Peliades, and because 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Greek signifies Pigeons, some feign'd they were Pigeons that pronounced the Oracles of Dodona.

Timariots, Soldiers who enjoy the Revenues of certain Lands allow'd them by the Grand Seignior to serve in his Armies. These Fiefs they possess are call'd Timars, perhaps from the Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies Prize and Honour; for Timar is the Recompense the Sultan gives for the Services done him. This Revenue is settled by Letters Patents from the Grand Seig•ior, and may be from 10000 to 20000 Aspers lacking one. For the Sum of 20000 compleat, is the Revenue of a Zaim. These Timariots are oblig'd to Equip a Horse-man for every 3000 Aspers they have; these Horse-men are call'd Gebelins, and are disposed in Regiments that have their Colonel with Colours and Kettle-Drums; they are never exempted from marching with the Train; they are oblig'd to serve, whether it be by Sea or Land; for if they happen to be Sick, they must get themselves carried in Litters; if Children, then are they carried in Baskets or Hampers, and so inur'd from their Youth to the Fatigues of War. The most part of the Timariots have the Revenue of their Lands for them and their Heirs; and others enjoy them but during Life. In this case, or if they happen to die without Children, these Lands return to the Crown, sometimes much increased by the Industry and good Management of those that possessed them; so that the Grand Seignior Letting them to others according to their Worth, gets a greater number of Soldiers by the Bargain. Ricaut of the Ottoman Empire.

Timochares, Native of Ambrocia, a Town of Epirus in Greece, and Officer of Pyrrhus King of Epirus; he came secretly to Fabricius a Roman Consul, promising to Poison the King if he might be rewarded. Fabricius having sent to acquaint the Senate with this Proposition, dispatch'd Embassadors immediately to that King, to advise him to have a care of his Domesticks, who had a Design upon his Life, but said nothing in particular of Timochares. Aul. Gel

Timoclea, a noble Theban Dame, being forc'd by one of Alexander the Great's Captains, after the taking of Thebes, found this means to revenge her self; for as that Insolent Fellow pressed her to tell him where her Treasure was hid: She told him that she had thrown it into a Well; whether he joyfully descended: And when she found by his Voice that he was at the bottom, she threw so many Stones down upon him, that she crush'd him to Death. This Action was praised by Alexander, who thereupon order'd that no such Violence should be offer'd for the future to Persons of her Birth. Plutarch.

Timoleon, a Famous Corinthian Captain, who when his Brother Timophanes had made himself Master of the Commonwealths Army, with design to Usurp the Sovereignty, he prefer'd the Love of his Country to that he had for his Brother, and consented that Satyrus their Brother-in-Law should put this new Tyrant to Death. He was afterwards chosen to go to Sicily to deliver the Town of Syracuse from the Oppression of the Tyrant Dionysius. And before he departed, being in the Temple of Delphos, a Fillet that had Crowns painted on it, drop'd on his Head, from the place where Presents were hung, which was look'd upon as a promising Omen of his Victory. Having vanquish'd Dionysius, he banish'd him to Corinth, rased the Citadel of Syracuse, and carried his Victorious Arms against Icetas chief of the Leontins, People of the same Island, and against Mago General of the Carthaginians, that design'd to make themselves Masters of Sicily. He afterwards overcame the Tyrants Mamercus and Hippo, the one of Catana and the other of Messina, and deliver'd the whole Island from the Oppression it groan'd under. He lost his Sight about the latter end of his days, which oblig'd him to live a private Life, wherein he enjoy'd the Glory that he had acquir'd by his great Actions. After his Death they raised him a Sumptuous Monument, environ'd with fine Galeries, and Fencing Schools to teach Young Men in. This Place was afterwards call'd Timoleonte. Diodor.

Timomacus, a Byzantin Painter, who drew the Pictures of Aiax and Medea, which Cesar bought for 80 Talents, which are about 48000 Crowns, and placed them in the Temple of Venus.

Timon, an Athenian, a Savage Man, and Enemy to Society, was surnam'd Misanthropus, that is, Man-hater. Being one day ask'd why he hated all Mankind besides young Alcibiades, whom he cherish'd: Made answer, That it was because he foresaw he should be the occasion of the Ruin of the Athenians. And being one day in great Company, though he always avoided such, he said aloud, That he had a Fig-tree on which several had hang'd themselves, but that designing to build a House, he intended to cut it down; wherefore he advised them, that if any had a mind to make use of the occasion, they should do it quickly. His Tomb was on the Sea-shore, on which was Ingraven an Epitaph, wherein he made Imprecations against those that should read it. He liv'd in the time of the Peloponnesian War. Laertius. Plutarch.

Timophanes a Corinthian Captain, Brother of the Famous Timoleon, was chosen General of the Horse in the War which the Corinthians had against the Argives. Some time after they gave him the Command of 4000 Horse, raised for the Service of the Commonwealth, with which he design'd to Usurp the Sovereign Authority. See Timoleon.

Timoska, Ankudina, who call'd himself Son of Zuski Great Duke of Moscovy, was Native of Vologda, Capital of a Dutchy of the same Name in Moscovy, and Son of a Linnen-Draper call'd Demko Ankudina. The Archbishop of this Town took him into his Service, because he was a Handsom Man, and had a good Voice, and afterwards gave him his Neece in Marriage: This puffed him up with such Pride, that he stil'd himself Son-in-Law of the Vaivode of Vologda in his Letters, and liv'd at such an extraordinary Rate, that he spent his Wifes Portion. This and the Archbishop's Death made him go thence to Moscow, where he got a place in the Excise Office; but following

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his old Course, lavish'd away a great part of what he receiv'd, and fearing to be brought to an account, and seeing that his Wife reproach'd him with his way of Living, he lock'd her in, set Fire to his House, and fled to Poland so secretly, that it was thought at Moscow that he perish'd with his Family when his House was burn'd. Timoska made his escape thus in 1643, but in 1645, finding that the Great Duke of Moscovy was sending an Embassador to that Crown, and that so he might be discover'd, he went to Chmielmski, General of the Cossacks, and beg'd his Protection against the Persecutions made against him, because he was near a-kin to Zuski that was Great Duke of Moscovy. In 1610, as his Cheat began to take, he was discover'd by a Moscovite, which forced him to fly to Constantinople, where he became Mahometan; but having play'd some Prank here, he made his escape to Rome, abjur'd Mahometanism, and turn'd Roman Catholick: From Rome he went to Vienna in Austria in 1650, thence to Transilvania to Prince Ragotski, who recommended him to Queen Christine of Swedeland: This Princess receiv'd him very kindly, considering him as Son of the Great Duke Zuski, until hearing his Character by an Embassador of Alexis Michel Great Duke of Moscovy; she had him taken up at Reuel in Livonia, whither he had fled; but he found means to make his escape out of Prison, went to Bruxelles, thence to Leipsic, where he made Profession of Lutheranism. A little after the Duke of Holstein put him into the hands of those the Great Duke sent in 1653 to carry him to Moscow; when he was put to the Question, he maintain'd that he was a Prince, and Son to the Great Duke Zuski; but when his Mother and Son were brought before him he would not speak a word more. Whereupon his Sentence was pronounc'd to be led to the great Place, there to have both his Legs and Hands cut off, and then his Head, which was to be stuck upon a Stake, and his Body to be thrown amongst Carrion. Olearius's Voyage of Moscovy.

Timothy the Evangelist, Disciple of St. Paul, Son of a Gentile, but his Mother was a Christian Jewess, he was stoned to Death as he opposed the Impious Worship of Diana, and the Superstition of the Gentiles in one of her Feasts. Eusebius Baronius.

Timothy II. called Aelure, an Eutychian, he was ordained Bishop by two Heretick Prelates that were deposed for their Heresie, persecuted all the Clergy that were not of his Party, tormented the Laicks, and committed so many other Violences, that the Goverour of Alexandria forced him out of Town; at which time his Party, by his order, murthered Proterius. Timothy was afterwards banished by the Emperor Leon, Basilicus re-established him again, and he began his Violences with more Fury than before, but at last he poisoned himself about 477. Evagrius.

Timotheus, Son of Conon the Athenian, a Famous Captain who added much to the Glory left him by his Father, for he was both Eloquent, well experienced in War, and withall ex¦traordinary Lucky; the Athenians erected him a Statue in the publick place at Athens for the Victory he won over the Lacedemonians, and because he environ'd the Town with a Wall, some envious People placed his Image near that of Fortune, that brought him Towns ready taken in her Nets as he lay fast asleep. He was justly offended at this proceeding, saying, That the Honour of his Actions was due to him and not to Fortune. And it's added, That Fortune irritated at his Ingratitude, crossed his Designs so much, that he never afterwards had any Happy Success. Cicero commends him for his Learning and Wit. Cic.

Timotheus the Milesian, Son of Thersander the Musician that added the 10th and 11th Strings to the Harp. He flourished in Philip of Macedon's time, and it's said the Sweetness of his Musick augmented Alexander the Great's Courage, who felt himself moved to great Actions by the Sound of such Instruments. Suidas. Pliny.

* Tine, a River of Northumberland in the North of England, rises Westward out of the very Borders of Scotland, from whence it takes its course South-Eastward till it falls into the Sea, towards which it becomes a Boundary betwixt Northumberland and the Bishoprick of Durham. Amongst the Rivers it receives into its Channel, the Read and Alow are the Principal. Newcastle stands upon the Tine, and most of our Coals from these Parts, are brought down that River to Sheales, and from thence by Sea.

Tine, an Island of the Archipelago towards Europe, one of the Cyclades; it was first called Hydrusia from its Waters, then Ophiusa by reason of its Serpents, and at last was called Tenas, whence was form'd the word Tine. This Island was famous in former times for a Temple and little Grove consecrated to Neptune, whether People came in great Numbers to Sacrifice to that False God. The Town, or rather the Korion of Tine, is a great League from the Sea at the foot of a Fortress, which belongs to the Venetians as well as the rest of the Island. The Country has excellent Wines, very delicious Figs, and a great quantity of Rabits: The Inhabitants Traffick in Silk, and are Papists, there being but few of the Grecian Church. Magin and Aristotle say, that there was a Fountain in this Island, whose Water did not mix with Wine. Pliny, Magin. Atheneus.

Tingmouth, a Sea Town of Exmister Hundred in the South-East parts of the County of Devon called Tingmouth, from its Situation on the Channel at the mouth of the River Ting, a small open and obscure place, more like a Hamlet than a Town, the Resort only of Fisher-men, who here had some few Thatch'd Houses which were burnt by the French Fleet in 1690.

Tinmouth, Lat Tunnocellum, Tinomothum, a considerable Sea-Port and Castle in the Borders of Northumberland and the Bishoprick of Durham upon the River Tine, which divides these two Counties, and here falls into the German Sea, having passed by Newcastle, called from it Newcastle upon Tine. In the Reign of William II. Robert Mobray Earl of Northumberland trusting too much to the Strength of the Castle of Tinmouth, was taken Prisoner by that Prince after a sharp Siege.

Tipasa, an ancient Town of Cesarian Mauritania in Africk, formerly a Bishoprick, but now ruined, and no more than a Village called Saca, situated near Alger. It was here the famous Miracle happen'd in 489, when Cyrola, Patriarch of the Arians, was Bishop under Hunneric King of the Vandals. This Tyrant being furiously enraged against the Orthodox, sent his Officers with express Orders to cut out all their Tongues who should refuse to become Arians. This barbarous Order was put in execution, and the Inhabitants came in great numbers to profess the true Religion: And after their Tongues were cut out, they cry'd with a louder and stronger Voice than ever, That Jesus Christ was True God. And that which made this look Stranger was, That a Young Man born Dumb, began then to speak like the rest. This cannot be called an Imaginary Wonder, nor one of those Subtle Illusions Peoples Credulity take for Miracles, there are so many Witnesses who attest it, as not only having heard, but also seen it themselves. Victor Vitensis, then in the place, said, if any body doubted the Truth of it, he might come to Constantinople, where, amongst several others, he should see the Deacon Reparatus, who spoke very well without a Tongue, and is therefore in great Esteem in Zenon's Court. Maimbourg History of Arianism.

Tipora, a Kingdom of the firm Land of the Indies, beyond the Ganges, with a Capital of the same Name. It stretches to the North and West of the Kingdoms of Pegu and Arracan: The Inhabitants are subject to the Swellings of the Throat, because the Waters are unwholsome.

* Tipperary, a County of the Province of Munster in Ireland, called by the Irish Cnutae Thobruidearum. It's bounded on the East with the County of Kilkenny, on the West by that of Lymerick, on the South by the Counties of Waterford and Cork, and on the North by Gallway, from which it's separated by the Shannon. The principal places of it are Cashel, Caryck, Clonmel, &c. It is one of the Titles as a great part of it is in the Possession of the Duke of Ormond. The Soil is very good both for Pasture and Corn.

Tireonnel, Lat. Conatia, a Castle and County in the Province of Ulster in Ireland, bounded on the South-West and North by the Vergivean Ocean, on the East by Tyrone and Colrane, also called the County of Dunghall. The Country is Champain and full of Harbours. It extends from North-East to South-West above 80 English Miles, and almost 30 broad, so that it seems to be one of the greatest Counties in Ireland, but it has no considerable place in it except Dunghall; the River Dugh, and the Lake of Foyle separate it from the rest of Ulster.

Tiresias, a very expert Southsayer, Son of Juere. It's said, that having one day found two Serpents coupled together upon Mount Cytheron, and observing which was the Female, he kill'd her, and was therefore immediately turn'd into a Woman; but having found two in the same posture two Years after, he killed the Male, and then was restored to his former shape. It's added, That afterwards a Difference happening between Jupiter and Juno, to know who had most Pleasure in the Conjugal Action the Man or Woman; to decide the Difference, they chose Tiresias, who had been both; upon which, having declared in favour of Jupiter, who said the Woman had most, Juno struck him Blind; but Jupiter, in recompense of his Corporeal Eyes, added to his Understanding, in giving him the Gift of Prophecy. Others say, he was deprived of his Sight for spying Minerva naked, when she bathed her self in the Fountain of Hippocrenes. Strabo says, that he was buried at the foot of Tilphosse a Mountain of Baeotia, near a Fountain of the same name, and the Thebians ordered him Divine Honours. Ovid. Lib. 3.

Tirol, a Province of Germany with the Title of County, belonging to the House of Austria; it lies between Bavaria, Carinthia, Saltsbourg, Swisserland and Italy. It's divided into Tyrol, which derives its name from a small Borough, into the Bishoprick of Trent and Bressenon, into the County of Bregens, Feldkirk, Pludents, and Mon•fort. The Capital Town is Inspruck, the others are Bolzano, Bregens, Brixen or Bress•non, Trente and Hall. This Country is very Fertile, and Rich in Mines of Gold and Silver, watered by the Rivers Etsch and In, the Alpes of Trent divide it. Tirol had its particular Princes, but through default of Heirs Male it fell to the Emperor.

* Tirriss, one of the Scotch Western Islands, eight Miles in length and three in breadth, being the most Fruitful of them all, in Cattle, Corn, Fish and Fowl. It has a Lake of Fresh Water, with an old Castle, and an Harbour convenient for Gallies. Buchan.

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bouring Kingdoms. They of this Sect believe, that when a Man dies his Soul dissipates into the Air. They sacrifice to the Sun, Moon, and other Planets, and have four principal Gods and a Goddess besides. The Gods are called Brama, Raumu, Betolo, and Ramonu, and the Name of the Goddess is Satibana. But the King, the Mandarins or Lords of the Court, and the learned Men, adore only the Sky. The second Sect came from a kind of Hermit called Chacabant, who left them Ten Commandments and the Doctrin of the Transmigration of Souls, which, with the rest of his Opinion, may be seen under his Name. The third is that of Lan•hu, a famous Magician, who taught part of Chacabant's Doctrin, and joyned some Precepts concerning Charity and the Care of the Poor. The Tonquinois adore three Things in their Houses; the Heart or Houshold God; the second an Idol they call Tiensu, which is as the Patron of all Arts and Callings; the third called Buabin, which they invoke to render their Houses happy. And some adore the five Parts of the Earth, for they place a fifth in the middle of the other four; and in Worshipping these they have for each its particular Colour; for when they Sacrifice to the North their Cloaths, Table, Dishes and all are in Black; when they adore the South they are clad in Red, in Green for the East, and White for the West; and for that in the middle of the World they wear Yellow. They keep great Solemnities on New-years-day, in honour of those that in their Life-time have done any fine Action or shewn Courage, even tho Fighting against their Country. Above 40000 Soldiers Muster in a great Plain, whither the Princes and Manderins have Orders to come; the King also is there: After the Sacrifices they burn Frankincense before a great many Altars, on which are written the Names of the Captains and illustrious Men whose Memory they celebrate; then the King, Princes, and Lords of the Court bow before all except theirs that rebelled against their lawful Prince, against which the King shoots five Arrows, and this Action is followed with the Discharge of the Cannon and a triple Salvo of the Musquetery to put all those Souls to flight. This Ceremony being ended, the Bonzes feast on the Meat that was offer'd in Sacrifice: The first and last Days of the Moon are also Holy-days with them. Their Bonzes live in Communities under a Superior in their great Pagodes or Temples, follow the Belief of Chacabout, and live on Alms; and all wear Beads of a hundred Grains round their Necks, which they say six times on those Holy-days: They are suffered to marry, but if they do, must quit the Monastery. When they assist at great Peoples Burials they sound their Horns and Trumpets, whilst the Bells of their Pagodes or Temples ring a mournful Peal. They have a particular Veneration for two Magicians called Tay-bou and Tay-phou-Thovy; and for a Witch they call Bacoti. Amongst their other Superstitions, one is, to help the Moon when it suffers an Eclipse; for they believe it's a Dragon fights against it, and endeavours to devour it; therefore they ring Bells, beat Drums, and shoot off their Musquets, to frighten this Dragon away: and when the Eclipse is over, they make great rejoycing, and are perswaded it was they that saved her. They give each Hour of Day and Night the Name of some Beast, as, the Tiger, the Lyon, the Bear, Horse, Dragon, &c. The Days also have the same Names. When a Child is born they believe that the Beast which the Hour of his Birth bears the Name of, is fatal to the new-born; so that the last King of Tonquin, born on the Hour called the Horse, never went abroad on that Hour for fear of being hurt by a Horse.

Tonquin in former Times depended of China, but these six hundred Years last past it has been govern'd by its particular Kings. The first King, called Din, a great Robber, having gathered a number of Vagabonds and Malecontents together, became so famous for his Valour, and by the many Victories he won, that he establish'd himself upon the Throne: His two Sons succeeded him one after the other; but dying without Issue, the Kingdom became divided by Civil Wars; and the weakest Party having called the Chinois to their Assistance, soon became the powerfullest, and put a Manderin on the Throne, of the Family of Lelequel, who built the sumptuous Palace of Tonquin. This King left only a Daughter, who married one of the greatest Mandarins of the Family of Tran; but his Reign was troubled by the Rebellion of his Subjects, who having seized his Person put him to Death. After ten Years Disorders the Chinois made themselves Masters of the Kingdom, and established Governours in it; but a valiant Commander beat these Usurpers out, and possessed himself of the Crown, which was kept 80 Years in that Family. After this time a great Lord of the Family of Mar usurped the Throne, but was soon dispossessed by a Manderin of the Family of Trin, who put him to Death at the Head of his Army. Though this Victorious Prince could, if he were willing, settle himself on the Throne, yet he would not take the Title of King, but of General of the Troops; and published over all the Provinces of the Kingdom, that if there was any Prince of the Family of Lé, he would put him in Possession of the Crown. There happened to be one on the Frontiers, who served as simple Soldier, without making himself known. Though this was declared King, yet the General reserved the absolute Command of the Army to himself, with the best part of the Revenues of the Kingdom: so that since that time it may well be said there are two Kings, whereof the first called Bue has the Name, and makes all the Shew; and the second called Choua has all the Authority. The King keeps generally within his Palace, goes abroad but on certain Days, and then in a Palanquin too, with Elephants, led Horses, and some Officers a Horse-back before it, Musicianers, Trumpeters, and Soldiers of the Guard coming after. The King has generally 2000 Soldiers for his Guard, and keeps about 20000 upon the Frontiers, with 50 Elephants trained up for War, and has above 100 great Galleys, with a great number of small Galliots, on all the Rivers which the Enemy can invade his Country by: The Water-men, when they Row, stand with their Face towards the Head of the Vessels, quite contrary to our Rowers. The King gives publick Audiences dayly, but the Edicts to be of Force must be signed by the Choua. The eldest Son does not always succeed; for the Choua or Constable, with the Counsellors of State, have thought it better to leave the Prince the Liberty of naming to the Crown which Child he pleased: And assoon as he has named his Successor, the chief Officers of the Army, the Counsellors of State, and Eunuchs, come to salute him, and take an Oath to seat him on the Throne after the Father's Death. The other Brothers remain confin'd in the Palace, whence they are not permitted to come forth but four times a Year, and have but six Days each time for their Recreation, the Choua's Officers attending them wherever they go.

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The Kingdom of Tonquin is divided into eight great Provinces, whereof each has its Governour and Magistrates, from whose Judgments they can appeal to Court, where there are 100 Counsellors of State to examine all the Appeals of the Kingdom, besides the 32 Counsellors of the Royal Council which attend the King in his publick Audiences. The King has no Coin, either Silver or Gold; the Tonquinois making use, in Commerce, of Cakes of Gold, whereof some are worth 100 Crowns of our Mony, and others 200: They also have Silver Bars, which for lesser Payments they cut, according to the Sum they are to pay, having each a pair of Scales in his hand that resemble our Roman Weights, or they pay in foreign Coin, for the most part in Reals of Spain. They have this Gold and Silver from China and Japan for their Silks, Musk, and Wood of Aloes. The Queens of Tonquin have none but Women and Maids to wait on them in their Palaces, no other being permitted there, not the very Eunuchs themselves. When the Queen goes out of her Palace she is carried in a Palanquin, with six Elephants before it, two abreast, and several armed Officers. Her Ladies of Honour walk behind them, and after them eight Ladies of Quality which draw a Chariot into which the Queen is taken when she comes out of her Palanquin; and then the Officers and Eunuchs withdraw out of her Sight; for it's a great Crime even so much as to look upon her.

For the Common People, they are naturally good humour'd, admire the Works of other Countries beyond their own, yet are not curious to Travel, saying they will live at home to honour their Ancestors. Their Complexion is somewhat Olive-colour'd, yet they are better made, and have not the Nose nor Visage so flat as the Chinois. They wear their Hair as long as it can grow, the common sort curl and wind it up at top of their Head; but the Gentry, Men of Robe, and Soldiers, have theirs round their Necks to hinder it from coming on their F•ce, and look upon black Teeth to be the most beautiful. They let their Nails grow, holding the longest to be the finest. Their Habit is grave and modest being a Gown that hangs to their Heels tied round with a Silken Girdle, or mixed with Silver and Gold Thread, but the Soldiers wear theirs but to the Knee, and never have any Shoes or Stockins. The Common People, even the Burgesses of Checo the chief Town of the Kingdom, are Slaves a part of the Year, being all obliged to work three Months for the King's House, two other Moons for the Manderins and great Lords; the rest of the time is their own, and then they work for those that pay them. This Service they call in their Language Viecquan, that is, Condition of Slave. They take great Delight to live on Water, which in their Country breeds no Crocodiles nor other dangerous Creatures, though there are great Numbers in the Ganges. Their Marriages cannot be concluded without the Consent of the Governour or Judge of the Place. The next Day after this Ceremony the Husband calls the Wife Sister, and she him Brother. The Laws of the Kingdom allow the Man to put his Wife away, but the Women are not allow'd the same Privilege. They punish Adultery with Death. They often visit, and always with a Train becoming their Condition. The Princes and Manderins ride on Elephants, or are carried in a kind of Chair or Brancar bore by six Men; their ordinary Retinue is of 50 or 60 Men, a Number they are not suffered to exceed; private Gentlemen and Officers of Court can have at most but seven Servants. They hold it a great Dishonor to be bare-headed, none but Criminals, who are shaved as soon as taken, being so among them. They sit cross-leg'd, as our Taylors when at work. Great Lords where they receive Visits have a kind of Bench of Earth covered with a very fine Mat of Rushes as fine and small as any Thred, which they prefer to the best Tapestries of either Persia or the Indies, because they are dearer and fresher in great Heats, being besides as soft as any Silk, and of that nature, that neither Bugs nor Punaises, which are very troublesome all over the East, breed nor lodge in them. The Princes and Manderins sit upon these Mats, and the rest of the Nobility that wait on 'em are seated round the Chamber upon Cushions, with others to their Backs. They neither have Knife nor Fork at Table, all that is served up being cut small before it's brought to the Dining Room; and these small Morsels they take with the top of a 〈1+ pages missing〉

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Gilt Stick. The common sort content themselves with Rice boiled in Water, Fish dryed in the Air, or salted Eggs, and eat but little Flesh, unless it be at their Feasts. They delight much in Comedies, and are very good at representing Seas, Rivers, and Battels on Water. The Actors and Actresses are very richly clad, the Womens Head-Dress being a kind of Mitre or Tiara, which becomes them extraordinary well. The only way to come to any Honour or Dignity in Tonquin, is Learning; but what they value most is not the Knowledge of Languages, nor the Philosophy of Aristotle, but the Study of their Laws, Mathematicks, &c. To become Gentlemen the Youth must pass through three Degrees, viz. that of Sinde, that of Doucum, and the Tansi: for the first, they must study eight Years in what belongs to a Clerk, Attorney, and Counsellor; if they be found capable of these upon Examination, then they study five Years in Astrology, Musick, Poetry, and in learning to make Mathematical Instruments. After this they must employ four Years more to learn to Read and Write the Chinois Character, with the Laws and Customs of that Nation. The last Examen is made with much Solemnity in Presence of the King, Manderins, and other Tansi. The Aspirers that have answered well, after the King has given his Consent, have a Violet Sattin Gown given 'em with the Name of Tansi, and are put in the number of the Nobility, and have Places allotted them for their Revenues, and then are carried in Triumph to Court to be instructed in the Affairs of the Kingdom, and fit themselves for the Quality of Manderin. All the Embassadors sent to China and other neighbouring States are drawn out of the number of these Tansi's. Their Physicians study nothing so much as the Nature of Plants, which they apply according to the different Kinds of Distempers: They have incomparable Remedies for the Falling-Sickness, Purples, and other Distempers that are thought incurable in Europe: They do not use Bleeding, but often prescribe Thé for the Head-ach, Gravel, &c. This Herb is brought them from China and Japan, but that of Japan is best. They judge of Sicknesses by the beating of the Pulse, which they feel in three several Places and on both sides, pretending, that by the Artery of the Left Wrists they can tell the Condition of the Heart; by that of the Arm, the Temper of the Liver; by the Temple Artery the Disposition of the Reins.

The Ceremony of the Coronation is magnificent, the new King's Liberalities very great, and the Number of his Victims to the False Gods almost incredible; besides which, he gives to the Value of a Million in Cakes of Gold, and Silver Bars, Pieces of Silk for the Ornament of Idols, and other things designed for the use of the Pagodes or Temples. Being seated on a very magnificent Throne, he receives the Oaths of Allegiance from the Lords and Officers of his Court, to whom he makes great Presents. After these and other Ceremonies he expects the Beginning of the New Moon to retire with the Bronzes or Doctors of the Laws, with whom he lives very frugally for a time, visits Hospitals, and pitches upon a Place to build a Pagode, which he Consecrates to some Idol. After this, and his Diversion by the Water, where Sea Fights, Artificial Fires, (wherein the Tonquinois excel) and other Sights are represented, he comes to the Palace of Checo, and visits the Princesses, being accompanied with none but his Eunuchs, &c. Nor is their Funeral Pomp less magnificent; for when the King is dead his embalmed Body is laid in a Bed of State, and there serv'd for 65 Days as if alive, all the Meat during that time being distributed to the Bonzes and Poor. All the Manderins of Arms and Justice go in Mourning commonly for three Years, the Royal Family nine Moons or Months, the Gentry six, and the common sort three: During these three Years all Diversions cease besides those that are performed at the Coronation of the new King; after which the young Prince cuts his Hair off, and wears a Straw Cap, as do also the Princes and forty Manderins Counsellors of State, until the King is buried. The Body is carried to the Deserts beyond the Town of Bodego, which is about two Days Journey from Checo Capital of the Kingdom. But because the new King and the whole Court perform this Journey a-foot, it takes them up fifteen or sixteen Days. All the Way is covered with a Violet-coloured Linnen Cloth, and at every Quarter of a League are Huts or Tents with Refreshments. There is nothing can be imagined more sumptuous than this Funeral Pomp and March, which is begun by two of the Kings Bed-Chamber, carrying each a Mace, and crying out the Name of the deceased King. After these walk twelve Officers of the Galleys, drawing the Mausole in form of a square Tower with the King's Name written thereon. Then twelve Elephants follow, whereof the foremost four are rid by Officers that carry each the King's Standard. After these come the Gentlemen of the Horse attended by two Pages, and twelve led Horses with extraordinary rich Harness, the most part of the Furniture, as well as the Bit, being of pure Gold. Then follows the Chariot that bears the magnificent Mausole, where the King's Body lies. This Chariot is drawn by eight Deers brought up for this use. The King, clad in White Sattin, walks a-foot after this Chariot with his Brothers if he has any, attended with a great number of Musicianers. Next come four Princes drest in White Sattin, followed by two Ladies of Honour clad in Violet, and accompanied with Ho-boys and other Musick; these carry Meat and Drink for the Dead. Next follow the Princes of the Blood clad in Violet Sattin with Straw Caps, then the Officers of the Crown, the Manderins and Governours of the four principal Provinces of the Kingdom having each a Stick upon their Shoulder with a Bag full of Gold and different Perfumes, which is the Present of their respective Provinces. And then at last come two Chariots, each drawn by eight Horses, with great Chests full of Cakes and Ingots of Gold, and Silver Bars, rich Stuffs and other Wealth. And the March is brought up by the Officers of Court add other considerable Persons, who come some a Foot and some a Horse-back, according to the difference of their Offices and Qualities. The King's Body being come to Bodego, is put into a Galley to be carried to the Deserts and there secretly buried, for there are but the six chief Eunuchs of Court that know precisely where it is laid, and these swear never to reveal it to any one. This Ceremony is perhaps observed for some Motive of Religion, or that none may go to dig up what they bury along with it, according to the Superstition of Chacabout, who persuaded them that the Souls of such as did not exactly observe the Law should pass into other Bodies for 3000 Years, in which they suffer many Inconveniencies, as Hunger, Cold, and Poverty; for which Reason they bury several things with the King in his Tomb for his Use in the other World: there they leave also the Meat and Drink the Princesses brought to Bodego, the Presents of the four Provinces, and the two Chariot Loads spoken of in the Funeral Pomp; and what is yet more strange, several Lords and Ladies of Court have buried themselves alive near him, that they might be at hand to wait on him wherever he goes. The ordinary Funerals are more or less pompous according to the Quality of the Persons deceased. They have in Funerals a great many Fire-Works, as in their publick Rejoycings, and put a great Quantity of Meat and Comfitures upon the Tomb, thinking the Dead will make use of them; an Error which their Priests amuse them with, and contrive their Business so, that there is nothing left the next Morning. Tavern. Relat. of Tonquin.

Topazos, an Island of the Red Sea, about 300 Furlongs from the Land. It's commonly so covered with Mists, that it can hardly be discovered; yet it is famous for a great number of Topazes or Chrysolithes. Here was one found that was four Cubits long, which was given to Berenice Mother of King Ptolemy Philadelphus, who got the Statue of Queen Arsinoe his Wife made thereof. Pliny.

Tor, or Eltor, a Town and Port of the Red Sea in Arabia Petraea, with a Castle, which has a Turkish Garison. It lies 40 Leagues from Suez, and is the most famous of that Coast as well for Commerce, as for the Buildings, and Politeness of its Inhabitants, who are most of them Jacobite Christians. There are also some Greek Monks in the Monastery of St. Catherine, who correspond with those of Mount Sinai, which is but about 18 Leagues thence. They say in this Country, that it was here Moses cross'd the Red Sea between Tor and Suez, which is now a barren Desert without Water. Within three Leagues of Suez are Wells called Moses's Wells, and are said to have been made by him after he pass'd the Red Sea. The Arabians have great Veneration for them, but do not all agree that this is the Passage of the Israelites, for some are of Opinion Moses passed by Corondol, which is 15 Leagues from Suez, and 25 from Tor. Marmol of Afr.

* Torbay, a noted Bay on the Coast of Devonshire, but particularly famous in these late Times for the Prince of Orange's (our present King) Landing there the 5th of Nov. 1688, a memorable Day for the Gun-Powder Treason, which seems to have been marked out by Providence, that England's Deliverance in the Reign of King James II. might begin the same Day it was designed to be ruined in the Reign of King James I. The Year also memorable, this falling out in 88, just 100 Years after England's Deliverance from the Spanish Invasion in Queen Elizabeth's Reign, when it pleased God to destroy the Spanish Fleet, for its Greatness call'd The Invincible Armado.

Torberne (Ʋlric) Governour of the Fortress of Coppenhaguen in the Reign of Christian King of Denmark in 1524, having discovered that Febourg, Secretary of State, had done him some Diskindness, he found means to persuade the King that Columbine his Concubine had a great Kindness for this Febourg; whereat the King was so enraged, that he sent him to carry the Governor a Letter which was an express Command to him to examine the Matter, and condemn the Secretary to Death if he found him in the least Guilty of the Charge. This Occasion of Revenge was very welcome to Torberne, who little dreaming that it would come to his own Turn, condemn'd him to be Hang'd. But some time after the Governour himself was seized at a Feast the King invited him to, and in his Examination before the Senate of Denmark confess'd he once wish'd he could enjoy Columbine; but because a Thought did not deserve Death, the Senate absolv'd him. The King, who had resolv'd the Governour's Death, found fault with this Sentence, and sent him to Colberg, where the Judges, by Threatning and other Practices, were forced to sentence him to dye. This Severity, or Injustice, rather startled the Nobility, who fearing the like Usage, Revolted; and the Rebellion would have been of very ill Consequence, had not the King had the Address to persuade the Lords of the Kingdom, by a certain thing that happened, that Torberne had deserved what he suffer'd. Varillas.

Toredorix, an Asiatick Gaul, Native of a Country that was called Tossopiens, having gone to see Mithridates with sixty of his Fellow-Citizens, he was received after so proud and haughty a manner, that he told his Companions it behoved them all to revenge the Abuse that haughty Prince offered their Nation. The King was to be in a Park to see the Exercises that were wont to be 〈1+ pages missing〉

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Touraine, a Province of France with the Title of Dutchy, belonging to the Government of Orleans, between Anjou, Poitou, Berry, the Country of Blois and Maine. Its chief Town is Tours, the rest of lesser note are Ambois, Loches, Langez, Cinon, Chaumont, &c. This Province is about thirty Leagues long, and as many in breadth. It abounds so with all sorts of Fruit, that it's justly called the Garden of France. It's watered with several navigable Rivers, which make it considerable for Commerce, as the Loire, the Cher, Indre, Indrois, Vienne, &c. The Inhabitants are Mild, Civil and Witty. Papire Masson.

Tournament, a Combat of Honour in which Gentlemen entred the Lists to shew their Adress and Courage. This word comes from Tourner, either because they made their Courses round, or turn'd often as there was occasion. These Military Exercises were in use under the second Race of the Kings of France; for Nithard reports, that at the Enterview of Charles the Bald King of France, and his Brother Lewis King of Germany at Strasbourg, the Gentlemen of both these Princes Retinue fought on Horse-back, to give proofs of their Dexterity: And M. Du Cange takes notice that these Sports were so particular to the French, that they were term'd Conflictus Gallici. The English imitated these Military Exercises in K. Stephen's Reign about 1140, and fully establish'd them in K. Richard's time about 1194. The Germans also began to practise these kind of Sports about 1036. Modius who pretends they were known before that time, has rather romanced than writ a true History; the Greeks themselves acknowledging that they learned the• of th• Latins, that is, the French, as their Authors alledge. John Cantacuzene says, that these Military Plays were first seen in the Eastern Em•ire in 1326, at the Marriage of Anne of Savoy Daughter of Ame IV. Count of Savoy, with the young Emperor Andronicus Paleologus Emperor; yet Nicetas and Cinnamus report, that the Emperor Emanuel Commenus instituted them in imitation of the French about 1145 As these Tournaments were design'd for the perfecting Men in the Feats of War; so there were no Arms used that might hurt the Combatants, the Points of the Swords and Lances being blunted, as also the edges of the Swords dull'd, which for that reason were called Courteous Weapons: Yet notwithstanding these Precautions, there often happened great Accidents in the Heat of the Fight, either by chance or through the Hatred of the Combatants, some taking an occasion to revenge themselves of their Enemies for private Grudges. Henry Knighton speaking of the Tournament that was kept in 1274 at Chalon, where King Edward and the English fought the Count of Chalon and Burgundians, says, That several were left upon the place; so that this Tournament was called the little War of Chalon, and Histories are full of such unhappy Accidents. This gave the Popes occasion to forbid them, and Excommunicate all those that should assist at them: Secular Princes have also prohibited them, by reason of the Disorders they commonly caused, or that they wanted the Lords and Gentlemen that assisted at them for other Imployments. And Tillet reports, that K. Philip Augustus made both his Sons Swear that they would not go to any such Sports: Yet since his time several Kings of France have fought in Person, as Charles VI. in 1385, at Chambray, Francis I. in 1520, between Ardres and Guines. And finally, Henry II. in 1559 at Paris, where he received a Wound in the Eye, by a Splinter of the Count of Montgomery's Lance, whereof he died eleven days after. There have also been Challenges of this Nature, wherein People fought in good earnest, and which seldom ended without spilling of Blood, or the Death of those that entred the Lists. Du Gange.

Tournay upon the Scheld, a Town of Flanders belonging to the King of France, with a Bishoprick Suffragant of Cambray. It's very Ancient, being mention'd in Antonin's Itinerary, and in the 11th Epistle of St. Jerom. The Town is very strong, and defended by a Castle, said to have been built by the English. The French made themselves Masters of it in 1518, but Charles V. retook it from them in 1521. Lewis XIV. made himself Master of it again in 1667, and kept it by the Peace of Aix la Chapelle. The Cathedral of our Lady is very fine; besides which there are ten Parish Churches, two Abbeys, and several other Religious Houses, for the Place is big, rich, and of good Traffick, having 72 different sorts of Trades in it. It is Capital of a little Country called Tournaisis. Lewis Guillart Bishop of Tournay made Synodal Ordinances here in 1520, and Maximilian of Gant in 1643. This City stands upon the Schelde nine Leagues from Cambray to the North, and ten from Gant to the South, in the middle between Dovay and Audenard, and also between Valencienne and Courtray in the Borders of Hainault. Guichardin.

Tournon upon the Rhone, a Town of France in Vivarez, with the Title of a County, and one of the 11 Baronies of the Province. The Ancients called it Turononium and Taurodunum. It has a Collegiate Church, and a fine College that belongs to the Jesuits, with some other Religious Houses. Davity descr. de Franc.

Tournon (Francis of) Dean of the Cardinals, Archbishop of Ambrun, Auch, Bourges, Lions, &c. was sent Embassador into Italy, Spain and England, and afterwards made Governour of Lions, Lionnois, Fovez and Beaujolois; he hindred Francis I. from sending for Melancton into France, whom he often wish'd to see, because he was much valued by all People for his Parts. Tournon used this Artifice to dissuade the Prince: As he went to Council, he took St. Irenaeus's Book against Hereticks along with •im, and read it whilst he expected the King, who when he came, di• not fail asking what Book it was he was so Intent upon; whereupon the Cardinal took occasion to Inspire him with Horrour for the pretended Heresies of that Learned Reformer, and sped so well, that Melancton was countermanded. Cardinal Francis of Tournon rendred his Church considerable Service on this occasion, says Morery, and he is much in the right of it, for if Francis I. who was a Witty and Learned Prince, had heard Melancton, Popery would soon have come to a low ebb in France. Thuan. Gerebrard. Sainte Marthe.

Tours upon Loire, a City of France, Capital of Touraine, and an Archbishops See; it was called Turonum, Turonium and Caesarodunum Turonum. It is big, fair and ancient; its Situation between the Rivers of Cher and Loire render it very pleasant and of great Traffick, especially for its Silk Manufactories. The Cathedral of St. Gratian deserves to be seen, Famous for its renowned Prelates. This Archbishop has for Suffragants Mons, Angers, Nantes, Rennes, Vannes, Cornouaille, Leon, Treguier, St. Malo, St. Brieux and Dol. Besides the Church of St. Gratian, there are St. Martins a magnificent Structure, and several other stately Piles, which with its great Places, large Streets, and sine built Houses, a Prefidial Generality, and Mint that marks with the Letter E, render it very considerable. Clotild King of France died here in 537, and Carloman in 885. Near this place Charles Martell overthrew an Army of Four hundred thousand Sarazens, three hundred seventy five thousand of which perish'd in that Battel in 726. Pope Alexander III. with Lewis VII. King of France, 70 Cardinals, 124 Bishops, and 414 Abbots, celebrated a Council here in 1153 against the Emperor. The Protestants of France were first called Hugonots in this Town, because they used to meet at one of its Gates called the Gate of King Hugo or Hugh. It is from this Town too that the French Mony has the Tournois added to it, Sous Tournois, Livres Tournois, &c. because there has been a very considerable Mint here formerly. Gregory of Tours, Papire, Masson, Du Chesne.

Tower of Babel, a famous Building spoken of in the History of the Old Testament, Gen. ch. 12. Nimrod Grandchild of Cham one of Noe his Sons, form'd the Design of raising this Tower to the Skies, not only to render his Memory Eternal, but also that it might prove a place of Security should another Deluge happen; and as a lasting Monument of the first, he chose for this prodigious Enterprise a great Plain in the Land of Shinar, known since under the Name of Chaldea, and about 170 Years after the Deluge began the Work. The Body of this huge Mass was Brick, cemented together with Bitumen, which is very common in that Country. Though it is not known precisely what form it was of, yet common opinion will have it to have been round. When it was built to a certain heighth, God hindred the Continuation, by confounding the Language of them that carried it on, which was before that time one and the same. This difference of Tongues forced them to abandon the Enterprise, and separate themselves into as many Companies as there were different Dialects; and since that time this Tower was called Babel, that is, Confusion. Both Greek and Latin Poets, having heard this Story confusedly discoursed of, have enlarged it after their manner, and feigned, that Gyants designing to Dethrone the Gods, put several Mountains one over another, but that Jupiter directing his Thunder-bolts that way, buried them under the Ruins of that great Bulk. It's easie to apply this Fable to the Truth of History, for Nimrod and his Subjects are represented by the Poets as Gyants. The Tower that was to be of a prodigious heighth and breadth, is what they called Pelion and Ossa laid one over another. It's said the Ruins of this famous Tower are still to be seen a quarter of a League off the Euphrates towards the East, the Basis is much of a square form, whereof the Circuit is about 1150 Paces. These Remains for the most part are Brick dry'd in the Sun, and stuck together with Mortar that has Reeds broke small into it, unless where it was necessary the Building should be more Solid, then the Bricks were bak'd with Fire, and cemented with Bitumen, as Petro della Valle has observed, who got the two finest Prospects of these Ruins design'd, viz. the Northern and Southern, and at his return to Rome, made a present of them to Father Kircher the Jesuit, who caused them to be engraven. Some doubt whether these are really the Remains of Babel, but others make no Difficulty to believe it for several Reasons; first, because it's the constant Tradition of the Country, where this great heap of Bricks is, called Babel in the Arabick Tongue. The second, because the Situation of these Ruins is the same with that of the ancient Tower; and that the Plain of Shinar, where it was built, is in this same place. Finally, the Scripture assures us the Building was of Brick and Bitumen, both which are to be seen in what is still left. Father Kircher Turris Babel, lib. 2.

Tower of Leander, a small Fortress which the Turks call Khes-Calasi, that is, the Maidens Castle, and the Europeans the Tower of Leander, but without any grounds, because it was not here Leander used to cross the Water when he went to visit his Mistris Hero, but at the Dardanelles. It's situated upon a Rock in the middle of the Sea, between the Point of the Seraglio of Constantinople and Scutari, on the other side in Asia; the Form is square but well furnished with Cannon. Here one may have a very pleasant sight of Constantinople and all the Neighbourhood, which are so very Charming, that some Travellers said, when they saw them from this heighth, that they believed it an enchanted place. Grelot Voyage of Constantinople.

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Tourre, a River of Angoumois, which discharges it self into the Charante. It's but four Foot deep, bears Boats of one hollow piece of Wood, if they consist of more, they are pierc'd and eaten in a short time by Worms which breed there. There has been a Book printed at Poictiers in 1567, treating of this River, and of a Tomb that was found under Ground in it.

Tra-los-Montes, in Latin, Transmontana Provincia, part of the Kingdom of Portugal, between Galicia and the River Douro. Its Towns are Miranda de Douro and Bragance.

Tradonie (Peter) Doge of Venice after John Patriark, in 836 signaliz'd his Prudence and Courage, yet had the Misfortune to lose sixty Galleys in a Sea-fight against the Sarazens. He was kill'd in St. Zachary's Church at Evening Prayers after he had govern'd the Commonwealth 28 Years.

*Traerback, a Town upon the Moselle in the County of Spanheim, eighteen Miles from Luxemburgh between Trier and Coblentz. The King of France's erecting a new Fort over against this place in 1687, occasioned a great Dispute in the Imperial Diets, whether it was not a Violation of the twenty Years Truce, though he built it upon the Grounds reunited to his Crown.

Tragedie, a piece of Theatre wherein the Life and great Actions of Princes and Heroes are represented: This in the beginning was but a Hymn of the Pagan Religion Sung in Honour of Bacchus. Hygin and Athenaeus give this account of the Original of it. Icarius who reign'd in Attica about the Year of the World 2700, having learn'd of Bacchus the Art of Planting Vine and making Wine, found a Buck in his Vineyard, which fed upon and spoil'd his Grapes; having taken it, he Sacrificed it to Bacchus, and during this Ceremony, they that assisted danc'd together round it, singing the Praises of that God. They observed the same Ceremonies yearly, and call'd them Trigodie, that is, Vendige Song, and afterwards Tragodie, which we pronounce Tragedy, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 a Buck, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 a Song: The Athenians added Choires of Musick, and Set Dances, the best Poets making a Glory to compose these Hymns, strove to shew their Ability in Poetry in their Composition. So that then the Name of Tragedy became very Famous; and that which remain'd amongst the Country People was call'd Comedie, that is, a Village Song, and as by little and little the Subject which Poets used to take for the Praises of Bacchus was drain'd, they chose little Stories and Fables, and took occasion thence to Praise their God. Some will have Epigenes a Sicyonian to have been the Author of Tragedy, that is, that he introduced the Choires of Musick, or instituted the Disputes of the Poets that composed Hymns in Honour of Bacchus, or else invented the Fables and Histories spoken of. Others have writ that Theognis, who lived about the Year of the World 2880 was the Author of it, and that Auleas added the great Choires of Musick; be it how it will Tragedy remained thus a long time, for People count fourteen Tragick Poets very Famous, and all Successors of one another between this Epigenes and Thespis, who lived about the Year of the World 3530, and was the first that introduced an Actor to repeat some Discourse, and gave the Musicianers and Dancers time to rest; for before that the Choire alone performed all the Tragedy, as Diogenes Laertius observes. What this Actor rehearsed, received the Name of Episode, that is, a piece that falls between two Songs of the Choire as forreign and added to it. Having thus begun to change its Form, the Number of Actors increased by little and little. Aeschylus, who lived about fifty Years after Thespis, established two Actors for the Episodes, and fitted them with Cloaths and Masks suiting the Personages they represented, as also Cothurns or very high heel'd Shooes, to make them seem as tall as Heroes. Sophocles, who lived ten or twelve Years after Aeschylus's Death, added a third Actor, and painted the Scene with Decorations according to the Subjects that were to be represented. These Episodes were somewhat like the Acts of our Comedies, for they were repeated between two Songs of the Choire, as our Acts now between two Conserts of Musick or Violins. To distinguish Tragedies by the Catastrophe or Issue, there have been two sorts, some were Fatal, and ended by some considerable Misfortune of the Heroes. Others had more favourable Exits, and ended with the Satisfaction of the chiefest Personages. Yet several have imagined that the Name of Tragedy was proper only to the Drammatick Poems, whose Catastrophe was always Unfortunate and Bloody; which Error proceeded hence, that the first Tragedies had generally such Events, either that Histories fell out so, or out of the Poets Complaisance to the Athenians, who were taken with Objects of Fear and Pity; but this did not happen always, and we see that of nineteen of Euripides Tragedies, the most part had happy Issues. Aristotle divides the ancient Tragedy into four parts, viz. the Prologue, Quire, Episode and Exode, but the new that succeeded was composed of five Acts and several Scenes, with Interacts, Intermedes, Musick or Symphony. Hygin. Diogenes, Laertius.

Tragi-Comedies, a N•me that is given to Tragedies which have happy Issues, though there be nothing that is Comick in the whole Piece, and that the Personages as well as Subject be Tragick, that is, Heroick. Garnier seems to have been the first that made use of this word, as the Title to his Play called the Bradamante, which several have imitated, and since Plautus has imploy'd the same word of Tragi Comedy in the Prologue of his Amphitryon, but in a very different Sense from what we give it. Mercury says in this Prologue, that he will make a Tragi-Comedy of this Piece, because that Gods and Kings were to act in it; and that he intended to mix the Meanness of Comick Discourse with the Dignity of those Persons: So that it's plain he made use of this word in a joaking kind of way, not to signifie a Drammatick Poem, whose subject is always Heroick, and the end happy; but to shew a Comedy wherein great Personages are introduced to Buffoon and Ridicule their Greatness. In which Sense a great many of Aristophanes his Comedies are Tragi-Comedies, for in most of them the Gods and Persons of great Condition mix and place themselves with Slaves and Buffoons. The name of Tragi-Comedy is improper in the Sense we take it in, for in all sorts of Poems there is nothing that resembles Comedy, all being Grave and Marvellous, and nothing Popular and Foolish. Tragedy and Comedy were always such different Poems, that not only the Persons and Styles agreed in nothing, but also the Tragedians did not act Comedies, nor Comedians Tragedies. Hedelin Pratique du Theatre.

Trajan (M. Ʋlpius Crinitus) Emperor, Native of Italique a Town of Spain in Andalousia, or according to others of Todi in Italy; his Birth did not promise this great Dignity which his Vertue and Courage advanced him to; he was very Serviceable to Vespasian and his Son Titus in their Wars against the Jews, where he commanded the tenth Legion, and afterwards signaliz'd himself on several occasions, so that Nerva associated him to the Empire barely for his Merit, and after that Prince's Death the Soldiers saluted him Emperor, and vested him with the Imperial Purple. He wrote immediately to the Senate, that an honest Man should never be condemn'd to Death by his order: A Promise which he kept very ill in relation to Christians, for though he publish'd no express Edict against them, yet the Prohibition of night Assemblies, and new and forreign Religions, furnished the Governours and Presidents of Provinces with an occasion of persecuting the Faithful; the Fury of this Persecution ceased a little upon young Pliny's Advice, but this lasted but a short time. Trajan hearing that Decebalus King of the Dacii had revolted, led his Armies into his Country, and having defeated him twice, reduced Dacia into a Province. Af er this Conquest he returned to Rome, where he received several Embassies from remote Countries, some even from the Indies, though their Name was hardly known at that time. It was then he began to build the famous Pillar that bears his Name, which was finished but seven Years after; it is one of the Master-pieces of Architecture; Pope Sixtus V. rebuilt it, and got the Statue of St. Peter put upon it. This Emperor afterwards won great Victories over the Armenians, Parthians, Osdroenians, Arabians, Assyrians, Iberians, and over the Inhabitants of Colchis, and the Persians, which he subdued with a Glory that would have been without Example, had not he stain'd it by banishing 11000 Christians, which he Disbanded out of his Army, and sent into Armenia. He was like to have perish'd in the dreadful Earthquake that happen'd at Antioch in his time, being forced to be drawn out at a Window. After this he quite exterminated the Jews who had revolted, and died in a Town of Cilicia, then called Selinunte, and afterwards the Town of Trajan or Trajanopolis. His Death happened in 117 of Christ, the 64th Year of his Age. Pliny the Young pronounced that excellent Panegyrick we still have of him, but his Cruelty and Incontinence in the love of Boys, with his Excess in Wine, shews the great Flattery of his Admirers. Dion. in Traj.

It Trajanopolis, a Town of Thrace with an Archbishoprick. T was called Zernis, but has since received that of the Emperor rajan.

Trajanopolis, a Town of Cilicia, with a Bishoprick Suffragant of Seleucia. It's the Selinus or Selinunte where Trajan died. The Turks call it Islenos as Leunclavius has observed.

Trajanopolis, a Town of Sicily, called Dragina by the Greeks according to Curopalates his Testimony. It was a Bishoprick in St. Gregory's time, and is thought to be that now called Traina or Troina.

Tralles, an ancient Episcopal Town of Lydia under the Metropolis of Ephesus, or as others will have it under that of Sardis: Here has been formerly a famous Temple of Victory, where it's said a Palm-tree was seen grow very green under Cesar's Statue about the time of his Victory over Pompey at Pharsalea, but it's now almost ruin'd, and what still remains is called Chora.

Trancowitz, or Matthias Flaccus Illyricus, his right Name was Matthias Trancowitz, called Flaccus or Flacius, and because he was born at Albonne in Illirie, he received the adjunct of Illyricus. He was born in 1520, studied at Venice, where he made great Progress in Sciences; thence came into Germany, imbraced Luther's Doctrin, and with Nicolas Gallus, Amsdorsius, and some others of that Party, opposed Melancton and others who had changed somewhat in the Confession of Augsbourg, which got them the Name of Soft Lutherans, whilst Matthias and his were called the Rigid. In the mean time Flacius composed several Works to maintain his Sentiments, and made himself much admired for his Learning, and then settling at Magdebourg, he with John Vigaud of Mansfeldt, Matthew Juge, Basile Faber, and several others, undertook the History of the Church, known under the name of the Centuries of Magdebourg, which we have in thirteen Volumes. It was to endeavour to refute this Work, that Cardinal Baronius composed his Annals. Matthias Flacius died at Strasbourg the eleventh of March 1575, aged 55. Thuan. Sleidan, Prateole. 〈1+ pages missing〉

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the Prelates of his Party. It was put into the hands of the French in 1632, to preserve it, as was pretended, from the Swedes. They kept it until 1645. It was recovered from them in 1675, they having seized it a little before. They put a Garison into it in 1688. The Electorate of Treves is bounded on the North by Lifall, the Bishoprick of Cologne, and Westrowalt; on the East by Weteraw; on the South by Lorain; and on the West by Luxemburg. It's of great Extent from East to West, but very narrow from North to South. The principal Cities and Places in it are Triers, Coblents, Boppart, Oberwesel, and Harmanstein. It is watered both by the Moselle and Rhine, and affords all things needful for the Life of Man in great Plenty. The Inhabitants of this Diocese are called by the Germans Trierishe. Heiss. Hist. de l' Empire.

Treviro, or Vico della Baronia, in Latin Trivicus, a Town in the Kingdom of Naples and farthermost Principality, with a Bishoprick Suffragant of Benevent. It's a great and strong City, surrounded on all sides with Water, and therefore of difficult Access. The Venetians made themselves Masters of it in 1339; in 1509 Maximilian the Emperor took it from them, but soon after restored it. It stands 18 Miles from Venice to the South-West.

Trevisan, or Marche Tervisane, a Province of the State of Venice in Italy, so called from its Capital Trevise, which was formerly the Residence of the Lombard Marquesses who commanded in it. This Country comprehends the Territory of Trevisan Bellunesse and Teltrin, has Friouli to the East, the Bishoprick of Trent to the West. Its Air is very temperate, and its Plains are both pleasant and abounding in all sorts of Grain, Fruit and Cattel. Venice was formerly its Capital.

Trevise, or Trevigi, in Latin Tarvisium, a Town of Italy in the Territories of Venice, with a Bishops See Suffragant of Aquileja. It's Capital of the Marche Trevisane, to which it has given its Name. The Emperor Maximilian laid Siege to it in 1509.

Trevour upon Sine, a Town of France, Capital of the Principality of Dombes. It has a Collegial Church, Bailiwick, &c. Its Latin Name is Trevoltium.

Triballes, ancient People of Lower Mysia, now Bulgarians. Ternove was formerly the Residence of their Princes, but now Sophia is Capital of the Country, and the Bacha's Seat. Pliny says, that there have been some amongst the Triballes that bewitch'd People with their very Sight, and kill'd if they fix'd their Eyes any considerable time upon any one when angry. Niceph. Laonicus. Lazius.

Tribe. This Name is taken for one of the 13 Families of the Israelites, or one of the Provinces of the Land of Promise that was divided between those Families. 'The History of their Descent into Egypt, of their wonderful Increase in that Country, of their Deliverance and Conquests, of their Divisions in Roboam's time, are too well known by the History of the old Testament to repeat them here: It will be enough to observe, that there is a Law mentioned Numb. 31. by which Heiresses of the Tribe of Israel were to marry a Man of the Tribe of their Father, and of the same Family, that so the Inheritance should not pass from the House. It's hence the Commentators of the New Testament infer, that the Virgin being an Heiress had married Joseph, who was of the same Tribe and Family: And this was the Reason why St. Matthew and St. Luke, in making her Genealogy, did that of Joseph; which was the same. But the Levites were not subject to this Law; for they had Liberty from the very Beginning to marry into all Tribes; in which Sense we read Judg. 19. that a Man of the Tribe of Levi, who inhabited the Mountain of Ephraim, married a Woman of Bethlehem in the Tribe of Juda.

Tribu, a certain part of the Roman People which Romulus divided into three when he divided the City of Rome into three Quarters. Tarquin the ancient, the fifth King, seeing the Town and Inhabitants much encreased, established six, which Number grew greater from time to time; so that in 512 of the Foundation of Rome, there were 35, whereof some were called Ʋrbain or City Tribu's, and the rest Rustick, or of the Country. And as it happened that the Rustick Tribes were the most esteemed, the consi¦derablest Citizens of Rome were ambitious to be of them; whenc• it came to pass that the Word Tribe did not mark the Residence of those that belong'd to it, but their Reception into a certain part of the People: so that there remain'd but four Tribes of the City, the Suburane, Esquiline, Calline or Quirinale, and Palatin; the other 31 were Rustick, and bore the Name of some Place or Illustrious Family. These Tribes met to create Magistrates of the second Rank, as the Tribunes of the People, the Ediles, Triumvirs, Proconsuls, &c. for establishing the Laws they called Plebiscita, and upon such other Subjects. This Assembly was sometimes in Mars his Field, sometimes in the Roman Place, but very often in other Places. Rosin. Antiq. Rom.

Tribuns of the People, Magistrates of Rome, chosen to preserve the Privileges and secure the Liberties of the People against the Power of the Nobles. They were first ordain'd after the great Difference that happened between the People and Nobles, which was appeased by Menenius Agrippa. At the first Establishment there were but two, but these associated three more to them, and this Number was encreased to ten by L. Trebonius. Their Authority was so great, that they could assemble the People and propose what they pleased, hinder the Deliberations of the Senate, approve or annul its Decrees, summon the other Magistrates before the People, and also their own Collegues and Asso•iates to the Tribunat; in fine, their Authority was so great, that they have sometimes Imprison'd Consuls, and Fined their Dictators. Their Power in the Beginning reach'd but a thousand Paces or Mile out of Rome; but C. Calta made a Law, by which they were impower'd to exercise their Authority in the Provinces, and that also after Sylla's time, who was so averse to that Dignity that he order'd they should for ever be excluded from all other considerable Offices. Though these Tribuns at first were chosen amongst the Common People, yet afterwards the Nobles, Senators, and Patricians, look'd upon the Charge as honorable; and the Emperors themselves, after Augustus, have not disdained to take the Title of Tribuns. These Officers being instituted for the Security of the Meaner People against the Power of the Consuls and Patricians, kept their Doors open Day and Night to receive such as sought shelter with them; nor were they allowed to go out of the City but on certain Days: They weaken'd the Authority of the Consuls and Senate, and often occasioned great Tumults.

Tribuni Milirum, or Military Tribuns. These had a Consulary Power, and were first instituted 317 Years after the Foundation of Rome, at Canuleius his Request, who made Complaint for the People that they were not receiv'd to the Dignity of Consul; whereupon a Law was published, by which these new Tribuns were to have the same Power and Marks of Honour with Consuls. There were three created at the first Beginning, which Number was encreased in process of time to that degree, that Pomponius the Lawyer observes there were 20 created the same Year. There were also other Tribuns, who had the care of the Treasury, and judg'd Matters of lesser Consequence. Alex. ab Alexand.

Tribuni Celerum, or Tribuns of the Light Horse, Officers in the Roman Army who were Colonels of Horse in the time of the Kings of Rome. These Horse, called Celeres, resembled our Dragoons, and fought a Horse-back or a Foot, as they saw occasion. They were but three hundred, which Romulus chose out of the noblest Families of Rome, and divided into three Companies of a hundred Men, whose Captains were therefore called Centurions. Rosin. Antiq. Rom. 1.

Tribur, a Royal Mansion on the other side the Rhine in Germany, between Majence and Oppenheim, famous for the several Councils celebrated in it. In 895 twenty two Prelates made 58 Canons for the Reformation of Peoples Lives and Manners here.

Trieste, Tergeste, Tergestum, a City of Istria, called by the Germans Triesten, a small but a strong and populous Place, and a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Aquileia, has a large but unsafe Harbour upon the Adriatick at the bottom of a Bay called Trieste too. This City was taken from the Venetians in the Year 1509 by the Emperor, and has been ever since in his Possession. It stands 30 Miles from Aquileia to the East, and 50 from Pola to the North.

*Tring, a Market Town of Daur Hundred in the West of Hartfordshire, bordering upon the County of Bucks. From Lond. 28 Miles.

Trinitaires, or Order of the Trinity and Redemption of Captives.

Trinite, one of the Caribes or Criby Islands in the Northern Sea towards America, and of those called De Sotto Vento. This is by far the greatest Island on the Coast of South America. It lies eight Degrees from the Line to the North; to the West it is separated from Paria by a narrow Channel, which Columbus, the first Discoverer, called Boca del Drago; to the South it has the Branches of the River Orenoque; and to the West the Atlantick Ocean. Oviedo, a Spaniard, saith the South Cape of it lies in 9 Degr. of Lat. and the North in 10. The Dutch say 10. 30. and the South 9. 30. It lies from Hispaniola 200 Leagues South, from Domingo, Margarita, and Cubaga 40. In Length it is 50 Leagues, in Breadth 30. In Form it is Triangular. It is unhealthful, being mostly cloudy, and covered with a Mist. It was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and carefully viewed by Sir Walter Rawleigh who Anchor'd near it in 1595; he observed the North part was barren and mountainous, the rest was very fruitful in Mace, Sugar-Canes, and such other things as are common in this Climate. The Spaniards built a Town on the South-West side, called St. Joseph, containing 400 Houses when Sir Walter took it in 1595. I suppose (saith my Author) it is not much encreased since, the Spaniards minding nothing here but the Planting Tobacco. It has much Mineral Pitch, but of no use, because it melts with the Heat of the Sun. Laet. p. 661. It's very fruitful in Sugar-Canes, which are cultivated there with great care: The Sugar is form'd of a certain Water which naturally moistens the spongeous Pith of Reeds or Canes that grow in great abundance in and about this Island: There are some also that grow in the firm Land of America, but their Sap is nothing so delicate; no more than that of some Islands of Asia. These Canes hardly exceed the height of six Foot, and are generally but two Inches thick; those that are more are not so good, but both have Knots at a Foot's distance one from the other. As for the Plants, they take little Pieces and stick them in Land prepared for that purpose, where they ripen and come to perfect Maturity in six or seven Months time, which is known by their Colour that enclines to a Yellow. When they have this Mark they are cut, the Leaves shreded off, and the Canes bundled up and carried to the Tripache or Place where the Sugar is made. The Mills which work it have three Rowlers that press and break the Canes, which are laid under them by Negroes: The Rowlers bear off what they press, whilst the Juyce runs into a great Receiver, and thence by a little Trough into a

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great Pan, where it's boil'd over a flow Fire, and skim'd as there is occasion: When it begins to thicken they pass it through coarse Linnen, and divide it into lesser Pans, where it's continually stirr'd until it's perfectly boil'd, which is known by its Consistence and Thickness: Then it's put to cool, and still stirr'd, until some Grains are observed in its Syrup that resemble Sand, which is the Sign that it's made: Then it's cast into Forms and Moulds like Pyramids: And when it's congeal'd and in a Lump, a kind of fat Earth, dissolv'd in Water, is added, which separates the superfluous reddish Water. P. du Tertre c. 14.

Triodos, or Throhodos, a Name by which the Caloyers or Greek Clergy call Mount Olympus in the Isle of Cyprus.

Tripoli, is the Name of two Towns in Africa. The first, called Tripoli Vecchio, is the ancient Sabrata upon the Mediterranean Sea, but the Air is so unhealthful, that there are hardly any Inhabitants. The other is Tripoli of Barbary, a great Town, Capital of a Kingdom of that Name, and the Retreat of Pyrates. Sanson thinks it's the ancient Oea, but be it so or not it's very populous and rich. It was formerly taken by the Spaniards, and by them given to the Knights of Maltha; but the Turks depriv'd the latter of it in 1551, and remain'd the Masters a long time. Now it's a Republick under the Grand Signior's Protection. The Territories of Tripoli are pretty large, lying between the Sea and the Kingdom of Tunis, which it has to the West; but there are but few Towns.

Tripoli di Soria, Lat. Tripolis, a City in Syria, call'd by the Turks, Tarabolos Scham; in 1289 taken and entirely ruin'd by the Saracens, and after rebuilt by the Franks in a fruitful Plain defended by a strong Castle built upon a Rock. The Town is now in a good Condition, having about 20000 Houses, and a very convenient Harbour on the Mediterranean Sea. It stands 20 German Miles from Damascus to the North, and a little more from Famagousta to the South. In the time of the Holy Wars it had Counts of its own, and is now the Seat of a Turkish Sangiack. There are abundance of Mulberry Trees in the Neighbourhood of this Town, and a great Plain 12 Leagues long, all cover'd with Olive Trees.

Triptoleme, Son of Eleusis, was the first who taught the Invention of Tilling the Earth; whence Poets inferr'd, that he was instructed by Ceres who hid him all Night under the Fire to signifie that the Seed lies in the Earth and unseen all Winter. Hygin, Ovid.

Trisagion, a little Hymn wherein the Word Sanctus is thrice repeated: The Latins cry, Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus Dominus, but the Greeks say in their Language, Sanctus Deus, Sanctus Fortis, Sanctus Immortalis, miserere nobis, which they repeat often in their Orations and Divine Office. Authors assure it was instituted in the Time of the Emperor Theodosius the Young and the Patriarch Proclus, on the Occasion of an Earthquake that lasted at Constantinople four Months, and was appeased by this Prayer. Baronius.

Trismegiste, that is, Thrice Great, a Greek Surname of Mercury a learn'd Egyptian, called so because he was a great Philosopher, great Priest, and great King; for the Egyptians used to chuse their Priests amongst the Philosophers, and their Kings amongst their Priests. See Hermes.

Triton, a Sea-God, Son of Neptune and Amphitrite or the Nymph Salacia, or according to others of the Ocean and Thetis. Poets will have him to be Neptune's Trumpet, and represent him in the Shape of a Man to the Navel, with the lower part of the Body Fish and a Dolphin's Tail, having always a hollow Shell in his Hand, which serves him for a Trumpet. Ovid, in Dido's Epistle to Aeneas, says, he wore blue Hair. Several Historians assure, that there have been Tritons. Pliny l. 9. c. 5. reports, that certain Embassadors who came from Lisbon assured the Emperor Tiberius, that they had seen and heard a Triton play on his Shell on the Sea-shore. P. Girald, in his Additions to Aelian reports, that being in Albania, there was one taken which used to ravish the Women that came near the Sea, and that it died of Hunger and Grief for having lost its Liberty.

Trivento, or Molisse, in Latin Triventum, a Town of the Kingdom of Naples in the County of Molisse, with a Bishoprick Suffragant of Benevento. It stands in the Borders of Abruzzo upon the Adriatick Sea, 17 Miles from Bojano to the North.

Triumph, a solemn Honour done Generals of Armies after they had won great Victories, by receiving them into the Town with great Magnificence and publick Acclamations. There were two sorts amongst the Romans; the great, that was simply called Triumph, and the little, stiled Ovation. They also distinguished Triumphs into Sea and Land Triumphs, according as the Battels were fought on either. It was generally performed by a sumptuous Entry into Rome, and sometimes on Mount Alban. Romulus was the first who instituted this Ceremony. After he had vanquished Acron King of the Ceniniens, he took an Ash, whereon he had tyed that Kings Spoils, on his right Shoulder, and with a Crown of Lawrel on his Head he led his Victorious Army into the Town: Then stopping on Mount Capitolin, he marked out the Place where the Temple was afterwards built, and dedicated this Ash to Jupiter. Feretrian and others say, that the Spoils were carried by Men, and that Romulus did but tye them to an Ash which stood upon this Mountain. Denis of Halicarnassus assures, that Romulus was in a Chariot, and clad in a Purple Gown, though others affirm, that Tarquin the Ancient was the first that made his Entry thus. But let this be how it will, it's certain, that since Tarquin's Time there were no such Triumphs during the Reigns of the Kings, and that Valerius Publicola, Consul, was the first that received this Honour from the Commonwealth: But there were many seen afterwards, for Orose counts 320 from the Foundation of Rome to Vespasian and Titus's Reign after the Defeat of the Jews An. Dom. 71, and 824 of the Foundation of the City. Onufrus reckons 30 from Vespasian to Belisairius. The most famous were those of Manlius Volso, the 281 of Rome, of Marcellus in 531, of Scipio Africanus in 549, of Q. Flaminius in 556, of M. Fulvius in 561, of Paul Emilius in 586, of Scipio Africanus Junior in 607, of Mummius in 608, of Marius in 672, and Sylla the same Year; of Pompey, when he Triumph'd the third time in 693; those of Julius Cesar and Augustus; and finally, that of the Emperor Vespasian, who adorned his with Moses's Law, and the Ornaments and sacred Vessels of the Temple, An. Mun. 71; afterwards in 274 the Emperor Aurelian Triumph'd with extraordinary Pomp, leading Zenobia Queen of the Palmyrenians, and Tetricus who Revolted to the Gauls. The first who Triumph'd on Mount Alban was Papirius Maso the Year 522 of Rome; for not being able to obtain the Honour of an ordinary Triumph from the Senate, he went out of the Town to Triumph on this Mountain; which Example was followed by several others. The first Naval Triumph was allowed C. Duilius the 493d Year of Rome, when he gained the Victory over the Carthaginians. This Ceremony was allowed none but a Dictator, Consul, or Praetor; for it was by a particular Privilege that L. Cornelius Lentulus, Proconsul, obtained the Honour of an Ovation in 553, and that Pompey, but a Knight, and but 14 Years of Age, was honoured with a Triumph in 672. The General of the Army that sued for this Honour was obliged to quit the Command of the Army, and stay without the Town until it was granted him. He writ to the Senate, and gave them an Account of the Victory he had won, and then the Members of this Assembly met in 〈◊〉 Temple of Mars, where they read the Letters, and swore 〈◊〉 Captains to be assured of the Truth of the Contents, an• 〈◊〉 the Enemy lost 5000 Men; for that Number was necessary to obtain a Triumph. The Senate having consented, the P••pl• were assembled, who restored to the General his Command, and approved the Triumph. The Ceremonies were as follow: The Triumpher crown'd with Lawrel, holding a Branch of the same in his Hand, made a publick Speech to the Soldiers and People assembled together, then distributed his Presents and a part of the Spoil, whilst the Pomp began to appear before the Triumphal Gate, the Trumpets marching first, then the Bulls ordain'd for Sacrifice, dress'd with Ribans, and crown'd with Flowers, and sometimes their Horns gilt with Gold: After these came the Enemies Spoils, carried either by young Soldiers or in Chariots, with the Pictures of the Nations or Towns subdued represented in Gold or Silver, or form'd of Gold, gilt Wood, Ivory or Wax, with their Names and Inscriptions in Capital Letters: They also carried the Representations of the most remarkable Rivers and Mountains of the Places brought by the Triumpher under the Roman Yoke: Then followed the Kings or Captive Generals in Irons, and sometimes in Gold or Silver Chains, with their Heads shav'd as a sign of their Servitude, accompanied with some Players on the Flute or Gitarrs, and some Officers of the Army: Then followed a Buffoon or Jester, who play'd upon the Vanquish'd, and extoll'd the Fame and Glory of the Romans. At last the Triumpher appear'd in an Ivory Chariot, in form of a round Tower, enrich'd with Gold; this in the Commonwealth Times was drawn by four White Horses, but the Emperors made use of Elephants. Pliny says it was Pompey that introduced this Custom, to imitate the Triumph of Bacchus, who when he Conquered the Indians, had himself drawn in a Chariot or Cart by four Elephants. Heliogabulus had his drawn by Tygers, Lions, and Dogs; and the Emperor Aurelian his by Deers, to shew the Fear of the Enemy. The Crown at first was of Lawrel, and afterwards it was Gold; besides which there were several others carried before, presented him by the Provinces for the Ornament of his Triumph. His Gown was Purple charged with Figures of Palm, embroidered with Gold. He held a Branch of Lawrel in his Right, and an Ivory Scepter with a small Eagle of Gold on the top of it, in his Left Hand. The Cart or Chariot was attended by the Senators and Roman Soldiery. When he came to the Capitol he Sacrificed to Jupiter, and kept a sumptuous-Feast, then was conducted into his Palace. Tertullian observes, that during the Pomp an Officer stood behind the Triumpher, pronouncing these Words aloud, Remember thou art Man, that he might not be over-proud or dazled with the lustre of his Triumph. The Attendance of this Ceremony was sometimes so great, that it took up several Days to march through the City, as happened in the Triumphs of Quintius Flaminius, Cesar, and Augustus. Sometimes the Triumphers Children rid with him in the Cart, as in Paul Emilius his Triumph. Pliny reports, that the first who Triumphed in Rome wore an Iron Ring on their Finger, and a Crown of Gold, after the Tuscans Fashion, supported by a Slave who walk'd behind, and is said to have had Wings fastened to his Back: yet most People are of Opinion, that it was an Image or Sculpture which represented Victory, and held a Crown of Olives in one, and a Branch of Olive in the other Hand. If we believe several Authors, who say Bacchus invented this magnificent Pomp after all his Conquests, the Ceremony is very ancient, and was 〈1+ pages missing〉

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that run into Falmouth Haven, and gives the Title of Baron to the Right Honourable Charles Bodvile Roberts Earl of Radnor. It hath the Benefit of Coynage of Tin, and is the place where the Western Sessions are held; from London 212 Miles.

Trushes (Gebhard) Archbishop of Cologne, was Son of William Bacon of Varbourg in Souabea, and of Jeanne of Furstemberg: He was first of all Dean of Strasbourg, and afterwards Archbishop of Cologne, in 1577, after the Death of John Gebhard of Mansfield, having imbraced the Reformed Religion, and married Agnes of Mansfield Chanoiness of Gerisheim; he was banish'd out of Cologne, whither he had brought his Wife to the Bishop's Palace; and afterwards having lost Bonn, where he subsisted a pretty long time, he retired into Holland, whence he came back again about 1589 into Germany, where he died a little after. Thuan. Michel Isselt. Hist. Bell. Colon.

Truxillo, or Trughillo, in Latin, Turris Julia, a Town and Bishoprick of America in Honduras a Province of New Spain. It was taken and destroy'd by the Hollanders in 1633, but was since rebuilt. It stands forty Leagues from Porto de Cavallos to the East, and sixty from Valladolid to the North; built upon an Hill, between two fine Rivers, within one Mile of the Bay of Mexico, upon which it has an excellent Haven. The Air about it is very Healthful, and their Lands yield large Cattle, and Corn in abundance; their Vines yield two Vintages a Year; and they have plenty of Oranges and all other Fruits. The Bishop of the Honduras first settled here, but afterwards removed to Valladolid del Hondura. This Port is called St Gil; it was surprised by the English in 1576, and attempted without Success, in 1596, by reason of the natural Strength of it, being seated high, and encompassed by thick unpassable Woods.

Tschelminar, that is, the 400 Pillars, a Name the Persians gave some ancient Ruins near the Town of Schiras in Tarsistan a Province of the Kingdom of Persia; it's generally believed that there was formerly a famous Temple where these Ruins lye, built by Assuerus upon the Declivity of a Mountain, and that it was part of the ancient Town of Persepolis. It has a great Platform with a Mountain to the East, and a great Plain to the West. In this place are also several Pillars, that support some Remains of Images or Idols, a great square Bason all of one Stone, and abundance of old decay'd Walls, with Gates and Doors adorn'd with Brass Relievo's, and extraordinary great Characters, that appear to have been formerly gilt, with the Remains of several Pipes, which carried Water to this place. There are also two Caves or Cellars work'd in the Rock, that served as Burying-places; and it's believed there are above 2000 Figures in Relievo clad in long Robes and flat Caps. This is without doubt one of the finest pieces of Antiquity of all Persia, for though the Figures are not carved with the Art of the ancient Romans, yet they are very curious and well done. Theven•t. Voyage de Levant.

Tubal Cain, Son of Lamech by his Wife Sella, was the first that used Iron and Brass whereof he made Arms; and it was then Men began to make and adore Statues: According to Philon he also began to use other Metals, as Gold, Silver, &c. of which also they afterwards made their Idols, according to that Book, pretended to be Enoch's, quoted by Tertullian. It's probable the Pagans invented their Vulcan, from Cain. Philon, lib. 4. Antiq. Tertul. Lib. des Idol.

Tuberon (Aelius) a Roman, had several considerable Imployments in the Commonwealth in Cicero's time: He was a Man of Parts and Wit, and writ a History often quoted by Authors. There were other great Men of that Name. Valer. Max. Oros. Vossius.

Tubinge, a Town of Germany in the Dutchy of Wirtemburg, upon the Necker, with an University founded in 1477, by Eberard the Beardy Count of Wirtemburg. It's four Miles off Stugard and twelve off Ulm.

Tucca (Plantius) a Latin Poet, who lived in Virgil and Horace's time, and was much in the Emperor Augustus's Favour, who ordered him and Varius to review their Friend Virgil's Aeneids, as St. Jerom observes in Chron. Euscb. Olym. CXC.

* Tuchet (Thomas) Lord of Merton near Derby, by his Marriage with Joan one of the Daughters and Coheirs to Nicholas Lord Audley of Heleigh, had that Honour conferred upon his Issue, John his Grandson bearing the Title of Lord Audley in 5 Henry 4. This was succeeded by Lord James, who was very Serviceable to the Kings Henry IV and V, in their Wars in France. His Son John dying in the sixth of Henry VII, left Issue James his Son and Heir, who was made Knight of the Bath in 1534, upon the Creation of Edward Prince of Wales; and in 6 Henry 7. had a special Livery of his Lands, and had Summons to Parliament from 1 Edw. 4. to 12 Henry 7. inclusive, but in that Year taking Discontent at a Subsidy then granted in Parliament, he joyn'd with the Cornish Men in their Insurrection; whereupon being taken Prisoner in the Battle at Black-Heath, June 22. he was drawn from Newgate to Tower-Hill, with his own Coat of Arms painted on Paper, but reversed and torn, and there Beheaded. To whom succeeded John his Son and Heir, who was restored to all his Fathers Lands in 25 Henry 8. left Issue George Lord Audley, whose Son and Heir Henry accompanied Robert Earl of Leicester into the Netherlands, left Issue George, who was created Earl of Castle-haven in Ireland 14 Jac. whose Son and Heir Mervyn Tuchet succeeded him in his Lands and Honours, but being accused of certain High Crimes, and by Virtue of a Commission of Oyer and Terminer thereupon arraign'd, had Sentence of Death passed upon him, and lost his Head on Tower-hill 7 Car. 1. leaving Issue three Sons, whereof James the Heir was in 19 Car. 1. restored to the Title and Dignity of Lord Audley and Earl of Castle-Haven, and married Elizabeth one of the Daughters of Grey Bruges Lord Chandois. Dugdale Baronage.

Tucuman, a Country of America Meridionalis belonging to the Spaniards. It lies in the middle of the Southern Continent, between the River Plata to the East, and the Mountains and Kingdom of Chili to the West; the Capital of which is S. Miguel de Estero. It is 300 Leagues broad, 200 long, and has eight small Spanish Cities in it, inhabited by Spaniards, and three Indian Tribes, Tucumans, Jurces, and Diaquits, which are of late much civiliz'd.

* Tudbury or Tutbury, a Market Town in Staffordshire in the Hundred of Oslow upon the River Dove.

* Tuddington, a Market Town of Manshead Hundred in the South parts of Bedfordshire. It lies between Ampthill and Dunstable Southward, about 25 Miles from London.

*Tufton (Nicholas) descended of the noble and ancient Family of that Name, in the Parish of Northiam in Com. Suff. was in consideration of the good Services which his Ancestors and he himself rendred the Crown, Knighted by King James I. at New-Castle upon Tine, at his first coming into England in 1603, and afterwards by Letters Patents bearing Date the first of November 2 Car. 1. advanced to the Dignity of Baron of this Realm, by the Title of Lord Tufton of Tufton in Sussex, and upon the fifth of August 4 Car. 1. created Earl of Thanet an Isle in Kent. John his eldest surviving Son succeeding him, Married Margaret the eldest of the two Daughters and Coheirs to Richard late Earl of Dorset, by whom he had six Sons and six Daughters. He died in 1664, and was succeeded by Nicholas his Son and Heir, who Married Elizabeth Daughter to Richard Earl of Burlington. Dugdale Baronage.

Tuileries, a Palace of the King of France joyning the Louvre by a great Galery that faces to the River Seine. This Sumptuous Building was begun in 1564, by Catherine of Medicis Charles the Ninth's Mother; it consists of two great square Pavillons, adorn'd with composed Pilasters, and a great Pavillon in form of a Dome in the middle, under which is the Hall and Stair-case that leads to the Apartments. Henry IV. finish'd it, and Lewis IV. rendred it very Magnificent. The Front is towards the Garden, begun in 1600, which is also called Tuileries, and has its particular Embellishments. Le Maire Paris Ancien & Nouveau.

* Tuitz, or Dutz, Lat. Tuitium, a Town opposite to Cologne, on the other side of the Rhine in Germany, formerly joyn'd to it by a Bridge, said to be built by Constantine the Great. This Town is Famous for a Monastery, in which, in the twelfth Century, an Hostia is pretended to have remain'd unburnt in the midst of a Fire.

Tulca XXIX. King of the Goths, he began his Reign in 638, and possessed all the Qualities requisite to gain him the Affection of all People. He died at Toledo after two Years and some Months Reign, much bemoan'd by all his Subjects.

Tulene, a very learned Man, who lived in the sixteenth Age, but was subject to strange Extravagancies, for at some times he fancied he was Bishop of Cambray, at others was extraordinary enamour'd of a Princess dead a long time before; but in his sober Intervals, by his fine Thoughts, and the Justness of his Discourse, he was admired by all People.

Tulle, a Town of France, which the Latins call Tutela or Tutella, Capital of Lower Limosin. It is watered by two Rivers, whereof one is called Coreze and the other Soulane. It is not doubted but it's one of the ancientest Towns of the Gauls, since it's recorded that St. Martin preach'd the Gospel there. It's a Bishops See, and the Bishop is Viscount and Lord of the Town. It's adorn'd with a fine Cathedral, that has as stately a Steeple as most can be seen: It has also a Presidial and Election. It lies 22 Miles West of Clermont, and 14 South of Limoges. Du Chesne St. Marthe.

Tullia, Daughter of Servius Tullius VI. King of the Romans, being married to Tarquin the Haughty, she put him upon killing her Father, that he might Rule alone himself; and then this accursed Princess hastning to salute her Husband King, drove her Chariot over her Father's Body.

Tullia, Daughter of Cicero, Orator and Roman Consul, was successively married to Piso, Furius, and Dolabella; her Father griev'd mightily at her Death, and to preserve her Memory, built a Temple, wherein he kept her Ashes in a stately Sepulchre. Gaspar Sagittarius in vita Tulliae.

Tullus Hodilius, third King of the Romans, succeeded Numa Pompilius in 83, of the Foundation of Rome: He was a Warlike Prince, set the Temple of Janus open, and made his Guards march before with Bundles of Rods to Inspire the People with a Respect and Fear for his Majesty. The Inhabitants of Alba were the first that felt his Arms, for after the Fight of the Horaces, Curiaces, and the Death of the Dictator Metius Suffetius, he destroy'd the Town of Alba, taking the Riches and Inhabitants along with him to Rome. Afterwards he War'd against the Latins and other People, always with good Success, until he was destroy'd by a Fire from Heaven the 114th of Rome, and 32d of his Reign. Ancus Marcius succeeded him. Tit. Liv. Flor.

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Tulujas, Tulugiae, a Castle of the County of Rousillon in France, a League from Perpignan, Famous for a Council held in it in 1050, called Concilium Tulugiense.

* Tunbridge, a Market Town of Tunbridge Hundred in the South-West of Kent, seated upon the Medway, and Famous for its Wells, so much resorted unto by the Gentry, for the Mineral Waters that are in its Neighbourhood, at Speldhurst; from London 28 Miles.

Tunis, a Kingdom of Barbary in Africa, lying between the Kingdom of Alger and Biledulgerid: The Soil is very Fruitful in Grain, Olives, and other Fruits; and also very good for Pasture, especially towards the West. Its Capital is Tunis, built out of the Ruins of Carthage. Its Circuit is about five Miles, peopled with 10000 Families; very Rich by its great Commerce with the Venetians, Genoises, and other Nations. The Town is thought to have been built by the first Arabians or Sarazens that came to settle in Africa. It was at the Siege of this place that St. Lewis died: It's situated in a Plain near the Lake of Goulette, four Leagues from the Sea: Its Figure is a long Square, defended by a Castle built upon a heighth towards the South. There are above 3000 Linnen and Woollen-Drapers Shops, ten principal Streets, besides a great number of lesser ones, all very well contrived and in good order, yet most part of the Houses are but one Story high, but are built of Brick and Stone, imbellish'd with Mosaick Work both within and on the out-side; the Lofts Masons Work pav'd with polish'd Stones for want of Wood, the Roofs flat that the Water may drop off the better into the Cisterns that lye to receive it, for they have no other in the Town, and are forced to make use of this upon all Occasions. It's true, there is a Dabian or Quick Spring without the place, but the Water is sold in the Streets, because it's esteem'd better than that of the two great Cisterns; some few others that are about the Town, are kept for the King's and his Officers use. The Perfumers Shops lye open all night, because it's then Women go to the Baths. They count 300 Mosques at Tunis, besides 12 Chappels in the Suburbs and Prisons for the Christians, 8 Synagogues of Jews, 24 Cellules for their Hermits, 150 Stoves, 86 Schools, and 9 Colleges of such as learn and are kept on the publick Expences, and 64 Hospitals for Passengers and Strangers: Yet the chief Ornament of the Town consists in a magnificent Mosque, which has a Minaret or Tower very high and well built; and in the King's Palace, which is fortified with Towers embellish'd with some Portiques▪ a great Court, fine Gardens, Galeries, Chambers and curious Halls. The Walls of this Town are flank'd with several small Towers: There were formerly some Ramparts, Bastions, and good Ditches, which were demolish'd by the Turks the last time they made themselves Masters thereof. The Goulette, before Barberouse fortified it, was but a square Tower at the mouth of the Canal, by which the Sea enters into the Lake of Tunis: This Canal is about a Musket shot in length, but so very narrow, that a Gally cannot row through: The Lake is about three Leagues in length and two in breadth: Here is a great Port for Ships, a Magazine for Merchandises, a Custom-house, some Prisons for the Christian Slaves, with two Temples or Mosques, it's environ'd with two Walls, with their Ramparts and Bastions. In 1534 Soliman the Magnificent took this City, and drove the King into Exile. In 1535 it was taken by Charles V. In 1570 it returned under its former King, who was under the Protection of the Crown of Spain, in whose hands the Fort of Goulette was; but in 1574 Amurath took it by Force, and since it is govern'd like a Commonwealth under the Protection of the Turk, but very Infamous for Piracies. Davity. Marmol.

Turcomanie, or the Armenian Turky, the Western part of Modern Armenia, which belongs to the Turks in Asia near the King of Persia's Territories. This was the first Country the Turks possessed after they came out of Tartary under Trangrolipse about A.C. 1037, but the present Line was begun by Osman or Ottoman about 1290, who was a Husbandman or common Labourer, and by his Valour raised his Family. See Armenia.

Turromans or Turcmans, People of Turcomania, they follow the Turkish Religion as they imitate their Language; and it's said, they were the chiefest Instruments of the Rise of the Ottomans; they came along with them out of Persia, where they were Herders or Grasiers, an Occupation they follow still; yet they neither love the Turks nor Arabians, by reason of the Tyrannies of the first, and the Persecutions they suffer under the latter. The Turcomans live in Tents, and often shift their Habitations for the Conveniency of Pasture; and go sometimes two or three hundred Families in a Company, the better to secure themselves against the Arabians their Enemies; and drive such vast Numbers of Camels, Sheep and Goats along with them, that the Ground seems all cover'd for above two Leagues together, so that they are accounted the Richest Herders of the whole Ottoman Empire. They carry a Bow and Arrow, a Sword with some Fire-Arms: Have a Jurisdiction or particular Government amongst themselves Independent of the Bacha, and their Aga or Lord, who is of their own Sect, pays the Sultan but a certain Tribute. Michel Fevre Theatre de la Turquie.

* Turford, a mean Market Town in Nottinghamshire, 105 Miles from London.

Turin upon Po, a Town of Italy Capital of Piemont, with an Archbishops See; it's the Taurinum, or Augusta Taurinorum of the Ancients, now the Residence of the Dukes of Savoy, one of the pleasantest and strongest Towns of Italy. There is the Old and New, with Bast•ons, Walls, and good Out-works: It's situate in a great Plain 20 Miles from the Alps, with the Po on one side and the Doire on the other. The Duke's Palace is very Ancient and Magnificent, especially the Galery, which is finely embellish'd with a great number of Paintings, Statues▪ Arms, Manuscripts and other Rarities: There are also several other beautiful Palaces in the Town, with a great number of Noble-men that form the Duke's Court, which is one of the most polish'd of Europe. The Houses are well built, the Churches very Magnificent, besides which there is a Citadel, an University, with all things else that can render a Town flourishing: It was taken in 1640 by the Count of Harcour General of the French Army. Philibert Pingon.

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Turks, People of Turkey: Authors speak differently of their Original, but it seems very probable that they are descended of the Scythians, who lived between Pont Euxin and the Caspian Sea. Ottoman began this Empire in 1292 or 1300, according to others, by taking some places from the Christians, as Natolia, Ancyra, Nice, Prussia: Hircanes his Son succeeded him, A C. 1327, and made himself Master of all the Cities in the Neighbourhood of Nice; his Son Soliman crossed the Hellespont, and added to their Acquisitions; Amurat I. subdued Adrianople and other Cities of Thrace; Bajazet I. called the Thunderbolt ran over Bosnia, Servia, overthrew Sigismund King of Hungary, and laid Siege to Constantinople, but was afterwards taken Prisoner by T•merlane. After an Interregnum Emir Soliman, or Prince Soliman, was killed by his Brother Musa Zelebi, and this by Mahomet I. Amurat II succeeded, the beginning of whose Reign was troubled by a False Mustapha. Mahomet II. reigned after him, subdued the Empire of Constantinople A. C. 1452, that of Trebesond in 1460, and in the rest of his Reign twelve Kingdoms, and above two hundred considerable Cities, but was beat from before Croy by the famous Scanderbeg, who put a great stop to the progress of his Arms. Bajazet II. took what he had left untaken of Peloponnesus. Soliman I. subdued Syria, Arabia, Aegypt, &c. Soliman II. his Successor, took Rhodes in 1521, and several places in Hungary. Selim II. took Chios. After these reigned Amurat III. Mahomet III. Achmet I. Ottoman II. strangled by the Janizaries Mustapha, Achmet his Brother, Amurat IV. Brother to Ottoman, Ibrahim who was also strangled by the Janizaries; then Mahomet IV. who took Candia from the Venetians, Newheusel from the Crown of Hungary, and Caminiec from Poland. But the Turks, discontented at the ill Success of their Arms in this present War against the Christians, deposed him November 9. 1687, and placed Soliman his Brother, the present Emperor, on the Throne, who is the Twelfth of Osman or Ottoman his Line. The Seat of their Empire at first was Brasse in Bithynia, afterwards it was at Adrianople, and is now at Constantinople. Their Religion, whereof Mahomet was Author, comprehends six General Precepts, Circumcision, Prayer, Fasting, Alms, Pilgrimage, and Abstinence from Wine. Circumcision is the chiefest of their Ceremonies, which they say has the same Effect with Baptism; and add, that it's impossible to be Saved without it; wherefore they celebrate it with great Solemnity, and keep Feasts as the Christians do at their Marriages. Their Prayers are short but frequent, for they go to them five times a day; Mahomet calls them the Pillars of Religion and the Keys of Paradise; they consist most in Prosternations and Gests, and when they come to them they turn to the East, but more often to the South towards their Prophets Tomb, and Pray with so much Application, that they would not interrupt them, did the Sultan command it, or were their Houses on Fire: Friday is their solemnest Day of the Week, which they distinguish by being a longer time at Prayers on that than other days. They never enter their Temples or Mosques until they purifie themselves by Washing their Bodies: They observe an extraordinary Fast in their ninth Month called Ramadan, this begins with the new Moon, wherefore they get a-top of their Houses, the sooner to discover this Planet, and acquaint the People therewith; and then they neither Eat nor Drink but at Nights, live very reserv'd, and leave off taking Tobacco; any Turk that neglects or breaks this Fast, is certainly put to Death: When it happens in Summer, (for their Lunar Year consisting of twelve Lunaisons, has no fix'd beginning, so that the Ramadan falls successively in all Seasons,) Labourers ready to drop down for Thirst, dare not tast a drop of Water to refresh themselves with: They frequent the Mosques Night and Day, shun Conversations and Pastime or Diversion, and have a Horrour for Blasphemies. They hold, that during this Month God opens the Gates of Heaven, and shuts those of Hell. They have Clergy called Dervis, who live a very retired and austere Life, observing always a profound Silence and Humility, go bare-foot, with a leather Girdle round their Body full of sharp Points to mortifie the Flesh, and sometimes beat and burn themselves with hot Irons. The Turks are very Charitable, and spare nothing for the Maintenance of their Poor, and keeping their Hospitals, which are generally very magnificent Structures. Their Mosques also are sumptuously built, and their Revenues so considerable, that they are thought a third of the whole Empire; besides all People are oblig'd to contribute the hundredth part of their Wealth towards the Zagat or Alms. Their Pilgrimage to Meque is perform'd with much Devotion, for they go sometimes to the number of 50000, to whom the Grand Seignior gives a Commander or Leader, who sets out with the 〈1+ pages missing〉

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changed that ancient Custom, and keep the Princes always in the Serrail under their Fathers Discipline, and from the Impressions they should be apt to take from Strangers.

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Of the Grand Signior.The Sultan gets up betimes, and generally eats four times a day. He sits upon Pillows, and has his Meat serv'd upon a kind of Stool a little from the Ground: He holds his Napkin upon his Arm, has another Cloth upon his Knee, with his Legs a-cross, the Turkish way. He keeps no Taster, as our Christian Princes do, and seldom drinks more than once. Selim and Amurat IV. who were not very zealous Observers of their Law, drank much Wine; and the last used to call the Vigne the Tree of Life. The Grand Signior has his Buffoons and Mutes about him who act a dumb Comedy, and make extravagant Gestures whilst he is at Dinner. When he designs any of his Agalares a considerable Honour, he throws him a piece of Bread, which the other takes up with profound respect, breaks it small, and distributes it to the other that are present, as if it were some precious Relick. After the Meat is taken away the Prince quits his Gravity, and plays with his Mutes and Buffoons, to whom he gives Mony that they may suffer what he does to them with the more Patience. When he takes the Air in his magnificent Saiques, the Agalares and chief Officers of the Serrail that accompany him stand, but the Bostangi Bassi, who is behind and steers, has the Privilege to sit, and discourses with him. When the Sultan goes a Hunting, or to the Mosque on Fridays, which are their Holydays, he rides out of the Serrail, accompanied with the Bassaes and other principal Officers, which altogether form a great Squadron. Some Officers walk behind to receive the Petitions the People present as he goes by; the meaner sort, that never go to Court, nor dare approach their Sovereign, burn Straw upon their Head whilst they hold out their Petitions: this is done for two Reasons, the first, that the Sultan might take notice of them, and order their Memoirs to be taken; the second, to put him in mind that his Soul would burn so in Hell if he refused to listen to the just Complaints of his Subjects: this keeps Officers in awe, and hinders their abusing the People. The Sultan has a thousand choice Horses in his Stables, which the Gentlemen of the Horse helps those to that accompany him when he rides abroad: The Number of his Mules is very great too; for when he marches in Person to the Field there are twelve thousand that attend him. He appears in publick on the Feast of Bairan, in all his Magnificence, seated upon a rich Carpet of Persian Tapestry, gives the Bassaes leave to kiss his Hand, and receives his Subjects Homage. The Vizir, that stands by, names some, and acquaints him when they that make profession of the Law, or the great Men of the Port come, that he may receive them with some Distinction. This Ceremony ended, he marches in State to St. Sophia, and then returns to his Apartment, where he treats those that accompany him, and presents the Sultaness and Great Vizir with Jewels, Vests, &c. At Night they light Torches, represent the Taking of Towns, with several other Diversions, which last three Days, during which, Persons of Quality of both Sexes strive for the Favour of their Prince by the great Presents they make him. Whilst all Constantinople is thus in Mirth the Christians are forced to keep within their Houses, from the Insolence of the Turks and Insultings of Soldiers and drunken Men, that ask Mony and affront them a thousand ways.

The Old Seraglio.This Serrail, environ'd with very high Walls, is considerable for its Buildings, Fountains, and Baths. The Grand Signior has an Apartment all furnish'd in it, whither he comes when he visits any Sultan's Queen that retires thither after the Death of her Sultan. This Serrail is about a Mile round, and was built by Mahomet II. in one of the finest parts of the Town. It has but one Gate or Door to it, and that kept by Eunuchs: No Men enter but they who carry Provisions, and they make no stay neither, nor see any Women. The Women that are out of date in the other, that are repudiated, grow old, or have forfeited their Prince s Favour by some considerable Crime, are sent hither under an old Matron that governs them with much rigour. The Sultan Queen and other Sultanesses have their Apartments, and keep no Communication with the meaner Women; these last are so ill provided for, that they sometimes want Necessaries, wherefore nothing afflicts them more than when they are threatned to be sent hither: All their Comfort is, that they are suffer'd to Marry: The Eunuchs are their Agents, and take care to provide them Husbands. Their Portion is no more than what they sav'd and hoarded up during their Prosperity, which they use to hide lest it should be taken from them.

Of the Turks Marriage.There is no other Ceremony used in this but a Contract made in Presence of the Cadi President of the Law, which mentions the Portion and Consent of Parties. Sometimes there are Witnesses call'd; but there are so many false ones at Constantinople, that this Formality is but of little use. The very Descendants of Mahomet, distinguish'd by their Green Cloaths, are easily corrupted for Mony. The Turks are allowed four Wives, and as many Slaves as they can or will maintain. Their Children inherit equally, and amongst People of the highest Rank, especially if allied to their Sovereign, the Slaves Children fare best, Jealousie, or some Reason of State, hindring them to advance the other lest their Birth should give them occasion to foment Troubles. And this is the Reason why in that Country a Free-born is subject to a Slave. Husbands may repudiate their Wives upon many Subjects mentioned in the Alcoran, especially when the little sympathy of Humour breeds and foments Discord in the Family. They that are thus repudiated take their Portion with them; and if in their second Marriage they have still the same Misfortune, they have the Liberty to return to their former Husbands. The Slaves that bear them Children cannot be sold, but are look'd upon as incorporated in the Family, which is therefore obliged to maintain them; but if they are barren they may sell them at Market. The Turks can have Wives or Slaves of all Religions, and may do what they please with them except taking away their Lives. Christians and Jews are not allowed to buy Mahometans, but only Women of their own Religion. There is no Punishment inflicted on those that debauch Slaves, but they are severely dealt with that have to do with any other that is Free. The Traffick made of Slaves in Turkey differs in nothing from that of Cattel amongst Christians; they are examin'd, their Age and Disposition of their Bodies consider'd, and a Price set according to the Strength and Quality of the Person: Children with or without the Mother: Young Girls are the dearest Commodity; these are examin'd by Matrons, and if they discover any Cheat the Seller is obliged to return the Price agreed upon and mark'd in his Journal, which is as faithfully kept, and as formal, as for any other Merchandize whatsoever.

The Customs and Ways of the Turks are very different from ours. The Left is their Post of Honour. They Bury in the dark. When they Walk they move their Head forward before they stir a Foot. Christians keep good Tables, they but very ordinary, yet are very magnificent in the Equipage of their Horses. Christians retrench themselves in their Camps, but they not until of late. We have strait Swords, their Sabres are crooked. They neither make use of Pikes or Armour. Our Battalions are close and deep, theirs are large and take up much ground. Though it's generally thought they set no Value upon Learning, yet there are Professors at Cairo and at Constantinople that teach Astrology, Astronomy, Geometry, &c. the Arabe (which is the Language of the Learned as Latin amongst us) and the Persian. They suffer no printed Books, but have a great many Manuscripts. The Grand Signior has a very curious Library, in which it was believ'd there was a perfect Copy of Titus Livius, for which the Librarist was proffer'd considerable Sums, but he always answer'd, He could not find it. There is a Bazar or Market of Manuscript Books upon different Subjects in the Turkish, Arabian, and Persian Tongues at Constantinople; but Christians are not permitted thither, because the Turks would believe their Books profaned if sold to them. There are Historians now at this present hir'd to write the Annals of this Empire, which are already in eight great Volumes that cost 200 Crowns. M. Batz a Scotchman, who travelled four or five Years in this Country, says he bought a great many curious Books, as that of Chek Bouny an Egyptian, of the Efficacy of Divine and Humane Words, with a great number of Lines and Figures, by which this Author pretends to shew fine things; another that teaches the Speculation of this Cabalistique Science, a Turkish and Arabe Dictionary, Turkish and Persian Grammars, Alphabets of all Tongues, and Ephemerides of the Increase and Decrease of the Nile, a Treatise of Chiromancy, more curious than those of John Baptisto Porta, in which the Author pretends that the Lines of the Hands are Letters, whereof he shews the Alphabet; with several other. The same Mr. Batz assures that he saw a very ancient Astronomy-Book at Constantinople, that supposed the Use of the Needle, but did not apply it to Navigation but to other Astronomick Uses; all which shew that the Turks are not ignorant. But they apply themselves most to useful Sciences, without troubling their Heads with such as amuse the Understanding and content a vain Curiosity. J. Spon. Voyage of Italy, &c. in 1575.

Turky, or Empire of the Turks, comprehends many Provinces in Europe, Asia, and Africa, so that it's with Reason the Sultan is called Grand Signior; for it's observed he possesses from East to West all that lies between Belis of Gomere or the Western Extremity of the Kingdom of Algier, which is tributary to him, to Balsora, which is at the Extremity of the Persian Gulf, and is at least 800 Leagues from North to South from Caffa or Taurica Chersonesus, or rather from Tana above the Palus Meotis to Aden at the Mouth of the Red Sea or Straights of Babelmandel another Distance of 700 Leagues. In Europe he has Romelia, that comprehends Greece, Macodonia, Albania, Thrace, with the Islands of the Egean Sea, Sclavonia, where are Servia, Croatia, Bulgaria, and a part of Hungary, &c. In Asia, Natolia, Sourie or Soristan, Turcomania, Diarbech, and the three Arabies, which comprehend a great many large and fair Provinces. In Africa he has the Kingdoms of Barca and Egypt, with the States of Tunis, Alger, and Tripoli, under his Protection. The Princes of

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Transilvania, Moldavia, Valachia, and Commonwealth of Raguse, paid him Tribute. The Little Tartars depend on him as their Protector. Most of these Countries are fruitful, but neglected through the Laziness of the Turks and the Oppressions the Christians lye under, who chuse rather to let the Land lye un-till'd, than to cultivate it for others. It's thin of Inhabitants, an Effect of the frequent Contagion and continual Wars which consume great Numbers of Turks. These are for the most part robust and well-limb'd, their Temperance contributing much to the Strength of their Constitution; naturally more sincere and better than the Renegadoes. Though they are allowed four Wives, yet this Number is rare amongst them: It's but seldom also they repudiate their Wives. They are much accused of wicked and detestable Practices, Men with Men, and Women with their own Sex. Several have published great Lyes, in saying the Grand Signior was Proprietor of all the Land in Turky, and that Fathers cannot dispose of any in favour of their Children; for not only Turks, but the very Grecians, inherit their Parents and Relations Possessions, paying the Grand Signior only 3 per Cent. more or less upon every change of Heir. There is an Officer call'd Beit-Elmal-Emini in each Town to receive this Tribute. Their chief Merchandize is Silks, Cottons, and Oyl. They are warlike and very stout. Their Troops consist in Janizaries which are the Children of Tribute, in Spahi's which are their Horses, and in Zains and Timariots, that hold Land during Life to serve in the Army at their own Charges. The Timariots have less than the Zains, and differ as the Commanders of Maltha from the Grand Prior.

Northern Turky in Europe, though it lies in the middle of the Temperate Zone, yet the Air is not pure and wholsom in all its parts, especially Hungary, which does not agree at all, or but very little, with Strangers; the Land is Hilly, and full of Mountains to the North, and Plains to the South; the Mountains have several good Mines, especially of Quicksilver, and the tops are cover'd with Forests full of wild Beasts: the Wine is delicious, especially that of Tokai in Upper Hungary: the Plains of Lower Hungary and Transilvania bear the best Wheat in Europe, and their Rivers abound so in Fish that the Country People attribute their Inundations to the great quantity of 'em. The Transilvanians and Hungarians are not so tall as the Moldavians and Valachians, but have a frightful Eye, and Fury always painted in their Faces, and are of an unreconcilable Humour, bold and barbarous: the desire of Liberty is so natural to them, that their dayly Study is how to defend themselves against the Turks. The Women are handsom enough, but generally ill clad, and Sluts. Continual Wars have rendred the Country very poor, and destroyed most of those that used to work in the Mines. They have been always Warlike, sufficiently known by what they have done under Attila, and by their putting so long a stop to the Turks Encroachments in these later Ages; and were it not for the Divisions and unhappy Quarrels of some of the chief amongst them, the Infidels had found it a very difficult matter to come into their Country. In the Imperial Hungary Popery is the swaying Religion, and the Endeavours of suppressing Calvinism, by taking away their Churches, has occasion'd the Bloody War that is still on foot. In the Mahometan Hungary, there are Turks, Greeks, Jews, Catholicks, and some few Calvinists. This Kingdom in its flourishing Days was Elective, but since Tekeli's Rebellion, and that the Emperor obtained from the States in 1687 that it should be hereditary, he has almost reconquer'd Hungary, and had push'd his Conquests as far as Belgrade, but lost this last Place in 1690.

Turquestan, a Province between Great Tartary and the Kingdom of the Great Mogul. Several Moderns think there is no such Place as Turquestan, and that this Country is the Kingdom of Tibet, but it's hard to determine the truth.

Turselin (Horace) a Jesuit, Native of Rome, where he taught for 20 Years, and died in 1609, having writ a Latin Abridgment of the Universal History, with some other Works.

Tusculum, now Frascati, a small Town of Campagnia de Roma in the Church Lands, is the Seat of a Bishop, who retains the Name of Tusculanus Episcopus, and is always one of the six ancient Cardinals. This Town was destroyed in Pope Celestine III.'s time, because its Inhabitants succour'd the Imperialists, and Frascati was built upon its Ruins, now about 500 Years ago. There are a great number of Palaces and Pleasure Houses to be seen in it. Baud.

Tutulina, a Goddess ador'd by the ancient Gentiles, and invok'd for the Preservation of their Harvest when at home in their Ruk Yards, that it might thenceforth be kept safe, that is, Tuto; whence comes the Word Tutuline and Tutelaris: there is still this Inscription in the Palace of the Ursins, Diis Tutelaribus.

* Twede, the farthest River of England, in Northumberland, and that which parts it from Scotland, at the Influx whereof into the Sea is seated Berwick, called from this River Berwick upon Twede. Noted for a good Salmon-Fishing.

* Twere, or Twersco, a Province of Russia, bordering to the West on Livonia, to the North on Ingraim, to the East on Smolensco, and to the South on Litaw. In it riseth the Dwina, which falls at Riga into the Baltick Sea. The Capital City of the same Name is seated on the Wolga, 200 Russian Miles from Moscow to the North, and 250 from Smolensco North East. This City is a Bishops See. It was the Capital of a great Principality before it submitted to the Russ. It has the Right of a Mint with Moscow and two others. In 1569 John Basilovitz suspecting the Inhabitants of this City, Great Novogrod and Plescow to encline to the Polish Government, he surprized this City, and cruelly destroyed all the Inhabitants of it, without respect of Sex or Age. Guagninus.

* Twitnam Park, a stately House in Middlesex, just over against Richmond, belonging to the Right Honorable the Lord Caraigan.

Tyches, a domestick God of the Egyptians. See Anachis.

Tyde, or Tydeus, Son of Oeneus King of Calydon in Aetolia▪ being banish'd his Country for his Misfortune in killing his Brother Menalippus, he withdrew to Adrastus King of the Argiens, who gave him his Daughter Deiphile in Marriage. Polynice who had married Argia Sister to Deiphila, having sent Tydeus to persuade Eteocles to deliver him the Kingdom of Thebes according to their Agreement. Tydeus upon his Disappointment •nd ill Reception challeng'd Eteocles and all his Retinue in all sorts of Fights, and overcame them. The Thebans enraged at his Success, to the Number of 50, under Meon and Lycophron, way-laid him at his Return, but Tydeus kill'd them all except Meon, whom he spared to carry Eteocles the News: But coming with Adrastus and Polynice before Thebes a little after, he received his Deaths Wound from one Menalippus, after he had given signal Proofs of his great Strength and Valour. Stace.

Tyndaro, in Latin Tyndarus, a Borough of Sicily, in the Valley of Demona, between the Towns of Patti and Melasse, where there is a Tower and Town dedicated to our Lady, call'd S. Mary of Tyndaro. It was formerly a Bishoprick under the Metropolis of Saragossa.

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Typhon, or Typheus, Son of Hell and the Earth according to Hesiod, or rather of Juno alone; for Homer says, that this Goddess enraged that Jupiter had got Minerva with Child, beat the Earth with her Hand, and received the strong Vapours that arose thence; whence this Typhon sprung, who was of such extraordinary Bulk that with one Hand he touch'd the East, with the other the West, whilst his Head rais'd it self to the Stars; both his Eyes seem'd Fire, and he vomited Flames out of his Mouth and Nostrils; his Body was feather'd, and his Thighs and Legs resembled two great Dragons. This Monster came with the other Gyants to Fight and Dethrone the Gods, who were so frighted at his Presence, that they fled into Egypt and changed their Forms; but at last Apollo kill'd him with his Arrows, or according to others Jupiter struck him dead with a Thunderbolt, and buried him under Mount Gibel. Ovid describing his incredible Bigness says, that he reaches under the three Capes or Promontories of Sicily, having the Cape Pelore or Cape de Faro under his Right-hand, the Pachin or Cape of Passaro under his Left, the Lilybee or Cape of Coco under his Thighs, and Mount Gibel under his Head. Some say Typhon was a King of Egypt, who being very cruel kill'd his Brother Osiris to usurp the Kingdom, but was at last overcome and punish'd by Isis Osiris's wife▪ Dr. Dickinson thinks that Python and Typhon are the same, and that they are the Greek Name of Og King of Bashan, who was overcome by Apollo or Poean, that is, Jehoshua. See Delph. Phaeniciz.

Naturalists apply this Fable of Typhon to the Nature of the Winds which blow from East to West, and rise to the Skies; the Feathers mark their Quickness, the Serpents the damage they do in Hurricanes and Whirlwinds, which resemble the Windings of those venomous Beasts; the Fire which he casts out at his Mouth and Eyes shews the quality of the Exhalations, which are hot and dry. That they would Dethrone the Gods is but a vulgar Opinion, which takes the Clouds for the Skies; and because the Wind is at times so violent that it drives the Clouds along with great force, Poets have feign'd, that it troubled the Gods in their Seats: And because the Heat and Beams of the Sun or Jupiter, i. e. the good Temper of the Weather, does often appease this Violence, they said Apollo kill'd him, of that Jupiter struck him dead with a Thunderbolt: Finally, Because there are many Caverns and hollow Places in Sicily where there are abundance of subterranean Winds and Fires, and that these sometimes cause Earthquakes, and cast Flames and boyling Water out of the Earth, they took Subject thence to say Typhon was laid under this Island.

Tyr, now called Sur, a Town of Phoenicia, in Latin Tyrus. Its Antiquity and frequent Changes of Fortune have rendred it very famous. Some say Agenor founded it, and that Phenix and Cadmus Reign'd after him: but Josephus is not of this mind, for he thinks the Town of Tyr was built 240 Years before the Temple of Apollo, that is, about the Year of the World 2783. Its eldest King within our Knowledge is Abibalus Hiram's Father, and Friend to David and Solomon. They who pretend this Town is more ancient, think the Proof is easie by the 14th Chapter of Joshua and 23d of Isaiah. This is certain, it has kept not only the Neighbouring Seas, but also all the other where its Arms have reached, under its Dominion; and if we may credit Report, the Tyrians were the first Inventers of Letters, and the first who shewed their Use. Alexander the Great destroyed it when he made himself Master thereof, after seven Months Siege. It was afterwards Repaired, and the Emperor Adrian made it Metropolitan of Phoenicia, in favour of Paulus Reteur Native of Tyr. It was an Archbishops See under the Patriarch of Antioch, and afterwards under him of Jerusalem; this was after the Christians had Conquer'd the Holy Land. Now it's but a mean Borough under the Dominion of the Turks. This is allowed to be one of the most ancient and celebrated Cities of Palestine, supposed to be older than the Coming of the Children of Israel-out of

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...Egypt; but certainly at the latest built A. M. 2693, 240 Years before Solomon's Temple. It flourished, and had the Trade of the whole Mediterranean Sea, and setled Colonies on all its Coasts as far as the Western Ocean; and among the rest Founded Carthage. Nebuchadnezzar Took and Burnt it A. M. 3371. Alexander the Great Took and Ruin'd it the second time A. M. 3618. In the latter Ages it was often Taken from the Christians by the Saracens. In 335 a Council assembled here by the Order of Constantine the Great Condemn'd Athanasius, Depriv'd him of his Bishoprick of Alexandria, and Banish'd him from that City. In 448 Ibas Bishop of Edessa accused of Nestorianism, was acquitted by a Council at Tyre.

Tyrn, Dyrn, or Tyrnaw, a Town of Ʋpper Hungary, upon a River of the same Name in the County of Transchin: The Archbishops of Strigonia make it their Residence since Strigonia was taken by the Turks. In 1414 twelve Jews and two Women exercised an unheard-of Cruelty upon a Christian Child in this Town; for having entic'd him into their House, they opened his Veins, and receiving the Blood drank some and laid the rest up for other Uses; then cut the Body in pieces, and buried it in a Cellar: Yet notwithstanding this Precaution, their Wickedness was discovered; for, the Officers of Justice making a strict search in the Street of the Jews where the Child was last seen, found some drops of Blood in several Parts of the House, and thereupon seized all that liv'd in it, who being convicted of the Crime, were condemned to be burn'd alive. When they were put to the Torture they were ask'd, What put them upon such a horrible Cruelty? they answered, It was because they were taught by their Ancestors, That the Blood of a Christian was a powerful Remedy to stop the Blood in Circumcision; secondly, because it was a Philtre which created Love in them that eat Meat steep'd in it; thirdly, that it did stop the overflowing of the Months and the Hemorrhoids; fourthly, that it was to observe their ancient Custom of offering the Blood of a Christian to God yearly, adding, that the Inhabitants of that City were enjoyned to perform their Sacrifice about that time. Bonfin. lib. 4.

* Tyrone, Lat. Tyronensis Comitatus, the County of Tir-Oen, or as the Irish call it of Thioroghain, in the Province of Ʋlster in the Kingdom of Ireland, between the County of Antrim to the East, Londonderry to the North and West, and Fermanach and Armagh to the South. There is no Town or City of any Note in this County, which heretofore extended farther to the West than now it doth, a part of it being taken into the County of Londonderry.

Tyriae, a Poet, and excellent Player upon the Lute, Native of Athens, or of Miletum according to others, was chosen, by Advice of the Oracle, to be Chief of the Lacedemonians in their War against the Messenians. This Choice was very happy, for this Poet animated the Soldiers so with his Verses and Tunes, that the Lacedemonians won the Day.

Tzerclas, Count of Tilly, General of the Troops of the Empire, Bavaria, and the Catholick Union or League, after he had signaliz'd himself in Hungary against the Turks, he was made Commander of the Troops of Bavaria under Duke Maximilian, and in 1620 distinguished himself at the Battel of Prague: afterwards he took Elbogen, defeated Count Mansfeld one of the chief of the Protestant Generals, and forced him out of the Ʋpper Palatinate: and in 1622 having defeated the Marquess of Baden at Wimphen, he routed Mansfeld's Army near Armstad, and beat him quite out of Germany. Before this he assisted the Arch-Duke Leopold at the taking of Breda; and afterwards took Heidelberg Capital of the Palatinate of the Rhine. He was honoured with the Title of Count at the Dyet of Ratisbonne in 1623, and afterwards Defeated the Army of the Duke of Halberstad at Statlo, killing 2000 upon the Place, and making 4 or 5000 Prisoners, amongst whom was the Duke of Weimar, the Duke of Altembourg, with several other Princes, and above 300 Colonels and Captains, and made himself Master of all their Baggage; all this with the Loss of 200 Kill'd and 100 Wounded. He gained another glorious Victory a little after, and then took Munden and several other Places, obliging the Landgrave of Hesse to perform his Promise to the Empire. He defeated the Danes at Lutter in the Dutchy of Brunswick in 1626, and made himself Master of 22 Pieces of their Canon, 80 Colours, and of all their Baggage in 1627: Having passed the Elbe, he took several Places, but was Wounded before Pinneberg; and in 1629 went to Lubec, as Plenipotentiary, to conclude a Peace with Denmark. In 1630 he was made chief General of the Army in Walstein's Place; then having succour'd Francfort upon Oder against the Swedes, he took Brandenburg by Storm, then Magdebourg, which was Plunder'd by his Soldiers, and almost Burned to the Ground; and having struck terror overall Thuringia, took Leipsic in 1631, but was defeated three Days after by the King of Sweden; yet he rallied his Troops, took some Towns of Hesse, and beat Horn chief of the Protestant Party, but was afterwards mortally wounded, defending the Passage of the Lech, and died at Ingolstad in 1632. He made great Gifts at his Death to our Ladies Church of Ottingen, and left 60000 Crowns to some old Regiments that were under his Command. Julius Bellius. Maurea. Austriaca. Petrus Lolichius. Le Blanc.